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在英语中按句型来说可以分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句四种,从结构上来说又可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句三种。句子的结构错误是构成句子完整结构的某一成分用错或者缺少,或者使用了多于成分而造成句意不清的错误类型。由于英语语法和汉语语法特点在结构上表现得十分明显,主、谓、宾结构在数、格、人称上的一致、连接手段的正确使用以及词序安排等,都与汉语有着相当大的差异,因此在改错中也是一大难点。句子结构错误类型包括:句子类型使用错误、句子成分短缺、平行结构错误以及词组搭配使用错误。 b?NeSiswn
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下面通过一些例题来进行具体讲解: pdHb
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例 1 =k7\g /
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to develop for the future, and which to be dropped. 1.__________ -\$cGIL
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本句中三个平行成分 which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to be dropped 结构模式应该一致,均采用不定式主动语态,因而 to be dropped 应改为 to drop 。 ZC*d^n]x.
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例 2 y]_8.
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in 1882 seems miserable indeed. But earlier it had s [F' h-y
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been ever hard. 1.__________ *Yu\YjLPG
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根据上文中“ earlier ”可知,原句显然是将 1882 年以前的生活与 1882 年时的生活作比较,所以此处 hard 应该改为 harder 。 n=o'ocdS)
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例 3 B4:l*P'
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and working conditions being poor and dangerous. 1.__________ 4JZHjf0M6
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在该句中, working hours were from sunrise to sunset, pay was awful, and working conditions being poor and dangerous 三个小分句为并列结构关系,因此必须保持成分和结构上的一致性,故应该将 being 改为 were 。 y /:T(tk$
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“ more…than… ”是固定搭配用法,在此句中表示“与其…不如…”的意思,而不是“比…多”的意思;没有“ more…as… ”的搭配用法,故应该将 as 改为 than 。 _;e!ZZLG
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练习题 >:jM}*dnL
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1 On the contrary, the intimate atmosphere of the TX23D)CX
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small college allows the student four years of structural P{S\pWZkk
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and so going to the movies. 2.__________ |
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5 That is worthy of note about these two groups is that 5.__________ n` q2s'Pc
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among the 40 people there are only two women. Py|;kF~! [
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8 It is just on that day when I bumped into Miss Helen 8.__________ @MiH(.Dq
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9 It is in the cinema not on the street where he lost his 9.__________ ;f1q
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wallet which contained $ 1,000 in it. WBr5
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for mining, fishing, and to exploring unknown areas. 10.__________ "%qzj93>
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答案解析: UC
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1.preparing→prepare。属于平行结构中的动词错误。在并列连词and前后显然要有形式一致的动词,但前面没有与preparing呼应的现在分词(注:同行中的living是in which中which的先行词,故一定是名词,而不是现在分词——这是词形表面上的干扰),故只能改动preparing使之与前面的动词不定式expect一致,这里也有考生将preparing改为prepares,用意是与句中谓语动词allows一致,但要注意,句中不定式expect是及物动词,它的宾语是“the real world”,必须与prepare for共享。 .8(OT./
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2.so后面加is。该句是一个并列句,第一个分词结构是完整的,主语由动名词“going to school”担当,第二个分词表语部分与前面相同。为避免重复,而使用代词so,但是谓语不能省略,必须加上is才是完整的结构。 ziPR>iz-
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3.but→and。 js iSg/
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4.when→than。“no sooner…than…”和“hardly…when…”是固顶结构,相互之间不能交换使用。 &xRo^iV?
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5.that→what。该句结构比较复杂,前面整个句子作为主语,但是that不能作为主语从句的主语成分,因此改成what。 =[b)1FUp
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6.less→fewer。 yw];P
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7.many前加as。 9eH$XYy
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8.when→that。因为该句是一个强调句,所强调成分的代词除了在所强调成分为“人”时使用who或者that的情况外,一律使用that。 H1}
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9.where→that。 O#F4WWF
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10.删除to。