考点四 名词(词组)作定语 ^H{R+}
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 ptatzp]c#
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 [ylsz?
例题: q5h*`
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(1) 4%4avEa"w
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, Wt)Drv{@ {
A B _\Q^x)w6
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. \P} p5k[
C D iLP
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答案: D |b-9b&
应改为: distribution/ distributing. 4c
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解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 /MY9
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(2) S)QAXjH
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. ?88[|;b3
A B C D lzw3= H
答案: D 3iw{SEY
应改为: color TG}*5Z`
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 5MFxo63
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第二章 形容词 o]nw0q?
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 iXyO(w4D
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 da1]mb=4 5
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 )o\jJrVDf
例题: e]jH+IR:>
(1) z4&iK)x
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. LL|7rS|o
A B C D )c l5B{1P
答案:C hp{OL< 2M
应改为:certain. Wrr cx(
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 5K|"\
(2) h" H2z1$
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. \rVQQ|l
A B C D LH:i| I
答案:C E*# ]**
应改为:visual. VUI|.76g
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 upeU52@\
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: :s
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The man was awake. e"
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There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) $lhC{&tBV
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable 5OoN!TEM
例题: w[6J
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(1) >5Wlc$
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Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means !"+'A)Nve
A B C G;f/Tch
of on-the-spot, alive reports. z5W@`=D
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答案: D |
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应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) 6\61~u ~
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) 8u!"#S#>a
(2) N?X^O#[
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also 1
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A B C YDGS}~m~Q
gather data from documentary and oral sources. -48vJR*tC
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答案: A p">EHWc}D
应改为:like (|wz7AY2
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 !ZU2{
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. -R{V-
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, b,KcBQ.
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, `Y?87f:SP
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: '_b.\_s-d
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 fr!Pj(Q1
如: two young American students U\rh[0
my three red pencils MQKfJru7
第二节 比较级 )*c>|7G
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: 2 1PFR:lP7
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; zXsc1erli
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 BPr^D0P
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), 6ksAc%|5
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考点一 含有标志词than fqu}Le
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, -R>}u'EG>
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train.
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She possesses more books than I do. z6py"J@
He is more intelligent than I expected. N N|u _
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, 2YuN~-
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, eiJ2NwR\w
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 N8`?t5
例题:
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(1) g,:j/vR
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. PR|R`.QSs
(A) coolest V<HU6w
(B) the coolest f
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(C) cooler mJB2)^33a
(D) the cooler ,<DB&&EV8
答案:A A8A~!2V
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 ?X?&~3iD%
(2) 0b91y3R+
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. VOsqJJ3
A B C D ^KB~*'DN~s
答案:A V#ev-\k}@
应改为:more !6&W,0<
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 i*R,QN)
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: sS
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情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, C6_@\&OA
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. %7`f{|.
(that 指代the population) ZtVAEIZ)
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. $>U#
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(those 指代 designs) >MJ?g-
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) 0tk#Gs[
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may l:]Nn%U(>
probably contribute more to the success of a play. gqib:q;r
例题: (yo;NKq,@
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. -oz`"&%
(A) than do XS~- vF
(B) that are having nxQ?bk}*d
(C) which have z<gu00U7
(D) that do ^5=UK7e5KY
答案:A aKF*FFX
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 ea=83 Zj
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考点二 (not) so /as…as ?B.~AUN
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, "HM{b?N
如:It is as good as it looks.
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The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. B6Ej{q^k,
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 $
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例题: l^NC]t
(1) Ra
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The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. jn9 ShF
(A) possibly little nourishment 'UM!*fk7C
(B) nourishment possibly little BdbJ< Is
(C) little as possible nourishment I.}1JJF*
(D) little nourishment as possible tqOi
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答案:D NnxM3*
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. -7'#2P<)
(2) ;i#LIHJ
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. D_|B2gdZY
(A) so early 71B3a
(B) the earliest 4YbC(f
(C) as early as v@ONo?)
(D) so early that
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答案:C }IUP5O6
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as b5ie <s
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考点三 the same…as n~z\?Y=*
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, !awh*Xj6
如:She looks just the same as before. #t71U a
I got the same feeling as you did. d5xxb _oE
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 &R]pw`mTH
例题: f==*"?6\
(1) C@dGWAG
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, jOv"<
A B C 5 Rz/Ri\c=
shorter tails, and longer bills. P!+v:'P5f
D ^E@@YV
答案:B `!c,y~r[
应改为:as. 9G:TW|)L[Q
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” (-(*XNC
(2) :4;S"p
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of PKtU:Eg
A B !P|5#.eC
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. \y*j4 0
C D .)ST[G]WK
答案:D 9y+[o
应改为:as qyv"Wb6+
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 VN|G5*
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考点四 the more…,the more… +Jw{qQR/*
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, ``-k{C#F
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. ;5M<j3_*
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. uYTCd ZQh
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 F50JJZ
例题: .YiaXP
(1) $I(}r3r
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. no3Z\@%
(A) the greater the need there is %^')G+>i
(B) greater need E._hg+
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(C) is there great need 3uO8v{`
(D) the great need PSEWL6=]N
答案:A #01/(:7
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, Oo/8Y
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 0x4l5x$8
(2) u7 u~
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body.
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(A) the stress it is greater h/9Sg*k
(B) greater is the stress Xr2 Wa
(C) greater stress is a
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(D) the greater the stress }
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答案:D P|v ?
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D Q6|@N~UeZ
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer p Mh++H]"
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, @QX4 \
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. 8ur_/h7
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 ZgK@Fl*k
例题: ?qIGQ/af&
(1) ,`+Bs&S 8
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio G*=H;Upi
A B Up
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continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. }Uq/kei^
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C D %K`4
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答案:A r*>QT:sB
应改为:no longer. WE7>?H*Ro
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer