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中国科学院2005年考博英语真题

PART ? STRUCTURE&VOCABULARY ( 25minutes,15points)

sectionA( 0.5 point eath)

direction: choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring answer sheet.

16.Knowing that the cruel criminal has done a lot of unlawful things, I feel sure that I have no __________ but to report him to the local police.

A. time B. chance C. authority D. alternative

17.Behind his large smiles and large cigars, his eyes often seemed to __________regret.

A. teem B. brim with C. come with D. look with

18.There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young one has a glorious future before him and the old one has a _______future behind him.

A. splendid B. conspicuous C. uproarious D. imminent

19. That tragedy distressed me so much that I used to keep indoors and go out only _________necessity.

A. within reach of B. for fear of C. by means of D. in case of

20. A young man sees a sunset and unable to understand of express the emotion that it _________in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond.

A. reflects B. retains C. rouses D. radiates

21.______________the heat to a simmer and continue to cook for another 8-10minutes or until most of the water has evaporated.

A. Turn off B. Turn over C. Turn down D. Turn up

22.Banks shall be unable to ___________,or claim relief against the first 15%of any loan or bankrupted debt left with them .

A. write off B. put aside C. shrink from D. come over

23.I am to inform you ,that you may ,if you wish , attend the inquiry ,and at the inspectors discretion state your case _________or through an entrusted representative.

A. in person B. in depth C. in secret D. in excess

24.In his view, though Hong Kong has no direct cultural identity, local art is thriving by “being ___________,”being open to all kinds of art.

A. gratifying B. predominating C. excelling D. accommodating

25.In some countries preschool education in nursery schools or kindergartens _________the 1stgrade.

A. leads B. precedes C. forwards D. advances

26.Desert plants ________ two categories according to the way they deal with the problem of surviving drought.

A. break down B. fall into C. differ in D. refer to

27.In the airport, I could hear nothing except the roar of aircraft engines which _________ all other sounds.

A. dwarfed B. diminished C. drowned D. relative

28.Criticism without suggesting areas of improvement is not _________ and should be avoided if possible.

A. constructive B. productive C. descriptive D. relative

29. The Committee pronounced four members expelled for failure to provide information in the ____________ of investigations.

A. case B. chase C. cause D. course

30. Since neither side was ready to __________ what was necessary for peace, hostility were resumed in 1980.

A. precede B. recede C. concede D. intercede

31.Such an _________act of hostility can only lead to war.

A. overt B. episodic C. ample D. ultimate

32._________ both in working life and everyday living to different sets of values, and expectations places a severe strain on the individual.

A. Recreation B. Transaction C. Disclosure D. Exposure

33. It would then be replaced by interim government, which would _________be replaced by a permanent government after four months.

A. in step B. in turn B. in practice D. in haste

34. Haven’t I told you I don’t want you keeping ____________ with those awful riding-about bicycle boys?

A. company B. acquaintance C. friends D. place

35.Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply _________ every cheat in the marketplace.

A. at the mercy of B. in lieu of C. by courtesy of D. for the price of

Section B (0.5 point each)

Directions : in each of the following sentences there are four parts underlined and marked A, B, C, and D. Indicate which of the four parts is incorrectly used. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice by drawing a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.

36. The auctioneer must know fair accurately the current market values of the goods he is

A B C D

selling.

37.Children are among the most frequent victims of violent, drug-related crimes that have nothing

A B C

doing with the cost of acquiring the drugs.

D

38. A large collection of contemporary photographs, including some taken by Mary are on display

A B C

at the museum.

D

39.There is much in our life which we do not control and we are not even responsible for.

A B C D

40. Capital inflows will also tend to increase the international value of the dollar, make it more

A B C

difficult to sell U.S. exports.

D

41. It can be argued that the problems, even something as fundamental as the ever-increased world

A B C

population, have been caused by technological adcance.

D

42. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge

A B C

as subfected to uncivilized behavior.

D

43. While experts in basic science are important, skilled talents should be the overriding majority

A B C

since they are at heavy demand in the market.

D

44.Retailers offered deep discounts and extra hours this weekend in the bid to lure shoppers.

A B C D

45.The amendments of the laws on patent, trademark and copyright have enhanced protection of

A B

intellectual property rights and made them conform to WTO rules.

C D

PART3 CLOZE TEST (15minutes, 15 points)

Directions: There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.

At least since the Industrial Revolution, gender roles have been in a state of transition. As a result, cultural scripts about marriage have undergone change, One of the more obvious ___46____ has occurred in the roles that women 47 . Women have moved into the world of work and have become adept at meeting expectations in that arena, 48 maintaining their family roles of nurturing and creating a(n) 49 that is a haven for all family members. 50 many women experience strain from trying to “do it all, ” they often endoy the increased 51 that can result from playing multiple roles. As women’s roles have changed, changing expectations about men’s roles have become more 52 . Many men are relinquishing their major responsibility 53 the family provider. Probably the most significant change in men’s roles, however, is in the emotional 54 of family life. Men are increasingly 55 to meet the emotional needs of their families, 56 their wives.

In fact, expectations about he emotional domain of marriage have become more significant for marriage in general. Research on 57 marriage has changed over recent decades points to the increasing importance of the emotional side of the relationship, and the importance of sharing in the “ emotion work” 58 to nourish marriages and other family relationships. Men and women want to experience marriages that are interdependent, 59 both partners nurture each other, attend and respond to each other, and encourage and promote each other. We are thus seeing marriages in which men’s and women’s roles are becoming increasingly more 60 .

46. A. incidents B. changes C. results D. effects

47. A. take B. do C. play D. show

48. A. by B. while C. hence D. thus

49. A. home B. garden C. arena D. paradise

50. A. When B. Even though C. Since D. Nevertheless

51. A. rewards B. profits C. privileges D. incomes

52. A. general B. acceptable C. popular D. apparent

53. A. as B. of C. from D. for

54. A. section B. constituent C. domain D. point

55. A. encouraged B. expected C. advised D. predicted

56. A. not to mention B. as well as C. including D. especially

57. A. how B. what C. why D. if

58. A. but B. only C. enough D. necessary

59. A. unless B. although C. where D. because

60. A. pleasant B. important C. similar D. manageable

PART 4 READING COMPREHENSION (60minutes, 30 points)

Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.

Passage1

The man who invented Coca-cola was not a native Atlantan, but on the day of his funeral every drugstore in town testimonially shut up shop. He was John Styth Pemberton, born in 1833 in Knoxville, Georgia, eighty miles away. Sometimes known as Doctor, Pemberton was a pharmacist who, during the Civil War, led a cavalry troop under General Joe Wheelrer. He settled in Atlanta in 1869, and soon began brewing such patent medicines as Triplex Liver Pills and Globe of Flower Cough Syrup. In 1885, he registered a trademark for something called French Wine Coca-Ideal Nerve and Tonic Stimulant, a few months later he formed the Pemberton Chemical Company, and recruited the services of a bookkeeper named Frank M. Robinson, who not only had a good head for figures but, attached to it, so exceptional a nose that he could audit the composition of a batch of syrup merely by sniffling it. In 1886-a year in which, as contemporary Coca-Coca officials like to point our, Conan Doyle unveiled Sherlock Holmes and France unveiled the Statue of Liberty-Pemberton unveiled a syrup that he called Coca-Coca. It was a modification of his French Wine Coca. He had taken our the wine and added a pinch of caffeine, and, when the end product tasted awful, had thrown in some extract of cola nut and a few other oils, blending the mixture in a three-legged iron pot in his back yard and swishing it around with an oar. He distributed it to soda fountains in used beer bottles, and Robinson, with his glowing bookkeeper’s script, presently devised a label, on which “Coca-Cola” was written in the fashion that is still employed. Pemberton looked upon his mixture less as a refreshment than as a headache cure, especially for people whose headache could be traced to over-indulgence.
On a morning late in 1886,one such victim of the night before dragged himself into an Atlanta drugstore and asked for a doolop of Cola-Cola. Druggists customarily stirred a teaspoonful of syrup into a glass of water, but in this instance the man on duty was too lazy to walk to the fresh-water tap, a couple of feet off. Instead, he mixed the syrup with some soda water, which was closer at hand. The suffering customer perked up almost at once, and word quickly spread that the best Coca-Cola was a fizzy one.

64. What dose the passage tell us about John Styth Pemberton?

A. He was highly respected by Atlantans

B. He ran a drug store that also sells wine.

C. He had been a doctor until the Civil War.

D. He made a lot of money with his pharmacy.

62. Which of the following was unique to Frank M. Robinson, working with the Pemberton’s Company?

A. Skills to make French wine

B. Talent for drawing pictures

C. An acute sense of smell.

D. Ability to work with numbers.

63.Why was the year 1886 so special to Pemberton?

A. He took to doing a job like Sherlock Holmes’s

B. He brought a quite profitable product into being.

C. He observed the founding ceremony of Statue of Liberty.

D. He was awarded by Coca-Cola for his contribution

64.One modification made of French Wine Coca formula was__________

A. used beer bottles were chosen as containers

B. the amount of caffeine in it was increased

C. it was blended with oils instead of water

D. Cola nut extract was added to taste

65. According to the passage, Coca-Cola was in the first place prepared especially for ________

A. the young as a soft drink

B. a replacement of French Wine Coca

C. the relief of a hangover

D. a cure for the common headache

66. The last paragraph mainly tells___________

A. the complaint against the lazy shop-assistant

B. a real test of Coca-cola as a headache cure

C. the mediocre service of the drugstore

D. a happy accident that gave birth to Coca-Cola

Passage 2

Between 1833 and 1837, the publishers of a “penny press” proved that a low-priced paper, edited to interest ordinary people, could win what amounted to a mass circulation for the times and thereby attract an advertising volume that would make it independent. These were papers for the common citizen and were not tied to the interests of the business community, like the mercantile press, or dependent for financial support upon political party allegiance. It did not necessarily follow that all the penny papers would be superior in their handing of the news and opinion functions. But the door was open for some to make important journalistic advances.

The first offerings of a penny paper tended to be highly sensational; human interest stories overshadowed important news, and crime and sex stories were written in full detail. But as the penny paper attracted readers from various social and economic brackets, its sensationalism was modified. The ordinary reader came to want a better product, too. A popularized style of writing and presentation of news remained, but the penny paper became a respectable publication that offered significant information and editorial leadership. Once the first of the successful penny papers had shown the way, later ventures could enter the competition at the higher level of journalistic responsibility the pioneering papers had reached.

This was the pattern of American newspapers in the years following the founding of the New York Sun in 1833. The sun, published by Benjamin Day, entered the lists against 11 other dailies. It was tiny in comparison; but it was bright and readable, and it preferred human interest features to important but dull political speech reports. It had a police reporter writing squibs of crime news in the style already proved successful by some other papers. And, most important, it sold for a penny, whereas its competitors sold for six cents. By 1837 the sun was printing 30,000 copies a day, which was more than the total of all 11 New York daily newspapers combined when the sun first appeared. In those same four years James Gordon Bennett brought out his New York Herald (1835), and a trio of New York printers who were imitating Day’s success founded the Philadelphia Public ledger (1836) and the Baltimore sun (1837).The four penny sheets all became famed newspapers.

67. What does the first paragraph say about the “penny press?”
A. It was known for its in-depth news reporting

B. It had an involvement with some political parties.

C. It depended on the business community for survival.

D. It aimed at pleasing the general public.

68. In its early days, a penny paper often ___________--

A. paid much attention to political issues

B. provided stories that hit the public taste

C. offered penetrating editorials on various issues

D. covered important news with inaccuracy

69. As the readership was growing more diverse, the penny paper____________

A. improved its content

B. changed its writing style

C. developed a more sensational style

D. became a tool for political parries

70. The underlined word “ventures” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by ___________

A. editors

B. reporters

C. newspapers

D. companies

71. What is true about the Philadelphia Public Ledger and the Baltimore sun.?

A. They turned out to be failures.

B. They were later purchased by James Gordon Bennett.

C. They were also founded by Benjamin Day.

D. They became well-known newspapers in the U.S.

72. This passage is probably taken from a book on ___________

A. the work ethics of the American media

B. the techniques in news reporting

C. the history of sensationalism in American media

D. the impact of mass media on American society

Passage 3

Forget what Virginia Woolf said about what a writer needs—a room of one’s own. The writer she had in mind wasn’t at work on a novel in cyberspace, one with multiple hypertexts, animated graphics and downloads of trancey, chiming music. For that you also need graphic interfaces, RealPlayer and maybe even a computer laboratory at Brown University. That was where Mark Amerika—his legally adopted name; don’t ask him about his birth name—composed much of his novel Grammatron. But Grammatron isn’t just a story. It’s an online narrative (Grammatron.com) that uses the capabilities of cyberspace to tie the conventional story line into complicate knots. In the four year it took to produce—it was completed in 1997—each new advance in computer software became anther potential story device. “I became sort of dependent on the industry,” jokes Amerika, who is also the author of two novels printed on paper. “That’s unusual for a writer, because if you just write on paper the ‘technology’ is pretty stable.”

Nothing about Grammatron is stable. At its center, if there is one, is Abe Golam, the inventor of Nanoscript, a quasi—mystical computer code that some unmystical corporations are itching to acquire. For much of the story, Abe wanders through Prague-23, a virtual “city” in cyberspace whare visitors indulge in fantasy encounters and virtual sex, which can get fairly graphic, The reader wanders too, because most of Grammatron’s 1,000-puls text screens contain several passages in hypertext. To reach the next screen, just double-click. But each of those hypertexts is a trapdoor that can plunge you down a different pathway of the story. Choose one and you drop into a corporate-strategy memo. Choose another and there’s a XXX-rated sexual rant. The story you read is in some sense the story you make.

Amerika teaches digital art at the University of Colorado, where his students develop works that straddle the lines between art, film and literature. “I tell them not to get caught up in mere plot,” he says. Some avant-garde writers—Julio Cortazar, Italo Calvino—have also experimented with novels that wander out of their author’s control. “But what makes the Net so exciting, “says Amerika, “is that you can add sound, randomly generated links, 3-D modeling, animaion.” That room of one’s own is turning into a fun house.

73. The passage is mainly to tell __________________.

A. differences between conventional and modern novels

B. how Mark Amerika composed his novel Grammatron

C. common features of all modern electronic novels

D. why Mark Amerika took on a new way of writing

74. Why does the author ask the reader to forget what Virginia Woolf said about the necessities of a writer?

A. Modern writers can share rooms to do the writing.

B. It is not necessarily that a writer writes inside a room.

C. Modern writers will get nowhere without a word processor

D.It is no longer sufficient for the writing in cyberspace.

75.As an on-line narrative, Grammatron is anything but stable because it ______________.

A. provides potentials for the story development

B. is one of the novels at

C. can be downloaded free of charge

D. boasts of the best among cyber stories

76.By saying that he became sort of dependent on the industry, Mark Amerika meant that _________.

A. he could not help but set his Grammatron and thers in Industrial Revolution

B. conventional writers had been increasingly challenged by high technology

C. much of his Grammatron had proved to be cybernetic dependent

D. he couldn’t care less about new advance in computer software

77. As the passage shows , Grammatron makes it possible for readers to _____________-

A. adapt the story for a video version

B. “walk in” the story and interact with it

C. develop the plots within the author’s control

D. steal the show and become the main character

78. Amerika told his students not to ____________

A.immerse themselves only in creating the plot

B. be captivated by the plot alone while reading

C. be lagged far behind in the plot development

D. let their plot get lost in the on-going story

Passage 4

In 1993, a mall security camera captured a shaky image of two 10-year-old boys leading a much smaller boy out of a Liberpool, England, shopping center. The boys lured James Bulger, 2, away from his mother, who was shopping , and led him on a long walk across town. The excursion ended at a railroas track. There, inexplicably, the older boys tortured the toddler, kicking him, smearing paint on his face and pummeling him to death with bricks before heaving him on the track to be dismembered by a train. The boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, then went of to watch cartoons.

Today the boys are 18-year-ole men, and after spending eight years in juvenile facilities, they have been deemed fit for release--probably this spring. The dilemma now confronting the English justice system is how to reintegrate the notorious duo into a society that remains horrified by their crimes and skeptical about their rehabilitation. Last week Judge Elizabeth Butler-Sils decided the young men were in so much danger that they needed an unprecedented shield to protect them upon release. For ht e rest of their lives, Venable sands Thompson will have a right to anonymity. All English media outlets are banned from publishing any information about their whereabouts of the new identities the government will help them establish. Photos of the two or even details about their current looks are also prohibited.

In the U.S, which is harder on juvenile criminals than England, such a ruling seems inconceivable. “We’re clearly the most punitive in the industrialized world,” says Laurence Steinberg, a Temple University professor who studies juvenile justice. Over the past decade, the trend in the U.S. has been to allow publication of ever more information about underage offenders. U.S. courts also give more weight to press freedom than English courts ,ewhich, for example, ban all video cameras.

But even for Britain, the order is extraordinary. The victim’s family is enraged, as are the ever eager British tabloids. “What right have they got to be given special protection as adults?” asks Bulger’s mother Denise Fergus. Newspaper editorials have insisted that citizens have a right to know if Venables of Thompson move in next door. Says conserbative Member of Parliament Humfrey Malins;”It almost leaves you with the feeling that the nastier the crime, the greater the chance for a completely new life.”

79. What occurred as told at the beginning of the passage?

A. 2 ten-year-olds killed James by accident in play

B. James Bulger was killed by his two brothers.

C. Two mischievous boys forged a train accident.

D. A little kid was murdered by two older boys.

80.According to the passage, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson________________

A. hav been treated as juvenile delinquents

B. have been held in protective custody for their murder game

C. were caught while watching cartoons eight years ago

D. have already served out their 10 years in prison

81.The British justice system is afraid that the two young men would_______________

A. hardly get accustomed to a horrifying general public

B. be doomed to become social outcasts after release

C. still remain dangerous and destructive if set free

D. be inclined to commit a recurring crime

82. According to the British courts, after their return to society, the two adults will be __________

A. banned from any kind of press interview

B. kept under constant surveillance by police

C. shielded from being identified an killers

D. ordered to report to police their whereabouts

83. From the passage we can infer that a US counterpart of Venables or Thompson would________.

A. have no freedom to go wherever he wants

B. serve a life imprisonment for the crime

C. be forbidden to join many of his relatives

D. no doubt receive massive publicity in the U>S>

84. As regards the mentioned justice ruling, the last paragraph mainly tells that ________________

A. it is controversial as it goes without precedent

B. the British media are sure to do the contrary

C. Bulger’s family would enter all appeal against it

D. Conservatives obviously conflict with Liberals

Passage 5

Can the Internet help patients jump the line at the doctor’s office? The silicon Valley Employers Forum, a sophisticated group of technology companies, is launching a pilot program to test online “virtual visits “ between doctors at three big local medical groups and about 6,000 employees and their families. The six employers taking part in the Silicon Valley initiative, including heavy hitters such as Oracle and Cisco Systems, hope that online visits will mean employees won’t have to skip work to tend to minor ailments of to follow up on chronic conditions. “With our long commutes and traffic, driving 40 miles to your doctor in your hometown can be a big chunk of time, “ says Cindy Conway, benefits director at Cadence Design Systems, one of the participating companies.

