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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 wpm $?X  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 y Xi$w.gr  
2)基本用法 6x! q  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 -O[9{`i]  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , +RD{<~i  
seldom等。例如: ':T6m=yv  
The sun rises in the east. Y; q['h  
He usually goes to work by bus. ]N1gzHaS  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. ww~gmz  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 i>@"&  
如:  xXZ {  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. Jgf= yri  
The project starts early this year. >J@hqW  
There is a conference tonight. 8'Bik  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: OW8"7*irT  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. 0D48L5kH#'  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. _cXLQ)-  
2 、一般过去时 /'>#1J|TlK  
1)构成:动词过去式 >t}0o$\?E  
2)基本用法 \BxE0GGky  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: a`uHkRX )U  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 -<WQ>mrB&  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: '-m )fWf  
He died five years ago. >2?O-WXe  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. Dz>v;%$S-  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he M `bEnu  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. ,Q8)r0c  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. dzPwlCC%-  
3 、一般将来时 EBPm7{&0|  
1)构成 y9L:2f\  
will +动词原形 C@L8,Kj ~.  
2)基本用法 geRD2`3;  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 l~V^   
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. #x;i R8^  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 -Am ~CM  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 hE"a(i  
明即将发生的事。例如: %}asw/WiUa  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. Dpa PRA)x  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 Cp 2$I<T  
可能性。例如: U^$o< 2  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. I?mU_^no  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 =c,m)\u/8  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: JtrLTo   
We're leaving on Friday. b{o%`B*  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. g&30@D"  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: 71?>~PnbH}  
He is about to retire. ta-kqt!'  
4 、现在进行时 Qr4c':8  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。  OBCRZ   
2)基本用法 U0/X!@F-  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: l`s_ #3  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. lxpi   
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. N!}r(Dd*  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 9oL/oL-J/  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: )kS E5|:pi  
He is constantly complaining about his job. C"I:^&sL  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. 8%s_~Yc  
5 、现在完成时 tU02t#8  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 0\*6U H  
2)基本用法 ]R8}cbtU  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下  RSLMO8  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since VQ/<MY C  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: FL+^r6DQ  
We’ve just back. ei>8{v&g  
We have studied English for more than ten years. G9.+N~GZ.  
He has lived here since 1995. ?\ C7.of  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. ^@'LF T)  
Have you booked your hotel yet !tkP!%w  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 H[ Dr G6GA  
(1)过去与现在的关系 ^d!(8vh  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 _h4{Sx  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 D=U"L-rRs  
造成的影响。 0^VA,QkQ\  
(2)时间状语不同 Zb)j2Xgl  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, Tz H*?bpP  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till _VFxzM9f  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: o7N3:)  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) Dz4 fP;n  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 V#:`:-$$+  
开着的。) '"{ IV  
6 、过去进行时 N-fGc?E  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 Y4]USU!PA  
2)基本用法 Hn%n>Bnl  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: v%|^\A"V  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. (^-i[aJY  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. ?Xscc mN  
7 、过去完成时 &u-H/C U%  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 yjUSM}$  
2)基本用法 |cwGc\ES  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 -EV_=a8[y  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: u|l]8T9L  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning !BD+H/A.{  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. b&BSigrvou  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. ; EZ$8|  
8 、过去将来时 .,t"i C:E  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 [m7^Euury  
2)基本用法 (J(JB}[X,  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 v=15pW  
时的宾语从句中。例如: E5.3wOE  
He said he would stop smoking next month. \(Uw.ri  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. "71@WLlN  
9 、将来完成时 f5jxF"oGNo  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 b_xn80O  
2)基本用法 B d$i%.r  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: E"7 iU  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. ?9#}p  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. SXn\k;F<  
10 、现在完成进行时 |) {)w`  
1)构成 {e4`D1B  
2)基本用法 '1]Iu@?  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 .du FMJl  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 D6 B(6 5Y  
状语连用。例如: ZW\}4q;[A  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. p`ai2`qC`  
He has been studying English for years. QEIu}e6b  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. SS;[{u!  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 _JZS;8WYR  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: 4 %do.D*  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) !"{+|heU9p  
They have built a ship.(已完成) s,Uc cA@  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) ).HYW _Yih  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! 5(kRFb'31F  
(表达不满情绪) `4E6&&E+S  
II. 动词的语态 };%l <Ui;  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 c%,~1l  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: l n}2   
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 _+ z5~6>  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called |ho|Kl `=  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called KCG-&p$v@s  
将来 shall/will be k[3J5 4`g1  
called /8 /2#`3R  
------ shall/will have been called bN-ljw0&  
应注意的事项: 5N=QS1<$5  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 'Dl31w%:  
He was beat severely by the gunman. gGl}~  
The cup was broken by Tom. 8jyg1NN D  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 iYE:o{  
或副词。例如: 6\4~&+;wL  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away.  h"<-^=b  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. 6{/HNEI*1  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 0&!,+  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如:  'Q\I@s }  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) Q)}_S@v|%  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) I8=p_Ie  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) hVPSW# .d  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 Vo*38c2  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: k.b->U  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. 7;H!F!K]  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. ,[6N64fy  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: #Fx$x#Gc@y  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: oZ% rzLH  
She got her purse stolen. WJ)( *1  
I must get my hair cut. wm> I;|gA)  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 24u;'i-y5  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: gWcl@|I;\  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. (<RZZ{m  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. xE+Nz5F  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, UOTM>d1P  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: x[]}Jf{t  
The book sells very well. e.X*x4*>~  
The parachute opens easily. tBSHMz  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: FGzMbi<l#(  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; e))fbv&V  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 N5$IV z}  
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