一、概说 I$7|?8
连词是一种虚词,用于连接单词、短语、从句或句子,在句子中不单独用作句子成分。连词按其性质可分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子,如and, but, or, for等;从属连词主要引出名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等)和状语从句(时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句等),引出名词性从句的连词如that, whether等,引出状语从句的连词如when, because, since, if 等。 3qujz)o
二、并列连词的用法 <:/Lap#D^
1. 表示转折关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 but, yet 等。如: ;)$bhNFHx
Someone borrowed my pen, but I don’t remember who. 有人借了我的钢笔,但我不记得是谁了。 ;
-sZaU;
He said he was our friend, yet he wouldn’t help us. 他说他是我们的朋友,但却不肯帮助我们。 MdXOH$ps
2. 表示因果关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 for, so 等。如: C@d*t?
The child had a bad cough, so his mother took him to the doctor. 这孩子咳得很利害,所以他妈妈带他去看医生。 .8e]-^Z
You are supposed to get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to serious errors. 你们一定要克服粗枝大叶,因为粗枝大叶常常引起严重的错误。 "AYm*R
注意:for表示结果通常不能放句首,也不能单独使用。 (KxI*
3. 表示并列关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 and , or , either…or , neither…nor , not only…but (also) , both…and , as well as 等。如: 1Xzgm0OS;
He didn’t go and she didn’t go either. 他没去,她也没去。
mv] .
The weather is mild today; it is neither hot nor cold. 今天天气很温暖,不冷也不热。 IU
f&*'_
Both New York and London have traffic problems. 纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。 V6Z~#=EQ
It is important for you as well as for me. 这对你和对我都很重要。 ^/]w}C#:d
People who are either under age or over age may not join the army. 年龄不到或者超龄的人都不得参军。 }uP`=T!"8
三、从属连词的用法 YYNh|
2
1. 引导时间状语从句的从属连词 f euAT
L]
(1) 表示“当…时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的 when, while, as, whenever。如: 8u8-:c%{
Don’t talk while you’re eating. 吃饭时不要说话。 Ey|{yUmU+
Vegetables are best when they are fresh. 蔬菜新鲜时最好吃。 4g4[n7
He came just as I was leaving. 我正要走时他来了。 >AK9F.
_z
(2) 表示“在…之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before, after。如: Fi+8| /5
Try to finish your work before you leave. 离开前设法把工作做完。 (A(j.[4a
After we have finished tea, we will sit on the grass. 喝完茶之后我们将坐在草地上。 ly[j=vBV
(3) 表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since, until, till。如: \-Vja{J]
She’s been playing tennis since she was eight. 她从八岁起就打网球了。 Ec/&?|$
Hold on until I fetch help. 坚持一下,等我找人来帮忙。 ^?M# |>
Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you. (谚)不要无事惹事。 :2t0//@X
(4) 表示“一…就”的时间连词。主要的有as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner…than, hardly…when等。如: GF
GW'}w-
I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her. 我一接她的信就通知你。 mH.c`*
The moment I have finished I’ll give you a call. 我一干完就给你打电话。 1;v,rs M
I came immediately I heard the news. 我一听到这个消息,马上就来了。 F8H4R7
8>;
Once you begin you must continue. 你一旦开始, 便不可停下来。 G&Fe2&5!w
(5) 表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every time(每次),each time(每次),(the) next time(下次),any time(随时),(the) last time(上次),the first time(第一次)。如: -7Bg5{FA
I’ll tell him about it (the) next time I see him. 我下一次见到他时,我就把这个情况告诉他。 MO^Q 8v
We lose a few skin cells every time we wash our hands. 每当我们洗手的时候,我们都要损失一些皮肤细胞。 3</W}]$)p
You can call me any time you want to. 你随时都可以给我打电话。 +D+v j|fn
注意:every time, each time, any time前不用冠词,(the) next time, (the) last time中的冠词可以省略,而the first time中的冠词通常不能省略。 &]"Z x0t5%
2. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词。这类连词主要有if, unless, as [so] long as, in case 等。如: B>}B{qi|
Do you mind if I open the window?我开窗你不介意吧? 8n/8uRIR
Don’t come unless I telephone. 除非我打电话,否则你别来。 d\ I6Wn
As long as you’re happy,it doesn’t matter what you do. 只要你高兴,你做什么都没关系。 GIb,y,PDB
In case it rains they will stay at home. 万一下雨,他们就呆在家里。 ]z O6ESH
注意:在条件状语从句中,通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义,而不能直接使用将来时态。不过,有时表示条件的 if之后可能用 will,但那不是将来时态, 而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词)。如: #V{!|Y '
If you will sit down for a few moments, I’ll tell the manager you’re here. 请稍坐, 我这就通知经理说您来了。 B?%e-xV-
3. 引导目的状语从句的从属连词。主要的有 in order that, so that, in case, for fear等。如: buldA5*!o
He raised his voice so that everyone could hear. 他提高了嗓音,以便每个人都能听见。 `h%K8];<6f
Take your umbrella (just) in case it rains. 带上雨伞,以防下雨。 G%A!yV
She repeated the instructions slowly in order that he should understand. 她把那些指示慢慢重复了一遍好让他听明白。 ~9y/MR
4. 引导结果状语从句的从属连词。主要的有so that, so…that, such…that等。如: |(<A)C
I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat. 我去听演讲去得很早, 所以找个好座位。 /HH_Zi0?N|
I had so many falls that I was black and blue all over. 我摔了许多跤,以致于全身都是青一块紫一块的。 ;il+C!6zpf
He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关窗子用力很大, 结果玻璃震破了。 00B,1Q HP
5. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词。主要的有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that) 等。如: *ESi~7;#
He distrusted me because I was new. 他不信任我,因为我是新来的。 KV 8Ok
As you are sorry,I’ll forgive you. 既然你悔悟了,我就原谅你。 %I=/
y
Since we’ve no money, we can’t buy it. 由于我们没钱,我们无法购买它。 Tn"@u&P
*
Seeing that he’s ill he’s unlikely to come. 因为他病了,他大概不会来了。 W|Cs{rBc?
Now that she has apologized, I am content. 既然她已经道了歉, 我也就满意了。 ov<vSc<u
6. 引导让步状语从句的从属连词。主要的有although, though, even though, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等。如: @Q7^caG
Although they are twins, they look entirely different. 他们虽是孪生, 但是相貌却完全不同。 C#V_Gb
I like her even though she can be annoying. 尽管她有时很恼人, 但我还是喜欢她。 3*T/ 7\
You won’t move that stone, however strong you are. 不管你力气多大, 也休想搬动那块石头。 5yyc0UG
Whatever we have achieved, we owe to your support. 我们取得的一切成就都归功于你们的支持。 TNDp{!<|L;
Whoever you are, you can’t pass this way. 不管你是谁,你都不能从这里通过。 )<%CI#s#
Whenever I see him I speak to him. 每当我见到他,我都和他讲话。 YSzC's
[
7. 引导方式状语从句的从属连词。主要的有as, as if, as though, the way等。如:
jM-7
Why didn’t you catch the last bus as I told you to? 你怎么不听我的话赶乘末班公共汽车呢? ? o&goiM
He bent the iron bar as if it had been made of rubber. 他将铁棍折弯,仿佛那是用橡皮做成的。 PWeWz(]0Z4
Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 t3 3\f<e
8. 引导地点状语从句的从属连词。主要的有where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere等。如: {
e$@i
The church was built where there had once been a Roman temple. 这座教堂盖在一座罗马寺庙的旧址。 ZA&bp{}D
I’ll take you anywhere you like. 你想到哪儿我就带你到哪儿。 ]Exbuc
Everywhere I go,I find the same thing. 不管我走到哪里,我都发现同样情况。 n<P&|RTZ
9. 引导比较状语从句的从属连词。主要的有than和as…as。如: Ng1bjq}E2
She was now happier than she had ever been. 现在她比过去任何时候都快活。 6"[J[7up
I glanced at my watch. It was earlier than I thought. 我看了看表,时间比我想像的早。 '0^lMQMg
He doesn’t work as hard as she does. 他工作不像她那样努力。 'pyIMB?x
10. 引起名词从句的从属连词。主要有that, whether, if 等,它们用于引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。其中that 不仅没不充当句子成分,而且没有词义,在句子中只起连接作用;而 if, whether 虽不充当句子成分,但有词义,即表示“是否”。如: F >H\F@Wl
He replied that he was going by train. 他回答说他将坐火车去。 x:i,l:x
I wonder if it’s large enough. 我不知道它是否够大。 qu.AJ*
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我为是否伤了她的感情而担心。 k&M~yb