填空题常考结构 {-(}p+;z
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一、主句单一原则 EXlmIY4
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 c7$L:
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 zEG6T *
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. e rz9CX
(A) They occur where they are P8tpbdZE-
(B) Occuring where gWt}q-@nRR
(C) Where they occur ' `0kW_'
(D) Where do they occur pwg$% lv
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 up[9L|
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 {H]xA 3[]
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center t')47k\
(A) Fort Wayne 2nSX90@:
(B) Although Fort Wayne s@USJ4#
(C) For wayne is in 9`83cL
(D) Fort Wayne, in z >EO Qe
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 W[pOLc-
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二、谓语动词专一原则 .YV{w L@cB
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 $]V,H"
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 bve_*7CEM
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” 4@2<dw|*h
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with
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social issues. Gv
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(A) covers ;^XF;zpg
(B) covers it yyp0GV.x
(C) which covers ~q5aMy d<
(D) which it covers cyM9[X4rC
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 D-{;;<nIr`
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused \a<7DTV
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on :;Lt~:0b~
the paper. 3,ihVVr&P
(A) the impression is \9H
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(B) if the impression is AnF"+<
(C) impressions BiFU3FlTf
(D) the impression /"(`oe<
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression U46qpb7
三、平行结构 :Dt]sE_d
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 /9SEW!
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填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: `w&A;fR!H
A and B, L3/SIoqd
A , B, and C d4ga6N3'
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- H{)DI(,Y^P
is known as accounting. >PYLk{q
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary ?\Bm>p%+
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's !W\za0p
transactions lU\v8!Ji
(C) transactions of an enterprise are Io;x~i09K
summarized ?&`PN<~2z
(D) summarizing the transactions of an +$uQ_ve
enterprise @u>:(9bp
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 }5Zmc6S{
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 .OM^@V~T
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed
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ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and XLgp.w;
supervised the first use of Aureomycin on .A Dik}o
human patients. JBI> D1`"
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in )MWbZAI
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures qNuBK6E#4
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures ,
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(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull EXbaijHQG
fractures Z?f-_NHg
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 TFZxk
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四、宾语从句结构 Xk(p:^ R
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 ?APCDZ^
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: 6n?0MMtR
state(陈述,表明)+that Ln$= 8x^T
indicate(指明,表明)+that m4on<5s/
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, &?H`MCvt
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite mhgvN-? "h
units called quanta or photons.
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(A) energy that B!x7oD9
(B) that it is energy z7s}-w,
(C) it is energy C <d]0)
(D) that energy -4
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分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 0TqIRUz "C
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth bo-lT-I
indicate--yield when unusual weight is i<M
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placed on them. G.~Ffk
(A) although its crust and mantle T2}X~A
(B) its crust and mantle to GGU>={D)
(C) that its crust and mantle ]Jnrs
(D) for its crust and mantle to tfdb9#&?
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 5i-VnG
五、介词+ which结构 +' SG$<Xv
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 O$7r)B6Cs
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, 1nR\m+{
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 v+~O\v5Q
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, g~XR#vl$
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 m>f8RBp]'
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is @!*I
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a method ---- voters select the nominees H`4KhdqR
for public office. {$I1(DYN
(A) that 0py29>"t
(B)by which y\=^p
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(C)is that z,RjQTd
(D)by those K.Y.K$NjP{
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 RBpv40n0
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 Y o\%53w/
B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 $mxl&Qr>Q;
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players WO*dO9O
hit wooden balls through wire arches called A]MX^eY
wickers. ,4r 4 <
(A) when }"STc&1
(B) which drJUfsxV
(C) is when !O4)YM
(D) in which F.AP)`6+*
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 4MoxP
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六、in that结构 cRWYS[O?-
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, U.
