独立主格特征
+:/%3}` 1. 充当句子的状语。
w_V P
J 2. 有自己的主语，同句子的主语不一致。
buHJB*?9 3. 名词（代词，形容词，副词，介词）+ 分词
+&H4m=D-#a 4. With + 名词 （代词） + 分词 (形容词）
P[fq8lDA 例：a) It being raining, I decided to stay at home.
$<[79al# b) Speech having been delivered, discussion started.
*lJxH8 \ c) he entered the room, with his hands open（holding a rifle).
< (! :$ 真题剖析
|;{6 & S (1995) 45 cliffs no longer crumbling, the beaches are 46 of the material which would 47 feed them.
>=w)x,0yX 45. A. For B. As C. With D. Because
O^rD HFj, 练习：Do what you need to do to keep the wolf __7__ from the door, the world __8__ your thesis adviser, team leader, or laboratory director. Then use the rest of your time, perhaps at night or on the weekends, to do __9__ you really want to do.
"d}Gp9+$VY 8. A. is B. having C. being D. be
< %mRS v 虚拟语气
hgE71H\s 虚拟语气（2）
+
>!;i6| 1. （should）+动词原形
?Z} &EH It +be动词+形容词(-able)(essential, odd, vital, absurd, regrettable, desirable…)+that从句
\z ) %$#I It +be动词+名词(pity,shame…)+that从句
?g Xp*>Kg[ It +be动词+过去分词(ordered, begged, voted, moved…)+that从句
X5w$4Kj&4l 部分名词/动词(表示建议，劝告，决定等) +that从句
PZzMHK?hP 2. It’s (high, about) time that +动词过去式
!bP@ n would rather +动词过去式
TkF[x%o 真题剖析
IAyp 2
(1997) … I wouldn’t be truthful if I 47 say that teaching is hard work . …
4mbBmQV$# 47. A. do B. did C. don’t D. didn’t
@PIp* [7oC (1993)…The Cairo newspapers the next day carried banner headlines about the student demonstration 52 , and they 53 that the professor be sent home.
@'|~v <<WZ 53. A. ordered B. pleaded C. decided D. demanded
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_9ivw 练习：Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time that we__15__ this message to heart.
_(zG?]y0P 15. A. took B. would take C. will take D. should take
c1gQ cqF (2003.3) It is edifying, and it is a source of inner satisfaction even __54__ other facets of life prove disappointing.
-ze J#B)C (even if other facets of life should prove disappointing.)
CU~PT. 54.A. shall B.will C.would D.should
7x8
yxE 非谓语动词
fTX;.M/%
动名词、分词、不定式。
[.}oyz; }N 主动或被动。(doing/done, to do /to be done)
q0 \6F^;M 发生在谓语动词之前还是之后。(doing/ having done /having been done, to do/to have done /to have been)
N)Z?Z+ }
h To在什么情况下作介词，什么情况下作不定式引导词。
nT)vNWT= 真题剖析
4`=m u}Y2 (2000) … In the inner cities of America, newspapers regularly report on newborn babies 60 into garbage bins by drug-addicted mothers.
kvj#c 60. A. dropped B. to drop C. dropping D.drops
W(/h Vt (2001.3) A heroin addict, for instance, leads a 59 life: his increasing need for heroin in increasing doses prevents him from working, from maintaining relationships, from developing in human ways.
q75s#[<ap 59. A. destructive B. dissatisfied C. damaged D. derivative
|gY^)9ei 主谓一致
C9 j|OSgk 1. 整体及抽象概念作主语，谓语通常用单数形式。
Yz93'HDB How you got there doesn’t concern me.
\lNN Msd& Growing vegetables needs constant watering.
e@YK@?^#N 2. 表示时间、距离、重量、容量、价值等概念作主语，谓语多用单数。
uXl3k:_n Eight hundred dollars is enough to live on.
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( ;v 3. 以-s结尾的专有名词（linguistics, economics, measles, diabetes等），谓语通常用单数形式。
=H]@n|$( 4. “分数或百分数+主语”，谓语跟主语保持一致。
pI<f) r Two thirds of the villages are flooded (the area is under water).
a"u0Q5J 5. 不定代词(one, each, everyone, everybody, everything, no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something等)作主语，谓语用单数。
PeEj&4k Everyone knows that you’ve come here.
f6"Z'{j If anybody wants to see me, let them wait till I come back. (--thing 的情况例外)
oe~b}: 6. 谓语同并列主语的第一部分保持一致（as well as, with, along with, together with, as much as, accompanied by, besides, but, except, in addition to, like, more than, no less than, rather than, including等）
Y`wSv NU He no less than John is interested in literature.
`~q < N 7. 谓语同最贴近的主语保持一致。(or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but, partly…partly等)
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Ny)X+2Ae Either my father or my brothers are coming.
% vi83%$'4 8. each,every,many a, no …+主语，谓语用单数。
vs{s_T7Mz] Many a student and teacher has been to the Great Wall.
KJZ4AWH` 真题剖析
A\5L
7 (2000) …Mexico City already 52 twenty million people and Calcutta twelve million. According to the World Bank, 53 of Africa’s cities are growing by 10% a year, 54 of urbanization ever recorded.
Pj% |\kbNs 53. A. none B. few C. any D. some
ko i^l`B$ 倒装
)wh A<lC 全部倒装
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( uS 1. “There (Here) +be+主语”
"g8M0[7e3 There stand big buildings in this district.
sCHJ&>m5- Here on the desk lies a pile of books.
D. XvG _ 2. 单个副词(in, out, now, up, down, away, off, then)位于句首(短语动词不可拆，如it blew up.)
K@hw.Xq" In came the boss. / Ahead sat an old man.
3sZ\0P} 3. 介词短语作状语位于句首
.#pU=v#/[ In the middle of the room stood the naughty boy.
JqiP>4Uwm^ 4. 表语位于句首
wq `Bd Especially remarkable was his flat nose.
:*\P n!r Not far from here is a famous university.
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+Hd 5. so,nor, neither, no more 位于句首,代表前文
Hj,A5#|=J She wasn’t angry, and neither was I.
; 4~hB Peter doesn’t like pop music. No more does his brother.
H7:] ]j1 6. 分词短语位于句首（分词+be +主语）
I,8Er2;) Gone forever were the days that we depended on foreign oil.
*;*r 8[U}q 部分倒装
-3Vx76Y 1. 疑问句
U/NoP4~{ 2. 否定副词(seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, little, never, few, not until, not only) 位于句首（作形容词时例外）
'`KY! ]L Never did John speak rudely to his parents.
gB'6`' 3. “only+状语”位于句首
G'A R` "F Only when he comes back can be leave.
ea')$gR 4. “hardly…when”, “scarcely…when”, “no sooner…than”, “not only…(but also)” 位于句首
`W*U 4?M No sooner had he got into the classroom than the class began.
"#\ ;H$+ 5. not,no组成的词组位于句首(in no way, under no circumstances, on no account…)
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# By no means should you break the rules.
y
h9*z3 At no time should we give in to difficulties.
FJP-y5 6. 虚拟倒装(had, were, should放到句首)
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lUgg 7. “形容词/名词/动词+as/though（尽管,虽然）+be动词”
u4 h4.NH X Small though the room is, it can hold more than twenty people.
~IN>3\j Search as they would, they could find nothing in the house.
N//K Ph 真题剖析
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` w (2000) Faster than ever before, the human world is becoming an urban world. By the millions they come, the ambitious and the down-trodden of the world drawn by the strange magnetism of urban 46 .
;;N9>M?b 46. A. way B. life C. area D. people
AkQ ~k0i}b 限定词的用法
7O-x<P; 1. Both, each, either, neither (只指两个)
WEi2=3dV 2. All, every, each, some, any, no (指两个以上)
E0 9 :E 3. Some, any, more, (the) most, all, a lot, lots, enough, none (复数可数或不可数)
^3L0w}# 4. Much, (a) little, a good/great deal, less, (the) least (不可数)
@t_=Yl2; eg. “Got any money?” “None at all.”
@r/n F5 eg. “Does either side of this street get more sun that the other?” “No, neither side is sunnier than the other.”
#'9HU2 从句为考察重点
L0WN\|D (1999) …The answers given by 200 women to those intimate open-ended questions made me realize that 51 was wrong could not be related to education in the way it was then believed to be. …
UrEs4R1# 51. A. which B. what C. it D. that
O[JL+g4
(1998) They learned to 51 their farming habits to the climate and soil. 52 they selected the fourth Thursday of November for their Thanksgiving 53 , they invited their neighbors, …
`&c kZiq 52. A. While B. When C. So D. If
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^yVa (1993) In the United States a commentator remarked that 45 Japan apparently still used some “primitive tools”, 46 a Japanese commentator expressed astonishment that the American pens wrote so poorly they could safely be used only once and then discarded.
%aVq+kC h 46. A. though B. when C. while D. and that
LuvY<~u C1 GKLl~ omitting the subject
4)urU7[ &) Rather formal use
V{3x!+q 让步状语从句以 although, though, while, or whilst 开头时通常与主句共享主语, 从句谓语用分词形式。
pJ'"j 6Q Whilst he liked cats, he never let them come into his house.
