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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 E08FUAth]#  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 wW1aG  
2)基本用法 (LA%q6  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 wXMKQ)$(  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , &v Lz {  
seldom等。例如: '+?AaR&p?  
The sun rises in the east. :`2<SF^0O  
He usually goes to work by bus. xKWqDt  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. Sf B+;i'D  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 }7RR",w  
如: T( MS,AyD]  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. ,G!M?@Q  
The project starts early this year. L)a8W   
There is a conference tonight. d=o|)kV  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: ^ ~:f02[D  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. 8;ke,x  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing.  iE=Yh  
2 、一般过去时 i6?,2\K  
1)构成:动词过去式 rIH/<@+  
2)基本用法 QM2Y?."#  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: 8>x!n/z)  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 ;&q}G1  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: !Y>lAxd  
He died five years ago. HYyO/U9z|I  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. $m,gQV~4  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he k"\%x =#  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. GL[#XB> n  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. ( NWT/yBx  
3 、一般将来时 ^u& oS1U  
1)构成 gyj.M`+y  
will +动词原形 &E0L7?l  
2)基本用法 s:3 altv  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 X TEC0s"F  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. 5b45u 6  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 |x@)%QeC  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 NAjY,)>'K  
明即将发生的事。例如: 1^XuH('  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. vw5f.8T;w  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 I$/*Pt];  
可能性。例如: 9pUvw_9MY  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. *p:`F:  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 ,Tc3koi  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: 5I/wP qR[  
We're leaving on Friday. w}No ^.I*4  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. FdEzt  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: jXA!9_L7  
He is about to retire.  N1,=5P$  
4 、现在进行时 )OQhtxK  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 (Cjnf a 2  
2)基本用法 n@n608  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: .{sKEVK  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. CvfX m  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. 0q'd }DW  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 dv=y,q@W  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: 0^'A^  
He is constantly complaining about his job. !w iW#PR  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. 06DT2  
5 、现在完成时 5v"r>q[ X  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 Gt#Jr!N~  
2)基本用法 3jF#f'*  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 1HQh%dZZ  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since r~cmrLQa  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: ,M2u (9  
We’ve just back. Z$ qFjWp  
We have studied English for more than ten years. i`[5%6\"&  
He has lived here since 1995. g8^\|   
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. n]M1'yU  
Have you booked your hotel yet 6k6M&a  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 5G.Fi21 b  
(1)过去与现在的关系 []HMUL]"  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 (vte8uQe  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 GwiG..Y]&  
造成的影响。 R=M"g|U6  
(2)时间状语不同 '[#a-8-JY_  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, e$F]t *)Xa  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till =Y`P}vI]w%  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: IOA"O9;  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) Xx{ho 4qq  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 ;\`~M  
开着的。) CU =}]Y  
6 、过去进行时 1);$#Dlt k  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 )6|7L)Dk  
2)基本用法 =PHl|^  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: `abQlBb*  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. 9tZ)#@\  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. EubR] ckB  
7 、过去完成时 Oq"(oNG@  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 & pwSd  
2)基本用法 <%eY>E  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 tq=1C=h  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: Li ,B,   
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning ".L+gn}u-  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. 0 eZfHW&  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. %VYQz)yW  
8 、过去将来时 8?] :>  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 ${'gyD  
2)基本用法 Vzy]N6QT{  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 -oq!zi4:  
时的宾语从句中。例如: }C>Q  
He said he would stop smoking next month. i} 96, {  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. >JT{~SRB|Y  
9 、将来完成时 8)/i\=N3;  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 .fcU&t  
2)基本用法 xrx{8pf  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: Hxr2Q]c?u  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. XuJwZN!(  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. G],+?E_,  
10 、现在完成进行时 ezTu1-m  
1)构成 /rp4m&!  
2)基本用法 b{)('C$  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 vZ 4Z+;.  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 O;[PEV ~  
状语连用。例如: 1=#r$H  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. _yjM_ALjo  
He has been studying English for years. kN9S;o@)  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. Lhl) pP17  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 Bir }X  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: 80$P35Q"  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) Af=%5%  
They have built a ship.(已完成) 3sGrX"0D  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) el!Bi>b9c!  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! ^a; V-US  
(表达不满情绪) !N$4.slr<p  
II. 动词的语态 =khjD[muC  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 N(Y9FD;H  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: &_4A6  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 S !c/"~X+  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called 1ISA^< M  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called UQ|0Aqwq  
将来 shall/will be  %W"\  
called XyS#6D  
------ shall/will have been called i?=3RdP/R1  
应注意的事项: @PwE om`a  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 $ O}gl Q  
He was beat severely by the gunman. v{ C]\8  
The cup was broken by Tom. I-/PzL<W P  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 _Fl]zs<  
或副词。例如: 'IfM~9'D  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. #PXl*~PrQ/  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. IUd>jHp`6  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 /bCrpcH  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: &tMvs<q,  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) 1<\cMY6  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) ac+ 7D:X  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) *\VQ%_wg  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 KD,b.s  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: =m}{g/Bk  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. -HoPECe  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. 0@AK  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: )>\Ne~%  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: (3]7[h7  
She got her purse stolen. M8juab%y  
I must get my hair cut. D<xPx  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 {qLnwy!i  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: Kq{s^G  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. k9^P#l@p  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. 0A 4(RLGg  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, {xM%3  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: ).tZMLM/-  
The book sells very well. %J|EDf ,M  
The parachute opens easily. =HoiQWQs`  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: v0$6@K;M4G  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; }WCz*v1Wq  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 8:t-I]dzk  
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