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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 ]TQjk{X<  
C/XOI >  
一、主句单一原则 U[ed#9l>  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 ;-3M  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 D4G{= Y}G  
oq|K:<l  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. W{%M+a[#l  
   (A) They occur where they are L.5GX 29  
   (B) Occuring where w v1R ]3}  
   (C) Where they occur `bi5#xR  
   (D) Where do they occur =<<\Uo  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 P++gR@  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 54k Dez  
+ 7Z%N9  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center Gce![<|ph  
   (A) Fort Wayne (Fu9lW}n  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne $wBUu   
   (C) For wayne is in , vR4x:W  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in I?1^\s#L  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 !l}es4~.a  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 u+-}|  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 5!wa\)wY  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 $+Xohtt  
#jnb6v=5v  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” /u?^s "C/  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with bk V_ ^8  
   social issues. Tfj%Sb,zM  
    (A) covers M]oaWQu  
    (B) covers it ]":PO4M$*  
    (C) which covers &L_(yJ~-  
    (D) which it covers WzF/wzR  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 u-8,9  
`}18A. K  
JVN0];IL}  
例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused h]I ^%7  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on =ove#3  
   the paper. g$uj<"^  
   (A) the impression is ,XR1N$LN8_  
   (B) if the impression is : x W.(^(d  
   (C) impressions GP1b/n3F1  
   (D) the impression {"-uaH>,  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression m#ID%[hg$  
三、平行结构 u`g|u:(r  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。  2>p>AvcK  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: rQCj^=cf;~  
A and B, =5J}CPKbZI  
A , B, and C I vO#tI  
g6MK~JG$?h  
例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- 4 1q|R[js!  
   is known as accounting. :hC+r=!I  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary rjz$~(&m6  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's c3lU  
     transactions w6aq/m"'  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are OF-$*  
     summarized f<?v .5($  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an ,#m:U5#h  
     enterprise @p"m{  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 GUSEbIz):  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 d0YDNP%,_  
XcL jUz?  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed 3RJsH :u8  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and NCL!|  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on ^ZuwUuuf  
   human patients. O%}?DiSl  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in db#svj*  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures wNl{,aH @  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures t\S=u y  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull kn %i#Fz  
     fractures F#=M$j_  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 )xm[mvt  
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四、宾语从句结构 P8[rp   
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 A1g.ww:  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: XCvL`  
     state(陈述,表明)+that 4]G J+a  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that y90wL U9f  
i/|}#yw8A  
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, m)Ta5w^  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite N1iP!m9Q  
   units called quanta or photons. YC[c QX  
    (A) energy that *q;u%; 4  
    (B) that it is energy j[CXIz?c  
    (C) it is energy z94#:jPmG  
    (D) that energy q?y-s  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 rHiBW!  
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70 -nAv  
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth 'pj*6t1~  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is dk/f_m  
   placed on them. QpCTHpZ  
   (A) although its crust and mantle 7bk`u'0%  
   (B) its crust and mantle to (T!#7  
   (C) that its crust and mantle a(IUAh*mO  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to BdrYc^?JL]  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。  qC6@  
五、介词+ which结构 zJ)`snN|  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 X2T _} {  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, tH=jaFJ   
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 BdB9M8fM  
";jKTk7  
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, 8.HJoos  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 `m}G{jfk  
` ZBOaN^if  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is :28[k~.bo  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees yMEI^,0"  
   for public office. &D91bT+L  
    (A) that vRb7=fXf  
    (B)by which JFdMYb  
    (C)is that Z.`0  
    (D)by those xb2j |KY7  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 e=+q*]>  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 .qLX jU  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 =gC% =  
p7W9?b9  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players X MzQ8|]  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called \0K&2'  
   wickers. tr58J% Mu  
   (A) when wlQ @3RN>  
   (B) which cqaq~  
   (C) is when ]@m`bs_6  
   (D) in which e5D\m g)  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 )Fw#]~Z  
hY/qMK5  
六、in that结构 >U.7>K V&  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, ( G~ME>  
  because of +名词, kkJ8xyO  
  consequently是副词 4b+_|kYb  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 e0]#vqdO  
K+d{R=s^  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals Jpy~5kS  
   ---- it is a liquid. qeC^e}h  
   (A) whereas 3[@:I^q  
   (B) in that y4VO\N!  