<k'h:KB?` Whilst liking cats, he never let them come into his house.
@YTaS z$L Both the journalists, though greeted as heroes on their return from prison, not long afterwards quietly disappeared from their newspapers. 这四个词还可用在名词、形容词或副词词组前，如： It was an unequal marriage, although a stable and long-lasting one.
jLHkOk5{: Though not very attractive physically, she possessed a sense of humour.
:e miQ WHILE
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@ 1. He stayed with me while Dad talked with Dr. Smith.
#( 146 2. I often knit while watching TV.
>$/>#e~ 3. While I have some sympathy for these fellows, I think they went too far.
V#gK$uv AND
eiaFaYe\ 1. often used to link clauses
" C Qa.% I came here in 1922 and I have live here ever since.
O ^duZ*b 2. When you are giving advice or a warning, you can use “and” to say what will happen if something is done.
?Z[[2\DR Go by train and you’ll get there quicker.
u[=r,^YQ Do as you’re told and you’ll be all right.
'/p/8V.O. WHERE
^7WN{0 1. She was standing exactly where you are standing now.
b& N'C9/8 2.In 1963 we moved to Boston, where my grandparents lived.
x,pjp x 3.The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely.
x}I+Iggi 4.You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is where I disagree.
Q6!zZ))~ 5.Now, where were we? Oh yes, we were talking about John.
CXx*_@}MU 6.Where others might have been satisfied, Dawson had higher ambitions. (difference)
:g=qz~2Xk WHICH
j[G (本身无意义，必须接在名词或代词后面)
Em
!/a$ 1.定语从句引导词 Did you see the letter which came today?
Ma']?Rb` Now they were driving by the houses which Andy had described.
pG^ 2.分割句子，补充说明 The house, which was completed in 1856, was famous for its huge marble staircase.
+R M SA ^ He was educated at the local grammar school, after which he went on to Cambridge.
}9# r0Vja She may have missed the train, in which case she won't arrive for another hour.
Ru!i R#s)! THAT 多用于同位语从句和－thing的定语从句中。
t[;LD_ WHAT
7<#U(,YEA (有实际意义，可用于宾语从句和主语从句)
Sc1 8dC0 1. No one knows exactly what happened.
G kl71VX 2.It is not clear to what extent these views were shared.
7yH" l9Z 3.I could get you a job here if that's what you want.
mCsMqDH 4. What that kid needs is some love and affection.
oAJM]%g{ 5. What matters is the British people and British jobs.
~IfJwBn-i AS
TA`1U;c{n 1.比较
vkx7paY_ His last album sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as popular./ They want peace as much as we do.
p{ Yv 3dNl 2.作为，正如… We'd better leave things as they are until the police arrive.
Vvn2 Ep David, as you know, has not been well lately.
ll<Xz((o 3.看作，看待
t?x<g <PJ4 The result of last week's election will be seen as a victory.
+ mmSfuO&\ 4.当…时候= while or when
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(Y I saw Peter as I was getting off the bus.
U9:zVy 5.原因 As it was getting late, I turned around to start for home.
UXc-k 6.让步= though Try as she might, Sue couldn't get the door open.
{W =%U|f The bag has narrow straps, so it may be worn over the shoulder or carried in the hand.
' KS,'% I'd be in trouble if I let on. So I kept mum.
q77;ZPfs8 When the meal was finished, Rachel washed up and made coffee.
+,T RfP
Fb I would have liked to have learnt French, but I was denied (=not given) the opportunity.
?wiC Q6*$ The opportunity was denied (to) me at school.
HZzD VCU The prestige is denied (to) the classroom teacher.
j ^j1 The classroom teacher is denied the prestige.
av}k)ZT_ 过去分词与形容词的语义差：
SO|NaqW a 1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things
@Q
]=\N: the destructive power of modern weapons
pXT4)JDpc Damaged: being in a bad state
N
,'GN[s emotionally damaged children
d6?j`~[7#- 2.Respected:admired by many because of achievements
=r?hg GWe He's one of the most respected managers in the game.
25nt14Y 0u Respectful: feeling or showing respect
1b
`1{% They listened in respectful silence.
F'={q{2wH 3. Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides.
?K$(817 Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby.
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Q% Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment.
I+ %[d^, 4. Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights.
T6y \| Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative.
acajHs 5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother.
9N#_( uwt Lovable: a sweet lovable child
rKe2/4>0X Lovely: We had a lovely holiday.
:[p} 6. Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone.
vjbASFF0= Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds
