该错题常考要点 QNtr =
一、代词 N^ET
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代词中主要讲解六个问题 y-X'eCUz
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 eS=k 48'U
主格、宾格、所有格 @}Z/{Z[@
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) ).boe& .
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(二) 反身代词 9]w0zUOL6
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 R
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He killed himself. (他自杀了) }:8>>lQ
He killed him. (他杀了他) (R}X(u
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating K{P#[X*5
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a series of indicators that could help )89jP
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themselves to predict earthquakes. X&~
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 @/(7kh+
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 Umt ia~x=&
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 mO>
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在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 ncr-i!Jjk
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies {kH^OZ^(e
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the j/pQSlV
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Pacific. J\$l3i/I
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 D>e\OfTR:
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 o>-v?Ug
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: [(F<|f:n
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 4`P2FnJ?
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined XJ~l5}y ]
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the word“normalcy”to express social and j~*Z7iu
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economic conditions they promised the nation. 9r+O!kF(
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 )USC
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important t<k[W'#
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John 8Cs$NUU
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Keats, published the year of her death. )uid!d
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. !ObE{2Enf
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(四) Who和which的区别 oCKM5AVWsv
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 |[37:m
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 xeHb89GnoQ
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who +~4bB$6*4)
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. B8UZ9I$n
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 ^V: "zzn&
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 9PKoNd^e
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(五) that和which的区别 $Pd|6
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 !eR-Kor
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it <rB3[IJo
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. 9k\)tWe
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 4bi NGl~
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 #v4L
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Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, x6^l6 N
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when hIuMHq7h
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. 6Wpxp\
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which U@6jOZ
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly >ZT& `E
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. KVB0IXZC~
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 q,B3ru.?d
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has &{%MjKJ._
affected the way people in the United States----. &<,SV^wag
(A) living and working KRY
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(B) they live and work P+<BOG|m
(C) live and work ha*X6R
(D) to live and to work yN*:.al
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 *'D=1{WZ!
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二、介词 zJ9v%.e
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 '\`6ot8
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(一) 介词搭配 | h}B{D
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those iq?l#}]
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. UVz/n68\k7
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 ak;6z]f8[
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. Yi(1^'Bi
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分析:B错改为be rich in M;+IZr Wkl
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the Qzqc .T
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alternation of periods of light and darkness.
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 }#1/fok
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 w##^}nHOR
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 $TG=w
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. =Mj0:rW
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 f>2MI4nMG
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has Fh8lmOL;?
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on PLX>-7@
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. AY,].Zg[
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 nXy>7H[0
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2、介词by CyDV r
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by ]bZ(HC?KZr
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing H/
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例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States nKoiG*PI
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. nUS| sh
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 qpIC{'A.
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils +N`ua
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to 2i;7{7
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supply moccasins and field rations. %yBB?cp+_
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 Ar*^;
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with h/?l4iR*
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements !?c|XdjZ
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that are often represented at symbols. Po%LE]v,
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 FEV
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三、谓语动词 lXcx@#~
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 lOtDqb&
①、主谓分割原则 89r DyRJ;
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, 0$,SF3K
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. ")d`dj\o
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 : |>Gc39`t
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②、与后者一致原则 Z<
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not…but, 强调but后面的名词, p6;OL@\~
not only…but also ZzSz%z_sE
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③、与前者一致原则 (L/_^!ZX
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, LU={")TdQ
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 !6*"(
例:The athlete, together with his coach and s+<Yg$)
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. UWd=!h^dt
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is ,,q10iF
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④、就近原则 `u&Rsz&^
or, either…or, neither…nor, hYG6 pTCb
单数名词+or+复数名词+are 8|l\EVV6
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is P*3BB>FO
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 l*d(;AR
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 sN9&,&W1
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are ix)M`F%P3
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. \Je0CD=e`
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 nrub*BuA
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 }ppN k:B
There are five apples that are red. R3gdLa.
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 Ug>~Rq]
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets SJb&m-
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. $p#Bi-&
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 Dp,L/1GQ8
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 J=9FRC
The rich are not always happier than the poor. ;DqWh0
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 \)#kquH/l
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 yj 3cyLXw
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: oK6tTK
a. there be 句型 deBY5|
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 (y=C_wvqZ
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 !Q2d(H>
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. Vz~{UHH6
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is d[@X%
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific fx41,0;gZq
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 -]0OKE&
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miles in width. y;35WtDVb
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分析:倒装句,are改为is Bd!bg|uO*
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and :(/~:^!
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film ]AINKUI0
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. _F6OM5F"N
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 !y\'EW3|G
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 6hno)kd{=
fifty percent of + 名词 J?*1*h
one percent of + 名词 n<Z({\9&H
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: @CpfP;*{w`
one percent of my students + are %"q
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fifty percent of my time is spent on working. hCi 60%g/n
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这里要强调两个结构
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half of =fifty percent Q)~aiI0
most of + 可数名词 + are @KXV%a'
most of + 不可数名词+ is S(k3 `;K
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been d?y4GkK
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found in central and eastern Canada. '*Z1tDFS
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 >
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized G'nmllB`]
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. K='z G*$l
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 #QS`_TlKk
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 5us:adm[pD
①、主要考察时间状语 eln)BW#
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. E7WK
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was I!ED?n
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②、For和since的区别 O24m;oHM
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 Ij 79~pn
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 Lt2u,9
I has been a teacher for three years. ;RH;OE,A
I has been a teacher since 1996. Z
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I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 b
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became ['b}QW@Fx
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the primary responsibility of the president. ov|d^)'
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 I.I`6(Cb
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of )tG\vk=@
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. Qo>b*Ku;
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 ~cWAl,(B<F
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. Y&`=jDI
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live M\vwI"
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(三) 谓语的语态 ^9m\=5d
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 {]*c
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有四组动词是改错题中常考的: UMv.{iEj
①、prove ,k.3|aZE
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 !]42^?GH
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; v>:Ur}u!D
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming ^"2i
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be H
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. dFRsm0T
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 kC WEtbz1
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②、Locate,Situate <W|3\p6
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 .O74V~T
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 G(Lzf(
这两个词也可以用作被动 bT\1>
My school was located near the river. *,3SGcYdJj
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 *Tas`WA
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. 0bz'&
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(B)locating ?F
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(C)to locate 4h~iPn'Wl
(D)is located *Y,x|F
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 s2teym,uG
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③、表示需要概念的动词 kr+D,h01
need, want, require等 -!q:p&c
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My watch needed repairing ,X#2\r<|
My watch needed to be repaired. 4y)P>c
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④、表示人的情感的动词 &{ay=Mj
move, annoy, surprise, please等 M1 :uJkO.
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 XR
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He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 JM=JH
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主动和被动技巧总结: u2[iM d
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 6""G,"B
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the !>v2i"
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, 0TCBQ~ "
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power structures, and flood-control works along mFg<dTx0c8
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. I Y2)?"A
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 "{tg8-a4)
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四、非谓语动词 =4[v3Qx
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(一) 分词 hJn%mdx~w|
现在分词和过去分词的区别 1nQWW9i
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 &{>
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then "$N#p5
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. "SzdDY6
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning '`eO\huf
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 +VCGlr
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in X=hYB}}nu
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. q0$
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living p /#
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一些动词后面必须用doing uM_#
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 QS{1CC9$
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, 89\n;5'f4
advocate, suggest !eEHmRgg4
delay, quit s}jHl8
forgive(原谅),tolerate, ag*mG*Z
avoid, escape(逃避) ^j".
spend+名词+doing; %,D<O,N
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing bzX\IrJpOZ
e'
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their 7VMvF/ap]u
A B C D \8<BLmf4U
crops. @6mBqcE'?