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because of +名词, g6@^n$Y
consequently是副词 nq\~`vH|Gd
而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 HE-ErEtGB
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals Wu)An
---- it is a liquid. m,Mg
(A) whereas _Nf%x1m5s
(B) in that L$?YbQo7
(C) because of p+CK+m
(D) consequently d!y_N&z|(
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 V]/$ dJ
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 >fp_$bjd
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual b<BkI""b
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. dK]#..
(A)they ue -a/a
(B)in they @DlN;r?Cv
(C)that they o),@I#fM
(D)in that they X\5EF7:S
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 EE*FvI`
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 Q7_#k66gb7
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ Ju_(,M-Vgr
great inspiration for her poems. ki8Jl}dr
(A) that she drew O*9d[jw[
(B) by drawing her y7LM}dH#m
(C) from which she drew _!k\~4U
(D) drawn from which ~'LoIv20j)
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 T/q*k)IoR
七、what结构 Bb7Vf7>
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: 1t7T\~+F
what=the thing that 9)'wgI#
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend }KV)F,`
largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. Gk)6ljL
(A) it grows #3YYE5cB
(B) what grows `'ak/%Krh
(C) does it grow 6g"qwW
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(D) what does it grow U-#vssJhk
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 qO>A6
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle f4^\iZ{`G
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory r?W
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became----is now Indiana and Ohio. =Ct$!uun
(A) there B`|H}KU
(B) where \5F
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(C) that &FDWlrGg
(D) what 'l._00yu
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 Edl .R}&1
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八、同位语结构 't3nh
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 zG~nRt{4
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) L_fiE3G|>
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing rq^VOK|L
and swallowing . T$4Utd5[z'
(A) is the chief organ of taste 4"Pf0PD:
(B) tasting the organ chiefly ),f d,
(C) the chief organ of taste 8[H)tKf8
(D) the organ chiefly tastes 1lf]}V
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 ;r3|EA35
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 ?a` $Y>?h
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) {&.?u1C.\
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of w-?Cg8bq<
Native Americans in her novel, Century of nh%Q";
Dishonor. @8V~&yqq
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause kB;!EuL
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson $rz'Ybs
(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause )n1 7}Qm`V
(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. <^wqN!
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分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 !7aJfs2
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as ?K^~(D8(
hosts to many insect pests. N!^5<2z@eT
(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than 2V =bE-
goldenrods $7bux1L
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods pt-
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(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy %%f(R7n
plants ,{u'7p
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants t'L#8MJ
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 xzTF| Z\
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 #gY|T|
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 MuQ'L=i J
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to xl;0&/7e
Athens. 3eP7vy
(A) the distance is UIi`bbJ
(B) that the distance is L% ?3VW
(C) is that the distance TkSeD
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(D) the distance 7T}r]C.
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 k?'<f
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九、比较结构 [*AWCV
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 ;f)o_:(JJ
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less 2%(RB4+
snow than --eastern Nebraska. F(#~.i
(A) does qmM%MPv
(B) in -C<Ni
(C) it does in "[BDa}Il
(D) in it does Du."O]syD
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 {f<\
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. %1jApCJ
(A) rays more than infrared WbP*kV{
(B) rays are more infrared than T^~9'KDd
(C) more than infrared rays `[zd
(D) more infrared rays than 2?bE2^6
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 XTOZ]H*^
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 @lnM%
例3:The activities of the international marketing (&a<6k
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. WDdp(<
(A) the domestic marketer has tSvklI
(B) the domestic marketer does &RP}w%I1
(C) those of the domestic marketer f YuM`O
(D) that which has the domestic marketer :<$IGzw}.
