新东方通用英语讲义阅读理解

2011年通用考博英语阅读理解讲义

主讲：金威

欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材

复习计划

词汇
  快速多次背单词
六级词汇量：6000（2000个高中词汇；四级词汇2200个；1800
个六级单词）
注意：北大的文章侧重于英美报刊原文，用词非常活，词汇量在   10000左右。
2个小时：80-100个
背单词的时候要克服不良习惯
考博中用不到单词拼写
写作议论文中的四种类型：
（1）大事
（2）和个人成长有关的小事
（3）要支持的好事
（4）要抨击的坏事
背单词重点背动词和形容词

精读历年真题
精读
（1）把文章中的每个单词都要认识
（2）把文章中的每句话都分析
长句的分析：结构；修饰成分；
分析文章结构
分析题目
分析选项
所选文章的类型：
1、六级和考研考过的文章
2、专四、专八和托福中的文章
六级和考研测试的方向：closereading
1、通过真题学会基本的语言
2、获得所考院校考试的基本方式、模式及解题思路

定量，定范围做泛读
泛读训练的目标：
1、练速度
2、练猜测和跳跃
3、文章背景，学科背景
定范围原则：
和要考的目标学校的难度、风格、选材类似的文章
1、《英美报刊选读》《英美时文选读》
2、对自己院校模式不确定的按照清华模式，四、六级模式，中级模式去训练
（1）《英语文摘》
（2）《英语世界》
（3）《英语学习》
（4）《英语沙龙》
3、泛读一些六级历年考过的文章

作模拟题，复习语法
作模拟题
和所考试题类型相似的模拟题
1、定语从句
先行词，关系代词
限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句
模式：n.+that/which...从句
同谓语从句也是n.+that从句
2、分词状语
（1）现在分词：表示主动
（2）过去分词：表示被动
3、独立主格结构补充，插入
I came in，(with) a book in my hand.
4、名词性从句
主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同谓语从句
5、虚拟语气
（1）用虚拟的时候，说话的真实意思与字面意思相反。
（2）虚拟语气的时态要往后退一格。
和将来相反用现在时；
和现在相反用过去时；
和过去相反用过去完成时；
不要买：《朗文英语语法》《张道真英语语法》《薄冰英语语法》

考博三步走

第一步扫描提干
1、归纳共性词-只要出现了两次以上，则该概念基本上就是本文的核心线索。
2、重点关注问原因的题干。
3、重点关注有“author”字眼的题干。
例子Passage 15
Real policemen, both Britain and the United States hardly recognize anyresemblance between their lives and what they see on TV—if they ever get home intime. There are similarities, of course, but the cops don't think much of them.
The first difference is that a policeman'sreal life revolves round the law. Most of his training is in criminal law. Hehas to know exactly what actions are crimes and what evidence can be used toprove them in court. He has to know nearly as much law as a professionallawyer, and what is more, he has to apply it on his feet, in the dark and rain,running down an alley after someone he has to talk to.
Little of his time is spent in chatting toscantily clad ladies or in dramatic confrontations with desperate criminal. Hewill spend most of his working life typing millions of words on thousands offorms about hundreds of sad, unimportantpeople who are guilty—or not—of stupid, petty crimes.
Most television crime drama is aboutfinding the criminal; as soon as he's arrested, the story is over. In reallife, finding criminals is seldom much of a problem. Except in very seriouscases like murders and terrorist attacks—where failure to produce resultsreflects on the standing of the police—little effort is spent on searching. Thepolice have an elaborate machinery which eventually shows up most wanted men.
Having made an arrest, a detective reallystarts to work. He has to prove his case in court and to do that he often hasto gather a lot of different evidence. Much of this has to be given by peoplewho don't want to get involved in a court case. So as well as being overworked,a detective has to be out at all hours of the day and night interviewing hiswitnesses and persuading them, usually against their own best interests, tohelp him.
A third big difference between the dramadetective and the real one is the unpleasant moral twilight in which the realone lives. Detectives are subject to two opposing pressures: first as membersof a police force they always have to behave with absolute legality, secondly,as expensive public servants they have to get results. They can hardly ever doboth. Most of the time some of them have to break the rules in small ways.
If the detective has to deceive the world,the world often deceives him. Hardly anyone he meets tells him the truth. Andthis separation the detective feels between himself and the rest of the worldis deepened by the simple mindedness—as he sees it—of citizens, social workers,doctors, law makers, and judges, who, instead of stamping out crime punish thecriminals less severely in the hope that this will make them reform. Theresult, detectives feel, is that nine tenths of their work is reaching peoplewho should have stayed behind bars. This makes them rather cynical.

1．It is essential for a policeman to be trained incriminal law ______.
A. so that he can catch criminals in thestreets
B. because many of the criminals he has tocatch are dangerous
C. so that he can justify his arrests incourt
D. because he has to know nearly as much about law asa professional lawyer
2．The everyday life of a policeman or detective is______.
A. exciting and glamorous
B. full of danger
C. devoted mostly to routine matters
D. wasted on unimportant matters
3．When murders and terrorist attacks occur the police______.
A. prefer to wait for the criminal to givehimself away
B. spend a lot of effort on trying to trackdown their man
C. try to make a quick arrest in order tokeep up their reputation
D. usually fail to produce results
4．The realdetective lives in “an unpleasant moral twilight” because ______.
A. he is an expensive public servant
B. he must always behave with absolutelegality
C. he is obliged to break the law in orderto preserve it
D. he feels himself to be cut off from therest of the world
5．Detectives are rather cynical because ______.
A. nine tenths of their work involvesarresting people
B. hardly anyone tells them the truth
C. society does not punish criminalsseverely enough
D. too many criminals escape from jail

例子Passage 1
A history of long and effortless successcan be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a drivingforce. When the United  States entered just such a glowing periodafter the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger thanany competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Itsscientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America andAmericans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whoseeconomies the war had destroyed.
It was inevitable that this primacy shouldhave narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreatfrom predominance proved painful. By the mid1980s Americans had foundthemselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some hugeAmerican industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished inthe face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American televisionmaker left, Zenith．(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea'sLG Electronics in July.)Foreign made cars and textiles were sweeping into thedomestic market. America'smachine tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though themaking of semiconductors, which Americahad invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going tobe the next casualty.
All of this caused a crisis of confidence.Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe thattheir way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would thereforeshortly begin to fall as well. The mid1980s brought one inquiry after anotherinto the causes of America'sindustrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled withwarnings about the growing competition from overseas.
How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years ofsolid growth while Japanhas been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causesas a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self doubt hasyielded to blind pride．“American industry has changed itsstructure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quickwitted,” according toRichard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government．“It makes me proud to be an American just to see howour businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of theCato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard BusinessSchool believes that people will lookback on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”

1．The U. S．achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱ because ______．
[A]it had made painstaking effortstowards this goal
[B]its domestic market was eighttimes larger than before
[C]the war had destroyed the economies of most potentialcompetitors
[D]theunparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy
2．The lossof U. S．predominance in the world economy in the1980s is manifested in the fact that the American ______.
[A]TV industry had withdrawn to itsdomestic market
[B]semiconductor industry had been taken over byforeign enterprises
[C]machinetool industry had collapsed aftersuicidal actions
[D]auto industry had lost part of itsdomestic market
3．What can be inferred from the passage?
[A]It is human nature to shift between selfdoubt and blind pr
[B]Intense competition may contribute toeconomic progress.
[C]The revival of theeconomy depends on international
cooperation.
[D]A long history of success may pave the way for furtherdevelopment.
4．The authorseems to believe the revival of the U. S．economy inthe 1990s can be attributed to the ______．
[A]turning of the business cycle
[B]restructuring of industry
[C]improved business management
[D]success in education

第二步通读全文抓住中心
1、通读全文：
通读也称略读或跳读，是以抓住文章主旨和文章结构为目的的一        种快速阅读方式。
通读中要把握两个原则：
（1）首段原则：文章的第一段或前四分之一尽量逐字逐句读懂，如遇到不懂的信息，有必要重复和回读。
①英美人文章观点80%出现在第一段或前四分之一处。
②文章的第一段或前四分之一处是命题的重点。
（2）首末句原则（主题句原则）：其余各段重点抓住段落主旨（往往分布在首句或末句或转折后）。在主旨明确的基础上，细节、数字、论据、引言等信息可粗略阅读或跳过不读。
2、抓住中心：抓住中心就是明确下面三个问题
（1）本文的话题是什么
（2）文章主旨和各段大意
（3）作者的态度和倾向性

第三步分清题型，避免错误陷阱
标准化考试中基本分成九种题型：
1、细节题
2、主旨题
3、判断正误题
4、生词短语题
5、例证题
6、推理题 infer imply
（1）真推理：答案文中没说过，但是依据原文理应成立。
（2）假推理：不需要推理，看哪个选项是符合原文的。
7、句子理解题
8、作者态度题
9、指代题
错误答案的七种设计方式：
1、偷换概念
2、正反混淆
（1）较难词替换
（2）单数否定（基数否定）
3、时态错误
4、扩大范围（逻辑上）
5、无中生有（无关常识）
6、答非所问（尤其是细节题）
7、虚拟语气
Passage 14
What do consumers really want? That's aquestion market researchers would love to answer. But since people don't alwayssay what they think, marketers would need direct access to consumers' thoughtsto get the truth.
Now, in a way, that is possible. At the“Mind of the Market” laboratory at Harvard Business School,researchers are looking inside shoppers' skulls to develop more effectiveadvertisements and marketing pitches. Using imaging techniques that measureblood flow to various parts of the brain, the Harvard team hopes to predict howconsumers will react to particular products and to discover the most effectiveways to present information. Stephen Kosslyn, a professor of psychology atHarvard, and business school professor Gerald Zaltman, oversee the lab．“The goal is not to manipulate peoples' preferences,”says Kosslyn, “just to speak to their actual desires.” The group's findings,though still preliminary, could radically change how firms develop and marketnew products.
The Harvard group use position emissiontopography (PET) scans to monitor the brain activity. These PET scans, alongwith other non-invasive imaging techniques; enable researchers to see whichparts of the brain are active during specific tasks (such as remembering a worD.．Correlations have been found between blood flow tospecifc areas and future behavior. Because of this, Harvard researchers believethe scans can also predict future purchasing patterns. According to anunpublished paper the group produced, “It is possible to use these techniquesto predict not only whether people will remember and have specific emotionalreactions to certain materials, but also whether they will be inclined to wantthose materials months later.”
The Harvard group is now moving into thenext stage of experiments. They will explore how people remember advertisementsas part of an effort to predict how they will react to a product after havingseen an ad. The researchers believe that once key areas of the brain are identified,scans on about two dozen volunteers will be enough to draw conclusions aboutthe reactions of specific segments of the population. Largecorporations-including Coca Cola, Eastman Kodak, General Motors, andHallmark-have already signed up to fund further investigations.
For their financial support, these firmsgain access to the experiments but cannot control them. If Kosslyn and Zaltmanand their team really can read the mind of the market, then consumers may findit even harder to get those advertising jingles out of their heads.

1．Which ofthe following statements can be the best title for this passage?
A. Reading the Mind of the Market
B. Controlling the Consumers' Preferences
C. Improving the Styles of Advertising
D. Finding Out the Way to Predict
2．Why do theHarvard researchers use scientific technology in the experiments?
A. Because they don't believe the surveys done by themarketers can lead to the truth.
B. Because they are asked by the marketers to find adirect way to read the consumers' thoughts.
C. Becausethey want to find out how the ads influence people's brain activity andemotional responses etc.
D. Becausethey expect that their experiments can basically alter the marketing strategiesof products.
3．Which of the following is not true according to thepassage?
A. Sometimes people will conceal what they think whenbeing questioned by the market researchers.
B. Stephen Kosslyn and Gerald Zaltman overlook theexperiments and criticize the purpose of the study.
C. Harvard researchers have found the correspondingrelations between people's brain and behavior.
D. There are many large organizations endorsing andfinancing the Harvard group's further investigation.
4．What does“to speak to” in the last sentence of the second paragraph mean?
A. to talk to
B. to say to
C．tocommunicate to
D. to respond to
5．The last sentence of this passage implies that ______.
A. If the experiments' results can be applied to thepractice, the customers will be very likely to buy things according to the ads.
B. If the Harvard group can succeed in finishing theresearch, they will use it in attracting more and more and more and moreconsumers into the market.
C. The financial supporting corporations such as CocaCola, General Motors can employ the experiments in their own marketing.
D. The consumers may discover that those ads willalways annoy them by jingling out of their heads and cause them headaches.

Passage 16
Rumor has it that more than 20 books oncreationism/evolution are in the publisher's pipelines. A few have alreadyappeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and oftenunenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientifictheories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology,and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improvingaccount of what happened．“Scientific” creationism, which is beingpushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientificaccounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtuallyall scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalist religious leaders havecome to regard “scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion.
The first four chapters of Kitcher's book givea very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introducesthe criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last threechapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. Hedescribes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the waysof creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as anunpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might haveexpected more Christian behavior.
Kitcher is a philosopher, and this mayaccount, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. Thenonspecialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data andargument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on thecreationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this finebook, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.” And so itdoes and all would be well were reason the only judge in thecreationism/evolution debate.
1．“Creationism” in the passage refers to ______.
(A) evolution in its true sense as to theorigin of the universe
(B) a notion of the creation of religion
(C) the scientific explanation of the earthformation
(D) the deceptive theory about the originof the universe
2．Kitcher's book is intended to ______.
(A) recommend the views of theevolutionists
(B) expose the true features ofcreationists
(C) curse bitterly at this opponents
(D) launch a surprise attack oncreationists
3．From the passage we can infer that ______.
(A) reasoning has played a decisive role inthe debate
(B) creationists do not base their argumenton reasoning
(C) evolutionary theory is too difficultfor non-specialists
(D) creationism is supported by scientificfindings
4．This passage appears to be a digest of ______.
(A) a book review           (B) a scientific paper
(C) a magazine feature       (D) a newspaper editorial

Passage 2
Being a man has always been dangerous.There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops tonear balance at the age of maturity, and among 70yearolds there are twice asmany women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed.Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for thefirst time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when theyare searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selectionhas been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boybaby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meantalmost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of thevariation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.
There is another way to commit evolutionarysuicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as inthe past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has becomeaverage. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again,differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to takeadvantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. Thecountry offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for theremaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the samein survival and number of offspring—means that natural selection has lost 80%of its power in upper-middle class India compared to the tribes.
For us, this means that evolution is over; thebiological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physicalchange. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the past100,000 years—even the past 100 years—our lives have been transformed but ourbodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us.Darwin had aphrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic beingas a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension forits ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopiawe were, they will look just like us.
1．What usedto be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?
[A] A lack of mates.
[B] A fierce competition.
[C] A lower survival rate.
[D] A defective gene.
2．What does the example of India illustrate?
[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewerchildren than poor people.
[B] Natural selection hardly works amongthe rich and the poor.
[C]The middle class population is 80% smaller thanthat of the tribes.
[D] India is one of the countries witha very high birth rate.
3．The authorargues that our bodies have stopped evolving because ______．
[A] life has been improved by technological advance
[B] the number of female babies hasbeen declining
[C] our species has reached thehighest stage of evolution
[D] the difference between wealthand poverty is disappearing
4．Which of the following would be the best title for thepassage?
[A] Sex Ratio Changes in HumanEvolution
[B] Ways of Continuing Man'sEvolution
[C] The Evolutionary Future ofNature
[D] Human Evolution Going Nowhere

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