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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 {-(}p+;z  
l 8I`%bu  
一、主句单一原则 EXlmIY4  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 c7$L:  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 zEG6T*  
m).S0  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. e rz9CX  
   (A) They occur where they are P8tpbdZE-  
   (B) Occuring where gWt}q-@nRR  
   (C) Where they occur ' `0kW_'  
   (D) Where do they occur pwg$% lv  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 up[9L|  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 {H]xA3[]  
<eU1E }BDQ  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center t' )47k\  
   (A) Fort Wayne 2nSX90@:  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne s@USJ4#  
   (C) For wayne is in 9`83cL  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in z >EOQe  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 W[pOLc-  
K  gN=b  
NSQ}:m  
二、谓语动词专一原则 .YV{wL@cB  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 $]V,H"  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 bve_*7CEM  
_?j66-( Q  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” 4@2<dw|*h  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with G.2\Sw  
   social issues. Gv ';  
    (A) covers ;^XF;zpg  
    (B) covers it yyp0GV.x  
    (C) which covers ~q5aMy d<  
    (D) which it covers cyM9[X4rC  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 D-{;;<nIr`  
A -C.Bi;/  
-L4fp  
例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused \a<7DTV  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on :;Lt~:0b~  
   the paper. 3,ihVVr&P  
   (A) the impression is \9H pbCHr  
   (B) if the impression is AnF"+<  
   (C) impressions BiFU3FlTf  
   (D) the impression /"(`oe<  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression U46qpb 7  
三、平行结构 :Dt]sE _d  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 /9SEW! E  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: `w&A;fR! H  
A and B, L3/SIoqd  
A , B, and C d4ga6N3'  
#EG W76 f  
例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- H{)DI(,Y^P  
   is known as accounting. >PY Lk{q  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary ?\Bm>p% +  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's !W\za0p  
     transactions lU\v8!Ji  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are Io;x~i09K  
     summarized ?&`PN<~2z  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an +$uQ_ve  
     enterprise @u>:(9bp  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 }5Zmc6S{  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 .OM^@V~T  
>;K!yI?0  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed K^5f  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and XLgp.w;  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on .A Dik}o  
   human patients. JBI>D1`"  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in )MWbZAI  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures qNuBK6E#4  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures , 3&D A  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull EXbaijHQG  
     fractures Z?f-_NHg  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 TFZxk  
Yn_v'Os2  
四、宾语从句结构 Xk(p:^ R  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 ?APCDZ^  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: 6n?0MMtR  
     state(陈述,表明)+that Ln$= 8x^T  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that m4on<5s/  
;S?ei>Q  
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, &?H`MCv t  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite mhgvN-? "h  
   units called quanta or photons.  c6Z"6-}$  
    (A) energy that B!x7oD9  
    (B) that it is energy z7s}-w,  
    (C) it is energy C <d]0)  
    (D) that energy -4 v2]  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 0TqIRUz "C  
EX/{W$ &K  
6Qn};tbnD  
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth bo-lT-I  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is i<M F8 $  
   placed on them. G.~Ffk  
   (A) although its crust and mantle T2}X~A  
   (B) its crust and mantle to GGU>={D)  
   (C) that its crust and mantle ] Jnrs  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to tfdb9# &?  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 5i-VnG  
五、介词+ which结构 +' SG$<Xv  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 O$7r)B6Cs  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, 1nR\ m+{  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 v+~O\v5Q  
=C- b#4Q  
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, g~XR#vl$  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 m>f8RBp]'  
32p9(HQ  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is @!*I mNMI  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees H`4KhdqR  
   for public office. {$I1(DYN  
    (A) that 0py29>"t  
    (B)by which y\=^p la  
    (C)is that z,RjQTd  
    (D)by those K.Y.K$NjP{  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 RBpv40n0  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 Yo\%53w/  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 $mxl&Qr>Q;  
v,Z?pYYo  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players WO*dO9O  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called A]MX^eY  
   wickers. ,4r 4 <  
   (A) when }" STc&1  
   (B) which drJUfsxV  
   (C) is when !O4)Y M  
   (D) in which F.AP)`6+*  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 4MoxP  
,"5xKF+cS  
六、in that结构 cRWYS[O?-  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, U. 1&'U*  
  because of +名词, g6@^n$Y  
  consequently是副词 nq\~`vH|Gd  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 HE-ErEtGB  
B;t{IYhq{  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals Wu)An  
   ---- it is a liquid. m,Mg  
   (A) whereas _Nf%x1m5s  
   (B) in that L$?YbQo7  
   (C) because of p+CK+m   
   (D) consequently d!y_N&z|(  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 V]/ $ dJ  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 >fp_$bjd  
:q$.=?X3  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual b<BkI""b  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air.  dK]#..  