   (C) because of 3v&Shb?xb;  
   (D) consequently |WNI[49  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 KO/#t~  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 7%&e4'SZO  
5=fS^]- F  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual ]bbP_n8  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. b>9?gmR{  
   (A)they 8@){\.M  
   (B)in they -0I&dG-  
   (C)that they UR(i_T&w  
   (D)in that they TW wE3{iF  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 \tA@A  
O]?\<&y  
@1q dnU  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 e.Jaq^Gw|  
QIdml*Np?H  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ ^E)8Sb9t  
   great inspiration for her poems. n]nJ$u1u  
   (A) that she drew r9<#R=r)}J  
   (B) by drawing her 9!0-~,o  
   (C) from which she drew tOZ-]>U  
   (D) drawn from which YgtW(j[  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 3Vk\iJ  
七、what结构 ma/<#l^}  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: sQ&<cBs2  
  what=the thing that ^f 0-w`D  
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend =>&~p\Aw  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. Bsk` e  
   (A) it grows ]ki) (Bb  
   (B) what grows 2Ky|+s[`[  
   (C) does it grow =B`=f,,#3  
   (D) what does it grow '5A&c(  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 7.+vp@+  
5 o[E8 c 8  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle WDr=+=Zj  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory &o&}5Aba9  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. B7S)L#l_\  
   (A) there _s:5)  
   (B) where ^`RMf5i1m  
   (C) that aU#r`D@0  
   (D) what o*[[nK*fL  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 cnDF`7xrT  
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@HY P_hR  
八、同位语结构 9U@>&3[v  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 T:!H^  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) <2LUq@Pg  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing 1 C/Vwf:@  
   and swallowing . :>jzL8  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste =`!# V/=  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly !nQoz^_`P  
   (C) the chief organ of taste _+Uf5,.5yU  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes vtzbF1?O  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 %4/X;w\3  
c A{,2CYc  
d1NKVMeWr  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 kPSi6ci  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) Nig)!4CG  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of /~g.j1g  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of yQFZRDV~  
   Dishonor. -(E-yC u  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause |KSoS#Y  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson Slp_o\s$@  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause I=k`VId:  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. yp pZ@  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 Qqp=  
iUS?xKN$~-  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as Fn;Gq-^7@  
   hosts to many insect pests. :ZXaJ!  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than I.1(qbPkF+  
     goldenrods y* lAmO  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods ?!bA#aSbl5  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy ?cD_\~  
     plants sv#/78~|  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants tSiQr I  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 +4k4z:<n  
*C(q{|f  
eGI&4JgJ.  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 (U*Zz+ R   
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 8qs8QK  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to deutY.7g  
   Athens. K$-|7tJon  
   (A) the distance is v3]~*\!5  
   (B) that the distance is lp5 b&I_  
   (C) is that the distance p5bM/{DP;K  
   (D) the distance L$; gf_L  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 H&0S  
n s&(g^  
九、比较结构 NqN9  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 ''CowI  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less C] |m|`  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. [Mlmn$it  
    (A) does +9_E+H'?!  
    (B) in fU4{4M+9"  
    (C) it does in `wNJ*`  
    (D) in it does Ky'\t7p u  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 f{#Mc  
t Ow [  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. avH3{V  
    (A) rays more than infrared 9!Vp-bo  
    (B) rays are more infrared than Redxg.P  
    (C) more than infrared rays {>.qo<k  
    (D) more infrared rays than axd9b,  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 PX,fg5s\b  
, -S n  
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 p:8]jD@}%  
例3:The activities of the international marketing c#(&\g2H  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. pXHeUBY.  
   (A) the domestic marketer has  tD}HL_  
   (B) the domestic marketer does j_~lc,+m  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer c)=UX_S!  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer [{9&KjI0K  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 W[j7Vi8v  
q"pnFK9/L  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing <2R xyoDL6  
   is greater than --. `pd1'5Hm  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined -qRO}EF  
   (B) mining and farming combination f*~z|  
   (C) that mining and farming combined >@U lhJtW  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming hk1jxnQ h  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 WP0{%  
EM.rO/qcW  
十、定语从句省略结构 %epK-q9[  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 \:wLUGFl 5  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture 6WnGP>tc.  
   and overpower. EaGS}=qY5  
   (A) can   -d6*M*{|  
   (B) they can \M`fkR,,'  
   (C) which can C iGN? 1|  
   (D) and rfNt  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 F I\V6\B/  
>zDnJb&"&  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can 0Ti>PR5M  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the VCvqiHn  
   food they eat. yw;!KUKb|  
    (A) require kY6))9 O  
    (B) requires )(pJ~"'L  
    (C) requiring {XNu4d9w(  
    (D)to require [2,u:0"  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 r8~U@$BBK  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food 2v<[ XNX  
U q6..<#  
`&U ['_%  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 HiG&`:P>q  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of rLcQG  
    A y|X\f!  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around STmCj  
   B          C      D C6 eon4Ut  
   the world. !m1pL0  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to n.y72-&v  
pz ^"~0o5  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive WDiF:@^K  
          A  B      C um&e.V)N  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. JCZJ\f*EZ  
              D |[ |X  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more 9bXU!l[  
ASaG }h  
十一、状语从句省略结构 v4|kiy  
Metals expand when they are heated. (vjQF$Hp  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: mI in'M  
)11/BB\v  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; !HDk]   
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, &H5 6mL{  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 \{+7`4g  
:yk Z7X&  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of =GM!M@~,Ab  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand ,-DE;l^Q=  
   considerable impact. 7qXgHrr0|U  
   (A) apparently AD?^.<  
   (B) are apparently x_Ais&Gc  
   (C) apparently their o ohf))  
   (D) are they apparently #0Oqw=F  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 ,%nmCetD@  
S%xGXmZ  
]\ r~"*TZ  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: S8,+6+_7  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; JBUJc  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) <!OP b(g2  
4VU5}"<  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the sCRBKCR?  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly RXx +rdF0  
   white. B~PF<8h5  
   (A) when, pure which H#Og0gEE}5  
   (B) when, which pure dqKTF_+VhA  
   (C) which, pure when 5&9(d_#H  
   (D) which, when pure 3UN Jj&-`  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, E!Fy2h>[Z  
:Dr& {3>  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine [?IERE!xQ  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing ryn)  
   infrequently e&0B4wVAQ  
   (A) Even ap6Vmp  
   (B) It is @JEr/yy  
   (C) Even though GO?-z0V  
   (D) There is ?Y hua9  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 5W{>5.Arx)  
A|>C3S  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 rf`Br\g8  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 ^g[])2",  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; f$ Ap\(.  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 %DV@2rC<  
%#] T.g  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: _$bx4a  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 "pWdz}!  
  The starring troops have to surrender. fF d9D=EW.  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; C`jP8"-  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 5~44R@`  
 CMg83  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is *xl7;s  
iP!Y4F  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often ^6 LFho4  
   called scapegoating. fgp 7 |;Y  
   (A) Eliminate problems ILO+=xU  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) (Dar6>!  
   (C) Eliminating problems K?;p:  
   (D) Problems are eliminated m+m6"yE#_  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 Zn/9BO5  
F889JSZ%  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them L|2COX  
   from damage due to weather. 28)TXR r-  
    (A) Painting #VOjnc/rW  
    (B) Painted  g_>ZE  
    (C) The paint `;_tt_  
    (D) By painting #w*pWD^  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 vaf9b}FL  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 Me}TW!GC  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting r;XQ i  
1SFKP$^  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to gZjOlp  
   conserve water in the winter. r9M={jC  
   (A) when losing leaves  (v`;ym  
   (B) leaves are lost 4v|/+J6G  
   (C) that losing leaves 0v@/I<  
   (D) the leaves losing Wv0'?NL.  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 L, {rMLM%  
B (1,Rq[  
十三、make结构 3] qlz?5  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) xplo Fw~  
共有三种形式: mei_aN7zW  
   make it possible+to do u3wC }Zo  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 ^2r}_ AX  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) %]ayW$4  
Nr"N\yOA/  
做题技巧: aE BP9RX}z  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it ;:c%l.Y2  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it e_=pspnZ  
olMO+-USP  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and <M,H9^&#l3  
   thus make--details that are otherwise nuQ6X5>.=  
   impossible to observe . }IN_5o((  
   (A) it visible wz+5 8(  
   (B) visibly *>'2$me=  
   (C) visible ZCBPO~&hO'  
   (D) they are visible )E:,V~< 8  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 HB7(  
|WAD $3  
)M'UASB;8  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large yIIET E  
   amount of information on a single map. Q)S>VDLA  
   (A) possible _;:rkC fj  
   (B) it possible NGD*ce"w  
   (C) it is possible g(<T u^F  
   (D) that possible 0[lsoYUq  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 y?#9>S >:\  
rer|k<k;]G  
*AH^%!kVP  
十四、the more …the more…结构 xHB/]Vd-  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: Cq gk  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 85D^@{  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 BF36V\  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 j/9WOIfa  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 vUYJf99B  
|mxNUo-  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the /2e%s:")h  
   number of lines of magnetic force. _1sMYhI  
   (A) of &$qF4B*  
   (B) the > BNw  
   (C) is the mz\NFC<  
   (D) is of the 0e+W/Tq  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B 5VR.o!h3I  
EZ"bW  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the `c"4PU^  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  QCOLC2I  
   (A) the stress it is greater (kIz  
   (B) greater is the stress  hq<5lE^  
   (C) greater stress is !4R>O6k   
   (D) the greater the stress W+gpr|R2  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 m0A#6=<  
<E Mk D1e  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 ./l|8o  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 S%kS#U${|  
J O2xT#V  
'61i2\[lZQ  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , n)#Lh 7X"  
             A     B b M"fk&  
   thus making it possible the gentle XaW4C-D&  
       C            Ah-8"`E  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. Fn!SGX~kx$  
         D i\Yl  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 cC%j!8!  
"tL2F*F"6X  
x;j{} %  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more hK(tPl$  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, H`-=?t  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the ]>D)#  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” WfG(JJ  
    (A) however =_ y\Y@J  
    (B) thus >,"sHm}l%  
    (C) and )~V }oKk0t  
    (D) moreover <C t_d Cc  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 ,r=re!QI7  
q[ ULG v  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the oG_C?(7>  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. x=]S.XI  
    (A) to save the seeds \9)#l#m  
    (B) saving the seeds A W HU'  
    (C)which saves the seeds :.uk$j x  
    (D) the seeds saved #. ct5  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B I@\+l6&#;  
=e BmBn  
M2@;RZ(|  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 p|qyTeg  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. -M4p\6)Ge  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. OeElMRU"  
zO~9zlik  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. 2Y OKM #N]  
   (A) the tallest a# 0;==#  
   (B) the tallest that is ~R]35Cp-#  
   (C) which is the tallest t6lE#<xZV;  
   (D) which the tallest is zY=jXa)K~  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 (\,BxvhG=  
#0"~G][#  
|L::bx(  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of bRo|uJ:d  
       A  B       C H(-4:BD?  
   domestic animals. 1|| +6bRP  
    D \9{F5S z  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 $ uh z  
~i~%~doa  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 .Zmp ,  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: -YGbfd<wq  
  program, programmed, programmed $m| V :/  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: FjFMR 63  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 `>lzlEhKV  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be GK*v{`  
qu|i;WZE  
?]O7Ao  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona c64v,Hj9  
   features structures built of red sandstone by Ex BUpDQc  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. /t%u"dP"T~  
   (A) That the tt_o$D ~kg  
   (B) In the #*%q'gyHT  
   (C) Around the NH A5e<  
   (D) The ) c2_b  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 hT g<*  
=EP13J   
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called U(>4s]O6  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. fwR_OB: $  
   (A) to be made ,:2'YB  
   (B) making NpP' )m!`}  
   (C) made `fNpY#QsN  
   (D) are made [Nm4sI11  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 friWW ^  
YY((#"o;l  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given 'dG%oDHX]P  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of @$^bMIj@W  
   human beings.  m EG6  
   (A) without S0,R_d')  
   (B) lack p9!" O  
   (C) minus t_z>Cl^u  
   (D) not having _9 .(a  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 CvSIV7zYo  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 Yf,K#' h:  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 p@!nYPr.  
