(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 y;ElSt;S
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 wNHn.
2)基本用法 JVuju$k
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 XX/gS=NE#.
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , H<Sf0>OA
seldom等。例如: 7,SQz6]
The sun rises in the east. {K.H09Y
He usually goes to work by bus. a6LL]_&g
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. >IIq_6Z#
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 fF)Q;~_VA
如: q2X::Yqk
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. T2Yf7Sz
p
The project starts early this year. [1vm~w'
There is a conference tonight. Q!P%duO
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: {J==y;dK
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. J|BElBY
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. NVb}uH*i
2 、一般过去时 tA#$q;S
1)构成:动词过去式 SxYz)aF~
2)基本用法 Rv&"h_"t
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: 'u<e<hU
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 nNCR5&,q
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: w80X~
He died five years ago.
dq '2y
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. st)is4
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he iL;V5|(sb
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. ~5HT_B U=
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. |1%%c
%
3 、一般将来时 `NQ
1)构成 CC=I|/mBM
will +动词原形 50MM05aC
2)基本用法 rT `sY
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 :XY%@n
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. sc]#T)xG
3)表示将来时的其他形式 QKP
#wR
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 9CS"s_
明即将发生的事。例如: ?c?@j}=?yY
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. ^P9mJ:
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 p-"C^=l
可能性。例如: 0cG[<\qT
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. ]izHn; +
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 bR7tmJ[)Z
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: .h
<=C&Yg
We're leaving on Friday. G
T~rr*X
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. |y7TYjg6
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: N[Xm5J
He is about to retire. l0G{{R0Y
4 、现在进行时 P.>fkO1\
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 oL~1M=r
2)基本用法 _i ztQ78
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: 0i
}.l\
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. Ly(iq
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. ^JxVs
7
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 w(bvs&`{uC
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: jkl dr@t
He is constantly complaining about his job. (A2ga):Pk
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. IsT}T}p,t
5 、现在完成时 :Jyr^0`J
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 GdC=>\]
2)基本用法 !QdX+y<re
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 5xr2
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since Fdl0V:<
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: WS&a9!3;
We’ve just back. y=9fuGL6
We have studied English for more than ten years. %J6>Vc!ix=
He has lived here since 1995. 0<uL0FOT
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. 0;a1 0b
Have you booked your hotel yet e
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注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 \gT({XU?
(1)过去与现在的关系 !gyW15z'
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 z
*VK{O)o
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 @ebY_*
造成的影响。 k_1;YOBF
(2)时间状语不同 7&etnQJ{
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, {y{O ze
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till \*5z0A9)5)
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: ??Urm[Y.Z
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) `
E;xI v|
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 -m,Y6
开着的。) k
N* I_#
6 、过去进行时 owa&HW/_
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 0WZd $
2)基本用法 (3K,f4S@
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: eF0FQlMe[
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. AH#a+<;a
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. D1ik*mDA=
7 、过去完成时 wKcuIc$
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 mxH63$R
2)基本用法 ijcF[bmE
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 @G>eCj
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: 18j>x3tn
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning Z6So5r%wZ
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. Dg Rn^gL{Q
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. B$OV^iwxK
8 、过去将来时 p")"t`k7
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 /Aw@26
2)基本用法 U0W2
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 #
dUi['
时的宾语从句中。例如: 71IM`eL=ED
He said he would stop smoking next month. ?hrz@k|
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. _9=cxwi<w
9 、将来完成时 all2?neK
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 ,1t|QvO
2)基本用法 +~1FKLu
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: `Um-Y'KE
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. p?
w^|V
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. -U7,~z
10 、现在完成进行时 PgP\v -.
1)构成 _K!)0p
2)基本用法 S s+
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 >%N,F`^3
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 6Xn9$C)
状语连用。例如: pFBK'NE
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. mtLiS3Nk8
He has been studying English for years. XKOPW
/
He has been playing computer games since early morning. &tiJ=;R1
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 2PNe~9)*#
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: ZBQ @S
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) #*S.26P^4
They have built a ship.(已完成) .WBp!*4
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) s=K?-O
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! OeZ"WO
(表达不满情绪) JZ>
(h
II. 动词的语态 s._,IW;
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 ZP0D)@8
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: ]1[:fQF7/L
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 alsD TQ'
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called <<Z, 1{3F
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called \lwLVe
将来 shall/will be }YM[aq?6
called CZ{7?:^f
------ shall/will have been called {DUtd
u[
应注意的事项: U?5G%o(q
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 Wn?),=WQ{
He was beat severely by the gunman. (Y^tky$9
The cup was broken by Tom. i
If?K%M7
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 |tse"A5Z
或副词。例如: QTN'yd?WE
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. D O||o&u
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. ~Jj~W+h
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 =NNxe"Kd;U
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: W|s";EAM
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) i;29*"
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) zW)Wt.svP
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) _w'_l>I
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 @tJic|)x
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: 8f65;lyN
We were made to work twelve hours a day. {:Kr't<XzF
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. q)AX*T+
5) 表示被动的其他形式: A<( DYd1H
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: dt"&
She got her purse stolen. +!$`0v
I must get my hair cut. ~_g{P3
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 +F2X2e)g"
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: x]3[0K5;
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. K{B|
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. rI6+St
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, :AI%{EV-L
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: ,*?[Rg0]+
The book sells very well. >vO+k^'Y
The parachute opens easily. w~Vqg:'\$
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: ^6LnB#C&
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; sH >zsc
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 m
-hZ5i