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07-英语

In Switzerland,six miles west of Geneva, lies a collection of laboratories and buildings, and, 1 curious of all, a circular mound of 2 more than 650 feet in diameter. This clusterhas unique importance. It is Europe’s 3 atomic city dedicated to 4 theatom for peaceful purposes.
The strangebuildings 5 the European Council for Nuclear Research,more popularly known, from 6 French initials, as CERN. The council was 7 when a handful of statesmen and scientificexperts 8 in Parisin 1950. Their aim was to “ 9 an organization providing for co-operationamong European states 10 nuclear research of a pure scientific andfundamental character.”
The CERNagreement was 11 in 1953, and work on the atomiccity began in 1954. today CERN’s 12 are among the most modern and the mostdiversified in the world. 13 as the scientific aspect may be, the realsignificance of CERN may lie 14 the thousand people ----the scientists, labworkers, and administrative 15 drawn from the fourteen member nations ---- 16 populate it. British engineers work 17 with Swiss electricians and Yugoslav nuclearphysicists. The 18 languages are French and English, with Germanan unofficial third. But BERN is 19 tower of Babel---- the language of science is 20 and all-embracing.
1. A. best      B. chiefly    C. most   D. mostly
2. A.earth     B. dirt       C. mud   D. soil
3. A. one andbest   B. one and only C. one and an D. one and merely
4. A.investigation B. being investigated C. investigate D. investigating
5. A. workwith   B. belong to    C. consist of D. are located in
6. A. his          B.their       C. its    D. those
7. A. come intobeing B. constructed C. erected D. born
8. A. joined       B. developed   C.met   D. met with
9. A. found       B.put up       C. build  D. establish
10. A. in        B.on         C. for    D. about
11. A.sealed     B. signed     C. secured D. settled
12. A.resources B. accommodations C. facilities D. funds
13. A.Impressionistic B. Impressing C. Impressed D. Impressive
14. A. in        B.with        C. on     D.at
15. A.crew     B. crowd      C. party   D.group
16. A. whoever   B.who        C. which   D. whatever
17. A. side byside B. back to back C. heart to heart D. face to face
18. A.living     B. authentic    C.official D. real
19. A. the       B.a          C. not      D. no
20. A.worldwide B. infinite   C.universal D. comprehensive

Part II. Reading comprehension (20x2=40%)
Directions: Thereare four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions.You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on theanswer sheet.
Passage one
       Diseaseis a fluid concept influenced by societal and cultural attitudes that changediachronically in response to new scientific and medical discoveries. Historically,doctors defined a disease according to a cluster of symptoms, and as theirclinical descriptions became more sophisticated, they started to classifydiseases into separate groups, so that from this medical taxonomy came newinsights into disease etiology. Before the 20^th century,schizophrenia and syphilitic insanity were treated as the same disease, but byearly 1900 it became evident that psychoses without associated dementiarepresented a separate disease for which the term schizophrenia was thencoined. The definition of schizophrenia continues to evolve from thepsychiatric disease of the 1960s to an illness with a suspected geneticetiology, though the existence of such an etiology remains uncertain. While anoptimistic hunt is still on for the genes involved, we must continue to defineschizophrenia in terms of the presence or absence of “positive” and “negative”symptoms.
Labelingsomeone as diseased, however, has enormous individual, social, financial, andphysical implications, for irrespective of disease symptoms, the label itselfmay lead to significant distress. Individuals with asymptomatic conditions,including genetic variations, may be perceived by themselves or others ashaving a disease. It is not that labeling someone as diseased is alwayspositive-------it does have severe ramifications, affecting decisions to havechildren or resulting in unjust treatment by life, medical, and disabilityinsurers-------but it can be beneficial, legitimizing symptoms, clarifyingissues of personal responsibility, and improving accessibility to health care. Nevertheless,deviations from normal that are not associated with risk should not beconsidered synonymous with disease. Two schools---------nominalist andessentialist or reductionist----------have debated the clinical criteria usedto label a patient as diseased. Nominalists label symptoms with a disease name,such as schizophrenia, and do not offer an explanation of the underlyingetiology, while essentialists contend that for every disease there is anunderlying pathological etiology, and now argue that the essential lesiondefining the disease state is a genetic abnormality.
Ithas been suggested that diseases defined according to the essentialisttradition may be precisely wrong, whereas those defined in the nominalisttraditional may be roughly accurate. But in labeling a disease state, we mustconsider both the phenotype (symptoms) or the genotype (genetic abnormality),for adverse consequences, while the latter helps suggest specific genetic orpharmacologic therapies. Thus, both clinical criteria and genetic abnormalitiesshould be used to define a disease state, and the choice of a diseasedefinition will vary according to what one wishes to achieve, the geneticcounseling of family members or the effective treatment of the patient.
21. The author of the passage isprimarily concerned with
A) proposing a return to atraditional taxonomical system
B) describing an way to resolve ataxonomical dilemma
C) assessing the success of a newtaxonomical method
D) predicting a change in futuretaxonomy