Doctors aren’t clamoring to chat with patients online for free; they spend enough unpaid time ton the phone. Only 1 in 5 has ever E-mailed a patient, and just 9 percent are interested in doing so, according to the research firm Cyber Dialogue.”We are not stupid,” says Stirling Somers, executive of the Silicon Valley employers group. “Doctors getting jpaid is a critical piece in getting this to work.” In the pilot program, physicians will get $20 per online consultation, about what they get for a simple office visit.

Doctors also fear they’ll be swamped by rambling E-mails that tell everything but what’s needed to make a diagnosis. So the new program will use technology supplied by Healinx, an Alameda, Calif.-based start-up. Healinx’s “Smart Symptom Wizard” questions patients and turns answers into a succinct message. The company has online dialogues for 60 common conditions. The doctor can then diagnose the problem and outline a treatment plan, which could include E-mailing a prescription or a face-to-face visit.

Can E-mail replace the doctor’s office? Many conditions, such as persistent cough, require a stethoscope to discover what’s wrong—and to avoid a malpractice suit. Even Larry Bonham, head of one of the doctor’s groups in the pilot, believes the virtual doctor’s visits offer a “very narrow” sliver of service between hone calls to an advice nurse an a visit to the clinic.

The pilot program, set to end in nine months, also hopes to determine whether online visits will boost worker productivity enough to offset the cost of the service. So far, the Internet’s record in the health field has been underwhelming. The experiment is “a huge roll of the dice for Healinx,” notes Michael Barrett, an analyst at Internet consulting firm Forester Research. If the “Web visits” succeed, expect some HMOs(Health Maintenance Organizations) to pay for online visits. If doctors, employers, and patients aren’t satisfied, figure on one more E-health start-up to stand down.

85. the Silicon Valley employers promote the E-health program for the purpose of ___________

A. rewarding their employees

B. gratifying the local hospitals

C. boosting worker productivity

D. testing a sophisticated technology

86. What can be learned about the on-line doctors’ visits?

A. They are a quite promising business.

B. They are funded by the local government.

C. They are welcomed by all the patients

D. They are very much under experimentation.

87.Of he following people, who are not involved in the program?

A. Cisco System employees

B. advice nurses in the clinic

C. doctors at three local hospitals

D. Oracle executives

88. According to Paragraph 2, doctors are___________

A. reluctant to serve online for nothing

B. not interested in Web consultation

C. too tired to talk to the patients online

D. content with $20 paid per Web visit

89. “Smart Symptom Wizard” is capable of ___________

A. making diagnoses

B. producing prescriptions

C. profiling patients’ illness

D. offering a treatment plan

90.It can be inferred from the passage that the future of online visits will mostly depend on whether___________

A. the employers would remain confident in them

B. they could effectively replace office visits

C. HMOs would cover the cost of the service

D. new technologies would be available to improve the E-health project

PAPER TWO

PARTV TRANSLATION (25minutes, 10 points)

Directions：Put the following passage into English. .Write your English version in the proper space on your Answer SheetⅡ

伟大艺术的美学鉴赏和伟大科学观念的理解都需要智慧。但是，随后的感受升华和情感又是分不开的。没有情感的因素，我们的智慧很难开创新的道路；没有智慧，情感也无法达到完美的成果。艺术和科学事实上是一个硬币的两面。它们源于人类活动的最高尚的部分，都追求着深刻性、普遍性、永恒性和富有意义、

PART VI WAITING(35minutes,15 points)

Directions： Write an essay of at least 150 words on the topic given below. Use the proper space on your Answer SheetⅡ

TOPIC

With her entry into the WTO, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, and in particular, for higher-level talents. To face this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate (postgraduate) education system. State your opinion about this reform, and give the solid supporting details to your viewpoint.

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沙发发表于: 2017-04-30

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

考生须知：
　　一、本试卷由试卷一(PAPER ONE)和试卷二(PAPER TWO)两部分组成。试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用非机读答题纸。
　　二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读答题纸，画线不得过细或过短。修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。答题纸切忌折叠。
　　三、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。时间及分值分布如下：
　　试卷一：
　　Ⅰ词汇 15分钟 10分
　　Ⅱ完形填空 15分钟 15分
　　Ⅲ阅读 80分钟 40分
　　小计 110分钟 65分
　　试卷二：
　　Ⅳ英译汉 30分钟 15分
　　Ⅴ写作 40分钟 20分
　　小计 70分钟 35分
　　THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FOR DOCTORAL CANDIDATES
　　October 2005(A)
　　PAPER ONE
　　PART Ⅰ VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)
　　Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
　　1. Marine biologists are calling for Cardigan Bay to be redeveloped as a marine nature to protect the dolphins.
　　A.reservation B. rescue C. reserve D. refugee
　　2. Police have planned a reconstruction of the crime tomorrow in the hope that this will the memory of the passers-by.
　　A. keep B. ease C. jog D. enhance
　　3. Diamonds have little value and their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity.
　　A. intricate B. intact C. intriguing D. intrinsic
　　4. At the moment she is the netball match between the Japanese team and the Cuban team over at the playing field.
　　A. arbitrating B. intervening C. refereeing D. deciding
　　5. Any time , any period of waiting is because you haven’t come and received the message.
　　A. error B. cut C. lack D. lag
　　6. James Joyce was as the greatest writer of the 20th century.
　　A. saluted B. estimated C. scaled D. measured
　　7. As a moralist, Virginia Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores,mocking, suggesting, and calling values into question asserting, advocating or bearing witness.
　　A. rather than B. other than C. together with D. as well as
　　8. Scientists hope the collision will produce a large crater in the comet’s surface in order to reveal the core and give some to the origin of the solar system.
　　A. sources B. interpretations C. clues D. observations
　　9. The Japanese Prime Minister’s is a seat on the UN Security Council, for which he will be lobbying at the summit.
　　A. precedence B. promise C. priority D. procedure
　　10. This cycle of growth, reached its peak in 1986, when the annual rate of growth was 12 percent.
　　A. in case of B. in view of C. in face of D. in excess of
　　11. How well a person depends just as much on whether they’re self-confident as it does on particular skills and expertise.
　　A. jumps out B. turns out C. covers up D. turns up
　　12. The skin of the forest keeper exposure to the harsh northwest weather.
　　A. is tanned from B. is colored from C. is tainted by D. is encoded by
　　13. The Court of Auditors of the EU is an body and acts independently from all other institutions.
　　A. indifferent B. imperative C. impartial D. incoherent
　　14. Since it is too late to change my mind, I am to carrying out the plan.
　　A. committed B. obliged C. engaged D. resolved
　　15. The possibilities of an autumn election cannot be .
　　A. struck out B. left out C. ruled out D. counted out
　　16. Hotels and restaurants are an part of the city; without them the city’s tourist industry cannot exist.
　　A. insignificant B. integral C. interior D. inevitable
　　17. I reject any religious doctrine that does not to reason and is in conflict with morality.
　　A. apply B. appeal C. attract D. attend
　　18. There are three bodies of writing that come to this question and we will consider each in turn.
　　A. bear on B. sort out C. figure out D. put on
　　19. Success does not in never making mistakes but in never making the same one a second time.
　　A. comprise B. convey C. consist D. conform
　　20. Thousands perished, but the Japanese wished to the extent of the cruel acts committed by their soldiers.
　　A. live up to B. mark down C. size up D. play down
　　PART Ⅱ CLOZE TEST (is minutes, 15 points)
　　Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
　　Healthy guilt is a warning signal that either something dangerous is about to happen or something has already happened that needs 21 . A feeling of distress is good when it keeps us from 22 our own values. It serves a useful function. Here is a(n) 23 : If a fire broke out in someone’s home 24 faulty wiring, he would not be content with 25 putting out the fire. 26 , he would have the house rewired. When we feel guilty about something, we have to make the necessary changes in our character to prevent a 27 .
　　Unhealthy guilt is a distressful feeling which occurs without reason or persists even after appropriate steps have been taken to deal with a situation. A person with 28 self-esteem may react to feelings of guilt in one of two ways: 29 that he has done wrong in order to protect his fragile ego; or experience the feeling as a 30 that he is just an unworthy person. An example involves the case of Mr.L. He has a 31 with Mr. Y and exchanges angry words. Later that day, Mr. Y gets sick. Mr. L may feel that he was the 32 of Mr. Y’s misfortune. Mr. L feels unwarranted guilt for the misfortune and thinks that his angry feelings caused the misfortune. This is irrational thinking and is 33 of pathological guilt.
　　When people do research on a particular challenge and make a decision, the decision may 34 unfavorable consequences. Feeling distress and pain is normal. However, feeling guilty over the idea that you caused the consequences is unhealthy. As long as a decision is made with proper advice and with good intent, then the person remains morally right 35 having made the decision. There is no reason for guilt.
　　21. A. connection B. correction C. recovery D. repetition
　　22. A. underestimating B. displaying C. violating D. deteriorating
　　23. A. hypothesis B. definition C. experiment D. analogy
　　24. A. due to B. but for C. with D. under
　　25. A. devotedly B. primarily C. timely D. merely
　　26. A. Therefore B. Rather C. Anyway D. Consequently
　　27. A. distress B. renewal C. conflict D. recurrence
　　28. A. low B. exalted C. sincere D. much
　　29. A. Imply B. Admit C. Deny D. Argue
　　30. A. prescription B. communication C. confirmation D. perception
　　31. A. contact B. disagreement C. relationship D. concern
　　32. A. cause B. origin C. cure D. witness
　　33. A. record B. proof C. evidence D. description
　　34. A. attach to B. turn to C. lead to D. take to
　　35. A. at B. in C. as D. for
　　PART Ⅲ READING COMPREHENSION
　　Section A (60 minutes, 30 points)
　　Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
　　Passage One
　　Jeans were invented a little over a century ago and are currently the world’s most popular,versatile garment, crossing boundaries of class, age and nationality. From their origins as pure workwear, they have spread through every level of the fashion spectrum, and are embraced internationally for their unmatched comfort and appeal.
　　In the mid 1940s, the Second World War came to an end, and denim blue jeans, previously worn almost exclusively as workwear, gained a new status in the U.S. and Europe. Rugged but relaxed, they stood for freedom and a bright future. Sported by both men and women, by returning GI’s and sharp teenagers, they seemed as clean and strong as the people who chose to wear them. In Europe, surplus Levi’s were left behind by American armed forces and were available in limited supplies. It was the European population’s first introduction to the denim apparel. Workwear manufacturers tried to copy the U.S. originals, but those in the know insisted on the real thing.
　　In the 1950s, Europe was exposed to a daring new style in music and movies and consequently jeans took on an aura of sex and rebellion. Rock’n’roll coming from America blazed a trail of defiance, and jeans became a symbol of the break with convention and rigid social mores. When Elvis Presley sang in "Jailhouse Rock," his denim prison uniform carried a potent, virile image.Girls swooned and guys were quick to copy the King. In movies like "The Wild One" and "Rebel Without a Cause," cult figures Marlon Brando and James Dean portrayed tough anti-heroes in jeans and T-shirts. Adults spurned the look; teenagers, even those who only wanted to look like rebels, embraced it.