   (A)they ue -a/a  
   (B)in they @DlN;r ?Cv  
   (C)that they o),@I#fM  
   (D)in that they X\5EF7:S  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 EE*FvI`  
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-pQ0,/}K  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 Q7_#k66gb7  
twp~#s:\z  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ Ju_(,M-Vgr  
   great inspiration for her poems. ki8Jl}dr  
   (A) that she drew O*9d[jw[  
   (B) by drawing her y7LM}dH#m  
   (C) from which she drew _ !k\~4U  
   (D) drawn from which ~'LoIv20j)  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 T/q*k)IoR  
七、what结构 Bb7Vf7>  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: 1t7T\~ +F  
  what=the thing that 9)'wgI#  
2`V(w[zTr  
例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend }KV)F,`  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. Gk)6ljL  
   (A) it grows #3YYE5cB  
   (B) what grows `'ak/%Krh  
   (C) does it grow 6g"qwW Zp  
   (D) what does it grow U-#vssJhk  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 qO>A 6  
<'O|7. ^^  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle f4^\iZ{`G  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory r?W Oum  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. =Ct$!uun  
   (A) there B`|H }KU  
   (B) where \5F {MBx !  
   (C) that &FDWlrG g  
   (D) what 'l._00yu  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 Edl .R}&1  
C 4\Q8uK  
x-SYfvYY  
八、同位语结构 't3nh  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 zG~nRt{4  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) L_fiE3G|>  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing rq^VOK|L  
   and swallowing . T$4Utd5[z'  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste 4"Pf0PD:  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly  ),f d,  
   (C) the chief organ of taste 8[H)t Kf8  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes 1lf]}V  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 ;r3|EA35  
r<-@.$lf  
cy#N(S[ 1  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 ?a` $Y>?h  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) {&.?u1C.\  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of w-?Cg8bq<  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of nh%Q";  
   Dishonor. @8V~&yqq  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause kB ;!EuL  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson $rz'Ybs  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause )n17}Qm`V  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. <^wqN! /  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 !7aJfs2  
;>B06v  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as ?K^~(D8(  
   hosts to many insect pests. N!^5<2z@eT  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than 2V=bE-  
     goldenrods $7bux 1L  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods pt- 1>Ui  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy %%f(R7n  
     plants ,{u'7p  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants t'L#8MJ  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 xzTF| Z\  
nV&v@g4Tt  
TeWpdUCO  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 #gY|T|  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 MuQ'L=iJ  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to xl;0&/7e  
   Athens. 3eP7vy  
   (A) the distance is UIi`bbJ  
   (B) that the distance is L% ?3VW  
   (C) is that the distance TkSeD P  
   (D) the distance 7T}r]C.  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 k?'<f  
om}jQJ]KH  
九、比较结构 [*AWCV  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 ;f)o_:(JJ  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less 2%(RB4+  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. F(#~.i  
    (A) does qmM%MPv  
    (B) in -C<Ni  
    (C) it does in "[BDa}Il  
    (D) in it does Du."O]syD  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 {f<\ `  
a#o6Nv  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. %1jApCJ  
    (A) rays more than infrared WbP*kV{  
    (B) rays are more infrared than T^~9'KDd  
    (C) more than infrared rays `[zd  
    (D) more infrared rays than 2?bE2^6  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 XTOZ]H*^  
%"> Oy&3  
mv+K!T6  
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 @lnM%  
例3:The activities of the international marketing (&a<6k  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. WDdp(<  
   (A) the domestic marketer has tSvklI  
   (B) the domestic marketer does &RP}w%I1  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer f YuM`O  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer :<$IGzw}.  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 \O7Vo<B&D  
ToB^/ n[  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing k v}<u  
   is greater than --. S"z cSkF  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined {)vue0 vP  
   (B) mining and farming combination 3koXM_4_{)  
   (C) that mining and farming combined 8uO@S*)0  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming ;I+"MY7D  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 Q&9%XF uM  
XT|!XC!|  
十、定语从句省略结构 [?$|   
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 '%m0@5|hCD  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture yO6 _G q{  
   and overpower. Vd{h|=J  
   (A) can   A!kNqJ2  
   (B) they can 3PonF4  
   (C) which can E00zf3Jgv'  
   (D) and G=8w9-Ww  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 lbES9o5  
@HfWAFT  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can F$K-Q;r]<  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the %;0w2W  
   food they eat. hG,gY;&[6  
    (A) require X*~NE\  
    (B) requires |<.b:e\4  
    (C) requiring 0NSn5Hq  
    (D)to require L!L/QG|wdf  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 wS2iyrIB  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food ~zz|U!TG  
13Z6dhZu  
qD\%8l.]Z  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 JLAg- j2  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of  &1Fcwj  
    A K74oRKv  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around !9"R4~4  
   B          C      D ^BM/K&7^  
   the world. +^+wS`Y  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to s/[i>`g/9  
SEchF"KJQF  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive (?\ZN+V)  
          A  B      C fnnwe2aso  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. T *t$   
              D ID+'$u &  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more d L%E0o  
,:\2Lf  
十一、状语从句省略结构 8 (^2  
Metals expand when they are heated. lO $M6l  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: 0HD1Ob^@  
'v|2} T*  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致;  (+]k{  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, x}x@_w   
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 l!AZ$IV  
vWkKNB  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of b"FsT  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand 18A&[6"!  
   considerable impact. ''v1Pv-  
   (A) apparently k13/yiv  
   (B) are apparently J#x91Jh  
   (C) apparently their rFy9K4D  
   (D) are they apparently ;5|EpoM  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 hE6tu'  
mW-@-5Wda  
5nj~RUK  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: /3TorB~Y  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; f<;9q?0VF  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) M<p)@p  
"G,*Z0V5  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the ,){0y%c#y  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly aXJe"IT.u  
   white. UA8!?r-cR  
   (A) when, pure which u=l(W(9=  
   (B) when, which pure ;?o C=c  
   (C) which, pure when ~ /x42|t  
   (D) which, when pure +-nQ, fOV  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, $ vjmW! O  
-0X> y  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine `SwnKg  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing "XY?v8*c  
   infrequently w?tKL0c  
   (A) Even biG9?  
   (B) It is A%PPG+IfA  
   (C) Even though :z\f.+MI  
   (D) There is ~tLR  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 :65HMWy.  
*e6|SZ &3  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 t4IJ%#22  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 '/H(,TM  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; K*Jty y}r  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 #I?iR 3u  
%&Cl@6  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: !T*B{+|  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 |&Pl4P  
  The starring troops have to surrender. pNlisS  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; zcKC5vqb  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 6EU4  
5gD)2Q6  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is k Ml<  
=.E(p)fz  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often @(c<av?  
   called scapegoating. `5-#M/J  
   (A) Eliminate problems <S$21NtM87  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) d&bc>Vt  
   (C) Eliminating problems WdqK/s<jM  
   (D) Problems are eliminated ennz/'  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 ~{YgM/c|dt  
1ckw[0d  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them 23$hwr&G\  
   from damage due to weather. )[sO5X7'^  
    (A) Painting F[=lA"F^  
    (B) Painted [7 `Dgnmq  
    (C) The paint |/^aL j^u  
    (D) By painting Kw0V4UF  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 j' KobyX<  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 0^.4eX:E_  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting P .4b+9T x  
7Y|>xx=v  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to aE+$&_>ef  
   conserve water in the winter. 0aTbzOn&  
   (A) when losing leaves XjZao<?u  
   (B) leaves are lost &@utAuI  
   (C) that losing leaves a/<pf\O  
   (D) the leaves losing uU(G_E ?  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 tD7C7m  
O;BMwg_7  
十三、make结构 2<o[@w  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) O|OSE  
共有三种形式: B%rr}Ro1e  
   make it possible+to do Sd$]b>b4O  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 FHNuMdFn  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) f+TBs_   
aRO_,n9  
做题技巧: w4fJ`,  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it y)^CDe2xU  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it -=[o{r`  
oF b mz*  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and OwiWnS<  
   thus make--details that are otherwise f-v ND'@  
   impossible to observe . 0]eh>ab>  
   (A) it visible G9'YgW+$7  
   (B) visibly "E ok;io  
   (C) visible COan) <Ku  
   (D) they are visible W:{PBb"x8  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 ;sck+FP7w  
lQ<#jxp  
}OP%p/eY  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large 7\0|`{|R@  
   amount of information on a single map. g=oeS%>E  
   (A) possible {b-0 _  
   (B) it possible <^*+8{*  
   (C) it is possible iUxDEt[t*  
   (D) that possible ^aD/ .  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 lNA'M&  
cFI7}#,5  
RQ *|+ ~H  
十四、the more …the more…结构 , Y g5X  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: l?@MUsg+  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 CSG+bqUG  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 j:v~MrQ7|  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 x  tYV"  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 V`R)#G>IH%  
=q"w2b&  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the {m_A1D/_  
   number of lines of magnetic force. !!-}ttFA  
   (A) of nCffBc  
   (B) the M 9(ez7Z  
   (C) is the W2F +^  
   (D) is of the KlVi4.]  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B BGlGpl  
vDK :v$g  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the =2.tu*!C  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  HQ|o%9~  
   (A) the stress it is greater #sz]PZ\  
   (B) greater is the stress ]^yV` Z8  
   (C) greater stress is zmy4tsmX  
   (D) the greater the stress 45Nv_4s  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。  D rF  
L\/u}]dPQ  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 A0cM(w{7_  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 bc3|;O  
Y=P9:unG  
90  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , 2gQY8h8  
             A     B s"I-YFP%c  
   thus making it possible the gentle CTh1+&Pa  
       C            c[(yU#@  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. d u.HSXK  
         D O{lIs_1.Z  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 /_NkB$&  
D+| K%_Qq  
G"G{AS  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more ,|e}Y [  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, C/mg46 v2W  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the I#i?**  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” mDb-=[W5  
    (A) however ;V|M3  
    (B) thus 6?53q e  
    (C) and sFbfFUd   
    (D) moreover PYdIP\<V  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 oUl=l}qnD  
oHxGbvQc  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the }*?yHJ3  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. nVz5V%a!\q  
    (A) to save the seeds f&6w;T=  
    (B) saving the seeds Bs_S.JP<`  
    (C)which saves the seeds TcR=GR*cJ  
    (D) the seeds saved EYA/CI   
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B 4uFIpS|rq  
WLE%d]'%M  
L30>| g  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 pNP_f:A|  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. 7*+Km'=M  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. R78!x*U}  
6hp{,8|D"m  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. 9X!ET!  
   (A) the tallest :M@Mmp Ph  
   (B) the tallest that is U?^OD  
   (C) which is the tallest Ud$Q0m&  
   (D) which the tallest is U9x4j_.q  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 g8KY`MBnC&  
 GaHA%  
Dh2#$[/@1  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of kzMa+(fu  
       A  B       C R_7 6W&  
   domestic animals. UIQQ \,3  
    D :]yg  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 J`W-]3S#  
`ovgWv  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 Sobtz}A*  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: %Mh Q  
  program, programmed, programmed # $FY+`  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: F%Kp9I*  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动  QGXQ{  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be ZBF1rx?  
l nfm0  
WK*S4c  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona _AprkI_  
   features structures built of red sandstone by wDMjk2 YN  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. 6ga5^6W  
   (A) That the yQ'eu;+]  
   (B) In the n08; <  
   (C) Around the 7D   
   (D) The x~EKGoz3  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 iX%n0i  
?Wa<AFXQ  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called e #M iaX  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. &\^r Qi/tf  
   (A) to be made *T1~)z}j<  
   (B) making '_ 0  
   (C) made TF\sP8>V  
   (D) are made 88l,&2q  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 K6B4sE  
Y\( ;!o0a  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given kiX%3(  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of \[ M_\&GC  
   human beings. Q'K$L9q  
   (A) without #\ #3r  
   (B) lack \|t{e8}  
   (C) minus k':s =IXW  
   (D) not having oH X$k{6  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 "SR5wr   
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 6/1$< !WH  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 !r e1EL  
[/$N!2'5  
%K1")s  
十八、逻辑主语结构  ;:OsSq&  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 5I' d PNf  
)yj:PY]  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. +pp9d-n  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members <n^3uXzD  
    of the committee &z @~B&O  
   (B) the committee members discussed the N wtg%;  
    problem Wi$dZOcSJ  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee 62\&RRB i  
    members the problem 8\Hr5FqB(  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by zOB=aG?/  
    the members of the committee Fn+ ?u  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B 'jjb[{g^}}  
n7l%gA*  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until / 3B6 Mtb  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. |B^G:7c  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch JhX=l-?  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn VKW|kU7Cs$  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch D7 ?C  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn ao$.6X8fQ  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 qf8[!5GM  
1-VT}J(  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her UVEz;<5@\  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her ?c#$dc"  
   first article in print. Qe$k3!  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane ig_2={Q@  
    Hawes had )=^w3y  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane +j[oEI`e  
    Hawe's first glUo7^ay7  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first 0q6I;$H  
    teaching position RBGX_v?  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching q/gB<p9  
    position ?mYYt]R  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 m~`>` 4  