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 \O7Vo<B&D
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing k v}<u
is greater than --. S"z cSkF
(A) that of its mining and farming combined {)vue0
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(B) mining and farming combination 3koXM_4_{)
(C) that mining and farming combined 8uO@S*)0
(D) of its combination mining and farming ;I+"MY7D
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 Q&9%XF
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十、定语从句省略结构 [?$|
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 '%m0@5|hCD
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture yO6
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and overpower. Vd{h|=J
(A) can A!kNqJ2
(B) they can 3PonF4
(C) which can E00zf3Jgv'
(D) and G=8w9-Ww
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 lbES9o5
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can F$K-Q;r]<
get all the calcium their bodies----from the %;0w2W
food they eat. hG,gY;&[6
(A) require X*~NE\
(B) requires |<.b:e\4
(C) requiring 0NSn5Hq
(D)to require L!L/QG|wdf
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 wS2iyrIB
their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food ~zz |U!TG
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 JLAg-
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例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of &1Fcwj
A K74oRKv
bees must fly a distance equals to twice around !9"R4~4
B C D ^BM/K&7^
the world. +^+wS`Y
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to s/[i>`g/9
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive (?\ZN+V)
A B C fnnwe2aso
than the Sun dies and exploded. T *t$
D ID+'$u&
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more d L%E0o
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十一、状语从句省略结构 8
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Metals expand when they are heated. lO $M6l
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: 0HD1Ob^@
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第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; (+]k{
第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, x}x@_w
比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 l!AZ$IV
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例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of b"FsT
elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand
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considerable impact. ''v1Pv-
(A) apparently k13/yiv
(B) are apparently J#x91Jh
(C) apparently their rFy9K4D
(D) are they apparently ;5|EpoM
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 hE6tu'
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因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: /3TorB~Y
though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; f<;9q?0V F
这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) M<p )@p
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例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the ,){0y%c#y
minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly aXJe"IT.u
white. UA8!?r-cR
(A) when, pure which u=l(W(9=
(B) when, which pure ;?o C=c
(C) which, pure when ~/x42|t
(D) which, when pure +-nQ,
fOV
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, $ vjmW!
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例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine `SwnKg
is highly efficient and needs servicing "XY?v8*c
infrequently w?tKL0c
(A) Even biG9?
(B) It is A%PPG+IfA
(C) Even though :z\f.+MI
(D) There is ~ tLR
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 :65HMWy.
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十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 t4IJ%#22
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 '/H(,TM
现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; K*Jty
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动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 #I?iR3u
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那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: !T*B{+|
Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 |&Pl 4P
The starring troops have to surrender. pNlisS
第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; zcKC5vqb
第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 6EU4
5gD)2Q6
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is kMl<
=.E(p)fz
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often @(c<av?
called scapegoating. `5-#M/J
(A) Eliminate problems <S$21NtM87
(B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) d&bc>Vt
(C) Eliminating problems WdqK/s<jM
(D) Problems are eliminated ennz/'
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 ~{YgM/c|dt
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例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them 23$hwr&G\
from damage due to weather. )[sO5X7'^
(A) Painting F[=lA"F^
(B) Painted [7 `Dgnmq
(C) The paint |/^aLj^u
(D) By painting Kw0V4UF
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 j' KobyX<
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 0^.4eX:E_
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting P .4b+9Tx
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例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to aE+$&_>ef
conserve water in the winter. 0aTbzOn&
(A) when losing leaves XjZao<?u
(B) leaves are lost &@utAuI
(C) that losing leaves a/<pf\O
(D) the leaves losing uU(G_E ?
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。
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十三、make结构 2<o[@w
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) O|OSE
共有三种形式: B%rr}Ro1e
make it possible+to do Sd$]b>b4O
make it possible+that引导的从句 FHNuMdFn
make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) f+TBs_
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做题技巧: w4fJ`,
如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it y)^CDe2xU
如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it -=[o{r`
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例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and
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thus make--details that are otherwise f-v ND'@
impossible to observe . 0]eh>ab>
(A) it visible G9'YgW+$7
(B) visibly "Eok;io
(C) visible COan)<Ku
(D) they are visible W:{PBb"x8
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 ;sck+FP7w
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例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large 7\0|`{|R@
amount of information on a single map. g=oeS%>E
(A) possible {b-0
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(B) it possible <^*+8{*
(C) it is possible iUxDEt[t*
(D) that possible ^aD/
.