　　By the beginning of the 1960s, slim jeans had become a leisure wear staple, as teens began to have real fun, forgetting the almost desperate energy of the previous decade, while cocooned(包围在) in wealth and security. But the seeds of change had been sown, and by the mid 1960s jeans had acquired yet another social connotation—as the uniform of the budding social and sexual revolution. Jeans were the great equalizer, the perfect all-purpose garment for the classless society sought by the Hippy generation. In the fight for civil rights, at anti-war demonstrations on the streets of Paris, at sit-ins and love-ins everywhere, the battle cry was heard above a sea of blue.
　　36. Jeans were first designed for .
　　A. soldiers B. workmen C. teenagers D. cowboys
　　37. In the mid 1940s, jeans gained popularity because .
　　A. they made the wearer look clean and tough
　　B. they were comfortable and looked friendly
　　C. they were the outward symbol of the mainstream society
　　D. they stood for freedom and a strong character
　　38. What does the "real thing" refer to in the second paragraph?
　　A. Authentic Levi’s. B. Workwear.
　　C. Casual wear. D. Jeans of European style.
　　39. The popularity of Elvis Presley’s way of dressing illustrates that .
　　A. teenagers wanted to look sexy
　　B. people desired to look strong and manly
　　C. jeans went well with rock’n’roll
　　D. Americans were more rebellious than Europeans
　　40. The last sentence suggests that jeans were .
　　A. used for military purposes
　　B. the symbol of the ideal of social equality
　　C. worn by all kinds of people
　　D. the outfit of social improvement
　　Passage Two
　　The ethnic group known as Ashkenazim is blessed with more than its fair share of talented minds, but is also prone to a number of serious genetic diseases. Researchers now suggest that intelligence is closely linked to several illnesses in Ashkenazi Jews, and that the diseases are the result of natural selection.
　　The Ashkenazim are descended from Jewish communities in Germany, Austria, Poland, and Eastern Europe that date back to the 10th century. Today they make up approximately 80 percent of the world’s Jewish population.
　　Ashkenazim have the highest average IQ of any ethnic group, scoring 12 to 15 points above the European average. They are also strongly represented in fields and occupations requiring high cognitive ability. For instance, Jews of European ancestry account for 27 percent of U.S. Nobel science prize winners.
　　But the group is also associated with several neurological disorders, including Tay-Sachs, Gaucher’s, and Niemann-Pick. Tay-Sachs is a fatal hereditary disease of the central nervous system.Sufferers lack an enzyme needed to break down fatty substances in the brain and nerve cells.Gauchers and Niemann-Pick are similar, often fatal diseases.
　　Because Jews were discriminated against in medieval Europe, they were often driven into professions such as moneylending and banking which were looked down upon or forbidden for Christians.
　　Historians suggest that Jews with lucrative jobs often had four, six, or sometimes even eight or nine children. Poorer families, meanwhile, tended to be smaller, possibly because they lived in overcrowded areas in which children were more prone to disease. As a result, the researchers say,over hundreds of years the Jewish population of Europe became more intelligent than their gentile countrymen.
　　But increased intelligence may have come at a cost, with genetic diseases such as Tay-Sachs being side effects of genes that facilitate intelligence. Researchers argue that it’s highly unlikely that mutated genes responsible for these illnesses could have reached such high levels in Ashkenazim if they were not connected to cognitive performance.
　　While the link is difficult to prove, there is some evidence that Gaucher disease does increase a person’s IQ. Around one in three people of working age who were patients of the Gaucher Clinic at the Shaare Zedek Medical Centre in Jerusalem had professions requiring an average IQ of more than 120. This group included scientists, academics, physicians, and accountants.
　　Modern-day Ashkenazim are now far more likely to marry outside their ethnic group. A researcher says that he would expect a tendency for both higher IQs and associated genetic disorders to become less marked over time.
　　41. According to the first paragraph, Ashkenazim are .
　　A. more intelligent than other Jews
　　B. more likely to be sick than other Jews
　　C. endowed with natural ability because of genetic diseases
　　D. more likely to be born with genetic diseases
　　42. According to the article, Ashkenazim are related to the Jewish people in .
　　A. the whole Europe and Eastern Asia
　　B. Eastern Europe and a few other European countries
　　C. Eastern Europe and a few Asian countries
　　D. Eastern Europe and Germany
　　43. Tay-Sachs, Gaucher’s and Niemann-Pick are .
　　A. diseases caused by absence of an enzyme
　　B. life-threatening genetic diseases
　　C. diseases that make people more intelligent
　　D. the same disease with different terms
　　44. The "lucrative job" may most probably be a job which is .
　　A. profitable B. unsteady C. challenging D. permanent
　　45. The underlined sentence in paragraph 7 roughly means that the researchers believe that .
　　A. mutated genes have a negative influence on Ashkenazim’s intelligence
　　B. mutated genes have played a role in Ashkenazim’s intelligence
　　C. the Ashkenazim’s high intelligence is caused by the mutated genes
　　D. the Ashkenazim’s illnesses have greatly handicapped their performance
　　46. From the passage, it can be anticipated that in the future .
　　A. Ashkenazim would be less intelligent but healthier
　　B. there would be more outstanding Ashkenazim intellectuals
　　C. Ashkenazim would be more intelligent and less healthy
　　D. the cause of genetic diseases would be explored more deeply
　　Passage Three
　　Sometimes it’s just hard to choose. You’re in a restaurant and the waiter has his pen at the ready. As you hesitate, he gradually begins to take a close interest in the ceiling, his fingernails,then in your dining partner. Each dish on the menu becomes a blur as you roll your eyes up and down in a growing panic. Finally, you desperately opt for something that turns out to be what you hate.
　　It seems that we need devices to protect us from our hopelessness at deciding between 57 barely differentiated varieties of stuff—be they TV channels, gourmet coffee, downloadable ring tones, or perhaps, ultimately even interchangeable lovers. This thought is opposed to our government’s philosophy, which suggests that greater choice over railways, electricity suppliers and education will make us happy. In my experience, they do anything but.
　　Perhaps the happiest people are those who do not have much choice and aren’t confronted by the misery of endless choice. True, that misery may not be obvious to people who don’t have a variety of luxuries. If you live in Madagascar, say, where average life expectancy is below 40 and they don’t have digital TV or Starbucks, you might not be impressed by the anxiety and perpelual stress our decision-making paralysis causes.
　　Choice wasn’t supposed to make people miserable. It was supposed to be the hallmark of selfdetermination that we so cherish in capitalist western society. But it obviously isn’t: ever more choice increases the feeling of missed opportunities, and this leads to self-blame when choices fail to meet expectations. What is to be done? A new book by an American social scientist, Barry Schwartz, called The Paradox of Choice, suggests that reducing choices can limit anxiety.
　　Schwartz offers a self-help guide to good decision making that helps us to limit our choices to a manageable number, and ultimately derive greater satisfaction from the choices we make. This is a capitalist response to a capitalist problem.
　　But once you realize that your Schwartzian filters are depriving you of something you might have found enjoyable, you will experience the same anxiety as before, worrying that you made the wrong decision in drawing up your choice-limiting filters. Arguably, we will always be doomed to buyers’ remorse and the misery it entails. The problem of choice is perhaps more difficult than Schwartz allows.
　　47. The waiter mentioned in Paragraph 1 would agree that given a variety of choice .
　　A. it is common for his customer to hesitate in ordering a meal
　　B. it is impolite for his customer to order with hesitation
　　C. it is difficult for his customer to expect quality food
　　D. it is possible to get to know his customer’s partner
　　48. It is implied that it is the government’s intention to .
