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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 e X6o 7a  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 |<O^M q  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 o-JB,^TE  
例题: vU(fd!V ?  
(1) Z#D*HAd`  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, fxmY,{{  
 A                       B a*iKpr-:  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. s_^N=3Si   
   C         D @Ae&1O;Z h  
答案: D 6']G HDK  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. ,~DKU*A_~  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 -yb7s2o  
(2) Y88N*axDW.  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. S9ic4rcd  
   A  B      C         D f( 5; Rf(  
答案: D G9GHBwT  
应改为: color s^4wn:*$zd  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 0AF,} &$  
A (p^Q  
C'{B  
第二章 形容词 j}`ku9S~  
U<>@)0~7g!  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 B9$pG  
H K J^6|'  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 <:T/hm$  
og~a*my3  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 :(.:bf  
例题: /m,i,NX07  
(1) ;b. m X  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. MgN;[4|[h  
       A  B   C          D *5?Qam3  
答案:C EwgNd Gcj  
应改为:certain. ~D`R"vzw=  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 "%S-(ue:  
(2) 1 3)6p|6x  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. .IVKgQ B  
  A       B         C   D .*xO/pn  
答案:C )OucJQ  
应改为:visual. {7MY*&P$,  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 G#@#j]8  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: !0|&f>y  
The man was awake. 6c27X/'Z  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) Io>U-Zd\>  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable g 4|ai*^  
例题: p_e  x  
(1) o1b.a*SZ  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means w(X}  
     A                 B        C 3RxR'M1  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. TiZ MY:^  
       D gp~-n7'~O  
答案: D zQt)>Qx_  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) M?hPlo"_  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) DYC2bs>  
(2) gbh/ `  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also 3,{;wJ Z  
 A              B               C 3UZ_1nY  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. {ehYE^%N  
                 D ;- Vs|X  
答案: A %?qzP '  
应改为:like ]^{5`  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 Pl#u ,Y  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. 98_os2`  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, >SYOtzg%  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, r8FA V9A  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: !ueh%V Ky  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 A^0-%Ygl  
如: two young American students gq~`!tW'  
    my three red pencils Ml +f3 #HP  
第二节 比较级 6G-XZko~a  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: HJ!)&xT  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; o5Knot)Oy  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 #SD2b,f  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), mcQ\"9;pY  
}JT&lyO< b  
{z'Gg  
考点一 含有标志词than O&">%aU1I  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, jd 8g0^  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. 2fPMZ7Zd3  
  She possesses more books than I do. jar?" o  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. j{zVVT  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, C|QJQ@bj0  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, Z@Qf0 c  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 a<V Mh79*  
例题: ];0:aSi#  
(1) .3 ^*_  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. RZj06|r8  
(A) coolest _)# ~D*3  
(B) the coolest $>%zNq-F  
(C) cooler ZPY84)A_}  
(D) the cooler !|Y&h0e  
答案:A / pR,l5  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 -ktYS(8&  
(2) jg3['hTJT  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. 8ZO~=e  
           A   B              C     D $I /RN  
答案:A yXc@i)9w3  
应改为:more UAdj [m61  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 jbTyM"Y  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: OL#RkD  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, h6(L22Hn  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. *km - pp  
   (that 指代the population) ^EKf_w-v  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. t]pJt  
   (those 指代 designs) 5wMEp" YHE  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) {*4Z9.2c*  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may e9?y0vT//  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. N" oJ3-~  
例题: (%;D& ~%o  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. *yA. D?  
(A) than do cNqw(\rr  
(B) that are having q]t^6m&-  
(C) which have h'G8@j;  
(D) that do Jz\'%O'  
答案:A r.zJ/Tk  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 h%@#jvh?4  
jl4rEzVu  
考点二 (not) so /as…as (tP^F)}e5  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, #/`V.jXt>  
如:It is as good as it looks. S-+^L|  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. S b3@7^  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 mCx6$jz  
例题: lL:J:  
(1) YEqWTB|w  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. OC[(Eq  
(A) possibly little nourishment yS-owtVCGF  
(B) nourishment possibly little mWM!6"  
(C) little as possible nourishment C zvi':  
(D) little nourishment as possible <kmn3w,vi  
答案:D Z`b{r;`m8  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. W7"ks(  
(2) #`4ma:Pj  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. <&rvv4*H  
(A) so early DP9hvu/85  
(B) the earliest Ol24A^  
(C) as early as ""ICdZ_A  
(D) so early that UpS`KgF"v  
答案:C K_B-KK(^  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as j{9sn,<:  
u#Qd `@p  
考点三 the same…as `:A`%Fg8<  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, sD* 8:Hl  
如:She looks just the same as before. 7PZ0  
  I got the same feeling as you did. /E@|  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 NQ!jkojD  
例题: 2, ` =i  
(1) ,r{\aW@  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, V Z;ASA?;  
         A       B          C o+( .Pb  
shorter tails, and longer bills. y!Q&;xO+!  
            D w7 ]@QTC  
答案:B ;K0kQ<y-Y  
应改为:as. V 3-5:z  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” n9Z| 69W6>  
(2) &gZ5dTj>  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of A - G?@U  
  A                 B    t+5JIQY>  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. V7!x-E/  
   C          D xGJ{_M  
答案:D E[>4b7{g:  
应改为:as }r6SV%]:  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 w3c[t ~R8  
TDdFuO'}  
考点四 the more…,the more… {b[8x   
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, ` a5$VV%J  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. GmB7@-[QA%  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. 6e$(-ai  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 h&||Ql1  
例题: 1GVJ3VXt  
(1) %zyO}  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. C+$dm)M/q  
(A) the greater the need there is 1K&z64Q5J  
(B) greater need Iw8;",e2  
(C) is there great need v&%GK5j7O  
(D) the great need R}a,.C  
答案:A ^_r8R__S:  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, Zi[@xG8dm  
qC40/1-m8K  
d {a^  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. ZkkXITQkPM  
(2) 1g5%Gr/0$5  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. @;M( oFS9  
(A) the stress it is greater bWo-( qxq  
(B) greater is the stress at${^,&  
(C) greater stress is J5}-5sV^  
(D) the greater the stress z _~f/  
答案:D {3]g3mj  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D DTk)Y-eQ  
#.UooFk+Y  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer v-J*PB.0p  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, G2U=*|  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. }:7'C. ."  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 ,5HQHo@  
例题: %*lOzC  
(1) >xws  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio a H'iW)  
          A           B      {$)zC*l  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. ?Ko)AP  
    C                           D OACRw%J:X{  
答案:A 3~}G~ t  
应改为:no longer. o8.KakrPP  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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