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 lNA'M&
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十四、the more …the more…结构 ,Y g5X
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: l?@MUsg+
1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则
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2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 j:v~MrQ7|
3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 x
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the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 V`R)#G>IH%
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例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the {m_A1D/_
number of lines of magnetic force. !!-}ttFA
(A) of nCffBc
(B) the M9(ez7Z
(C) is the W2F+^
(D) is of the KlVi4.]
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B BGlGpl
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例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the =2.tu*!C
weight of the body of a runner, --to the body. HQ|o%9~
(A) the stress it is greater #sz]PZ\
(B) greater is the stress ]^yV`
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(C) greater stress is zmy4tsmX
(D) the greater the stress 45Nv_4s
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 D rF
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十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 A0cM(w{7_
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 bc3|;O
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90
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , 2gQY8h8
A B s"I-YFP%c
thus making it possible the gentle CTh1+&Pa
C c[(yU#@
renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. d u.HSXK
D O{lIs_1.Z
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 /_NkB$&
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例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more ,|e} Y
[
than sixty-five million items of scientific, C/mg46
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historical, or artistic interest, --winning the I#i?**
popular title, “attic of the nation.” mDb-=[W5
(A) however ;V|M3
(B) thus 6?53q e
(C) and sFbfFUd
(D) moreover PYdIP\<V
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 oUl=l}qnD
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例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the }*?yHJ3
lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. nVz5V%a!\q
(A) to save the seeds f&6w;T=
(B) saving the seeds Bs_S.JP<`
(C)which saves the seeds TcR=GR*cJ
(D) the seeds saved EYA/CI
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B 4uFIpS|rq
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十六、形容词最高级省略结构 pNP_f:A|
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. 7*+Km'=M
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. R78!x*U}
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例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. 9X!ET!
(A) the tallest :M@MmpPh
(B) the tallest that is U?^OD
(C) which is the tallest Ud$Q0m&
(D) which the tallest is U9x4j_.q
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 g8KY`MBnC&
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例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of kzMa+(fu
A B C R_7
6W&
domestic animals. UIQQ\,3
D :]yg
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 J`W-]3S#
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十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 Sobtz}A*
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: %Mh Q
program, programmed, programmed #
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因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: F%Kp9I*
第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 QGXQ {
第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be ZBF1rx?
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例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona _AprkI_
features structures built of red sandstone by wDMjk2YN
ancestors of the Hopi people. 6ga5^6W
(A) That the yQ'eu;+]
(B) In the n08;
<
(C) Around the 7D
(D) The x~EKGoz3
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 iX%n0i
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例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called e #M iaX
lymphocytes and plasma cells. &\^r
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(A) to be made *T1~)z}j<
(B) making '_0
(C) made TF\sP8>V
(D) are made 88 l,&2q
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 K6B4sE
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例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given kiX%3(
task ------the flexibility and adaptability of \[ M_\&GC
human beings. Q'K$L9q
(A) without #\ #3r
(B) lack \|t{e8}
(C) minus k':s =IXW
(D) not having oHX$k{6
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。
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B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 6/1$<!WH
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 !r
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十八、逻辑主语结构
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在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 5I' d PNf
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例1:Having been served lunch, --. +pp9d-n
(A) the problem was discussed by the members <n^3uXzD
of the committee &z
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(B) the committee members discussed the N wtg%;
problem Wi$dZOcSJ
(C) it was discussed by the committee 62\&RRB
i
members the problem 8\Hr5FqB(
(D) a discussion of the problem was make by zOB=aG?/
the members of the committee Fn+?u
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B 'jjb[{g^}}
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例2:--was not incorporated as a city until /
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almost two centuries later, in 1834. |B^G:7c
(A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch JhX=l-?
(B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn VKW|kU7Cs$
(C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch D7?C
(D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn ao$.6X8fQ
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 qf8[!5GM
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例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her UVEz;<5@\
home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her ?c#$dc"
first article in print. Qe$k3!
(A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane ig_2={Q@
Hawes had )=^w3y
(B) the teaching position was Mary Jane +j[oE I`e
Hawe's first glUo7^ay7
(C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first 0q6I;$H
teaching position RBGX_v?
(D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching q/gB<p9
position ?mYYt]R
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 m~`>`
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例4: Even at low levels, --. =A!S/;z>
(A) the nervous system has produced S h4wqf
detrimental effects by lead -J0WUN$2*
(B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the 7Z,/g|s}z
nervous system !Pj/7JC0
(C) lead produces detrimental effects on the V H^AcO
nervous system ktH8as^54!
(D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on z1V#'$_5-
the nervous system slW3qRT\k
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 Y)I8eU{Wl(
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例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking =Agg
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A B C >cR)?P/o
areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. @gfDp
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分析:应该把D中的were去掉 `
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十九、复合宾语结构 H{G{H=K_
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 {rH9grb
We played soccer. w~\%vXla
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 g /+oZU
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 w!3>N"em
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下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 g"8 .}1)~r
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, i%{X9!*%TX
例:We appoint him monitor. 9s$U%F6}
We elected him president. WQePSU
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例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck DPHQ,dkp
hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not ]Yyia.B
consider them --because they are now primarily D&:yMp(
kept as pets. NYB[Zyp
(A) where sporting dogs m~l
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(B) sporting dogs x8#ODuH
(C) when sporting dogs 9uB(Mx(-:`
(D) they are sportingdogs \}]iS C.2
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 ?/#}ZZK^
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二十、It结构
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一、强调句型 l5t2\Fl
It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 )9nElb2
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这个句型需要注意几点: deX5yrvOie
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; .w?
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强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; 0Fr1Ku!
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 }E^S]hdvz
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: MQ/
A]EeL
原句: Ann bought these books last year. D%/8{b:
强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. 72db[
强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. "dh:-x6
} /^C|iS7
二、形式主语 <I*x0BM=
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 jdqj=Yc
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 ?>uew^$d[w
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例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than
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A B vlWw3>4
the events that occur in their lives , that are =H]F`[B=
C Bd0eC#UGkQ
the main focus of social psychology. m@
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D W=}Okq)x9I
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is h5%|meZQb
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例2: --an increasing international exchange of P @%
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educational films. i^Ut015q%
(A) It is +RZ~LA\+
(B) There is #G^A-yjn
(C) Though there is DtCEm(b0
(D) Although it is Xg<[fwW
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 `d]Z)*9
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二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 [`fI:ao|
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, 'JmBh@A
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 RNJFSD.
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in which+完整的句子 c-]fKj7
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 g$37
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名词+of which+谓语动词 {aq9i
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 F#r#}.B='U
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例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of mX# "+X|
which are accented. _]>JB0IY
(A) line consists of each S\C*iGeqJ
(B) consists of each line i2,U,>.
(C) each line consists }<m{~32M
(D) it consists of each line 2!&pEqs
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 iw]k5<qKj
five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 0%C^8%(x
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例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a Utl
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sticky substance on them ------ insects. eD#XDK
(A) traps I}0_nge
(B) trap its 4jwu'7Q
(C) which traps =
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(D) which it traps %_)zWl
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分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 tai Vk4
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例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists MiGcA EF;
have paid little attention to cultural :hqZPajE
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interpretations given to silence, or to the types of SG]K
B C POd/+e9d
social contexts in which tends to occur. BW K IbG
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分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 EA0iYzV
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例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin 3VO:+mT
became interested in the art movement Ie_I7YJ
known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, 2<6j1D^jM
both --her novels and short stories. #+jUhxq
(A) in which the influence ,x#ztdvr
(B) of which influenced h}Ygb-uZ
(C) to have influence zG%
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(D) its influence in \+B?}P8N*l
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。