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 ,Fi>p0bz
hO';
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, \T<$9aNb
A B b@S Cn9
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. UN zlN
C D q-c=nkN3
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing rk7QZVE
0#ClWynjRO
(二) 不定式 z.Y$7bf)
A. 动词不定式的省略 aj?a^}X
①、help后面可以省略to /Wy.>YC|
help do q*2N{
help sb. to do oI.G-ChP
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid ~M\I;8ne
A B 8HR mQ
the habits that might shorten the lives. -.T&(&>^
C D |]aE<`D
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 TEMw8@b
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 c wOJy>
make, ^;Sy. W&`
let, ;\[(- )f!=
have sb. do sth Bf$_XG3
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. #hlCs
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians hAm`NJMSO
A B Dc+'<"
to know when to play various parts of a composition. {&"L~>/o
C D cetvQAGXY
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know h(F<h_
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③、感官动词 5bA)j!#)|X
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe Nx-uQ^e*1
see sb do sth. 强调过程 iR\Hv'|
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 0v]?6wX
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 $-c!W!H
(1)表示第一人 HBY.DCN
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the first woman to do sth. [j"9rO" +
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(2)表示迫使的动词 XK"-'
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do [lk'xzE
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis :d8W+|1u
A B (n1Bh~R^
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. (Z}>1WRju
C D q\rC5gk>
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 OgcHS?
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 zd]D(qeX
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 X1tXqHJF}
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 9]'($:LF08
be lieable to do 易于…的
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be apt to do |+U<S~
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(4)表示目的的名词, $ \*`
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一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 hSGb-$~F
固定的句式: L0%hnA@
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. $3X-rjQtW
the objective 目标 <As9>5|%
aim Q{QYBh&
goal :
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reason理由 W
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function功能 (x;g/!:
intension意图 MYe
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing .r+hERcB
A ;oH,~|K
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. aH_6s4+:
B C D
,%#
分析:the function to provide, A错 bVr*h2p
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例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure 7yI@"c#O
A 9O,,m~B
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds smAC,-6]~
B K_-d(
that make up various components of a living cell. [IM%b~j(^
C D MN=
sIP,zk
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 }ublR&zlp
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(5) 其他同根名词 u~ F;xQ
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 ^
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attempt to do 企图 @y~P&
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decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 %.x@gi q
ambition, [!*xO?yCJ
be ambitious to do q@
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effort W 5DbFSgB
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation +GNWF%
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A B /r$&]C:Fi
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. H"YL
k
C D } ~enEZ
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 mb\t/p
m3
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例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great CUhV$A#oo
A B !;}2F-
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. B\<ydN
C D N=ifIVc
分析:efforts to register, C错 !]DuZ=
^e9aD9
hLA;Bl
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 .ewZV9P)t
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 nP_=GI
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. ,olwwv_8G
{[3YJkrM
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 PNmF}"
I am glad to see you. 3X'WR]
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. syFI$rf
_
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. 4I ,o&TK
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 Ao*FcrXN
It is difficult to decide. #<}kISV0
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五、句子的结构 *R!]47Y d
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 }bg
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(一) 主语的重复 R9E6uz.j
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 th Q J(w
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any GWh|FEqUbf
A B
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compromises concerning the establishment of the ,Z4^'1{D
C D i"fCpkAP
League of Nations. .r*#OUC
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 cS
4T\{B;
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson +yIL[D
7A[Ogro
ytob/tc
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are ip674'bq7R
A B U~hCn+0
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. ;6zPiaDQ
C D Ki63Ox^O
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 `_0)kdu
K~$ 35c3M
(二)谓语的重复 5C*?1&
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完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 b<8q 92F
"C& J wm?
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of M-vC>u3Y
A B 6g8M7<og9R
one or more sentences related to the same idea. &6Ns7w6*z
C D a&8l[xe1
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 OoE9W
d`UF0T
(三)谓语的缺少 qih6me8C
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body \N6<BS
A B A}gYc
c85Z
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. P`z7@9*j
C D V;P1nL4L
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 Zb}`sk#
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(四)主句的重复 *>G^!e.u
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 sw[<VsxjR
LH bZjZ2
b8eDD+ul k
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite _F! :(@}
A B C 5%EaX?0h+
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. 5T7_[{
D unx;m$-c
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 2=i+L z^
@>d&5}F_>{
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow 1!K!oY
A B W
]a7&S
sweeps across the face of the Earth. n%7A;l!{
C D E!:.G+SEl
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 AaJ,=eQ
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n.
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided H[>klzh6
!
A B +OV%B .
names for towns, only George Washington (:tTx>V#
C }TXp<E"\
is remembered in the name of a state. 7J#g1
D Q'
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分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 [wXwKr
六、比较级和最高级 -f-O2G=
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 p*(U*8Q
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(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 //`cwnjp
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which WF3DGqs_]
A y~4SKv
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involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. dA_V:HP
B C D O>tC]sm%
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 $Hl+iF4j<
~%8Q75tn.
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 76u/WC>B
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. 6B!j(R
A B C D ZmYSi$B
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 )$Dcrrj
F'Y2f6B
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere f3%^-Uy*b
A B C D Ok~W@sYST
is the grizzly bear. N
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分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 9 z8<[>
JtrDZ;^@
&[2Ej|o
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 Ql6ai
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 j~,LoGuPh
+DbWMm
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with _ \y0 mc4
A B l_j<aCY?|
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. jhEg#Q$
C D ,Dii?P
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 ,Q /nS$
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(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级
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as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as ^]lwd"$
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(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 cLyuCaH>c
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 ?m
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the taller boy VgZaDd
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 ,M/#Q6P0}
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed yL3<X w|
A B {EoyMJgz
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is K%TKQ<R|
abundant, and humidity is moderate. xm10
C D S_ -QvG2
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they yDkDtO`K
97))'gC
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 t-4R7`A<
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, ,fG_'3wb
A B C dK;\`>8
the Navajos form largest group. Nj-rZ%&
D hHl-;%#
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 CygV_q
6[|<
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, \y )4`A
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language /e?ux ~f|
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the
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例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many kbT-Oz 2
A B C #M^Yh?~%w
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. %3+hz$E
D `L*;58MA
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 x
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陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the /^eemx
例如:my best friends c2mt<DtWW
y^46z(I
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial HWfX>Vf>}k
A B C :aqskeT
and banking center. eL?si!ZL^
D \Y[)bo6s
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 71&+dC
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 :Fd9N).%
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XK-x*|
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary 7<o;3gR7Kj
A KL"L65g&
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. "[S
6w
B C D g
2<S4
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 h:sG23@=
Iw7r}G
七、平行结构 BIf].RY
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 =T4w:
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(一) 对等连接词 J}\]<aC
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 6|cl`}g_j
单一式: and, or ,but Z x%@wH~
相关式: both…and, not … but, J3^Z PW
either …or, neither…nor mJR
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the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as 3*2pacHpE
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, 0
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没有so...as... _ u2
between…and, p;=(-4\V}
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also Pv.@Y30
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, Vnb#N4vR
VW`=9T5%@
短语式: as well as x's-UO"^
rather than (而不是) cSk}53
other than (除…之外) TLgVuY
instead of (代替) 1Di&vpn0u
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 1tpD|
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, Ngnjr7Q={T
A B )aSkUytg"
but he is now living in Detroit. EPy/6-5b
C D HCK4h DKo}
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 }*.*{I
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例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics BUyA]
A B ^&HYn
wk
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford n]Y _C^
remained active in city and regional planning. ]EQ/*ct
C D ,qB081hPG
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半
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(二)平行的内容 )K~nZLULY
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 [_
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例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of Vk-_H)*r
A B mN02T@R
-
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, fZ$2bI=
C D
l1WVt}
or yearly periods of light and darkness. v<1;1m
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 $hio(
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第二、名词单复数的平行 v0=~PN~E
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 Yo:&\a K[
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例:The main advertising media include direct mail, =%LS9e^7D
A B C h%%'{^>~
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. V
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D }
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分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 G1rgp>m
3$Je,|bs
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, k:sh:G+=$d
A B b11C3TyQT
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. 8CCA/
6
C D bGZy0.
