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主题 : 2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法
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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 aCQ[Uc<B :  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 "oZ_1qi<  
2)基本用法 tq'hiS(b  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 z~p!7q&g  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , `}sFT:1&  
seldom等。例如: ~.U \Y  
The sun rises in the east. zI S , N '  
He usually goes to work by bus. KOXG=P0  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday.  Q$`uZ  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 @RuMo"js  
如: P()W\+",n  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. T9r6,yY  
The project starts early this year. ..'"kX:5  
There is a conference tonight. x]%,?Vd?  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: 7MJ\*+T|03  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. 9X33{  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. UMD\n<+cG,  
2 、一般过去时 FdEUZ[IT`{  
1)构成:动词过去式 *tR'K#:&g!  
2)基本用法 UEYJd&n0CB  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: 8$iHd  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 x*TJYST  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: a7u*d`3X=  
He died five years ago. Wk/Q~ o  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. 3N2d@R  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he v6L]3O1  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. ]{+Y!tD  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. 3X',L*f  
3 、一般将来时 , v=pp;  
1)构成 mC0Dj O  
will +动词原形 THK^u+~LM  
2)基本用法 RwrRN+&s\  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 L@Qvj-5e  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. CMv8n@ry  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 Vl<7>  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 o^ow v(  
明即将发生的事。例如: l4iklg3  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. cdSgb3B0  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 h>!9N dzG  
可能性。例如: `Nz`5}8.?  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. 4mX?PKvbn  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 2<w vO 9  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: jPx}-_ jM  
We're leaving on Friday. n 3-VqYUP  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. S>j.i  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: |}<Gz+E>  
He is about to retire. ]P>XXE;[  
4 、现在进行时 0B}2~}#  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 X2:23j<  
2)基本用法 I6@"y0I  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: AUIp vd  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. F>X<=YO0  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. F=#V/ #ia  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 \.Op6ECV9  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: DrxQ(yo}  
He is constantly complaining about his job. @A*>lUo  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. ja&m-CFK  
5 、现在完成时 YB2gxZ  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 L2~'Z'q  
2)基本用法 a1_o  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 /Bh*MH  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since %*Uc,V  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: ?~yJ7~3TS<  
We’ve just back. _jg t Z  
We have studied English for more than ten years. 3Z&!zSK^  
He has lived here since 1995. AS;qJ)JfzQ  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. h a 2=O  
Have you booked your hotel yet K(d+t\ca  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 y=EVpd  
(1)过去与现在的关系 1)z Xv  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 ;/JXn  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 n5^57[(  
造成的影响。 b`^Q ':^A  
(2)时间状语不同 9 Qa_3+.B  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, K4YD}[  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till .q[}e);)  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: EUQtl_h/H  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) k6RVP: V  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 DrC"M*$!  
开着的。) P t/]Z<VL  
6 、过去进行时 uN>5Eh&=Pf  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 PwthYy  
2)基本用法  Y#~A":A  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: (K84J*;  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. \hBzP^*"n  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. 5s`r&2 w  
7 、过去完成时 <'SS IMr  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 i.`n^R;N  
2)基本用法 &vn2u bauS  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 A>2_I)  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: x|G :;{"+6  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning @DY"~c cH  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. 7}6CUo  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. v:yU+s|kN  
8 、过去将来时 B%MdJ D>  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 K%x]:|,>M  
2)基本用法 HK~SD:d  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去  HG?+b  
时的宾语从句中。例如: .SER,],P  
He said he would stop smoking next month. m;MJ{"@A'  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. <p*k-mfr  
9 、将来完成时 GJr mK  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 s- PS]l@  
2)基本用法 4_ U"M@  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: f5Gn!xF  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. % ym};7'&b  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. QRf>lZP  
10 、现在完成进行时 sg2%BkTI  
1)构成 PE4 L7  
2)基本用法 d!0rq4v7  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 WK(X/!1/k  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 w3);ZQ|  
状语连用。例如: 'kcR:5B  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. 2(@2 z[eKr  
He has been studying English for years. k)S1Zs~G  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. L#byYB;E{  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 |yeQz  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: 1Ng.Ukb  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) b2UDPW  
They have built a ship.(已完成) 'A7!@hVy  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) j2_j5Hgo  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! '!7>*<  
(表达不满情绪) U\?D;ABQ%  
II. 动词的语态 C:t>u..  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。  3U{ mC}F  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: +yWD>PY(  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 06f%{mAZS  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called |du%c`wl  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called lTMY|{9  
将来 shall/will be m.m6.  
called W4^zKnH  
------ shall/will have been called M8X6!"B$Y  
应注意的事项: %%s)D4sW  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 S9Yzvq!(  
He was beat severely by the gunman. Gc`PO  
The cup was broken by Tom. iv~R4;;)  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 "@eGgQ  
或副词。例如: .h=n [`RB  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. ?pW1}: z  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. l&+O*=#Hh  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 2j%=o?me^p  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: agx8 *x  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) ]{6/6jl  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) Pl:4`oY3  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) DlUKhbo$g  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 q8d](MaX  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: AyO%,6p [  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. uAA2G\3  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store.  \nEMj,)  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: prj(  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: i|1*bZ6'  
She got her purse stolen. 47Z3 nl?  
I must get my hair cut. 7?whxi Qs  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 u @Ze@N%  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: Tx PFl7,r  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. %@vF%   
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. -H6[{WVW!  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, IQO|)53)  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: 2/ 4zg  
The book sells very well. Nj4CkMM[3  
The parachute opens easily. ~ZVz sNrx  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: \lQ3j8 U  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; @6'~RD.  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 ?2&= +QaT  
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