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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 $T3_~7N  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 C`_/aR6  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 ^wBlQmW7J  
例题: i!}k5k*Z  
(1) Ed u(dZbKg  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, ].xSX0YQ%  
 A                       B C5V}L   
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. 'u v=D  
   C         D #d,)Qe[  
答案: D qI7KWUR  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. RD[P|4eY  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 /gF)msUF  
(2) |#o' =whTl  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. &6OY ^6<  
   A  B      C         D R q@|o5O  
答案: D 1z7+:~;l  
应改为: color * :TwO=)  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 5@>hjXi"Y  
p*lP9[7  
69r%b7#  
第二章 形容词 xK_UkB-$i  
0>CG2SRn  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 Jkj7ty.J  
1 jB0gNe  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 H(.9tu A  
|MGT8C&^!  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 A)9]^@,  
例题: wnd #J `  
(1) R4;1LZ8XzS  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. aPxSC>p  
       A  B   C          D ]>)shH=Yx  
答案:C " J9   
应改为:certain. a({Rb?b  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 Xk|a%%O*H  
(2) 'Iw`+=iVz  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. A<c<!N  
  A       B         C   D Awfd0L;9  
答案:C DDmC3  
应改为:visual. =:g\I6'a  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 b&`~%f-   
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: ;q-c[TZC  
The man was awake. $,Xn@4  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) moFrNcso  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable P n^:cr|  
例题: 51eZfJB  
(1) 4ZUtK/i+r  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means prS%lg>  
     A                 B        C ?84f\<"  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. KF *F  
       D ? 3DFm  
答案: D Vr1r2G2  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) J ##a;6@  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) V$ DB4YM1k  
(2) |+8rYIms`  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also ^[[@P(e>  
 A              B               C uu]C;wl  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. MbYgGE,LA  
                 D 5);"()g32  
答案: A a {7*um  
应改为:like ~-sgk"$  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 S`[(y?OF?  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. .DwiIr'  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, =\ 8 x  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, cyd_xB5K  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: h{HpI 0q4  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 of7'?]w  
如: two young American students 6&E[hvu  
    my three red pencils \0}bOHqEH  
第二节 比较级 pT+OPOSR  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: 2PPb  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; Q!-"5P X  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 -2laM9Ed  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), v^/<2/E"?4  
?zsRs?rc0  
1A;,"8kBd  
考点一 含有标志词than @aj dO/?(Y  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, XOS^&;  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. #Sy~ t{4  
  She possesses more books than I do. t,w/L*r+w  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. kSge4?&  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, \l[AD-CZPh  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, ):+^893)  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 bjj F{T  
例题: e7Gb7c~  
(1) f e6Op  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. +N~{6*@uz,  
(A) coolest \ X6y".|-  
(B) the coolest 7|J&fc5BP  
(C) cooler +K=RMqM-8  
(D) the cooler )zP"Uuu  
答案:A RHu,t5,  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 Br$/hn=  
(2) Xn!=/<TIVz  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. s.Mrd~(Drz  
           A   B              C     D #s}tH$MT#  
答案:A 0eCjK.   
应改为:more phwq#AxQ   
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 i-k(/Y0  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: uxq#q1  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, ,=%c e  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. 7vH4}S\ q  
   (that 指代the population) w' 5W L  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. lnxA/[`a  
   (those 指代 designs) $i `@0+:  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) "bjbJC&T  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may G_5NS<JE"S  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. 6& 9q6IIy  
例题: mvtuV`  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. `\-MpNw  
(A) than do ! }awlv;  
(B) that are having N4 _V  
(C) which have %bnjK#o"Q  
(D) that do 3'`X_C|d53  
答案:A l %xeM !}  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 Y9(BxDP_+Y  
ui^v.YCMI  
考点二 (not) so /as…as K;f=l5  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, |1 LKdP  
如:It is as good as it looks. -| t|w:&  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. bNz2Uo!0K  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 n<sA?T  
例题: x\(yjNZH  
(1) `JG7Pl/ih  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. ]GHx<5Q:\  
(A) possibly little nourishment $2*&\/;-E!  
(B) nourishment possibly little [k6,!e[/uG  
(C) little as possible nourishment ^TY8,qDA  
(D) little nourishment as possible v{>9&o.J  
答案:D #*K!@X  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. %O&C\{J  
(2)  PYYO-Twg  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. 1HNX 6  
(A) so early \A3yM{G~+  
(B) the earliest !HHbd |B_  
(C) as early as ^-7{{/  
(D) so early that / k8;k56  
答案:C (wsvj61  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as Kx[z7]1@  
Aonq;} V e  
考点三 the same…as #8jH_bi  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, Ti9cN)lq&  
如:She looks just the same as before. _ .Bite^  
  I got the same feeling as you did. MtO p][i  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 @$'1  
例题: EMejvPnZO  
(1) 8m"5J-uIi  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, %z0@4G q  
         A       B          C J#W>%2 "s  
shorter tails, and longer bills. )Z 3fytY  
            D s2ys>2k  
答案:B 57b;{kl  
应改为:as. >KXT2+w  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” Zb#  
(2) Lsozl<@  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of VU*{E  
  A                 B    , 0rC_)&B  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. P5P<-T{-c  
   C          D L3~E*\cV  
答案:D !<2*B^   
应改为:as |E]YP~h  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 Z{n7z$s*  
GOwd=]e  
考点四 the more…,the more… i9)y|  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, es(vW f'  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. VuZmX1x)N  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. tZXtt=M w  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 aTs_5q  
例题: ]@ [=FK^  
(1) tY :-13F  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. )-a_,3x%j  
(A) the greater the need there is Z?hBn`.  
(B) greater need ._tv$Gd@k  
(C) is there great need +uwjZN'9a  
(D) the great need  (lPNMS|V  
答案:A :({lXGc}4?  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, % e1vq  
"iZ-AG!C  
j^!J: Bj  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. Mc6Cte]3|  
(2) @xkM|N?  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. 3P\I;xM  
(A) the stress it is greater nf G:4k,  
(B) greater is the stress cq9Q7<&MF  
(C) greater stress is )v-* WreS  
(D) the greater the stress =k/n  
答案:D q2<J`G(tZ  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D 9vj:=,TNu  
4*9Dh  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer ca-n:1  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, pM7BdMp   
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. F'~/  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 =91'.c<  
例题: {oJa8~P  
(1) slmxit  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio 7Rh :+bT  
          A           B      OLR1/t`V  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. '_&(Iwu  
    C                           D /&|pXBY$;  
答案:A LK%B6-;~-  
应改为:no longer. J-ZM1HoB  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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