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have !SnpesTn
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第三、时态的平行 rgr> ;
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated A.n1|Q#
A mYCGGwD
with the imagist movement , but later develops #]rw@c
B YpJzRm{Ra
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. zC7;Zj*k
C D /=%4gWtr
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 =$MV3]
?S"xR0 *
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- pxgv(:Tw
spread from its home in Central America and
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now grows throughout the tropics. T"O!
(A) to be (B) it DGcd|>q
(C) the (D) its \-^3Pe,
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? ;kY=
}=9
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow `| fF)kI
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例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- kHJjdgV
commercially for their meat and eggs. 9rhz#w
(A) raised (B) and are raised p0Vw@R=
(C) raised as (D) are raised MD%86m{Sg=
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 gX[6WB"p
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第四、排列位置的平行 W)KV"A3C
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. ^+-i7`|=
(A) Not only does rust corrode &TKB8vx=#
(B) Not only rust corrodes GZse8ng
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes d35 ,[
(D) Rust not only corrodes Y#KgaZ7N
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 gP`8hNwR
W}Z'zU?[
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种:
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1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 8xLvpgcZ
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 L.>`;`dmY
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 ;asB@Q
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八、词序的颠倒
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词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 op;OPf,
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 8@Pv
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例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage |*Hw6
m
A B K^EW*6vB8O
that can be given to any individual in the United States. 0:Xvch0
C D Dr&2qX!
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 }PD?x4
}! x\qpA
*zJ}=%)f
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 M#UW#+*g!
例:Certain types of computers work properly only
}/Pz1,/
A B ^ 14U]<
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. oIN!3
C D ZG3u
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 |\Nu+w
D:4Iex9$F"
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(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 "8>T
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例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were A!\g!*
A B C UiO%y
in what is now the United States. YBehyx2eK
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分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 F
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所有的系动词分为三大类: CY"&@v1
第一种:表示保持某种状态, d e)7_pCF|
is, remain, keep, stay, ;6P#V`u
lie, exit(表示位于) N8S!&
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第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 >>22:JI`
become, turn, grow, 7L)edR[
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) [;~:',vHQf
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第三种,感官动词 Va"H.]
seem(好像是) IsP-[0it
look(看起来好像是) {S[+hUl
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste OI/m_xx@j
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 '9d<vWg
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe %8C,9q
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to cause numerous deaths. P5;n(E(19
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分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 [&H$Su}$0
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九、词性的混用 TEB<ia3
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词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 PH!^ww6
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(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 }enS'Fpf`
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; cl\Gh
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例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high Ebk9[=
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mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and l rRRRR
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when they are in captivity they breed poorly. mE>v (JY
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分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) "K Or)QD/
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(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 KCDbE6
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 6x]x>:8
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds sLHUQ(S!
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and keeping the soil in the best condition to Sh@en\m=#S
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help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. 'gD,HX
D B8G9V6KS-
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 178u4$# b
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例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, )8,) &F
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was concerned with the depicting the experience of Qnr7Qnb
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urban Black people in the United States. d*cAm$
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分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 rzk-_AFR
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####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 v:xfGA nP
表示时间有两种可能, S-Z s
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 "Vw;y+F}
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, QPZ|C{Ce
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 >cdxe3I\
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例:Balloon observations for military intelligence W]aX}>0
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were made while the American Civil War. 2c u?2_,
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分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 <q<kqy5s-R
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例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the F-&=N {+
A B C >I&'Rj&Mc
history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. 84|oqwZO
D W6y-~
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 ->q^$#e
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(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 LagHzCB
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 !$1'q~sO
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例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social }r _d{nhi
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work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. D&C83^m
B C D S`?L\R.:
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 qy$1+>f1
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例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples 5U[
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A B C t,4'\nv*
easily under the stress of compression. zh60b{
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分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 L4)
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(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 r@v_
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例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine "(cMCBVYdA
A B O\=c&n~`
article that gives personal comments on current events. :0o,pndU
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分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 Bq
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例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars,
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which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. WiBO8N,%`
B C D V
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分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 VzZ'W[/7)B
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(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 6OLp x)fG
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; v5Qp[O_
two hundred diligent students