医学考博英语破题技巧－－－写作部分

第1页 &y? |$p\;/  
英语作文的总体评分原则（内容与语言两个方面） b|i4me@  
记分标准如下： w%L4O;E]*{  
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13-15（20－17）分：内容切题，包括题中所列三方面的内容：清楚表达其内涵，文字连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。文章长度符合要求。 Uu7]`Ul  
　　10-12（16－13）分：内容切题，包括题中所列三方面的内容；比较清楚地表达其内涵；文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误。文章长度符合要求。 @qNY"c%H
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　　7-9（12－9）分：内容切题，基本包括题中所列三方面的内容：基本清楚地表达其内涵；句子结构和用词有少量错误。文章长度符合要求。 ^Gk)aX  
　　4-6（8－5）分：内容基本功题，基本包含题中所列三方面的内容；语句可以理解，但有较多的句子结构和词错误。文章长度基本符合要求。 aE0R{yupZ  
　　1-3（ 4－1）分：基本按要求写作，但只有少数句子可理解。 %bw+>:Tr  
　　0分：文不切题，语句混乱、无法理解。 `:&RB4Z  
因此，一篇好的作文应基本达到： / &Z8g4vc  
　　1） 有较好的写作基础，文章流畅，遣词造句不当，文章结构完整，内容符合要求； 7;Ze>"W>  
　　2） 语法基本正确； 1uw1(iL+  
　　3） 句法基本准确，句子与句子段落之间过渡连贯； %U{6 `m  
　　4） 有一定词汇量，字数符合要求； >_j(uw?u  
　　5） 说理清楚，内容充实。 k[*9b:~  
6） 就小作文而言，还要做到格式与语域正确。 du$lS':`  
7） 书写干净整洁。如果书写较差，以致影响交际，分数会降低一个档次。 4A+g-{d  
考生出现的问题 Z"c-Ly{vEj  
不会审题 R+.4|1p  
用汉语思维，逐字翻译。 }"+"nf5h  
用词搭配不当。 {aA6b  
词汇量小，拼写困难。 <Y6Vfee,&  
句子逻辑关系混乱。 tD`^qMua  
Our English class often told stories. }h`z2%5o  
应改为：We often told stories in our English class. 2<*"@Vj  
不会应用关联词转承上下句子和段落。 4x ?NCD=k  
People learn English to use it , Some learn it to study or work abroad . Others learn it to read books and magazines in English or have something to do with English-speaking foreigners.采用适当关联词，改进为:people learn English for practical purposes :some learn it to study or work abroad, while others learn it to read or communicate in English. t{UVX%b  
语法错误。 6<@mBZ  
　　i. 分不清及物与不及物动词，例如：rise和raise; hear和listen等 1D[V{) #  
　　ii. 被动与主动语态的误用，例如：interesting和interested; speaking和spoken 等； 64b AWHv  
　　iii. 词类混淆，将动词或形容词误作名词用，将名词和动词误作形容词用等；例如：benefit和beneficial; difficult和difficulty; pleasure和pleased等。 . AA# G  
　　iv. 混淆可数名词与不可数名词，例如:help, practice 等。 ]2L11"erP  
　　v. 冠词、情态动词、介词、代词等方面的错误，例如：a English book, should did, must done等。 ;Qy Ew5  
有选择性的记住一些套话或短语：段落连接 ?1g` 'q@T%  
　　(1)“启”，常用于引导文章开头的过渡词有： Ng<ic  
It is often said that… oeKl\cgFx  
Generally speaking… o[wiQ9Tl  
As the proverb says… Q65M(x+oy  
It goes without saying that… %o/@0.w  
It is clear/obvious that… Q(x=;wf5r  
Mary people often ask … [jNVk3  
　　(2)“承”，常用于第一个扩展段开头的过渡词有： C% z9Q  
It is true that… :9&@/{W  
Everybody knows that… ?!F<x i:  
It can be easily proved that… `r&Ui%fk;0  
No one can deny that… S&=@Hj-  
One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is… (j:[<U
  
The chief reason why …is that … Gn6\n' r0  
We must recognize that… 6qV1_M#  
There is no doubt that… _ZWU~38PM  
I am of the opinion that… $h8?7:z;um  
This can expressed as follows… U3aM^
 
To take…for an example (instance) … e?XGv0^qu  
Therefore we should realize that … D}{]5R  
We have reason to believe that… a{;+_J3S  
We know that… ]9<H[5>$R  
What is more serious is that… w4^$@GtN  
(3)“转”，常用于第二个扩展段开头的过渡词有： 4*n1Xu7^x  
Another special consideration in this case is that … 3<Z@!ft8  
Besides, we should not neglect that… ok-q9dM  
However, … Q^Vch(`&P  
But the problem is not so simple, … bLggh]Fh  
Therefore… g p9;I*!  
But it is a pity that… -
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On the other hand, … uW( Ngcpr  
I do not believe that… 0!c/4^  
Perhaps you’ll ask why… ldKLTO*&  
This may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to… -&y&
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Though we are in basic agreement with … vMXn#eR  
The trouble seems that… 1 !.PH   
Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that…
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So long as you regard this as reasonable, you many… li`  
　　(4)“合”，常用结尾段的过渡词有： #KLW&A  
In a word, … _=qk.|p/  
In sum, … ZI!;
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In conclusion, … iqTmgE-  
From this point of view, … \7(OFT\u:  
On account of this we can find that … 4Gh%PUV#  
The result is dependent on … U,`F2yD/!  
Therefore, these findings reveal the following information… S.fb[gI]  
Thus, this is the reason why we must… |P"kJ45  
　　2.句子连接 A^pRHbRq  
　　(1)“启” B{Lzgw u;  
in the first place at present <*4r6UFR  
currently it goes without saying that 'p,54<e  
lately first )9rJ]D ^B  
first of all now YR~)07  
presently firstly 0~nub  
generally recently f@ xjNm*'Z  
in the beginning to begin with -sk!XWW+  
to start with in general `c_Wk]i  
　　(2)“承” ;U<rFs40  
after a few days after a while Y X{F$
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also at any arte "[\TL#/  
at the same time besides jL#`CD
  
by this time certainly (yhnvZ  
consequently for example J?bx<$C@  
for instance for this purpose 2xpI|+a%  
from now on furthermore b(:U]> J  
in addition in addition to… [Xo[J?w],2  
in fact in other words rTtxmw0  
in particular in the same manner .OSFLY#[?  
incidentally indeed 5g;i{T/6~x  
meanwhile moreover j q1|`:  
no doubt obviously >du|
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of course particularly di]TS9&9  
second secondly _tQR3I5  
similarly so 5}"9)LT@@w  
soon still Q}:#Hz?U  
then third vAjvW&'g  
thirdly truly i5jsM\1j  
unlike… what is more XMw*4j2E  
　　(3)“转” 3DS&-rN  
after all all the same `0Bk@B[>  
anyway at the same time ?I332,,q  
but by this time S<UWv@`U"  
conversely despite… -]kvM  
especially… fortunately h0)Dj(C  
however in other words ~"nF$DB  
in particular in spite of… ~Y/o9x0  
in the same way likewise 5Deo}(3  
luckily nevertheless QTC!vKM  
no doubt not withstanding … 55Y
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on the contrary on the other hand );;UA6CD  
otherwise perhaps… =;"=o5g_  
unfortunately unlike… 1Li*n6tLX`  
whereas… yet <*(^QOM  
nonetheless as a matter of fact RdBIbm  
(4)“合” vUCmm<y  
above all accordingly Wdi`ZE  
as a consequence as a result 4C
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as has been noted as I have said ?lM
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at last at length 2+_a<5l~  
by and large briefly  TJ1h[  
by doing so consequently T*n P-b  
eventually finally xHMFYt+0$G  
hence in brief 0<O()NMv  
in conclusion in short 7Ja*T@ !h  
on the whole therefore J#t-."f6^  
thus to speak frankly ^qnmKA>"F  
to sum up to summarize #*:^\z_Jd  
indeed surely _OC@J*4.  
to conclude obviously fjOq@thD  
certainly truly |R1T;J<[  
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常用句型 4(8trD6  
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用于反驳性和比较性论文 QeG9CS)E}j  
1. In general, I don’t agree with e"52'zAV-  
2. In my opinion, this point of view doesn’t hold water. naW!b&:  
3. The chief reason why… is that… P/dnH  
4.There is no true that… wV"`Du7E;  
5. It is not true that… &'x~<rx  
6. It can be easily denied than… 2Jio_Hk  
7. We have no reason to believe that… )muNfs m  
8. What is more serious is that… a9z#l}IQ  
9. But it is pity that… b.@a,:"  
10. Besides, we should not neglect that… e[fOm0^.c  
11. But the problem is not so simple. Therefore… <"J]u@|  
12. Others may find this to be true, but I believer that… [/UchU]DT  
13. Perhaps I was question why… a/,>fv9;$  
14. There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to… /,I c
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15. Though we are in basic agreement with…,but {K]5[bMT  
16. What seems to be the trouble is… <4"-t Ya  
17. Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that… }OL" 38P  
18. It would be reasonable to take the view that …, but it would be foolish to claim that… "y,YC M`  
19. There is in fact on reason for us so believe that… o)AwM"  
20. What these people fail to consider is that… K>@yk9)vi  
21. It is one thing to insist that… , it is quite another to show that … c+9L6}D  
22. Wonderful as A is , however, it has its own disadvantages too. w +t @G`d  
23. The advantages of B are much greater than A. :"\,iH  
24. A’s advantage sounds ridiculous when B’s advantages are taken into consideration. NQk aW)  
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用于描写图表和数据 YAr6cl  
1. It has increased by three times as compared with that of 1998. ,^UqE{  
2. There is an increase of 20% in total this year. fFjpQ~0  
3. It has been increased by a factor of 4since 1995. Wwq:\C  
4. It would be expected to increase 5 times. $KiCs]I+  
5. The table shows a three times increase over that of last year. FzT.9Vz7  
6. It was decreased twice than that of the year 1996. t4WB^dHYp  
7. The total number was lowered by 10%. K}~$h,n  
8. It rose from 10-15 percent of the total this year. x sryXex;  
9. Compared with 1997, it fell from 15 to 10 percent. `8:)? 0Ez  
10. The number is 5 times as much as that of 1995. xM*_1+<dT$  
11. It has decreased almost two and half times, compared with… ^SdF\uk{?6  

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用于解释性和阐述性论说文 c/; ;zc  
1.Everybody knows that… A
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2.It can be easily proved that… 3nq?Y8yac  
3. It is true that… ')X (P>  
4. No one can deny that $ V^gFes  
5. One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is… qpjY &3SI  
6. The chief reason is that… g9_zkGc7  
7. We must recognize that… .Ro
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8. There is on doubt that… Av X1*  
9. I am of the opinion that… hnnB4]c  
10. This can be expressed as follows; NVyBEAoh  
11. To take …for an example… @KN+)qP  
12. We have reason to believe that q!Du J  
13. Now that we know that… U( YAI%O  
14. Among the most convincing reasons given, one should be mentioned… ]z'&oz  
15. The change in …largely results from the fact that L4By5)  
16. There are several causes for this significant growth in…,first …,second …,finally… O[@!1SKT0  
17. A number of factors could account for the development in… /]
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18. Perhaps the primary reason is… e~r/!B5X  
19. It is chiefly responsible of… UhxM85M;x  
20. The reasons for…are complicated, And probably they are found in the fact… (jc@8@Wo.  
21. Here are several possible reasons, excerpt that… 
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22. Somebody believes/argues/holds/insists/thinks that… > p`,  
23. It is not simple to give the reason for this complicated phenomenon… C{exvLQ  
24. Different people observes it in different ways. 2d)D hxzxk  
l|CM/(99-  
用于文章的开头 ^T=9j.e'ja  
1. As the proverb says… l;?:}\sI=  
2. It goes without saying tan… [xS7ae  
3. Generally speaking… rrD
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4. It is quite clear than because… crmQn ^4\  
5. It is often said that … u$ts>Q;5  
6. Many people often ask such question:“…？” m\:^9A4HCg  
7. More and more people have come to realize… >xWS>  
8. There is no doubt that… 7)?C+=,0  
9. Some people believe that… kmQ:wf:  
10. These days we are often told that, but is this really the case? B=SA +{o  
11. One great man said that… ,@*5x'auK  
12. Recently the issue of… has been brought to public attention. _i=*0Q  
13. In the past several years there has been… wL;OQhI  
14. Now it is commonly held that… but I doubt whether… ]LE,4[VxRz  
15. Currently there is a widespread concern that… &3vm @  
16. Now people in growing number are coming to realize that… H_xHoCLI  
17. There is a general discussion today about the issue of … E|=x+M1sH  
18. Faced with…, quite a few people argue that…, but other people conceive differently. '}cSBbl&/n  
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用于文章的结尾 2> a&m>  
1. from this point of view… fTxd8an{  
2. in a word… bTs2$81[  
3. in conclusion… tI^91I  
4. on account of this we can find that… aB%.]b
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5. the result is dependent on… ^EIuGz1@0  
6. therefore, these findings reveal the following information: y&\4Wr9m  
7. thus, this is the reason why we must… %_ew{ff
|  
8. to sum up … [3dGHf;miw  
9. as far as…be concerned, I believe that… 9>{fsy  
10. It is obvious that… le:}MM  
11. There is little doubt that… rBJ`=oz  
12. There is no immediate solution to the problem of …, but …might be helpful % jDH{xSMb  
13. None of the solutions is quite satisfactory. The problem should be examined in a new way. >p&"X 2 @  
14. It is high time that we put considerable emphasis on… NG3?OAQTw  
15. Taking into account all these factors, we may safely reach the conclustion that… :@(1~Hm  
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用于论证和说明 "yymnIQ3u  
1. As it is described that… ^
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2. It has been illustrated that… qFVZhBC  
3. It provides a good example of… <hzHrx'o{  
4. We may cite another instance of… Zzlt^#KLx  
5. History man provides us with the examples of… 5]mH.{$x$?  
6. A number of further facts may be added… e"1mdw"  
7. The situation is not unique, it is typical of dozens I have heard. sudh=_+>  
8. A recent investigation indicate that… q AVypP?J  
9. According to the statistics provided … -qpvV
LR,  
10. According to a latest study, it can be predicted… ke@OG! M/  
11. There is no sufficient evidence to show that… ys!O"=OJ  
12. All available evidence points to the fact that… u/k' ry=  
13. Examples given leads me to conclude that… o>*`wv  
14. It reveals the unquestionable fact that… J3+qnT8X  
15. The idea may be proved by facts… wo62R&ac  
16. All the facts suggest that… ;7[DFlS\P  
17. No one can deny the fact that… 8\nka5  
18. We may face the undeniable fact that… D=LsoASVI  
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