该错题常考要点 E167=BD9<
一、代词 ~i~%~doa
代词中主要讲解六个问题 ?1I GYyu!
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 [A2`]C
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主格、宾格、所有格
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名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) )?aaBaN$
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(二) 反身代词 Shr,#wwM`B
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 'LE"#2Hu
He killed himself. (他自杀了) ,&^3Z
He killed him. (他杀了他) 5F"|E-;
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating ~x:DXEV,
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a series of indicators that could help $md%xmQ[
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themselves to predict earthquakes. g"VMeW^
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 |*5 =_vF
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 u+m,b76
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 ~&dyRtW4
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 ZP\M9J
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies
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that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the {Azn&|%.t
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Pacific. 4R^mI
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 I=)hWC/
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 c,MOv7{x_
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: Qd _6)M-
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 S^@S%Eg
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined {6;9b-a]
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the word“normalcy”to express social and
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economic conditions they promised the nation. mYN7kYR}<`
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 E:sz$\Ht)
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important \6n!3FLl
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John o+`6LKg;
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Keats, published the year of her death. ]w T 7*( Y
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. B[=(#W
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(四) Who和which的区别 O ,rwP
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 /kL$4CA
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 Tus}\0/i>
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who 0&qr
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. gmIqT
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 Fc~'TBf,,`
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 [A}rbD K
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(五) that和which的区别 {o5V7*P;_
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 .s#;s'>g
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it 2*(Z==XC7
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. x~.:64
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 .sQ=;w/ZA
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 |F9z,cc"
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, \Mg`(,kwe
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when Bo<>e~6P
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. !61Pl/uQ
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which PW3GL3+
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly V
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. o)OUWGjb/K
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 ,39aF*r1Q
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has BTM),
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affected the way people in the United States----. WM)-J^)BJ
(A) living and working 54rkC/B>
(B) they live and work _|"Y
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(C) live and work C&++VRnm
(D) to live and to work 5OoN!TEM
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 :VF<9@t
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二、介词 H3Se={5h\A
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 %lg=YGLQB
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(一) 介词搭配 8ssJ<LP
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those 4(-bx.V
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food.
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 )"+(butI&
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal.
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分析:B错改为be rich in /x{s5P3
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the 9}z0J
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. 'W
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 mqq;H}
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 9;xM%
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 MQKfJru7
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. gl).cIp w
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 S.!UPkW H
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has 67y Tvr@a
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on F7")]q3I~
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. (LHp%LaZ\;
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 ZtHm\VTS
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2、介词by
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一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by s}onsC
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing z6py"J@
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States <W]g2>9o9
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. %&
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 ,7XtH>2s
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils @E.k/G!~Nb
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to f&D]anf33
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supply moccasins and field rations. mJB2)^33a
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 ^`f*'Z
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with 6n1rL
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements e4FM} z[
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that are often represented at symbols. rw)kAe31
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 ``ekR6[ 8c
三、谓语动词 80M;4nH^5
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 2wqk,c[]
①、主谓分割原则 ,7,g%?_P
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, e4OeoQ@ >
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. ~"Gf<3^y+
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 A~nf#(!^]
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②、与后者一致原则 h;lirvO|
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, avp;*G}
not only…but also 4;`Bj:.
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③、与前者一致原则 z<gu00U7
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, ^5=UK7e5KY
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 EPW7+Ve
例:The athlete, together with his coach and HEqWoV]{d
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. k&hc m
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is .'[/|4H
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④、就近原则 ^C&+
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or, either…or, neither…nor,
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单数名词+or+复数名词+are q&'Lb
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如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is k6IG+:s
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 C-P06Q]
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are ]6tkEyuq
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. xSpC'"
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 -7'#2P<)
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 <2
There are five apples that are red. MBk"KF
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 }F`beoMAkM
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets P`s(kIe
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. X<
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 ){Z
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 zjbE 7^N
The rich are not always happier than the poor.
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The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 [J\DB)V/
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 L@|#Bbmx
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: C@dGWAG
a. there be 句型 #0MK(Ut/
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 *M!kA65'
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 ./maY1>T
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. +B
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is $^vP<
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific eOrYa3hQ
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 G*\sdBW!k
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miles in width. @%B4;c
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分析:倒装句,are改为is xURw,
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and 7zI5PGWw
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film qz:]-A
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. 1l]C5P}E
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 Ygx,t|?7
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 N *1
fifty percent of + 名词 {&`VGXG
one percent of + 名词 6PJ'lA;*b
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: t&pGQ
one percent of my students + are \1{_lynD
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. 7sguGwg) _
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这里要强调两个结构 _FFv#R*4
half of =fifty percent qvN
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most of + 可数名词 + are Bt6xV<jD
most of + 不可数名词+ is ]Da4.s*mW
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been LT&/0
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found in central and eastern Canada. W+/2c4$F3
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 YR8QO-7
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized 7H?!RYrx
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. g6`.qyVfz'
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 kw;wlFU;
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 _&=9 Ke
①、主要考察时间状语 65t[vi*C
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. P1e5uJkd
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was " _mmR
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②、For和since的区别 VJGwd`qo*A
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 k:W=5{[
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 l; */M.B
I has been a teacher for three years. MR[N6E6Mg
I has been a teacher since 1996. xvHOY:
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 mJ/^BT]
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became 5NFq7&rJ6
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the primary responsibility of the president. 5BZ+b_A>VV
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 #V,LNX)
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of rGGS]^
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. 9$n+-GSK
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 -
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. jt0H5-x
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live !k4 }v'
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(三) 谓语的语态 y^5T/M
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 Cmp{F N"o
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: "6 uTo0
①、prove Cb4d|yiS8
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 b\<lNE!L
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; `NYF?%
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming <L[T'ZE+
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be L{+&z7M
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. g6x/f<2x
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 a>-}\GXTA
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②、Locate,Situate # CP9^R S
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 ,n
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Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 c+)36/; X
这两个词也可以用作被动 dXf]G6
My school was located near the river. )3D+gu
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 0xvMR&.H
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. gNMKGf\Y
(A)locates HM(bR"E
(B)locating [="g|/M)
(C)to locate AaCnTRG
(D)is located 02]8|B(E90
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 y{&{=1#
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③、表示需要概念的动词 8o%<.]
need, want, require等 ~:ub
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My watch needed repairing nsr
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My watch needed to be repaired. EA%#/n
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④、表示人的情感的动词 ur~Tql
move, annoy, surprise, please等 >h/)r6
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 1A)wbH)
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 >ji}j~cH
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主动和被动技巧总结: Z7KB?1{G
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 ~PH1|h6
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the $fj"*
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, JJbM)B@-
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power structures, and flood-control works along =`7)X\i@z
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. .x-Z+Rs{g
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 *fuGVA
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四、非谓语动词 :'^dy%&UB
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(一) 分词 !~$ YD*"S
现在分词和过去分词的区别 Yf2+@E
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 =-1^K
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then q%=7<( w
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. N-?|]4e/
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning OD@@O9
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 k~s>8N:&G
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in K&gc5L
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. |@bNd7=2d
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living WUOPYYW<o
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一些动词后面必须用doing .Mft+,"
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 m=y,_Pz>U
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, u{lDof>
advocate, suggest 6Bq2?;5
delay, quit 8!fAv$g0
forgive(原谅),tolerate, @.
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avoid, escape(逃避) sT"tS>
spend+名词+doing; ]B.,7
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing yLa5tv/
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their <IkD=X
A B C D YHv,Z|.w
crops. iO= uXN1g
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 2d J)4
n7!Lwq2
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, X|lmH{kf
A B 28qWC~/9
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. DdZ_2B2
C D \7w85$
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing L5|;VH
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(二) 不定式 `0vy+T5
A. 动词不定式的省略 ;%.k}R%O@
①、help后面可以省略to bIl0
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help do {_N(S]Z
help sb. to do - OGy-"
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid .8xacVyK2
A B -hV KPIb
the habits that might shorten the lives. [#fqyg
C D FNRE_83
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 >l*9DaZ
e$|)wOwU
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 B9Tztg
make, &y wY?ox
let, d33Nx)No
have sb. do sth ,colGth54
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. fszeJS}Dw
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians AS^$1i
:
A B ~4gKA
D
to know when to play various parts of a composition. e[o
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C D p%_
:(
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know 'UCx^-
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③、感官动词 X.5LB!I)
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe eV}Tx;1|}
see sb do sth. 强调过程
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see sb doing sth 正在做某事 \`# 0,pLr
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 5ml}TSMu'
(1)表示第一人 |H
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the first woman to do sth. IcA~f@
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(2)表示迫使的动词 xGk4KcxKs
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do ,6pH *b$
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis 1"PE@!]
A B 9F!&y-
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. !qv;F?2
<g
C D W}3vY]
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 )uWNN"
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 o|C{ s
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 T0jJp7O
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 pdq h'+5
be lieable to do 易于…的 _"`h~jB
be apt to do X|G+N(`|(
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(4)表示目的的名词, *h9vMks
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一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 }C}_
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固定的句式: >^N:A
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. )FPbE^
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the objective 目标 E~^'w.1
aim ObzlZP
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goal Df^S77&c!
reason理由 ?Pc3*.
function功能 BZ9iy~
intension意图 iSHl_/I
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing _#B/#^a
A 6Tnzg`0I
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. Nig-D>OS
B C D sd%~pY}
分析:the function to provide, A错 *_wBV
M=2
4
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例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure qZe"'"3M
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and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds |e\%pfZ
B ej+!|97M
that make up various components of a living cell. C+5nft6:
C D E12k1gC`
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 8n? .w:Y/
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(5) 其他同根名词 Ay]5GA!W+
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 >Fz$DKr[
attempt to do 企图 {QID @
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 Q1z04m1_y[
ambition, oWmla*nCKL
be ambitious to do {Y Ymt!Ic
effort q]x@q
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation pC6_
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A B o9i\[Ul
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. e 3K
C D i weP3u##
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 |Bp?"8%*l
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例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great U,'n}]=4A3
A B #=rR[:M
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. s6B@:9
C D m|
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分析:efforts to register, C错 F}Au'D&n_
&+v&Dd&
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C. 动词不定式的其他用法 x>^S..K}L%
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 {8' 5
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. p.G7Cs
Z(L>~+%
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 _3hEYeh
I am glad to see you. gP3[=a"\
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. zy|hf<V
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. =["GnL*!0
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 CVm*Q[5s"
It is difficult to decide. %^S1 fUwT
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五、句子的结构 <t8})
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 d^7<l_u~ !
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(一) 主语的重复 ?^dyQhb
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 S7bSR?~L[
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any MStaP;|
A B 9I,Trk@&
compromises concerning the establishment of the 1peN@Yk2W
C D Q]8r72uSk
League of Nations. 8W{R&Z7aL
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 EB\\
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A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson J&Ah52
+p2)uXqW
WaYT\CG7y
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are k]Yd4CC2
A B CGQ`i
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. .A E(D7d6
C D =dPrG=A
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 nk[ixVc
\QVL%,.%M
(二)谓语的重复 *cf#:5Nl
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 p?5zwdX+`
?Pa5skqR
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of `U(FdT
A B 9Z}-%Z[,)
one or more sentences related to the same idea. LVX.s tN#p
C D d;K,2
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 ikUG`F%W
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(三)谓语的缺少 ^5OR%N)
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body 0y*8;7-|r)
A B @,$>H7o
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. NO QM:tBO>
C D 3= PRe
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 }5`Kn}rY
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(四)主句的重复 `j9 ;9^
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 Yf1?3(0O
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例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite U`z=!KI+g
A B C U&GSMjqg
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. 5y0N }}
D X3@Uih}|
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 nH_M#
2)-Umq{]{
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow OQ&l/|{O0?
A B G
.NGS%v
sweeps across the face of the Earth. \I( g
70
C D 8MU+i%hd
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 e w?4;
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例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided {OIB/
A B kntYj}F(
names for towns, only George Washington WUrE1%u
C E6XD
n`:
is remembered in the name of a state. LGB}:;$AL
D iSbPOC7
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 ,+~8R"
六、比较级和最高级 5/8=Do](
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 2)hfYLi
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(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 0RgE~x!hI
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which F%P"T%|
A 1%E
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involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. H-\Ym}BGu
B C D &+ "<ia(
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 LI*=T
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(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 S4\a"WYg
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. bgLa`8
A B C D R:4@a ':H
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 hjyM xg;Q?
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例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere q
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A B C D 1w~PHH`~
is the grizzly bear. Unvl~lm6
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 ; [G:
URceq2_
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(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 D&i\dgbK
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 %N)B8A9kh
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例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with nfbR"E
jXr
A B ugN t7P,^
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. NB1KsvD{
C D VwpC UW
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 \_WR:?l
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(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 $2\8Rn6'
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as s3eS` rK-
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(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 JcUU#>
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 0KnL{Cj
the taller boy _tJt
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 4^uSW&`;/
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed KJRAW]?{
A B Gsv<Rjj:
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is M#;
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abundant, and humidity is moderate. ]o8]b7-
C D ?OLd
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分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they Ux7LN@4og
(/uAn2
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 h <e
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, K_;vqi^1^&
A B C H0;Iv#S!
the Navajos form largest group. rz@qW2
D _;BwP
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 pASX-rb
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陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, qtExd~E
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language 2
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另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the f^FFn3
2u
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例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many ?qNU*d
A B C $AZYY\1
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. Q,[G?vbj
D o/w3b8
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 +4s]#{mP
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陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the
itg_+%^R
例如:my best friends hm,{C
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例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial D5,]E`jwu
A B C J,F1Xmr4
and banking center. fOV_ >]u
D GGp.u@\r
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 sp,-JZD
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 FJ_7<4ET
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yp#!$+a}
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary ,^:{!?v
A ?{ N,&d
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. >Uw:cq
B C D 'z ?Hv
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 cUY-
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七、平行结构 F\m^slsu7=
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 Zw]"p63eMa
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(一) 对等连接词 iXDG-_K
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 @G4Z
单一式: and, or ,but C%z)D1-
相关式: both…and, not … but, "w:h
either …or, neither…nor /6')B !&
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as @IL04' \
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, T#ls2UL*xh
没有so...as... B!wN%>U
between…and, !D=!
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also 2FMmANH0ev
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, 0~U#DTx0
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短语式: as well as
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rather than (而不是) Nf| 0O\+%y
other than (除…之外) Jh-yIk
instead of (代替) }>{R<[I!G
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 _}F&^
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, f)Qln[/
A B "yu{b]AU
but he is now living in Detroit. ?/.])'&b
C D x{pj`'J)
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 Zz0er|9]Q
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例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics Ae2N"%Ej
A B Bl+\|[yd
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford sVh)Ofn
remained active in city and regional planning. }ILBX4c
C D
I bD
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分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 |>ztx}\
(二)平行的内容 )7.)fY$
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 &
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例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of e#oK%
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A B "mn?*
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, vAM1|,U
C D f/dJRcDl<
or yearly periods of light and darkness. >~,~X9
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 Y2VfJ}%Q
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第二、名词单复数的平行 jGouwta
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 VP!4Nob
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例:The main advertising media include direct mail, S:{xx`6K
A B C ;8<HB1 &,
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. g{Av
=66Z
D =R:O`qdC4e
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 >K'dgJ245
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例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, B9,39rG/7+
A B ;HCK iHC
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. Q&0`(okb
C D </kuJh\
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have j=pg5T
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第三、时态的平行 ZklO9Ox(
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated *04}84?:
A 6*B%3\z)
with the imagist movement , but later develops 5`3x(=b
B }8AH/
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. 0e&&k
C D <#8}![3Q
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 HY_>sD
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^^
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- 4RctYMz
spread from its home in Central America and 6|lsG6uf
now grows throughout the tropics. 0Sk~m4fj(
(A) to be (B) it %AJ9fs4/
(C) the (D) its %h(%M'm?
