考点四 名词(词组)作定语 #"ftI7=42
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 ]{
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这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 QI!F6pGF
例题: +"ueq
(1) XYH|;P6K
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, e/8z+H^H
A B @+Y8*Rj\3
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. :+%Zh@u\
C D o:Zd1"Z
答案: D 7dX/bzUVz8
应改为: distribution/ distributing. AY SSa 1}
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 3I|3wQ (
(2) Qpt&3_
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. _J]2~b
A B C D 8z<r.joxC
答案: D gLL\F1|0x
应改为: color &*&?0ov^"
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 3|rn] yZ
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第二章 形容词 R<zG^m
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 AaN"7.Z/
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 uu%?K@Qq
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 2D([Z -<i
例题: kDB iBNdB
(1) \,sg)^w@
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. ,fnsE^}.U
A B C D 5]7&IDA]]9
答案:C 3D)b*fPc
应改为:certain. WwW^[k (X
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 X^< >6|)
(2) "A]Y~iQ
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. &-GuKH(Y<
A B C D 5#_tE<uM
答案:C H2E
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应改为:visual. 9B)lGLL}q
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 V2yveNz\7
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: ;IC
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The man was awake. HR3_@^<7
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) aed+C:N
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable *\LyNL(
例题: .^XHuN&
(1) p(7QAd4
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means (G8
A B C w3#`1T`N
of on-the-spot, alive reports. yL"i
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答案: D >%c*
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应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) d,R6` i
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) feCqbWq:
(2) S+FQa7k
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also a9[<
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A B C RqGVp?
gather data from documentary and oral sources. dYyW]nZ&
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答案: A pb$fb
应改为:like sPpS~wk*
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 gUGOHd(A
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. WW3
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如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, (zmNa}-
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, cDO:'-
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: wA r~<
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 tzNaw %\
如: two young American students M@~o6 ^
my three red pencils OT+ Ee
第二节 比较级 Q)+Y}
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: _vIO!*h0
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; {~nvs4X
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 IM$0#2\
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), `A"Q3sf%
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考点一 含有标志词than
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1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, 5&G
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如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. YnD#p[Wo^
She possesses more books than I do. v\'rXy
He is more intelligent than I expected. lY->ucS %P
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, enPLaiJ'|q
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, jjX%$Hr
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 f^u^-l
例题: WT?b Bf
(1) HlF}
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. %awVVt{aG
(A) coolest ret0z|
(B) the coolest L=,Y1nO:p
(C) cooler \.kTe<.:_
(D) the cooler
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答案:A srsK:%`
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 VOg/VGJ
(2) fWd~-U0M^
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. -`Da`ml
A B C D `(!W s\
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答案:A ot]>}[
应改为:more \ibCR~W4
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 y{YXf!AS
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: )-)ss"\+Ju
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, y-%nJD$
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. DL
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(that 指代the population) ~."!l'a
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. 1 pa*T!
(those 指代 designs) :m]/u( /N
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) W)|c[Q\
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may B%TXw#|
probably contribute more to the success of a play. V+peO
例题: D~5yj&&T;
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. 45?*:)l:
(A) than do ~5FS|[1L
(B) that are having ~g*Y,
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(C) which have +ylxezc
(D) that do Q^*G`&w,
答案:A L[CU
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 /&*m1EN#o
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考点二 (not) so /as…as <\E"clZI
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, : :F!
如:It is as good as it looks. BPwI8\V
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. jK\V|5k
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 ;3 G~["DA
例题: <P|`7wfxE
(1) 1y},9ym
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. >{j,+$%kp
(A) possibly little nourishment K?5B>dv@A
(B) nourishment possibly little A)hq0FPp
(C) little as possible nourishment gV<0Hj
(D) little nourishment as possible
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答案:D Zx}NFcn
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. +L^A:}L(
(2) @`w'
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. 66I|0_
(A) so early &_<VZS
(B) the earliest 2>!_B\%) H
(C) as early as cxtLy&C
(D) so early that E9yFREvQc
答案:C X)`(nj
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as wm); aWP
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考点三 the same…as xB?S#5G}
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, 4q\.I+r^
如:She looks just the same as before. p<Zs*
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I got the same feeling as you did. fOqS|1rC
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 7sQ]w
例题: L eG7x7n
(1) >u BV
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, .nj?;).
A B C kWZ/ej
shorter tails, and longer bills. 8\qCj.>S
D <Dt/Rad
答案:B l|@/?GaH
应改为:as. "TBQNWZ
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” 4
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(2) `nd#< w>
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of ^D W#
A B ^7ea6G"
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. @e.OU(Bf
C D V e$5w}a4
答案:D j61BP8E
应改为:as }#\;np
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 Q.pEUDq/
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考点四 the more…,the more… /XWPN(JC?
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, X] JpS
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. #q~3c;ec
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. .
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填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 h9Tf@]W
例题: RB lOTQjv
(1) [x$eF~Kp
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. rB.=f[aX[
(A) the greater the need there is I |<+'G
(B) greater need XvA0nEi
(C) is there great need #czyr@
(D) the great need }QWTPRn
答案:A PNxVW
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, aiR|.opIb
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. h-2E
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(2) 2#n$x*CY
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. !dbA (
(A) the stress it is greater uwH)/BW)[
(B) greater is the stress I7G\X#,iz
(C) greater stress is XZep7d}
(D) the greater the stress G3_mWppH
答案:D pzt Zb
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D vYMbson}
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer 3Q*RR"3
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, ltr;pc*)
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. *(\;}JF-
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 }lNu
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例题: )HzITsFZKT
(1) [#Nx>RY
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio ~U7\ LBF
A B XJxs4a1[t
continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. (;2J(GZ:$U
C D LHHDt<+B
答案:A y`B!6p
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应改为:no longer. QnP?;
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer