2015年华中科技大学考博英语（回忆版）

2015年华中科技大学博士英语真题回忆
一、完形填空（缺，10分）
二、阅读理解（40分）
Passage 1
In contrast to traditional analyses of minority business, the sociological analysis contends
that minority business ownership is a group-level phenomenon, in that it is largely dependent upon
social-group resources for its development. Specifically, this analysis indicates that support
networks play a critical role in starting and maintaining minority business enterprises by providing
owners with a range of assistance, from the informal encouragement of family members and
friends to dependable sources of labor and clientele from the owner’s ethnic group. Such self-help
networks, which encourage and support ethnic minority entrepreneurs, consist of “primary”
institutions, those closest to the individual in shaping his or her behavior and beliefs. They are
characterized by the face-to-face association and cooperation of persons united by ties of mutual
concern. They form an intermediate social level between the individual and larger “secondary”
institutions based on impersonal relationships. Primary institutions comprising the support
network include kinship, peer, and neighborhood or community subgroups.
A major function of self-help networks is financial support. Most scholars agree that minority
business owners have depended primarily on family funds and ethnic community resources for
investment capital. Personal savings have been accumulated, often through frugal living habits
that require sacrifices by the entire family and are thus a product of long-term family financial
behavior. Additional loans and gifts from relatives, forthcoming because of group obligation
rather than narrow investment calculation, have supplemented personal savings. Individual
entrepreneurs do not necessarily rely on their kin because they cannot obtain financial backing
from commercial resources. They may actually avoid banks because they assume that commercial
institutions either cannot comprehend the special needs of minority enterprise or charge
unreasonably high interest rates.
Within the larger ethnic community, rotating credit associations have been used to raise
capital. These associations are informal clubs of friends and other trusted members of the ethnic
group who make regular contributions to a fund that is given to each contributor in rotation. One
author estimates that 40 percent of New York Chinatown firms established during 1900-1950
utilized such associations as their initial source of capital. However, recent immigrants and third
or fourth generations of older groups now employ rotating credit associations only occasionally to
raise investment funds. Some groups, like Black Americans, found other means of financial
support for their entrepreneurial efforts. The first Black-operated banks were created in the late
nineteenth century as depositories for dues collected from fraternal or lodge groups, which
themselves had sprung from Black churches. Black banks made limited investments in other Black
enterprises. Irish immigrants in American cities organized many building and loan associations to
provide capital for home construction and purchase. They, in turn, provided work for many Irish
home-building contractor firms. Other ethnic and minority groups followed similar practices in
founding ethnic-directed financial institutions.
1. Based on the information in the passage, it would be LEAST likely for which of the following
persons to be part of a self-help network?
(A) The entrepreneur’s childhood friend
(B) The entrepreneur’s aunt
(C) The entrepreneur’s religious leader
(D) The entrepreneur’s neighbor
(E) The entrepreneur’s banker
2. Which of the following illustrates the working of a self-help support network, as such networks
are described in the passage?
(A) A public high school offers courses in book-keeping and accounting as part of its openenrollment
adult education program.
(B) The local government in a small city sets up a program that helps teen-agers find summer jobs.
(C) A major commercial bank offers low-interest loans to experienced individuals who hope to
establish their own businesses.
(D) A neighborhood-based fraternal organization develops a program of on-the-job training for its
members and their friends.
(E) A community college offers country residents training programs that can lead to certification
in a variety of technical trades.
3. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about rotating credit associations?
(A) They were developed exclusively by Chinese immigrants.
(B) They accounted for a significant portion of the investment capital used by Chinese immigrants
in New York in the early twentieth century.
(C) Third-generation members of an immigrant group who started businesses in the 1920’s would
have been unlikely to rely on them.
(D) They were frequently joint endeavors by members of two or three different ethnic groups.
(E) Recent immigrants still frequently turn to rotating credit associations instead of banks for
investment capital.
4. The passage best supports which of the following statements?
(A) A minority entrepreneur who had no assistance from family members would not be able to
start a business.
(B) Self-help networks have been effective in helping entrepreneurs primarily in the last 50 years.
(C) Minority groups have developed a range of alternatives to standard financing of business
ventures.
(D) The financial institutions founded by various ethnic groups owe their success to their unique
formal organization.
(E) Successful minority-owned businesses succeed primarily because of the personal strengths of
their founders.
5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph?
(A) An argument is delineated, followed by a counter-argument.
(B) An assertion is made and several examples are provided to illustrate it.
(C) A situation is described and its historical background is then outlined.
(D) An example of a phenomenon is given and is then used as a basis for general conclusions.
(E) A group of parallel incidents is described and the distinctions among the incidents are then
clarified.
6. According to the passage, once a minority-owned business is established, self-help networks
contribute which of the following to that business?
(A) Information regarding possible expansion of the business into nearby communities
(B) Encouragement of a business climate that is nearly free of direct competition
(C) Opportunities for the business owner to reinvest profits in other minority-owned businesses
(D) Contact with people who are likely to be customers of the new business
(E) Contact with minority entrepreneurs who are members of other ethnic groups
7. It can be inferred from the passage that traditional analyses of minority business would be
LEAST likely to do which of the following?
(A) Examine businesses primarily in their social contexts
(B) Focus on current, rather than historical, examples of business enterprises
(C) Stress common experiences of individual entrepreneurs in starting businesses
(D) Focus on the maintenance of businesses, rather than means of starting them
(E) Focus on the role of individual entrepreneurs in starting a business
8. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the Irish building and loan
associations mentioned in the last paragraph?
(A) They were started by third- or fourth-generation immigrants.
(B) They originated as offshoots of church-related groups.
(C) They frequently helped Irish entrepreneurs to finance business not connected with
construction.
(D) They contributed to the employment of many Irish construction workers.
(E) They provided assistance for construction businesses owned by members of other ethnic
groups.
Passage2
It was once assumed that all living things could be divided into two fundamental and
exhaustive categories. Multicellular plants and animals, as well as many unicellular organisms, are
eukaryotic—their large, complex cells have a well-formed nucleus and many organelles. On the
other hand, the true bacteria are prokaryotic cell, which are simple and lack a nucleus. The
distinction between eukaryotes and bacteria, initially defined in terms of subcellular structures
visible with a microscope, was ultimately carried to the molecular level. Here prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells have many features in common. For instance, they translate genetic information
into proteins according to the same type of genetic coding. But even where the molecular
processes are the same, the details in the two forms are different and characteristic of the
respective forms. For example, the amino acid sequences of various enzymes tend to be typically
prokaryotic or eukaryotic. The differences between the groups and the similarities within each
group made it seem certain to most biologists that the tree of life had only two stems. Moreover,
arguments pointing out the extent of both structural and functional differences between eukaryotes
and true bacteria convinced many biologists that the precursors of the eukaryotes must have
diverged from the common ancestor before the bacteria arose.
Although much of this picture has been sustained by more recent research, it seems
fundamentally wrong in one respect. Among the bacteria, there are organisms that are
significantly different both from the cells of eukaryotes and from the true bacteria, and it now
appears that there are three stems in the tree of life. New techniques for determining the molecular
sequence of the RNA of organisms have produced evolutionary information about the degree to
which organisms are related, the time since they diverged from a common ancestor, and the
reconstruction of ancestral versions of genes. These techniques have strongly suggested that
although the true bacteria indeed form a large coherent group, certain other bacteria, the
archaebacteria, which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true bacteria, represent a distinct
evolutionary branch that far antedates the common ancestor of all true bacteria.
1. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) detailing the evidence that has led most biologists to replace the trichotomous picture of
living organisms with a dichotomous one
(B) outlining the factors that have contributed to the current hypothesis concerning the number of
basic categories of living organisms
(C) evaluating experiments that have resulted in proof that the prokaryotes are more ancient than
had been expected
(D) summarizing the differences in structure and function found among true bacteria,
archaebacteria, and eukaryotes
(E) formulating a hypothesis about the mechanisms of evolution that resulted in the ancestors of
the prokaryotes
2. According to the passage, investigations of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells at the molecular
level supported the conclusion that
(A) most eukaryotic organisms are unicellular
(B) complex cells have well-formed nuclei
(C) prokaryotes and eukaryotes form two fundamental categories
(D) subcellular structures are visible with a microscope
(E) prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have similar enzymes
3. According to the passage, which of the following statements about the two-category
hypothesis is likely to be true?
(A) It is promising because it explains the presence of true bacteria-like organisms such as
organelles in eukaryotic cells.
(B) It is promising because it explains why eukaryotic cells, unlike prokaryotic cells, tend to
form multicellular organisms.
(C) It is flawed because it fails to account for the great variety among eukaryotic organisms.
(D) It is flawed because it fails to account for the similarity between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
(E) It is flawed because it fails to recognize an important distinction among prokaryotes.
4. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following have recently been compared
in order to clarify the fundamental classifications of living things?
(A) The genetic coding in true bacteria and that in other prokaryotes
(B) The organelle structures of archaebacteria, true bacteria, and eukaryotes
(C) The cellular structures of multicellular organisms and unicellular organisms
(D) The molecular sequences in eukaryotic RNA, true bacterial RNA, and archaebacterial RNA
(E) The amino acid sequences in enzymes of various eukaryotic species and those of enzymes in
archaebacterial species
5. If the “new techniques” mentioned in line 31 were applied in studies of biological
classifications other than bacteria, which of the following is most likely?
(A) Some of those classifications will have to be reevaluated.
(B) Many species of bacteria will be reclassified.
(C) It will be determined that there are four main categories of living things rather than three.
(D) It will be found that true bacteria are much older than eukaryotes.
(E) It will be found that there is a common ancestor of the eukaryotes, archaebacteria, and true
bacteria.
6. According to the passage, researchers working under the two-category hypothesis were
correct in thinking that
(A) prokaryotes form a coherent group
(B) the common ancestor of all living things had complex properties
(C) eukaryotes are fundamentally different from true bacteria
(D) true bacteria are just as complex as eukaryotes
(E) ancestral versions of eukaryotic genes functioned differently from their modern counterparts
7. All of the following statements are supported by the passage EXCEPT:
(A) True bacteria form a distinct evolutionary group.
(B) Archaebacteria are prokaryotes that resemble true bacteria.
(C) True bacteria and eukaryotes employ similar types of genetic coding.
(D) True bacteria and eukaryotes are distinguishable at the subcellular level.
(E) Amino acid sequences of enzymes are uniform for eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms.
8. The author’s attitude toward the view that living things are divided into three categories is
best described as one of
(A) tentative acceptance
(B) mild skepticism
(C) limited denial
(D) studious criticism
(E) whole hearted endorsement
Passage3
Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry-William Shakespeare-but there are
two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare
Company （RSC）, which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial
Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not
to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other
sights.
The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They
frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness.
It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself
an actor （with a beard） and did his share of noise - making.
The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus- and often
take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side– don’t usually see the plays, and some of
them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little
sight - seeing along with their play- going. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in
much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night （some of them four or five nights）
pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of
town by nightfall.
The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the
subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every
hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel
there， which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge,
the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.
Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a
subsidy. （The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431
seats were 94 per cent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.） The reason, of
course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.
It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young
people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the
sights. They all seem to look alike （though they come from all over）–lean, pointed, dedicated
faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the
flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers
and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.
26. From the first two paragraphs, we learn that
A. the townsfolk deny the RSC‘s contribution to the town’s revenue
　B. the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage
C. the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms
　D. the townsfolk earn little from tourism
27. It can be inferred from Paragragh 3 that
A. the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately
　B. the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers
　C. the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers
　D. the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater
28. By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally”（Line 2-3, Paragraph 4）, the author
implies that
A. Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects
　B. Stratford has long been in financial difficulties
　C. the town is not really short of money
D. the townsfolk used to be poorly paid
29. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because
A. ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending
　B. the company is financially ill-managed
　C. the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable
　D. the theatre attendance is on the rise
30. From the text we can conclude that the author
A. is supportive of both sides
　B. favors the townsfolk’s view
C. takes a detached attitude
　D. is sympathetic to the RS
Passage4
Last month, Hansen Transmissions International, a maker of gearboxes for wind turbines, was
listed on the London Stock Exchange. Nothing noteworthy about that, you might say, despite the
jump in the share price on the first day of trading and the handsome gain since: green technology
is all the rage, is it not But Hansen exemplifies another trend too, which should prove every bit as
durable: the rise of multinational companies from emerging economies. Its parent is Suzlon, an
Indian firm that began life as a textile manufacturer but is now among the world’s five leading
makers of wind turbines. Along the way, Suzlon has acquired not only Hansen, originally Belgian,
but also REpower, a German wind-energy firm, spending over $ 2 billion on the pair.
The world is now replete with Suzlons: global companies from emerging economies buying
businesses in rich countries as well as in poorer places. Another Indian company, Tata Motors,
looks likely to add to the list soon, by buying two grand old names of British carmaking, Jaguar
and Land Rover, from America’s enfeebled Ford. As a symbol of a shift in economic power, this
is hard to match
Economic theory says that this should not happen. Richer countries should export capital to
poorer ones, not the other way round. Economists have had to get used to seeing this turned on its
head in recent years, as rich countries have run large current-account deficits and borrowed from
China and other emerging economies (notably oil, exporters) with huge surpluses. Similarly,
foreign direct investment (FDI) the buying of companies and the building of factories and offices
abroad— should also flow from rich to poor, and with it managerial and entrepreneurial prowess.
It is not yet time to tear up the textbook on FDI. According to the UN Conference on Trade
and Development (UNCTAD), in 2006 the flow of FDI into developing economies exceeded the
outflow by more than $ 200 billion. But the transfer of finance and expertise is by no means all in
one direction. Developing economies accounted for one-seventh of FDI outflows in 2006, most of
it in the form of takeovers. Indian companies have done most to catch the eye, but firms from
Brazil, China and Mexico, in industries from cement to consumer electronics and aircraft
manufacture, have also gone global. Up to a point, emerging-market multinationals have been
buying Western know-how. But they have been bringing managerial and entrepreneurial skill, as
well as just money, to the companies they buy. British managers bear grudging witness to the
financial flair of Mexican cement bosses; Boeing and Airbus may have learnt a thing or two from
the global supply chains of Brazil’s Embraer.
Perhaps no one should be surprised. Half a century ago, Japan was a poor country, today
Sony and Toyota are among the best-known and mightiest companies on the planet. South Korea
and Taiwan are still listed as developing countries in UNCTAD’s tables, but that seems bizarrely
outdated for the homes of Samsung and Taiwan Semiconductor. Now another generation is
forming. To its critics, globalization may be little more than a license for giant Western companies
to colonize the emerging world, yet more arid more firms from poorer economies are planting
their flags in rich ground.
Alas, further liberalization is not certain. The Doha round of global trade talks has been
bogged down, partly in squabbles about farm trade but also over industrial tariffs in the emerging
world. The services negotiations are half-hearted and direct talks on FDI were ruled out long ago,
largely because of developing countries’ fears about rich invaders. And the gains forgone are
considerable, a new book by the World Bank estimates that reforming services in developing
countries could raise their growth rates by a percentage point. Were OECD countries to allow
temporary immigration of skilled workers in service industries, the global gains might exceed $ 45
billion.
A few emerging-market giants—notably India’s software firms—have been prepared to
stand up for liberalization. But most have not made their voices heard. How sad for free trade,
such companies would provide much better illustrations of the success of globalization than the
familiar Western names do (unless you think Coca-colonization sounds really cool). And how
short-sighted of them. Even if some of these adolescents grew up behind tariff barriers, that
represents their past: their future will surely lie in global markets. If the Doha round fails, the next
opportunity may be a long time coming.
题目不记得了。。。。。。。
三，翻译题（30分）
我们喜欢那些从小吃到大的食物，但也会去尝试那些从未尝过的食物。大型电视纪录片《
舌尖上的中国》播出令国人自豪的传统美食。在这纪录片的所有主题中，食物不是最主要
的主题。只有很少的故事片是以食物为主要题材，例如李安的《饮食男女》，影片中的食
物可算锦上添花，然而最主要的还是人物剧情本身。这就是为何《舌尖上的中国》在2012
年开播以来反响巨大的一个原因。没有过多地推广宣传，但《舌尖上的中国》这个系列却
拥有一大批粉丝，比最大型的戏剧或喜剧演出还受欢迎。
纪录片在描述食物取材时，巧妙地融入人们的故事。在这种情况下，观众就把人们的故事
当作开胃菜，把对食物的详细介绍当作主菜。
Its main ingredient is the clever interweaving of human stories with the preparation of
food. But in this case, the audience mainly sees the human stories as the appetizer, and
details about the food as the real beef。
当然，当影片过多地刻画人物而不是介绍美食时，也会引起观众的抱怨。但这丝毫不影响
《舌尖上的中国》在中国的成功，还激起人们对食物的狂热。在纪录片播出后不久，片中
出现的食材，其销量就直线飙升。在第一季中，一种西藏森林中的稀有蘑菇被运到沿海城
市的一所高级餐厅中。由于这些稀有的菌类食物取材困难，所以餐厅菜单上的菌类价格就
高的惊人。
制片人在强调这种独特的美味时，不单考虑食材的美妙口感，而且还考虑到采集者的生活
。　
As well as its fantastic taste, the filmmakers probably quite rightly considered the
livelihood of the collectors when they highlighted that particular delicacy。
纪录片仍出现始料未及的结果：那就是太多的有钱人开始注意它，需求涌动，导致当地脆
弱的生态系统面临威胁。在刚刚结束的第二季中，纪录片把食材的重心放在那些人人可得
的食材上。不再以稀有美食来吸引观众，所以观众的烹饪激情或许有些减退。
对于很多人来说，在博大精深的中国烹饪背后，好奇仍然是主要的驱动力。
为了更加健康，体验更美味的食物，人们就会去寻找那些稀有的动植物。
For many, curiosity remains the main driving force behind high-end Chinese
cuisine。Some seek out rare plants and animals in the name of gaining better health
benefits, or delectability。
英译汉不记得了，主要讲交友的内容。
四，作文（20分）
Lung cancer What accounts for it?

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