考点四 名词(词组)作定语 e X6o7a
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 |<O^M q
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 o-JB,^TE
例题: vU(fd!V ?
(1) Z#D*HAd`
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, fxmY,{{
A B a*iKpr- :
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. s_^N=3Si
C D @Ae&1O;Z
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答案: D 6']G HDK
应改为: distribution/ distributing. ,~DKU*A_~
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 -yb7s2o
(2) Y88N*axDW.
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. S9ic4rcd
A B C D f(5;Rf(
答案: D G9GHBwT
应改为: color s^4wn:*$zd
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 0AF,} &$
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第二章 形容词 j}`ku9S~
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 B9$pG
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 <:T/hm$
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 :(.:bf
例题: /m,i,NX07
(1) ;b. m X
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. MgN;[4|[h
A B C D *5?Qam3
答案:C EwgNd Gcj
应改为:certain. ~D`R"vzw=
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 "%S-(ue:
(2) 13)6p|6x
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. .IVKgQ
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A B C D .*xO/pn
答案:C )OucJQ
应改为:visual. {7MY*&P$,
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 G#@#j]8
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: !0|&f>y
The man was awake. 6c27X/'Z
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) Io>U-Zd\>
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable g
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例题: p_e
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(1) o1b.a*SZ
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means w (X}
A B C 3RxR'M1
of on-the-spot, alive reports. TiZ
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答案: D zQt)>Qx_
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) M?hPlo"_
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) DYC2bs>
(2) gbh/`
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also 3,{;wJ
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A B C 3UZ_1nY
gather data from documentary and oral sources. {ehYE ^%N
D ;- Vs|X
答案: A %?qzP'
应改为:like ]^{5`
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 Pl#u,Y
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. 98_os2`
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, >SYOtzg%
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, r8FA
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一般来说:这个排序的规则是: !ueh%V Ky
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 A^0-%Ygl
如: two young American students gq~`!tW'
my three red pencils Ml+f3
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第二节 比较级 6G-XZko~a
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: HJ!)&xT
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; o5Knot)Oy
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 #SD2b,f
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), mcQ\"9 ;pY
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考点一 含有标志词than O&">%aU1I
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, jd
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如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. 2fPMZ7Zd3
She possesses more books than I do. jar?"
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He is more intelligent than I expected. j{zVVT
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, C|QJQ@bj0
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, Z@Qf0
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空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 a<V
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例题: ];0:aSi#
(1)
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Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. RZj06|r8
(A) coolest _)#~D*3
(B) the coolest $>%zNq-F
(C) cooler ZPY84)A_}
(D) the cooler !|Y&h0e
答案:A / pR,l5
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 -ktYS(8&
(2)
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Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. 8ZO~=e
A B C D $I/RN
答案:A yXc@i)9w3
应改为:more UAdj[m61
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 jbTyM"Y
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: OL#RkD
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, h6(L22Hn
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. * km- pp
(that 指代the population) ^EKf_w-v
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. t]pJt
(those 指代 designs) 5wMEp" YHE
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) {*4Z9.2c*
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may e9?y0vT//
probably contribute more to the success of a play. N" oJ3-~
例题: (%;D&
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Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. *yA.D?
(A) than do cNqw(\rr
(B) that are having q]t^6m&-
(C) which have h'G8@j;
(D) that do Jz\'%O'
答案:A r.zJ/Tk
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 h%@#jvh?4
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考点二 (not) so /as…as (tP^F)}e5
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, #/`V.jXt>
如:It is as good as it looks. S-+^L|
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. S b3@7^
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 mCx6$jz
例题: lL:J:
(1) YEqWTB|w
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. OC[(Eq
(A) possibly little nourishment yS-owtVCGF
(B) nourishment possibly little mWM!6"
(C) little as possible nourishment C zvi':
(D) little nourishment as possible <kmn3w,vi
答案:D Z`b{r;`m8
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. W7"ks(
(2) #`4ma:Pj
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. <&rvv4*H
(A) so early DP9hvu/85
(B) the earliest
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(C) as early as ""ICdZ_A
(D) so early that UpS`KgF"v
答案:C K_B-KK(^
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as j{9sn,<:
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考点三 the same…as `:A`%Fg8<
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用,
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如:She looks just the same as before. 7PZ0
I got the same feeling as you did.
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改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 NQ!jkojD
例题: 2, ` =i
(1) ,r{\aW@
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, VZ;ASA?;
A B C o+(
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shorter tails, and longer bills. y!Q&;xO+!
D w7]@QTC
答案:B ;K0kQ<y-Y
应改为:as. V 3-5:z
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” n9Z|
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(2) &gZ5dTj>
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of A -G?@U
A B t+5JIQY>
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. V7!x-E/
C D xGJ{_M
答案:D E[>4b7{g:
应改为:as }r6SV%]:
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 w3c[t
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考点四 the more…,the more… {b[8x
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, ` a5$VV%J
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. GmB7@-[QA%
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. 6e$(-ai
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 h&||Ql1
例题: 1GVJ3VXt
(1) %zyO}
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. C+$dm)M/q
(A) the greater the need there is 1K&z64Q5J
(B) greater need Iw8;",e2
(C) is there great need v&%GK5j7O
(D) the great need R}a,.C
答案:A ^_r8R__S:
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, Zi[@xG8dm
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. ZkkXITQkPM
(2) 1g5%Gr/0$5
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. @;M( oFS9
(A) the stress it is greater bWo-(
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(B) greater is the stress at${^,&
(C) greater stress is J5}-5sV^
(D) the greater the stress z_~f/
答案:D {3]g3mj
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D DTk)Y-eQ
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer v-J*PB.0p
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, G2U=*|
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. }:7'C. ."
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 ,5HQHo@
例题: %*lOzC
(1) >xws
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio a H'iW)
A B {$)zC*l
continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. ?Ko)AP
C D OACRw%J:X{
答案:A 3~}G~ t
应改为:no longer. o8.KakrPP
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer