(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 O%(fx!c`
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 6[LM_eP
2)基本用法 Gh}LlX!w
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 5JCG2jqx0
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , 7/ysVWt
seldom等。例如: G_{&sa
The sun rises in the east. 8U>B~9:JO
He usually goes to work by bus. cc&axc7I
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. ?hM>mL
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 fA<[f
如: v!P b`LCqK
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. =aA+~/~8%
The project starts early this year. h\.zdpR
There is a conference tonight.
L %K\C
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: /X(t1 +
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. Y/ee~^YxK'
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. qg!|l7e
2 、一般过去时 #iWSDy
1)构成:动词过去式 a / #PLP
2)基本用法 9C[ywp
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: =%gRW5R%
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 I8/DR z$A
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: @,u/w4
He died five years ago. ;F#7Px(q
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. %1O[i4s:-
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he {>,V\J0p
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. %Gj8F4{
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. dd%h67J2<
3 、一般将来时 2KN6}
1)构成 UkHY[M7;
will +动词原形 >O?U=OeD
2)基本用法 2@~M4YJf
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 J9Ou+6 u(
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. P*@2.#oO
3)表示将来时的其他形式 ;3@YZM'wt
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 f0<
%&2ym
明即将发生的事。例如: T4 N~(Fi)
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. mp?78_I)
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 ,4,V4 N
可能性。例如: Fxqp-}:
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. qc!MG_{Y
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 g'u?Rn7*J
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: -,aeM~
We're leaving on Friday. O Xi@c;F
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. "zY](P
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: ^/=#UQ*k
He is about to retire. k({\/t3i
4 、现在进行时 {
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1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 ,7)C"
2)基本用法 ^6
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(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: fr}Eaa-{^
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. k@D0 {z
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you.
uV hCxUMQ
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 w pt='(
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: J5[~LZKW
He is constantly complaining about his job. deeU@x`f<
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. Op?OruT[
5 、现在完成时 4E[!,zvl
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。
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2)基本用法 o}'bv
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 $]&(7@'qo
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since b*mKei
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: HXVBb%pP
We’ve just back. W*:,m8wk
We have studied English for more than ten years.
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He has lived here since 1995. m&oi8 P-6
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. pA#}-S%
Have you booked your hotel yet zggB$5
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 ?Jusl8Sm
(1)过去与现在的关系 s&{Qdf
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 }5O>EXE0R
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 ~ZlC
'
造成的影响。 k)FmDX
(2)时间状语不同 LDy<k=;o
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, QI[}(O7#6
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till 4oXb Pr>
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: tue/4Q#7
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) td -3h,\\
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 6vf\R*D|A
开着的。)
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6 、过去进行时 o8FXqTUcs4
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 qtu
rd7
2)基本用法 4*U
P.r@
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: 4R ) |->"
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. =j
/hl
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. VAYb=4lt
7 、过去完成时 xQlT%X;'
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 ?&h3P8
2)基本用法 r7!J&8;{K
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 P-JfV 7(O8
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如:
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I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning 8
h?X!2Nq
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. \w)?SVp
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. 7-9;PkGG.A
8 、过去将来时 .)8
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 #Y,A[Y5jX
2)基本用法 s5Fr)q// !
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 3BMS
_,P
时的宾语从句中。例如: udT xNl!
He said he would stop smoking next month. B$`lYDqaG
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. o|287S|$
9 、将来完成时 VvgN3e[
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 coB 6 rW
2)基本用法 5(}H
?
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: }g,X5v?W
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. 'rV2Bt,
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. JY4_v>Aob
10 、现在完成进行时 |qL;Nu,d
1)构成 owMuT^x?
2)基本用法 pa]
TeH
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 \FI^Vk
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 ti;%BS
状语连用。例如: k`IrZHMw
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. G(i\'#5+
He has been studying English for years. '{D%\w5{
He has been playing computer games since early morning. iy
3DX|]
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 !\w\ ]7ls
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: H5q
:z=A
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) p[P[#IeL
They have built a ship.(已完成) vadM1c*z
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) anitqy#E
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! #HcI4j:s!
(表达不满情绪) 'Fzuc^G(d
II. 动词的语态 s#Q_Gu
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 ZmO'IT=Ye
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: &x/k^p=
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 }moz9a
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called :,=Fx</H
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called >
?Qxpqf2
将来 shall/will be QW:Z[?39^
called IHfSkFz`j
------ shall/will have been called r?XDvU
应注意的事项: I1J)#p%H.
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 ;W4:#/~14
He was beat severely by the gunman. [EcV\.
The cup was broken by Tom. K+t];(
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 ]LY^9eK)>{
或副词。例如: yL4 -4
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. Cg?I'1]o6
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. 7vdHR\#;$
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 %`N&t
i
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: c8!j6\dC*
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) 2w;G4
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) 5D>BV*
"
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) mKMGdN~
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 8:BQHYeJK
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: F F(^:N
We were made to work twelve hours a day. cKSfqqPm$"
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. la1D2 lM
5) 表示被动的其他形式: C!oksI
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: c@)p Ki#W
She got her purse stolen. }b<87#Nb9R
I must get my hair cut. '&1
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 X~`.}
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: w@4t$bd7
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. jw2_!D
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. F?!};~$=Z
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, $a)JCErN
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: (bM)Nd
The book sells very well. y_;
]=hEL
The parachute opens easily. {.0X[uAf
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: m[//_TFf]
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; %D`^
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 \fkS_r, i