　　A. improve the quality of TV programs
　　B. try to offer greater choice over public service systems
　　C. make people realize that some lovers are interchangeable
　　D. encourage the downloading of a variety of ring tones
　　49. We can infer that the author’s attitude towards choice is that .
　　A. the more choice we have, the more freedom we can enjoy
　　B. endless choice has only made us more miserable
　　C. it is easy for people to make a wrong decision with few choices
　　D. before we make decisions, we want as many choices as possible
　　50. The author mentioned "Starbucks" in Paragraph 3 as an illustration of .
　　A. happiness B. low life expectancy. C. perpetual stress D. luxury
　　51. From Barry Schwartz’s book, The Paradox of Choice, we can get recommendation tips on .
　　A. how to handle the situation of capitalist exploitation
　　B. how to deal with your expense budget
　　C. how to avoid the feeling of missed opportunities
　　D. how to save money by making a right choice
　　52. We may conclude that it is NOT one of the author’s purposes to .
　　A. stress the problem of choice
　　B. discuss decision-making paralysis
　　C. make an analysis of buyers’ remorse
　　D. promote the new book The Paradox of Choice
　　Passage Four
　　Many things make people think artists are weird—the odd hours, the nonconformity, the clove cigarettes. However, the weirdest may be this: artists’ only jobs are to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel lousy. This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century,more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring. In the 20th century,classical music became more atonal, visual art more unsettling.
　　Sure, there have been exceptions, but it would not be a stretch to say that for the past century or so, serious art has been at war with happiness. In 1824, Beethoven completed his "Ode to Joy".In 1962, novelist Anthoy Burgess used it in A Clockwork Orange as the favorite music of his ultraviolent antihero.
　　You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But the reason may actually be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.
　　In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Today the messages that the average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and relentlessly happy. Since these messages have an agenda—to pry our wallets from our pockets—they make the very idea of happiness seem bogus(假的). "Celebrate!"commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attack.
　　What we forget—what our economy depends on us forgetting—is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us that it is OK not to be happy, that sadness makes happiness deeper. As the wine-connoisseur movie Sideways tells us, it is the kiss of decay and mortality that makes grape juice into Pinot Noir. We need art to tell us, as religion once did, that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette,yet, somehow, is a breath of fresh air.
　　53. What is most strange about artists?
　　A. They wear special clothes. B. They rarely work in the daytime.
　　C. They mainly depict distressing things. D. They are liable to take illegal drugs.
　　54. What does the author mean by "a stretch"?
　　A. A terrible thing. B. An exaggeration.
　　C. A continuous period of time. D. An exception.
　　55. The example that "Ode to Joy" was used in Burgess’s novel is meant to illustrate that .
　　A. musicians and novelists share similar artistic taste
　　B. violent people have a strong desire to be happy
　　C. serious art is often contradictory with happiness
　　D. music is enjoyed by good and bad people alike
　　56. The word "Celebrex" in the advertisement .
　　A. misleads people into buying dangerous drugs
　　B. reminds people of a cheerful feeling
　　C. boasts of the effectiveness of a drug
　　D. comes from a religious term
　　57. How could the economy depend on our forgetting things?
　　A. The economy would not be boosted if everybody were satisfied.
　　B. There are many new products designed for the forgetful.
　　C. People will spend more money if we believe in easy happiness.
　　D. We pay heavily for forgetting things easily.
　　58. What does the author imply with the movie Sideways?
　　A. Happiness can be found through pains and efforts.
　　B. Happiness comes when everything dies.
　　C. Happiness makes sadness deeper.
　　D. Happiness is not a good thing.
　　Passage Five
　　As students return to school this fall, parents will again worry about new illnesses as kids come into contact with flu germs. There are other risks they should worry about—illnesses caused by the common bugs and rodents found in school buildings. Perhaps the even more dangerous pests however are those individuals who prevent school administrators from swiftly addressing these problems.
　　Anti-chemical activists have pushed, and nearly 20 states and local governments have passed,laws to eliminate or drastically reduce the use of pesticides in schools. Yet pesticides are used to control roaches, mice, rats, mosquitoes, and other pests. The public health implications of allowing these things to get out of control should be obvious: increased allergies and illnesses related to insect and rodent bites.
　　Some states have passed a seemingly more reasonable policy that demands that school administrators provide notification 48 to 72 hours before using pesticides. But such laws allow problems to escalate during waiting periods when an urgent response is warranted. Notification paperwork burdens also consume limited financial resources. Journalist Steve Milloy reported that the notification law of Maryland costs the state’s schools $32,000 annually.
　　Parents should fear these laws and the pests they harbor more than the pesticides.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) pesticide standards are so exceedingly cautious that the risks are tiny when the product is used according to label directions. An analysis done by the University of Texas found that the EPA’s risk estimates overstate pesticide exposure damage at a level hundreds of thousands of times greater than the risk of actual exposure.
　　Meanwhile, many of the pests in schools pose serious risks. Allergies and asthma are a particular concern. According to one study published in Environmental Health Perspectives:"Allergens associated with dust mites and cockroaches are probably important in both onset and worsening of asthma symptoms for children who are chronically exposed to these agents."
　　Cockroach allergies are particularly problematic. Children who suffered from this type of allergy missed more days of school and lost more sleep than children suffering from other allergies.
　　Prudent use of chemicals—not reduced pesticide use—can be a big part of the solution. A study in the Journal of Allergies and Clinical Immunology showed that use of chemical baits and regular cleaning can reduce indoor cockroach allergens to levels below that which causes allergies.
　　If people are truly concerned about public health in schools, it’s time to start looking at priorities. Rather than liberate the pests, they should liberate the schools from silly government regulations and dangerous vermin.
　　59. The author implies that parents should be most concerned about .
　　A. flu germs B. pests
　　C. school administrators D. anti-chemical activists
　　60. The author would most probably agree that the laws restricting the use of pesticides in schools .
　　A. are necessary B. are harmful
　　C. are quite effective D. reflect health concerns
　　61. The third paragraph shows that in schools .
　　A. sometimes pesticides should be used immediately
　　B. the cost of using pesticides is very high
　　C. the laws about using pesticides are not properly observed
　　D. using pesticides is a daily routine
　　62. Regarding pesticides, the author thinks that .
　　A. their danger has been exaggerated
　　B. their effects have been proved by EPA
　　C. they are not effective for killing some pests
　　D. they may cause some illnesses in children
　　63. Allergens associated with cockroaches may .
　　A. kill some insects
　　B. trigger genetic problems
　　C. cause asthma symptoms
　　D. create environmental pollution
　　64. As a result of cockroach allergies, children may have difficulty with .
　　A. hearing B. digesting C. communicating D. sleeping
　　65. What is the main idea of the passage?
　　A. New chemicals should be developed to control pests.
　　B. Pesticides should be used frequently to control pests.
　　C. Some policies have ruined the efforts to control pests.
　　D. Schools have ignored the need to control pests.
　　Section B (20 minutes, 10 points)
　　Directions:In each of the foUowing passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text.They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered 66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your Machinescoring Answer Sheet.
　　Passage One
　　The London terrorist attacks on July 7 and July 21 changed British Prime Minister Tony Blair.He had long been reluctant to make the fight against Islamo-fascist terror a domestic issue. Last week he outlined security measures to deal with radical clerics who incite violence.
　　Of particular interest is a measure that reads in part: "It is now necessary, in order to acquire British citizenship, that people attend a citizenship ceremony [and] swear allegiance to the country." That’s not much different from U.S. law. 66
　　This requirement would violate Section 203 of the U.S. Voting Rights Act, which requires that bilingual election materials and assistance be made available when a foreigu language reaches critical mass in the general population. For example, California recall ballots in Los Angeles County were printed in English, Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese, Korean and Tagalog. 67 U.S. law, in effect, tells new citizens that they can be fully engaged in U.S. democracy without understanding the language of its election campaigns. 68
　　Naturalized citizens must demonstrate a fundamental understanding of U.S. history and civics.Isn’t it reasonable to expect them also to be able to communicate, at a basic level, in the language of U.S. politics? 69 Requiring citizens to understand basic English isn’t bias. But supporting a system that encourages American citizens to accept a life without meaningful participation in politics and civic life—that’s bias.
　　To end the separatism and disengagement that flourishes in part because significant portions of his country cannot speak English, Blair wants to make basic knowledge of English a requirement for British citizenship. There can be no true national unity when citizens cannot understand each other and participate in the majority culture.
　　70 Let’s hope the United States will learn it through observation rather than bitter experience.
　　A. Despite a growing bilingualism in English, for the most part Britain remains a monolingual nation with a long, proud linguistic and cultural tradition.
　　B. But Blair wants to impose an additional requirement: To become a British citizen, one must "have a rudimentary grasp of the English language."
　　C. It further suggests that secondhand knowledge of politics, through translation or others’ interpretations, is an adequate substitute for the ability to hear and read about the candidates and the issues.
　　D. A passing knowledge of English shouldn’t be too much to ask of those who seek the right to vote that so many American soldiers have died to secure.
　　E. Britain has learned that lesson—the hard way.
　　F. The intent of Section 203 is laudable: A member of a "language minority group" should face no obstacles in exercising the franchise. But its effects are pernicious.
　　Passage Two
　　Many people go to the Louvre in Paris to see only one painting. They ignore other splendid works by Leonardo that are hung nearby. 71 But it is ignored in favor of the smiling figure of Mona Lisa set behind bullet-proof glass and protected constantly by a guard and a heavy railing. 72
　　What lies behind the intrigue of the Mona Lisa? The principal explanation for its particular appeal must lie in the mystery conveyed by the ambiguous smile which allows everyone to find something special for themselves in the obscure, smoky image.
　　Let’s look at the painting itself. The figure is simple. Mona Lisa turns to her left in her chair to look at the viewer with that smile, a smile that 16th-century art historian and biographer Giorgio Vasari said "... was so pleasing it seems divine rather than real."Her pose is compact yet dynamic. Her hair is partly undone and falls in little curls. 73 A veil is caught up in her right arm and draped over her head and left shoulder.
　　Two features are special to this extraordinary portrait: the "sfumato" technique and the remarkable landscape. Leonardo worked the transitions of light and shade so subtly that everything blends without any hint of lines or borders. In the depiction of Mona Lisa’s head, this skill in surface painting is supported by his knowledge of the skull beneath the skin—derived from his studies in anatomy. But it is her position on a balcony that gives this picture of a superbly mature woman a sense of cosmic drama. Beyond her and far below is an immense rocky landscape. 74 It is a landscape of the imagination but imagination based on years of study of rock formations.
　　75 Leonardo has become the product of the collective imagination. His legend has been fuelled by the image of the bearded sage, inspired by his self-portrait drawing, now in Turin, and by the work "Lives of the Famous Painters and Sculptors" by Giorgio Vasari.
　　A. The legend of the Mona Lisa is closely tied to the legend of her creator, Leonardo da Vinci.
　　B. Her dress is very simple and she wears no jewellery.
　　C. Over the next 16 years, Leonardo worked and traveled throughout Italy for a number of employers.
　　D. An example is The "Virgin of the Rocks" which is the summation of Leonardo’s studies in anatomy, botany, geology as well as being superbly painted.
　　E. No other painting in the immense galleries of the Louvre gets this treatment.
　　F. The landscape is divided and unsteady which makes it like a dream.
　　PAPER TWO
　　PART Ⅳ TRANSLATION(30 minutes, 15 points)
　　Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.
　　Write your pieces of Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet Ⅱ.
　　An important variable affecting communication across cultures is fate and personal responsibility. 1) This refers to the degree to which we feel ourselves the masters of our lives, versus the degree to which we see ourselves as subiect to things outside our control. Another way to look at this is to ask how much we see ourselves able to change and maneuver, to choose the course of our lives and relationships. Some have drawn a parallel between the emphasis on personal responsibility in North American settings and the landscape itself. The North American landscape is vast, with large spaces of unpopulated territory. 2) The frontier mentality of "conquering" the wilderness, and the expansiveness of the land stretching huge distances, may relate to generally high levels of confidence in the ability to shape and choose our destinies.
　　In this expansive landscape, many children grow up with an epic sense of life, where ideas are big, and hope springs eternal. When they experience setbacks, they are encouraged to redouble their efforts, to "try, try again. "3) Action, efficacy, and achievement are emphasized and expected. Free will is enshrined in laws and enforced by courts.
　　Now consider places in the world with much smaller territory, whose history reflects repeated conquest and harsh struggles: Northern Ireland, Mexico, Israel, Palestine. In these places, there is more emphasis on destiny’s role in human life. In Mexico, there is a legacy of poverty, invasion,and territorial mutilation. Mexicans are more likely to see struggles as inevitable or unavoidable. 4) Their fatalistic attitude is expressed in their way of responding to failure or accident by saying "ni modo" ("no way" or "tough luck"), meaning that the setback was destined.
　　This variable is important to understanding cultural conflict. If someone invested in free will crosses paths with someone more fatalistic in orientation, miscommunication is likely. The first person may expect action and accountability. Failing to see it, they may conclude that the second is lazy, obstructionist, or dishonest. 5) The second person will expect respect for the natural order of things. Failing to see it, they may conclude that the first is coercive or irreverent, inflated in his ideas of what can be accomplished or changed.
　　PART Ⅴ WRITING (40 minutes, 20 points)
　　Directions: Write an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic given below. Use the proper space on your Answer Sheet Ⅱ.

　　What does work mean to you? Is it just a means to make ends meet, to cover life expenses?

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