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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 ^H{R+}  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 ptatzp]c#  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 [yl sz?  
例题: q5h*` 7f  
(1) 4%4avEa"w  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, Wt)Drv{@ {  
 A                       B _\Q^x)w6  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. \P} p5k[  
   C         D iLP 7!j  
答案: D |b-9b&  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. 4c oJRqf=  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 /MY9 >  
(2) S)QAXjH  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. ?88[|;b3  
   A  B      C         D lzw3=H  
答案: D 3iw{SEY  
应改为: color TG}*5Z`  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 5MFxo63  
.s#;s'>g  
SH*C"  
第二章 形容词 o]nw0q?  
lb'GXd %  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 iXyO(w4D  
>=]'hyn]]  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 da1]mb=4 5  
Gpm{m:$L  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 )o\jJrVDf  
例题: e]jH+IR:>  
(1) z4 &iK)x  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. LL|7rS|o  
       A  B   C          D )c l5B{1P  
答案:C hp{OL<2M  
应改为:certain. Wrrcx(  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 5K|"\  
(2) h"H2z1$  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. \rVQQ|l   
  A       B         C   D LH:i| I  
答案:C E*#]**  
应改为:visual. VUI|.76g  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 upeU52@\  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: :s s,Hl  
The man was awake. e" ]2=5g  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) $lhC{&tBV  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable 5OoN!TEM  
例题: w[6J `   
(1) >5Wlc$ bc  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means !"+'A)Nve  
     A                 B        C G;f/Tch  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. z5W@`=D  
       D o[H{(f 1%  
答案: D | Yq$s U  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) 6\61~u~  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) 8u!"#S#>a  
(2) N?X^O#[  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also 1 xv8gC:6  
 A              B               C YDGS}~m~Q  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. -48vJR*tC  
                 D n]dL?BJ  
答案: A p">EHWc}D  
应改为:like (|wz7 AY2  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 ! ZU2{  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. -R{V-   
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, b,KcBQ.  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, `Y?87f:SP  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: '_b.\_s-d  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 fr!Pj(Q1  
如: two young American students U\rh[0  
    my three red pencils MQKfJru7  
第二节 比较级 )*c> |7G  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: 2 1PFR:lP7  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; zXsc1erli  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 BPr ^D0P  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), 6ksAc%|5  
DS| KkTy3  
mXUYQ 82  
考点一 含有标志词than fqu}Le  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, -R>}u'EG>  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. $)H@|< K  
  She possesses more books than I do. z6py"J@  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. N N|u_  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, 2YuN~-  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, eiJ2NwR\w  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 N8`?t5  
例题:  lWm'  
(1) g,:j/vR  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. PR|R`.QSs  
(A) coolest V<HU6w  
(B) the coolest f lgRpXt  
(C) cooler mJB2)^33a  
(D) the cooler ,<DB&&EV8  
答案:A A8A ~!2V  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 ?X?&~3iD%  
(2) 0b91y3R+  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. VOsqJJ3  
           A   B              C     D ^KB~*'DN~s  
答案:A V#ev-\k}@  
应改为:more !6&W,0<  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 i* R,QN)  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: sS TPMh  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, C6_@\&OA  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. %7`f{|.  
   (that 指代the population) ZtVAEIZ)  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. $>U # W:  
   (those 指代 designs) >MJ?g-  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) 0tk#Gs[  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may l:]Nn%U(>  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. gqib:q ;r  
例题: (yo;NKq,@  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. -oz`"&%  
(A) than do XS~- vF  
(B) that are having nxQ?bk}*d  
(C) which have z<gu00U7  
(D) that do ^5=UK7e5KY  
答案:A aKF*FFX  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 ea=83 Zj  
PZ8U6K'  
考点二 (not) so /as…as ?B.~ AUN  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, "HM{b?N  
如:It is as good as it looks. IGX:H)&*  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. B6Ej{q^k,  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 $ N$ FtpB  
例题: l^NC]t  
(1) Ra Sz>-3d  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. jn9 ShF  
(A) possibly little nourishment 'UM!*fk7C  
(B) nourishment possibly little Bd bJ< Is  
(C) little as possible nourishment I.}1JJF*   
(D) little nourishment as possible t qOi x/  
答案:D NnxM3*  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. -7'#2P<)  
(2) ;i#LIHJ  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. D_|B2gdZY  
(A) so early 71B3a  
(B) the earliest 4YbC(f  
(C) as early as v@ONo?)  
(D) so early that B{, Bno  
答案:C }IUP5O6  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as b5ie <s  
67<CbQZoN3  
考点三 the same…as n~z\?Y=*  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, !awh*Xj6  
如:She looks just the same as before. #t71U a  
  I got the same feeling as you did. d5xxb _oE  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 &R]pw`mTH  
例题: f==*"?6\  
(1) C@dGWAG  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, jOv"<  
         A       B          C 5 Rz/Ri\c=  
shorter tails, and longer bills. P!+v:'P5f  
            D ^E@@YV  
答案:B `!c,y~r[  
应改为:as. 9G:TW|)L[Q  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” (-(*XNC  
(2) :4;S"p  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of PKtU:Eg  
  A                 B    !P|5#.eC  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. \y*j4 0  
   C          D .)ST[G]WK  
答案:D 9y+[o  
应改为:as qyv"Wb6+  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 VN|G5*  
LP>UU ,Z  
考点四 the more…,the more… +Jw{qQR/*  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, `` -k{C#F  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. ;5M<j3_*  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. uYTCdZQh  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 F50 JJZ  
例题: .YiaXP  
(1) $I(}r3r  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. no3Z\@%  
(A) the greater the need there is %^')G+>i  
(B) greater need E._hg+ (Hi  
(C) is there great need 3uO8v{`  
(D) the great need PSEWL6=]N  
答案:A #01/(:7  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, Oo/8Y E @  
\>;%Ji  
{_Np<r;j<  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 0x4l5x$8  
(2) u7u~  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. &[)D]UL  
(A) the stress it is greater h/9Sg*k  
(B) greater is the stress Xr2 Wa  
(C) greater stress is a x]9QrA  
(D) the greater the stress } Ab _o#Zy  
答案:D P|v ?  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D Q6|@N~UeZ  
>E~~7Yal  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer p Mh++H]"  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, @QX4 \  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. 8ur_/h7  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 ZgK@Fl*k  
例题: ?qIGQ/af&  
(1) ,`+Bs&S 8  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio G*=H;Upi  
          A           B      Up u%.[7  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. }Uq/kei^ P  
    C                           D %K`4 k.gN  
答案:A r*>QT:sB  
应改为:no longer. WE7>?H*Ro  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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