22. It can be inferred that theauthor considers the way schizophrenia has been classified by doctors after1960 to be an example of which of the following?
A) A disease which resistedtraditional methods of classification, but has been served well by modernmethods of classification
B) A disease which has resistedmodern methods of classification, and continues to require a traditional methodof classification
C) A disease which satisfiesmodern methods of classification best, but which scientists prefer to classifythrough a traditional method
D) A disease which satisfiestraditional methods of classification best, but which scientists prefer toclassify through a modern method
23. According to the passage, anadherent of the “nominalist school’ would classify a rare new fever in which ofthe following ways?
A) She would wait until thedisease appears in other patients, then classify it by establishing variationsin their symptoms.
B) She would determine whether thedisease is acquired or genetic, then classify it accordingly.
C) She would isolate the bacteriaor virus or genetic anomaly which causes the disease, then classify itaccordingly.
D) She would describe the patient’ssymptoms, compare them to patients who have had similar symptoms, then treatthe pattern as a disease.
24. Which of the following bestdescribes the function of the last paragraph in relation to the passage as awhole?
A) It summarizes the benefits thatmay accrue from a perfected system of pathological taxonomy.
B) It provides additional reasonswhy pathological taxonomy is a difficult endeavor.
C) It argues for a synthesis oftwo methods of pathological taxonomy already in use.
D) It continues to highlight thedifferences between two methods of taxonomical pathological taxonomy.
25. It can be inferred that whichof the following situations is likely to be most problematic to an adherent ofthe “essentialist” method of pathological taxonomy?
A) A patient suffering from fever,in which the virus that is apparently responsible for the symptoms has not beenisolated
B) A patient suffering from lunginflammation which, though resembling other inflammations, does not respond toany known treatments
C) A patient suffering from agenetic anomaly whose cause may be known but whose consequences remainunidentified
D) A case of a patient withsymptoms that may have arisen from two known diseases of different sources

Passage two
       Theworld has spent on preparations for war more than $112 billion a year, roughly$450 per head for every man, woman, and child in the world. Let us consider fora moment what could be done with this sum of money if it were spent on peaceand not on war. Some of it, at any rate, I the more prosperous countries, couldbe spent on the reduction of taxation. The rest should be spent in ways thatwill, at the same time, be of benefit to mankind and a solution to the economicproblem of conversion from war industry to the expansion of peace industries. Asto this expansion, let us begin with the most elementary of all needs, namely,food. At present, the majority of mankind suffers from undernourishment, and,in view of the population explosion, this situations is likely to grow worse incoming decades. A very small part of what is now being spent upon armamentswould rectify our predicament. Not only could the American surplus of grain,which was for many years uselessly destroyed, be spent in relief of famine,but, by irrigation, large regions now desert could be made fertile, and, byimprovement in transport, distribution from regions of excess to regions ofscarcity could be facilitated.
   Housing,even in the richest countries, is often disastrously inadequate. This could be remediedby a tiny fraction of what is being spent on missiles. Education everywhere,but especially I the newly liberated countries of Africa and Asia,demands an expenditure many times as great as that which it receives atpresent. But it is not only greater expenditure that is needed in education. Ifthe terror of war were removed, science could be devoted to improving humanwelfare, instead of to the invention of increasingly expensive methods ofmutual slaughter, and schools would no longer think it a part of their duty topromote hatred of possible enemies by means of ignorance tempered by lies.
   Bythe help of modern techniques, the world could enter upon a period of happinessand prosperity far surpassing anything known in previous history. All this ispossible. It requires only a different outlook on international affairs and adifferent state of mind toward those notions which are now regarded as enemies.This is possible, I repeat, but it cannot be done all at once. To reverse thetrend of affairs in the most powerful nations of the world is no light task andwill require a difficult process of re-education.
26. By diverting some or all of themoney spent on preparation for war to peaceful purposes, all of the followingbenefits would occur except that ____.
A) education could be improved
B) science could concentrate onimproving human welfare
C) better housing could beprovided
D) the population explosion couldbe controlled
27. Schools at the present timeoften have to make use of ____.
A) inadequate funds
B) untrained teaches
C) poor buildings
D) lies in order to promote hatredof possible enemies
28. The problem of undernourishmentwill become more critical because ____.
A) Americadestroys its surplus goods
B) there is inadequate shipping
C) of the population explosion
D) of lack of irrigation
29. The adjective that bestdescribes this author is ____.
A) quixotic     B) lugubrious    C) pragmatic    D) utopian
30. According to the author, a very smallpart of what is being spent upon armaments would ___.
A)lead to more disputes
B)help us make prediction
C)hardly help solve the population explosion
D)help us solve many problems

Passagethree
       Althoughhumans have much bigger brains relative to body weight than do other primates,the total resting energy requirements of the human body are no greater thanthose of any other mammal of the same size, implying that we use a higher shareof our daily energy budget to feed our voracious brains. How did such anenergetically costly brain evolve?
Onetheory holds that bipedalism enabled hominids to cool their cranial blood,thereby freeing the heat-sensitive brain of the temperature constraints thathad kept its size in check. But brain expansion almost certainly could not haveoccurred until hominids adopted a diet sufficiently rich in calories andnutrients to meet the associated costs. Across all primates, species withbigger brains dine on richer foods, and humans are the extreme example of thiscorrelation, boasting the largest relative brain size and the choicest diet. Animalfoods are far denser in calories and nutrients than most plant foods, and so itstands to reason that for early Homo, acquiring more gray matter meant seekingout more of the energy-dense fare.
Fossils,too, indicate that improvements to dietary quality accompanied evolutionarybrain growth. The later, robust proto-humans—a dead-end branch of the human family tree that lived alongsidemembers of our own genus—had heavily built mandibles and huge, thickly enameledmolar teeth built for processing tough, low-quality plant foods, while earlymembers of the genus Homo, which descended from the gracile proto-humans, hadmuch more delicate jaws and, smaller molars despite being far larger in termsof overall body size than their predecessors.
Environmentalchange appears to have set the stage for this evolutionary change when thecontinued desiccation of the African landscape limited the amount and varietyof edible plant foods available to hominids. Thus we often see an increase inanimal bones at hominid sites during this period, along with evidence thatthese beasts were butchered using stone tools. While the robust proto-humanscoped with this problem morphologically, evolving anatomical specializationsthat enabled them to subsist on more widely available, difficult-to-chew foods,Homo took a different path. As it turns out, the spread of grasslands also ledto an increase in the relative abundance of grazing mammals such as antelopeand gazelle, creating opportunities for hominids capable of exploiting them. Homodeveloped the first hunting-and-gathering economy in which game animals becamea significant part of the diet and resources were shared among members of theforaging groups.
Thesechanges in diet and foraging behavior did not turn our ancestors into strict carnivores,but the addition of modest amounts of animal foods to the menu, combined withthe sharing of resources that is typical of hunter-gatherer groups,significantly increased the quality and stability of hominid diets, and afterthe initial spurt in brain growth, diet and brain expansion probably interactedsynergistically: bigger brains produced more complex social behavior, which ledto further shifts in foraging tactics and improved diet, which in turn fosteredadditional brain evolution.

31. The author is primarilyconcerned with______.
A) disproving the view thatbipedalism alone can account for the human brain’s evolution
B) describing a relationshipbetween the acquisition of an improved diet and the development of the humanbrain
C) contrasting the characteristicsof Homo and his primate ancestors
D) analyzing the evolutionarybasis for the development of the modern human diet
32. The author refers to theincrease in animal bones in the fourth paragraph primarily in order to _____.
A) demonstrate the increase of theavailability of grazing mammals during the desiccation of the African landscape
B) provide proof thatenvironmental changes did indeed occur around a time of rapid evolution forHomo
C) explain the means by which Homowas able to make use of the appearance of the antelope and gazelle
D) offer evidence that with thedesiccation of the African landscape, Homo’s diet changed from that of theaustralopithecine
33. It can be inferred from thepassage that chimpanzees are characterized by ____.
A) brains that use less overallbody energy than the percentage humans use
B) the possession of less totalbody weight than the average human weight
C) a total resting energy equal tothat of human resting energy
D) a diet completely devoid ofrich foods preferred by more developed species
34. The author mentions all of thefollowing as evidence that dietary changes accompanied the expansion of Homo’sbrain EXCEPT____.
A) the higher calorie densityfound in foods Homo ate during the expansion, and their extra nutrients
B) the fossil record of Homo, andwhat it indicates about Homo’s progressive adaptation
C) the fact Homo was larger interms of overall body size than its predecessors
D) the development of ahunting-and-gathering economy beneficial to further brain growth
35. According to the passage,initial improvement in brain function in Homo’s ancestors resulted at leastpartially from which of the following?
A) the sharing of resourcestypical of hunter-gatherer groups to which Homo eventually came to belong
B) the freeing of Homo’sheat-sensitive brain from the temperature constraints that had kept its size incheck
C) the availability of foods fardenser in calories and nutrients than those previously available
D) morphological solutions of environmental change developed by therobust proto-humans

Passage four
       Thereis a popular English belief that if you can’t get in the water, you might aswell get on it. It may be that the seas around our coasts are too chill anduninviting for round-the-year bathing, or that in many cases treacherouscurrents and sharp incisor-like rocks beneath the water discourage all but themost venturesome. Perhaps the real answer is that we are islanders and islands,on the whole, tend to produce sea-faring people. Our early history of explorationand discovery, to say nothing of downright piracy, goes some way to supportthis. However that may be, the Englishman is not just content to get on thesea, he is also irresistibly compelled to get on his inland waterways. Ourrivers, canals and lakes, besides proving a cheap, if relatively slow form oftransport, attract a regular army of enthusiastic amateurs who spend theirwinters scraping and painting their boats in readiness for the warmer weather,some even going so far as to build their own craft. When spring comes, theproud owners take to the water in their little boats, white sails flapping,like so many ducks. There are of course innumerable rowing boats, punts, skiffsand dinghies, and superior, motor-powered cabin cruisers whose owners wearyachting caps and nautical-looking sweater. These last, usually flying a clubpennant and with a girl or two stretched out on the cabin roof, proceed atspeed down the river creating a wash that sets the smaller boats bobbing andbouncing and even on occasion capsizing. Even their magnificence, however, iseclipsed by the rowing eights who streak up and down in their elegant longboats, dipping their oars to the merciless cries of the coach: ‘In – Out – In –Out’. These are the giants of the river, bronzed and muscular, oblivious ofeverything but the precision of their timing and the need for speed.
       Any description of our inland waterwayswould be incomplete without reference to those who have made the water theirway of life. Disregarding damp, inconvenience, gales, storms and the danger offloods, they make their homes on the water, in houseboats or converted barges,becoming, as it were, a species of human water-rat. Their original intentionmay have been to get away from the tension and frustration of city or suburbanlife, but it is soon apparent that theirs is no gipsy existence. Their homes,moored or floating, are painted in gay colours, electric light and bathroomsare installed, curtains appear at the windows and neighbours vie with oneanother in the cultivation of trailing pot plants and hanging baskets offlowers. The result is comfortably suburban ---- a dog or a cat is frequently introducedinto the domestic scene ---- and the whole is an excellent example of the artof compromise. The owners have lost none of their creature comforts, but theyhave satisfied their urge to live on the water.
36. The writer suggests that themajority of islanders ____.
A) have to make their living from thesea
B) are strongly attracted to the sea
C) are only interested in going tosea
D) have to go on voyages of discovery

37. The passage tells us that, amongboat-lovers, there are some ____.
A) experienced boat-builders
B) amateur soldiers
C) do-it-yourself enthusiasts
D) members of the armed forces

38. What happens in the spring? Theboat-owners ____.
A) go into the water with their boats
B) sail down river with the ducks
C) get out on water in their boats
D) get their boats out of the water

39. Sometimes one of the smaller boatsoverturned because ____.
A) there was a sudden surge in thewater
B) it couldn’t keep up with thebigger boats
C) there was a sudden gush of water
D) it got in the way of the biggerboats

40. It seems that people who decide tomake their homes on the water ____.
A) disregard the risks andinconveniences
B) enjoy the challenge of dangeroussituations
C) want to live an unconventionallife
D) would like to have been gypsies

Part III Translation (30%)
SectionA From Chinese into English (15%)
Directions:Translate the following three underlined parts from Chinese into English andwrite your translation on the answer sheet.
1. 日前，一项在全国20个大中城市开展的调查表明，一半左右的调查对象对自己的婚姻状况和恋情感到满意，近30%的受访者对此感到厌倦，3.4%的人觉得很痛苦。
3%的受访者表示他们对自己和伴侣的关系感到担忧，12%的人说他们不知道该如何形容内心复杂的感受。
去年年底，全国妇联附属机构华坤女性调查中心对2000名年龄在20至60岁之间的女性进行了调查，总共收回1955份有效问卷。
2． 受调查女性的平均年龄为35岁，其中70%的人已婚。约57%受访女性的月收入在1000至3000元之间。
女性对伴侣是否具有家庭责任感、体贴心和高品味最为看重，其次，高收入、有前途的职业和好长相分别被列为第五、第八和第十一位。
此外，调查对象对有关心理健康问题的回答显示，72%的人偶尔感到焦虑，16%的人常常感到担忧。
调查显示，30至50岁之间的受访者中感到焦虑的人最多，20%的女性说她们经常紧张不安。
3． 调查结果显示，工作压力、孩子的教育问题以及难以处理的人际关系是让女性感到焦虑的主要原因。
Section B From English into Chinese (15%)
Directions: Translatethe following three underlined parts from English into Chinese and write yourtranslation on the answer sheet.
1．When foreign diplomats and reporterspick up copies of Premier Wen Jiabao's government work report in English,French, German, Japanese, Russian and Spanish at the opening ceremony of the5th session of the 10th National People's Congress (NPC) today in the GreatHall of the People, they should thank a dozen Westerners for the wonderful workthey have done.
The behind-the-scene foreigners have been working with about70 Chinese foreign language professors for six weeks to translate major reportsof the NPC and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC)into the six languages, Wang Xuedong, deputy chief of the Central Compilationand Translation Bureau, told China Daily.
2．Most of them have been in China forquite a long time and have a good knowledge of the nation's political, economicand social issues, he said.
The practice of having NPC and CPPCCdocuments translated into foreign languages started in the 1980s, after Chinalaunched its reform and opening-up policy.
3．In recent years more and more foreignersare becoming involved in the handling of the nation's most confidentialdocuments, according to the bureau official.
"The conventions are becoming moreand more transparent and we want to express ourselves better to the rest of theworld," Wang said.
The NPC and CPPCC reports have also beentranslated into seven ethnic minority languages including the Kazak, Korean, Mongolian,Tibetan, Uygur and Yi.

Part IV EssayWriting (20%)
Directions: Youare required to write about 200 words on the following topic: “Brand Awareness of the ChineseEnterprises” 8=uu8-l8g

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