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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 zwtsw[.  
一、代词 )*ckJK  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 cqx1NWlY  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 U[l%oLra  
  主格、宾格、所有格 5H+k_U  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) ;L2bC3  
pm\X*t}L  
(二) 反身代词 BA,6f?ktXS  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 p;$9W+H0  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) M%xL K7  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) 'qAfei']  
Y)}%SP>,  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  5Q`n6x|  
    A                 B    KVxb"|[  
  a series of indicators that could help 493i*j5r)l  
             C      F|TMpH/  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. u=o"^   
    D 3^> a TU<Z  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 JyC&L6[]Z  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 '-33iG  
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 ^!o}>ls['  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 <[:7#Yo g  
d`uO7jlm  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies  F'FZ?*a  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the Qk.Q9@3W  
     A   B      C          D bDBO+qA  
  Pacific. 9+ l3 $  
k_>Fw>Y  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 cO+Xzd;838  
5}bZs` C  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 e ]o'i;I  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: 7[v@*/W@  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 t Q/ #t<4D  
U?mf^'RE  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined 8+ F}`lLA  
                       A   5%?b5(mnD  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and xVkTRCh  
             B 0T#xM(q[K  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. h@;)dLo0z  
   C       D 51G=RYay9  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 \!JS 7!+  
u}}9j&^Xa  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important zf3:<CRX5  
        A     H >:4MY  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John S1^nC tSF  
   B        C      o9Txo (tYU  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  uR:=V9O  
      D ihiuSF<NaQ  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. xshAr J& A  
!ASoXQRz  
2:iYYRrg  
(四) Who和which的区别 & &" 'dL  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 #~4{`]W6  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 Ni!;-,H+E  
_}zo /kDA  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who gX$0[ sIS.  
              A            B *5y W  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. }KA-t}8  
   C                  D 6Lg!L odu  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 X a"XB  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明  lk_s!<ni  
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(五) that和which的区别 &[5n0e[  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 *D?((_+  
2cCWQ"_,  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it ,u}<Ws8N  
              A        B 'Aj(i/CM  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. -BA"3 S  
      C              D As@ihB+(\  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 bQwdgc),s{  
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 D =r -  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, Q[J [=  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when 8 7RHA $?  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. >|a\>UgC  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which >ik1]!j]Lv  
Hp\Ddx >Jd  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly Abj97S  
              A         B   /M3y)K`^  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. `n 3FT=  
         C      D 8f?rEI\0GD  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 }{ n\tzR  
96c"I;\GXX  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  `Kh]x9Z  
  affected the way people in the United States----. sFLcOPj-%  
   (A) living and working LeY+p]n~  
   (B) they live and work FZiZg;  
   (C) live and work bxAsV/j  
   (D) to live and to work ^J8uhV;w  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 I>{!U$  
 bRNK.[|  
二、介词 DU;[btK>  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 %N )e91wC  
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(一) 介词搭配 [-\({<t3x  
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those %`#G92Z_  
    A         B   C      8O6_iGTBh  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food.  Y %K~w  
                D lW p~t  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 mj@31YW  
+0J@y1  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. RdgVB G#Z1  
A       B     C  D 6 }!Z"  
分析:B错改为be rich in Q"%QQo}}  
2{-!E ^g  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the Edw2W 8  
    A         B      C eIg+PuQD]  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. 3?2<W EYr  
             D &|b4\uj9  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 2Z)4(,  
["a"x>X&  
>SoO4i8  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 _1  p DA  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 y7z(&M@  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. GRT] aw  
          A      B  C     D SWs3SYJ\  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 H\E7o" m  
gO='A(Y  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has _ 5"+Dv  
                 A  B     H_w%'v&  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on R`#W wx>b  
      C @vRwzc\   
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. cJDd0(tD!  
      D Z/<#n\>t0>  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 >{5 p0  
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2、介词by [Atc "X$  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by E!J=8C.:  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing ,%[4j9#!_  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States pu9^e4B9  
    A         B       WC*=rWRxF  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. (ChD]PWQ  
   C     D <T+!V-Pj*  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 #HAC*n  
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils Eectxyr?;N  
   A                      lnh+a7a)  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to SZhOm  
     B    C       D ^/@jwZ  
   supply moccasins and field rations. $q_R?Eay  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 < zOi4v0  
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with DinPxtT?a  
        A                ;H'gT+t<c  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements 3j Z6kfj  
        B          C   R=]d %L8  
  that are often represented at symbols. lg$zG a?  
              D o}$1Ay*q`  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 ;*2>ES  
三、谓语动词 p{D4"Qn+P9  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 5!X1G8h)uy  
①、主谓分割原则 9?<{_'  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, wkUlrL/~  
     A     4_/?:$KO  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. hk[ %a$Y  
        B      C      D KNLnn;l  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 tDg}Ys=4K>  
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②、与后者一致原则 v'!a\b`9  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, 'o_:^'c  
not only…but also ,Wbwg  
Gh.[dF?  
[* ?Awf`   
③、与前者一致原则 aJ") <_+  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, o1cErI&q"  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 j>-gO,v, y  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and },+wJ1  
     A      B  C     C?Bl{4-P}*  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. aI^/X {d  
         D Q/>{f0  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is eIRLNxt+v  
8_<4-<}P:  
④、就近原则 Qham^  
or, either…or, neither…nor, 3 @ak<9&  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are 3RLFp\i"s  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is y{dTp  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 V=:'SL*3|  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 'Vyt4^$%  
M `rl!Ci#  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are s l]_M  
        A      B        na9sm  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. uwz)($~bp  
    C              D ~HOy:1QhE=  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 ?c[*:N(  
\,u_7y2 c  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 At-U2a#J{  
There are five apples that are red. Q09[[  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 e,t(q(L  
q Y#n'&  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets tmQH|'>>  
      A            /YZr~|65  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. a)wJT`xu  
   B   C    D  o4|M0  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 D#3\y*-y?  
e" St_z(  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 dBz/7&Q   
The rich are not always happier than the poor. /Mvf8v  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 9I&xfvD,  
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 FoN|i"*l  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: 0*f)=Q'  
a. there be 句型 OCNQvF~  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 wne,e's}   
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 Yt;MV)  
0yD9SJn  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. )h7<?@wv&  
   A     B      C    D    ?l9XAW t\  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is \W~ N  
h2G$@8t}I  
a<^v(r  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific nLXlU*ES  
             A     B    hgPa6Kd  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 F1*>y  
     C         X% t1 T4  
  miles in width. Te"io U?.  
     D  v[1aW v:  
分析:倒装句,are改为is Cd#(X@n  
ua3~iQj-  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and +r2+X:#~T  
   A    B       C         e"{{ TcNk  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film P3x8UR=fS  
                    D 9ijfRqI=x  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. <cps2*'  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 igCZ|Ru\  
"H'B*vc-  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 3c-GY:VkLM  
fifty percent of + 名词 =W(Q34  
one percent of + 名词 $*^7iT4q_t  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: 6AAz  
  one percent of my students + are  3#3n!(  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. f z'@_4hg  
g];!&R-  
这里要强调两个结构 Wf+cDpK  
half of =fifty percent 5'OrHk;u  
most of + 可数名词 + are %z=le7  
most of + 不可数名词+ is zVViLUwG  
T$8)u'-pa  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been D}-/c"':}  
   A       B         C   m+ =] m_  
  found in central and eastern Canada. '{cIAw/"n  
           D tH!]Z4}u  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 /2&c$9=1  
u+ 9hL4  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized y6g&Y.:o  
                 A   B  NDN7[7E  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. &h}#HS>l  
              C     D mVj9, q0  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 s n8Q k=K  
(Lbbc+1m  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 em y[k  
①、主要考察时间状语 ?e%ZOI  
p'Y^ X  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. ,V7nzhA2  
   A        B  C     D S;Fi?M  
d9k0F OR1  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was )~X2 &^orW  
Q-(zwAaE  
@ JGP,445  
②、For和since的区别 9[#pIPxNK  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 1 s\Wtw:  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 A@`}c,G  
  I has been a teacher for three years. ]>!K 3kB  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. Lw1Yvtn  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 !M(xG%M-V  
:'Vf g[Uq  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became Zj(AJ*r  
   A      B              \$K20)  
  the primary responsibility of the president. F~-(:7j  
     C    D $z6_@`[  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 x[p|G5  
:@Pl pF K  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of !t"4!3  
             A  B  C   7g^]:3f!   
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. Lj({[H7D!  
            D }{Pp]*I<A  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 gb1V~  
{p2!|A&a  
t 9lPb_70  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  hPB9@ hT$  
   A       B        C     D [g |_~h  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live qZdQD  
s S+MqBh&I  
(三) 谓语的语态 =jN.1}  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 zpn9,,~u  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: WCZjXDiwJ  
①、prove B`)BZ,#p  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 [>I<#_^~  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; k=$TGqQY?  
I9A~Ye 5O&  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming 5vQHhwO50k  
                      A   P;.W+WN  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be N{!i=A  
    B                  C QW~E&B%  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. 2QcOR4_V  
                  D Pbn*_/H  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 9.M4o[  
*8 A  
! I:%0D  
②、Locate,Situate )r?}P1J7  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 bHnT6Icom  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 @gEUm_#HTs  
这两个词也可以用作被动 Wis~$"  
  My school was located near the river. ;4\ 2.* s  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 ?zMHP#i  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. H2 {+)  
   (A)locates 05#1w#i  
   (B)locating F,F4nw<W  
   (C)to locate & ywPuTt  
   (D)is located p4rL}Jm&  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 tY<4%~%X  
I]t!xA~  
③、表示需要概念的动词 558V_y:  
need, want, require等 ^/>(6>S^M  
Fyx|z'4b  
My watch needed repairing Sv#XIMw{,  
My watch needed to be repaired. [!uG1GJ>  
ek\ xx  
④、表示人的情感的动词 /t57!&  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 nNV'O(x}  
_/$Bpr{R  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 x /S}Q8!"}  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 [PM 2\#K  
%nZo4hnr$r  
主动和被动技巧总结: ,eW%{[g(  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 GW@;}m(  
zkrM/ @p#  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the 85$m[+md  
                 A      6r0krbN  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, {SPq$B_VR  
                 B l`{\"#4  
  power structures, and flood-control works along &X ):4  
                    C W ]1)zO  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. LVf F[  
                D &K.d'$q  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 jl$ece5v  
F?*-4I-  
四、非谓语动词 +b<FO+E_  
S>6 ~lb8G  
(一) 分词  .-c4wm}  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 u#$]?($}d  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 mt{nm[D!Xp  
gMmaK0uhS  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then xb~yM%*c  
   A |(E FY\  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. h$>-.-  
     B      C            D @/.;Xw]  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning ox~o J|@  
n u[ML  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 XB^'K2  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in q 4:o#K#  
      A               B   =JEv,ZGT3  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. #ym'AN  
               C         D -`kW&I0  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living D9=KXo^  
(AaoCa[  
3 *"WG O5  
一些动词后面必须用doing t;}|tgC  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 s4y73-J^.v  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, vjGo;+K  
 advocate, suggest df 4A RP+  
 delay, quit 6 l|DU7i  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, i(%W_d!  
 avoid, escape(逃避) kX7C3qdmt  
 spend+名词+doing; { M4gF8(M  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing [I,Z2G,Jb  
{tuYs:  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their TCwFPlF|  
   A     B    C              D s^G.]%iU  
  crops. 45@ I*`  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 &WuN&As!Z  
N]Y d9tn{  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, *SbMqASv4G  
               A        B O~#!l"0 L+  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. ;40/yl3r3[  
        C          D r"3=44St  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing p?%y82E  
Y1W1=Uc uk  
(二) 不定式 .LnGL]/  
A. 动词不定式的省略 ;s= l52  
①、help后面可以省略to O'p9u@kc  
  help do <SAzxo:I  
  help sb. to do 7?!d^$B  
(&Kk7<#`  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid B?gOHG*vd>  
              A      B   Af~$TyX  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. b;B%q$sntC  
         C     D kYP#SH/  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 :S{BbQ){]  
9rA0lqr]5  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 ~k-y &<UR  
  make, Tt`u:ZwhF  
  let, ;LKkbT 5  
  have sb. do sth IYE~t  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. [: n'k  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians a_^\=&?'  
        A               B HYD'.uj  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. Y!aSs3c  
   C     D RtkEGxw*^  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know _P#|IAq*  
K e;E1S-~  
③、感官动词 ('4_ xOb  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe k {R>  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 T#T*Zw"+  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 .Bl\Z  
K C*e/J  
"=HA Y  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 D=A&+6B@-  
(1)表示第一人 wyH[x!QX  
the first woman to do sth. 1 fp?  
`f,/`''R  
(2)表示迫使的动词 gmUz9P(  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do kUb>^- -K  
o"s)eh  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis u74[>^  
     A                 B    E <rp7~#  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. '0;l]/i.  
       C           D + )AG*  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 L8@f-Kk  
etQCzYIhn  
X;+sUj8  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 a K[&V't~  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 P_^ +A  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 J/`<!$<c  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 n1ZbRV  
  be apt to do I.(, hFx;  
olB.*#gA  
(4)表示目的的名词, 7DogM".}~Q  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 >a<.mU|#  
固定的句式: oi7@s0@  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. zy?|ODM  
the objective 目标 [C 7^r3w  
aim ZL&qp04}  
goal n: ^ d|@  
reason理由 dA}-]  
function功能 T3.&R#1M8-  
intension意图 VOsR An/N  
XAKs0*J>  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing wD}l$ & +  
                       A  IVnHf_PzF  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. %bn jgy  
           B          C     D  R Z?jJm$  
分析:the function to provide, A错  `,*3[  
lN 4oW3QT  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure &ee~p&S,>  
                  A       MTh<|$   
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds K=Z|/Kkh  
     B  A1$TXr  
  that make up various components of a living cell. WM$ MPs  
    C    D CJx|?yK2  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 ,.8KN<A2]'  
epe)a  
(5) 其他同根名词 9!\B6=r y4  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 !;v|'I  
 attempt to do 企图 K&]G3W%V  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 z (wc0I  
 ambition, Ykw*&opz  
 be ambitious to do  <oV(7  
 effort oxA<VWUNT  
Af2( 5]  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation 7t0=[i  
  A                    B   C`9+6T  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. 83\pZ1>)_  
          C       D :Yh+>c}N  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 D_*WYV  
&%DY\*  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great 8qT ys8  
  A                   B   X`>i& I]  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. hx%v+/  
       C            D =s2*H8]  
分析:efforts to register, C错 *)T^Ch D,  
,m:.-iy?  
)9`qG:b'  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 AJ`h9 %B  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 vJ[^  K  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. M`!H"R7  
l'.VKh\C  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 B LiF 5  
I am glad to see you. g7`LEF <A  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. )_S(UVI5  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. N +_t-5  
| rtD.,m   
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 Ma Qqs=  
It is difficult to decide. @,7GaK\  
3ym',q  
'$(^W@M#6  
五、句子的结构 1 bU,$4  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 ,Ah;A [%?~  
T_5H&;a  
(一) 主语的重复 "e>;'%W  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 >jLY"  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any @:vwb\azVD  
          A      B       SRDp*  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the :{l_FY436  
          C          D MH\dC9%p  
  League of Nations. ={&j07,*a  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 *P=VFP  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson 2eY_%Y0  
qqY"*uJ'  
2uW; xfeY  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are z$. 88 ^  
        A        B  P}^W)@ +3k  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. })Vi  
    C         D 7[XRd9a5(  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 jm/`iXnMf  
e6$WQd`O  
(二)谓语的重复 \Uq(Zga4)  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 I,vJbvvl!  
~=l;=7 T  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  `|& O*`  
    A            B    5<Nx^D  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. +#@I~u _}D  
         C   D .}~_a76  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 SoSb+\* @h  
M%P:n/j  
(三)谓语的缺少 T+H!_ky`A  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body `Eo.v#<  
          A     B    cIOlhX@  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. 1K50Z.o&@  
         C               D GH$pKB  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 =MDys b&:  
P{ lB50  
(四)主句的重复 z_4J)?3  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 @Z:l62l=bE  
=^,m` _1  
mGg+.PFsM  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite u>a5GkG.  
      A         B        C   "'?>fe\qG  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. _ZSR.w}j/  
     D }y gD3:vN7  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 |[b{)s?x  
ZyFjFHe+  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow <*cikXS  
        A   B       P.9>z7l{  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. ]Gq !`O1  
      C    D z9Rp`z&`E  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 YNsJZnGr8#  
LyFN.2qw  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided p9{mS7R9T  
   A                     B  #Ki[$bS~6  
  names for towns, only George Washington aWF655Fs*  
      C IF:;`r@%  
  is remembered in the name of a state. %n9aaoD  
          D iGB}Il)  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 C]A.i2o8  
六、比较级和最高级 \ }G> 8^  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 f._ua>v,f  
p0vVkdd  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 #QMz<P/Gl6  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which U-M>=3|N  
      A               $qj2w"'  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. Ig>(m49d  
     B       C           D %1+4_g9  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 [d ]9Oa4  
h@ry y\9  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 }0Ed ]  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. b d!Y\OD  
     A      B     C  D 92oFlEJ  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 13x p_j  
b4N[)%@  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere X!EP$!  
     A       B     C   D :^h$AWR^f  
  is the grizzly bear. z<' u1l3  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 - 1gVeT&  
; BHtCuY  
 z+X}HL  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 SOA,kwHRe  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 Uw<nxD/+  
S{T >}'y  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with 7WzxA=*#  
   A           B  4;2uW#dG"  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. dioGAai'  
   C                 D a/xn'"eli  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 @-`*m+$U6  
NL+N%2XG7  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 Dk51z@  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as >Y@H4LF;1x  
1<aP92/N&  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 XC#oB~K'  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 Y"$xX8o  
the taller boy )J(6xy  
+D*Z_Yh6  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 }4X0epPp;:  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed rEz^  
          A            B +R75v)  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is (A.C ]hD  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. _Y m2/3!  
    C          D 6Q5^>\Y  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they ?:eV%`7  
%^6F_F_jS  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 _+3::j~;m  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, yEy6]f+>+  
  A  B         C     j.= 1rwPt  
  the Navajos form largest group. es0hm2HT3  
         D hOK8(U 0  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 )D%~` ,#pQ  
~pky@O#b  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, ;722\y(Y  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language `uTmw^pZX  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the X2"/%!65{  
.x&%HA  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many `">=  
            A      B         C jSaU?ac  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. 5#z1bu  
            D 7 a}k  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。  05^h"  
tX~w{|k  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the &#i"=\d  
例如:my best friends NwfVL4Xg  
N6TH}~62}  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial ksm~<;td  
            A    B     C iN.n8MN=I  
  and banking center. tQ601H>o  
        D 43 :X,\~)  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 !p/goqT~dY  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 tT._VK]o&R  
NX&_p!_V  
2 ? 4!K.  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary >.D4co>  
                 A         3iU=c&P  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. og>uj>H&  
    B   C     D !TcJ)0   
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 [PbOfxxgA  
3r1*m  +  
七、平行结构 6E}qL8'5x  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 HOJV,9v N  
f<6lf7qzC  
:2)/FPL6  
(一) 对等连接词 Z #m+ObHK1  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 wS3'?PRX  
单一式: and, or ,but 9Gz=lc[!7  
相关式: both…and, not … but, ]]Ufas9  
     either …or, neither…nor {fp[BF  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as E<*xx#p  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, "J3x_~,[4m  
没有so...as... [1H^3g '  
between…and, AT|3:]3E  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also e@YK@?^#N  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, uXl3k:_n  
3irl (;v  
短语式: as well as {+b7sA3  
     rather than (而不是) M rb)  
     other than (除…之外) _h1mF<\ X^  
     instead of (代替) @9|hMo  
|(^PS8wG  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对  @`Su0W+.  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  f(7GX3?  
       A     B   7E!5G2XX~~  
  but he is now living in Detroit. "5$B>S(Q  
       C   D jZr q{Z<  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 /; 85i6  
18:%~ >.!  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics FHI ;)wn=  
       A         B BTrn0  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford 8DaL,bi*.  
  remained active in city and regional planning. Dv`c<+q(#  
          C    D  0#^v{DC  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 Aq7osU1B  
(二)平行的内容 0_t!T'jr7  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 S ByW[JE  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of H} g{Cr"Ex  
             A         B   ;sFF+^~L  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, FaJ&GOM,  
         C            D m` r(p"  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. u> 7=AlWF-  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 R{T$[$6S  
*CHX  
(Ep\Z 6*  
第二、名词单复数的平行 Ma"]PoP  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 #>+HlT  
f& '  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, ?FcAXA/J{  
  A     B          C   *;*r 8[U}q  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. -3Vx76Y  
                 D   #;nYg?d=  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 v_-dx  
8X|-rM{  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, M/gGoE{  
                   A         B 'b{]:Y  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. 9q[oa5INd  
      C          D w+CA1q<  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have <e</m)j  
)+2hl  
第三、时态的平行 d-dEQKI?;  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated e**qF=HCw  
                A     6,{$J  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops Y/zj[>  
                   B WI-1)1t  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. #4 pB@_  
          C    D 'SF<_aS(  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 s,&Z=zt0R  
'(|ofJe!  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- QB'aON\S  
  spread from its home in Central America and  B ,epzI  
  now grows throughout the tropics. DlMW(4(  
   (A) to be    (B) it   x+@rg];m  
   (C) the     (D) its HCC#j9UN6  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? wcY? rE9  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow j HJ`,#  
b!5~7Ub.No  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- : E )>\&  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. 6G""I]uT  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised .5ha}=z  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised (M.&^w;`,  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 q6V>zi  
nk' s_a*Z  
第四、排列位置的平行 ^yN&ZI3P&  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. l?n\i]'  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode |imM# wF  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  0[?Xxk}s0  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes P P33i@G  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes )cMh0SGcM1  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 Sk\K4  
Iom'Y@x  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: O.M>+~Nw  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 |~mOfuQb  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 EDl!w:  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 M\Ye<Tk  
B !L{  
八、词序的颠倒  < !C)x  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 4*cEag   
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 ,G?WAOy,  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage j@3Q;F0ba  
              A    B        ">,|V-H  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. oDAXiY$u  
      C       D    hT&Y#fh  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 !")tU+:  
0#Y5_i|p  
~1AgD-:Jz  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 i^Y+?Sx  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only A>;bHf@  
          A      B     &>W$6>@  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. )e=D(qd  
    C         D ' ;FnIZ  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 S3*`jF>q  
m6\E$;`  
+YKi,  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 }9#r0Vja  
1N#| }ad  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were 7p16Hv7y~  
          A   B     C   ?*1uN=oI{*  
  in what is now the United States. ;yLu R  
    D { VfXsI  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 Ls$D$/:q?  
"R1NG?; q  
所有的系动词分为三大类: +-U- D?-  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, SpLzm A  
    is, remain, keep, stay, b"uu   
    lie, exit(表示位于) bz2ztH9 n  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 ;!mzyb*  
    become, turn, grow, ]7F=u!/`<C  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) p;59?  
k"T}2 7  
第三种,感官动词 F|o:W75  
    seem(好像是) 7{)G_?Q&  
    look(看起来好像是) NMa}{*sQ  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste g1/[eoZzk  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 ug!s7fo^  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe dGYn4i2k?  
    A               B     EyD=q! ZVZ  
   to cause numerous deaths. jk; clwyz/  
        C   D  @uqd.Q  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 b8`)y<7  
G_3O]BMKd)  
九、词性的混用 3nIU1e  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 G7` ko1-  
hLd^ agX  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 L3u&/Tn2  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; <ktrPlNuM  
{7" Q\  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high ]_mb7X>  
          A        B      | C;=-|  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and (Ft+uuG  
              C ~drS} V  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. VuhGx:Xl  
          D ?mwt~_s9  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) =1FRFZI!j  
}W C[$Y_@  
\+oQd=K@  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 r_)' Ps  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 %B2'~|g  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds {k>&?Vd!  
         A       B      >Eyt17_H"n  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to .LPV#&   
          C        1E[J%Rh\ l  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. tVYF{3BhA  
            D 6y-@iJ*ld;  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 rT=rrvV3g  
c?(4t67|  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, .wEd"A&j  
            A       gDQ^)1k  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of MD}w Y><C  
      B      C -V*R\,>  
   urban Black people in the United States. afCW(z H p  
   D QGMV}y  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 s$zLiQF;  
S*,17+6dV  
$g^@AdE%  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 k%]3vRo<  
表示时间有两种可能, *^pR%E .  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子  g T6z9  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, J@/kIrx  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 XnH05LQ  
*[Imn\hu  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence RF?`vRZOe  
       A     B     s-NX o  
  were made while the American Civil War. _f7 9wx\B  
   C    D m=1N>cq '  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 PioZIb/{  
`C,n0'PL.  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the $o!zUH~'v  
   A      B           C    nF}vw |r>x  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. m%0p\Y-/  
          D k<z )WNBf  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 \wmN  
M^A48u{,"  
gZVc 5u<  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 ]|#+zx|/D  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 xKbXt;l2  
_OYasJUM G  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social //B&k`u  
                   A     }YQX~="  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. y4yhF8E>;U  
     B   C    D L]7=?vN=8  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 53_Hl]#qZ  
"2!&5s,1p  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples ;J'LS  
   A        B   C      -au^;CM  
  easily under the stress of compression. ]dVGUG8  
   D cx,+k]9D  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 *YI98  
`K"L /I9  
/*~EO{o  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 D'>_I.  
A.F%Ycq  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine 2 B1q*`6R  
    A         B W<{h,j8  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. 2F;y;l%  
          C            D s3N'02G  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 ,O5NLg-  
Ha#= (9.  
ejKucEg D  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, +bxYG D  
         A g @Z))M+  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. ]|pe>:gf'  
   B      C      D j a[Et/r  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 iO{hA  
Ep_HcX`  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 n)/z0n!\  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; Wb,KjtX  
two hundred diligent students
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