SvM6iZ]  
jdZ~z#`(!:  
十八、逻辑主语结构 M-L2w"  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 Xazo 9J  
u-D dq~;|  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. QZp6YSz.4  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members >WJf=F`_H  
    of the committee G@FI0\t  
   (B) the committee members discussed the (/!r(#K0,'  
    problem l& 4,v  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee b5$Jf jI  
    members the problem Ac 2(O6  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by w{[=l6L m  
    the members of the committee E#J';tUQ  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B _It,%<3  
WARb"8Kg  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until n55Pv3}C  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. Tus}\0/i>  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch B]m@:|Q  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn   S( S#  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch [Vd[-  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn q)H 1pwxD  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 "|;:>{JC  
Hsih[f  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her }kw/W#)J  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her #-pc}Y|<  
   first article in print. X37L\e[c  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane &_JD)mM5  
    Hawes had \V9Z #>  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane m(], r})  
    Hawe's first kb[P\cRa  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first V"p!B f  
    teaching position T+N|R  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching d,8mY/S>w  
    position *~m+Nc`D,N  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 pO8ePc@=D  
R!l:O=[<  
例4: Even at low levels, --. lKEkXO  
   (A) the nervous system has produced nW;g28  
     detrimental effects by lead sp@E8G%xO  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the Wrrcx(  
    nervous system P2nft2/eu?  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the }I@L}f5N  
    nervous system YeF1C/'hy  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on LH:i| I  
    the nervous system E*#]**  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 `DT3x{}_S  
vD 5vbl  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking 9;?UvOI;  
            A   B     C s?ko?qN(  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. ' B  
       D -=.V '  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 XQ4G)  
YC_1Ks  
E~LT b) !  
十九、复合宾语结构 !"+'A)Nve  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 G;f/Tch  
We played soccer. _z[#}d;k  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 ORu2V# Z[  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 L28*1]\Jh  
\^#~@9  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 B75k^ohfj  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, <(vCiH9~P  
例:We appoint him monitor. uUKcB:  
  We elected him president. e[Abp~@M1  
^<X@s1^#  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck @y31NH(  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not aTf`BG{kw  
   consider them --because they are now primarily +nQw?'9Z  
   kept as pets. )]#aauC+  
   (A) where sporting dogs s&GJW@ |  
   (B) sporting dogs C{2xHd/*  
   (C) when sporting dogs N25V ]  
   (D) they are sportingdogs #[#KL/i)$  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 P]z[v)}  
JJRK7\~$  
二十、It结构 )/t?!T.[  
一、强调句型 _{jjgQJ5  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 3OM2Y_  
HHjt/gc}`  
这个句型需要注意几点: `<[6YH_  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; k=GG> ]<i  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; =+w*gDr  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 NzKUtwnIz  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: +y 87~]]  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. fIGFHZy,  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. g/CxXSv@0  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. @E.k/G!~Nb  
Z!0]/mCE8  
二、形式主语 ET];%~ ^  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 lnGq :-  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 }3R13   
c#N<"cy>  
[7m1Q<  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than Q!,<@b)  
    A               B >u%]6_[  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are 1y^K/.5-  
                  C >+5?F*`\D*  
   the main focus of social psychology. y$81Z q  
           D #E0t?:t5bk  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is [#YE^[*qK  
0N=X74  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of x_|F|9  
   educational films. v&FF|)$  
   (A) It is  ;d$qc<2uA  
   (B) There is  J/);"bg_O  
   (C) Though there is 9{j66  
   (D) Although it is @xsCXCRWVV  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 *=Z26  
l!E7A Kk8  
c^8o~K>w84  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 HmK*bZ  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, +D#Zn!P  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 t]1ubt2W  
~{>?*Gd&T  
in which+完整的句子 h  x6;YV  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 `nR%Cav,U  
/W#O +  
名词+of which+谓语动词 7:=5"ScV  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 wxLXh6|6%_  
!\[+99F#  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of ,G^[o,hS  
   which are accented. )_zlrX  
   (A) line consists of each ?(KvQK|d4  
   (B) consists of each line T)7TyE|"2g  
   (C) each line consists AV&yoag1  
   (D) it consists of each line 'UM!*fk7C  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 e`{0d{Nd  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 [_y@M ]  
+V v+K(lh$  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a X_; *`,<T  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. UkR3}{i  
   (A) traps   b'>8ZIY  
   (B) trap its  \9)[ #Ld  
   (C) which traps hQJWKAf,/  
   (D) which it traps YTY%#"  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 ^>~dlS  
+I|8Q|^SD  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists h"QbA"  
  have paid little attention to cultural X< Za9  
   A             UPCQs",  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of `rWB`q|i<  
         B      C G=M] 8+h  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. %u]6KrG18b  
           D F1|zXg)  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 l^ 4OC  
f[/.I,9U^  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin y{rn-?`{  
   became interested in the art movement m% bE-#  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, |i)lh_iN  
   both --her novels and short stories. <GWR7rUH  
   (A) in which the influence 4e%8D`/=M  
   (B) of which influenced &zN@5m$k;  
   (C) to have influence %<U{K;  
   (D) its influence in *m_93J  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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