}!d;(/)rb  
例4: Even at low levels, --. =A!S/;z>  
   (A) the nervous system has produced S h4wqf  
     detrimental effects by lead -J0WUN$2*  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the 7Z,/g|s}z  
    nervous system !Pj/7JC0  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the V H^AcO  
    nervous system ktH8as^54!  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on z1V#'$_5-  
    the nervous system slW3qRT\k  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 Y)I8eU{Wl(  
=XY]x  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking =Agg _h   
            A   B     C >cR)?P/o  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. @gfDp <  
       D vS?odqi#n  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 ` %?9=h%  
9'~- U  
F?4(5 K  
十九、复合宾语结构 H{G{H=K_  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 {rH9grb  
We played soccer. w~\%vXla  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 g /+oZU  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 w!3>N"em  
+Ov2`O8?  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 g"8 .}1)~r  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, i%{X9!*%TX  
例:We appoint him monitor. 9s$U%F6}  
  We elected him president. WQePSU  
/ !xF?OmVd  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck DPHQ,dkp  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not ]Yyia.B  
   consider them --because they are now primarily D&:yMp(  
   kept as pets. NY B[Zyp  
   (A) where sporting dogs m~l F`?  
   (B) sporting dogs x8#ODuH  
   (C) when sporting dogs 9uB(Mx(-:`  
   (D) they are sportingdogs \}]iS C.2  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 ?/#}ZZK^  
N=1JhjVk"  
二十、It结构 :Ao!ls' =  
一、强调句型 l5t2\Fl  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 )9nElb2  
f^<6`Aeq  
这个句型需要注意几点: deX5yrvOie  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; .w? . ib(  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; 0Fr1Ku!  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 }E^S]hdvz  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: MQ/ A]EeL  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. D%/8{b:  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. 72db[  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. "dh:-x6  
} /^C|iS7  
二、形式主语 <I*x0BM=  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 jdqj=Yc  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 ?>uew^$d[w  
p#d+>7  
M~ h8Crz  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than D@YP7  
    A               B vlWw3>4  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are =H]F`[B=  
                  C Bd0eC#UGkQ  
   the main focus of social psychology. m@ xi0t  
           D W=}Okq)x9I  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is h5%|meZQb  
<!^ [~`  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of P @% .`8  
   educational films. i^Ut015q%  
   (A) It is  +RZ~LA \+  
   (B) There is  #G^A-yjn  
   (C) Though there is DtCEm(b0  
   (D) Although it is Xg<[fwW  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 `d]Z)*9  
*U7 %|wd  
Q'NmSX)0  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 [`fI:ao|  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, 'JmBh@A  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 RNJ FSD.  
jRZ%}KX  
in which+完整的句子 c-]fKj7  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 g$37 ;d3Tx  
!|{IVm/J  
名词+of which+谓语动词 {a q9i  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 F#r#}.B='U  
XJ\hd,R   
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of mX# "+X|  
   which are accented. _]>JB0IY  
   (A) line consists of each S\C*iGeqJ  
   (B) consists of each line i2,U,>.  
   (C) each line consists }<m{~32M  
   (D) it consists of each line 2!&pEqs  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 iw]k5<qKj  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 0%C^8%(x  
:- +4:S  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a Utl t<  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. eD#XDK  
   (A) traps   I}0_nge  
   (B) trap its  4jwu'7 Q  
   (C) which traps = 1|"-  
   (D) which it traps %_)zWl N  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 tai Vk4  
'x%x'9OP  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists MiGcA EF;  
  have paid little attention to cultural :hqZPajE  
   A             +oy*Kxs7  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of SG]K   
         B      C POd/+e9d  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. BWK IbG  
           D KFhG(   
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 EA0iYzV  
|r =DBd3  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin 3VO:+mT  
   became interested in the art movement Ie_I7YJ  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, 2<6j1D^jM  
   both --her novels and short stories. #+jUhxq  
   (A) in which the influence ,x#ztdvr  
   (B) of which influenced h}Ygb-uZ  
   (C) to have influence zG% |0  
   (D) its influence in \+B?}P8N*l  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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