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? :@5{*o
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow 9BP'[SM%),
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例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- M]X!D7
commercially for their meat and eggs. B#hvw'}
(A) raised (B) and are raised Ge({sy>X
(C) raised as (D) are raised &u^]YE{
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 0'f\>4B
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第四、排列位置的平行 X]9<1[
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例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. z9&j
(A) Not only does rust corrode _\yR/W~
(B) Not only rust corrodes Uc_}="
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes [;aM8N
(D) Rust not only corrodes 1P"{
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分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 T^MY w
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对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: .|u`s,\
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 $bKXP(
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 {S+?n[1r\
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 #b&tNZ4!_
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八、词序的颠倒 Gjq7@F'
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 SJX9oVJeZ
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 {HM[ )t0
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage EKcPJ\7
A B lb9?Uc@
that can be given to any individual in the United States. irm4lb5
C D aaf}AIL.
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 M `q|GY
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(二) 副词+形容词+名词 Oq% TW|a#
例:Certain types of computers work properly only oB!Y)f6H1
A B [O ^/"Qk
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. e0TxJ*
C D +\%]<YO
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 2G-"HOG
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(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 B_[I/ ?
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例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were _IOUhMo
A B C k ?6d\Q
in what is now the United States. (O(TFE5^
D ^{IZpT3
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 T?[;ej:
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所有的系动词分为三大类: 3'6 UvAXFH
第一种:表示保持某种状态, xc@$z*w
is, remain, keep, stay, NTZ3Np`
lie, exit(表示位于) F~E)w5?\O
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 u SI@Cjp
become, turn, grow, 1; kMbl]
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) 9?hF<}1XH}
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第三种,感官动词 D}}?{pe
seem(好像是) d)biMI}<5
look(看起来好像是) 3k>#z%//
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste '^WR5P<8c
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 }yrs6pQ
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe 8r[TM
A B
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to cause numerous deaths. [#\OCdb*3
C D "WGKwi=W
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 dn])6Xl;i
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九、词性的混用 x4g6Qze
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 cf>lY
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(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 ,Iz9!i
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做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; v_%6Ly
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例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high G.XxlI}
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mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and 6?US<<MQ
C xA:;wV
when they are in captivity they breed poorly. qR2cRepV
D 1z2v[S&pk
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) #2Q%sE?
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(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 >zJk G9a
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 B$JPE7h@[P
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds mqJD+ K
A B '#j6ZC/?
and keeping the soil in the best condition to }>y~P~`S:
C :u=y7[I
help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. j&A9
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D dXY}B=C
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 G&wYV[Ln
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例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, T=V{3v@zs
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was concerned with the depicting the experience of Gk58VODo
B C ]NWcd~"b!Z
urban Black people in the United States. l&] %APL
D +ZE"pA^C
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 7{S;~VH3
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####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 PDgZb
表示时间有两种可能, 9ucoQ@
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 $'*{&/@
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, j9Z1=z
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 XNvlx4
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例:Balloon observations for military intelligence B~<bc
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were made while the American Civil War. 9a1R"%Z
C D VeFfkg4
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 b|k(:b-G&.
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例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the sFgsEKs
A B C uAk
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history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. 9I1`* 0A
D RSjcOQ8&.w
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 !Xq5r8]
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(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 \/Zo*/
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 q?0
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例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social [|YuT:Cp
A h)r=+Q\'(S
work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. .36]>8
B C D xCu\ jc)2
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 b|.<rV'BTt
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例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples |Yi_|']#
A B C 4%
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easily under the stress of compression. ~^g*cA
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D $cO-+Mr-~
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 ch/DBu
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(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 ]vCs9* |B
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例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine $j0<ef!
A B )},/=#C0
article that gives personal comments on current events. Y^5)u/Y=U
C D 3pkx3tp{
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 ZP4y35&%y
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例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, ~=Fp0l)#
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which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. W=!D[G R
B C D 6"o@d8>v
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 ]~'pYOB
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(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 |+aD%'|
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; S\A9r!2
two hundred diligent students