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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 /JEH%)  
一、代词 lE?e1mz{  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 H'q&1^w)  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 j72cS Rv  
  主格、宾格、所有格 Te[[xhTyw  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) W#u}d2mP  
@Sq=#f/=  
(二) 反身代词 \#LKsQ a  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 8kW9.   
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) smIZ:L %  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) 7/PHg)&  
K[~Wj8W0  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  -fL|e/   
    A                 B    0 WF(Ga/o  
  a series of indicators that could help tborRi)  
             C      wS``Q8K+dM  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. iN`/pW/JE  
    D Pk8L- [&v  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 %bDd  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 "{z9 L+  
j@GMZz<  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 & \<RVE  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 R&ou4Y:DG  
)@R:$l86  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies \RQ5$!O  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the P2`ks[u+i  
     A   B      C          D }s}9@kl;&  
  Pacific. >x2T '  
,Yi =s;E  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 wTIf#y1=9  
elKQge  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 /jj!DO#  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: RK rBHqh@  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 Nz!AR$  
}PED#Uv  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined Y Nq<%i!>  
                       A   .-RWlUe;,  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and []dRDe;#  
             B 5~rs55W  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. 0HNe44oI+D  
   C       D KpwUp5K  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 29av8eW?3  
E+~~d6nB  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important :"QRB#EC%  
        A     (qPZEZKx  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John $7BD~U   
   B        C      )3G?5 OTS  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  7kJ,;30)  
      D Mm/GI a  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. n"dT^ g  
/,:32H  
E* lqCh  
(四) Who和which的区别 }>0UaK  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 j; +nnpg  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 @NyCMe;]  
L1D%vu`  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who kXOlZ C  
              A            B ]I}' [D  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. }RyYzm2  
   C                  D wEkW=  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 (JF\%Yj/  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 6'Lij&,f?{  
}2h~o~  
(五) that和which的区别 Ybok[5  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 \,_%e[g49  
rsc8lSjH  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it +Uk/Zg w^  
              A        B Nz]\%c/-  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen.  F-ijGGL#  
      C              D M"V?fn'  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 f-23.]`v  
A46y?"]/30  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 IPY@9+]  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, H>W A?4  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when av5lgv)3  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. ,Z52d ggD  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which 9 s>JdAw?  
S(rA96n  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly yuhSP{pv'  
              A         B   .ipYZg'V  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. ^(a%B  
         C      D QR a>W/N  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 ya|7hz{  
v_oNM5w  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  A!hkofQ  
  affected the way people in the United States----. ~xzRx$vU  
   (A) living and working nC2A&n&>  
   (B) they live and work  4INO .  
   (C) live and work 4egq Y0A  
   (D) to live and to work CxwZ$0  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 7zy6`O P  
qf+I2 kyS  
二、介词 mO]>(^c  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 q*-q5FE  
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(一) 介词搭配 Uln[UK  
\~U8<z  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those 41,Mt  
    A         B   C      tE- s/  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. # (!>  
                D `0Qzu\gRb  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 B EN=/ v  
LbvnV~S  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. yp_:] RE  
A       B     C  D GuNzrKDr  
分析:B错改为be rich in xR\$2(  
(wnkdI{  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the ;ukwKf s  
    A         B      C Z6A*9m  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. G2zfdgW${/  
             D f9F@G&&Ugg  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 + |KnO  
=gw 'MA  
VW$Hzx_z  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 G!u o KiL  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 #jv~FR`4v^  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. f3[gA Y  
          A      B  C     D S{zi8Oc6  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 F /IXqj  
OV_Y`u7YR  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has bb `GV  
                 A  B     GBFYa6\4sT  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on Oca_1dlx  
      C ?YOH9%_cs  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. '%vb&a!.6  
      D 6*J`2U9Q  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 LJt#c+]Li  
& gnE"  
2、介词by N.vt5WP  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by ) wtVFG  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing ;Kob] b  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States 33z)F  
    A         B       4C\>JGZvq  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. ]h3<r8D_#  
   C     D Ne!F  p  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 $1y8gm  
.$pW?C 3e  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils >RZ]t[)y  
   A                      tpOMKh.`  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to j6]+ fo&3  
     B    C       D G0 Q} 1  
   supply moccasins and field rations. :8\!;!  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 FR&4i" +  
uu@Y]0-  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with 1BO$xq  
        A                t{Ck"4Cg  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements Dvbrpn!sk  
        B          C   =@q 9,H  
  that are often represented at symbols. 5 #3/  
              D W/q-^Zkt,9  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 4+2XPaI m  
三、谓语动词 /I&Hq7SW`  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 c@;$6WSG^  
①、主谓分割原则 d*Q:[RUf,  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, ~'>RK  
     A     [!1z; /  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. 3 r4QB  
        B      C      D f'P}]_3(  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 H EdOo~/~  
DID&fj9m  
②、与后者一致原则 :?W {vV  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, jyQ Bx  
not only…but also q,6 y{RyS  
#vh1QV!Ho  
!_0kn6 S5  
③、与前者一致原则 juOOD   
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, tKg \qbY&  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 ~3-2Iu^F  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and Cx$C+  
     A      B  C     Zkl:^!*  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. +bK[3KG4F5  
         D Bfhw0v]Z  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is $[9, 1.?C  
dv3+x\`9  
④、就近原则 r"#h6lYK&  
or, either…or, neither…nor, V"":_`1VW  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are bSHlR#!6  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is _J ^q|  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 T3 xr Ua&  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 N,v4SIC@  
,])@?TJb@  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are A6w/X`([O  
        A      B        PRm Z 3  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. N!6{c~^  
    C              D bh=d'9B@&J  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 .&2pZ  
 (2vR8  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 U!m-{7s$  
There are five apples that are red. :&$4&\_F  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 Q"c!%`\  
FxOhF03\=[  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets :@g@jcbYq`  
      A            =QEg~sD^)s  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. aM'0O![d  
   B   C    D 'R6D+Vk/  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 WH :+HNl1d  
X70vDoW  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 N^|r.J  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. u&l2s&i  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 S |T:rc(~  
W.p->,N  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 %z! w- u+  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: 'T[=Uuj"  
a. there be 句型 ;}IF'ANA  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 IDBhhv3ak  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 7-Rn{"5  
G~)jk+Qq  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. Mr:* l`b_  
   A     B      C    D    4,f[D9|:  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is y<PPO6u7  
Wf_aEW&n  
[K13Jy+  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific lsW.j#yE!  
             A     B    *Q=-7a m  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 jLvI!q   
     C         8+a/x #b-  
  miles in width. b7v] g]*  
     D  |NtT-T)7  
分析:倒装句,are改为is [k-7Kq  
-j3 - H&  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and "r cPJX  
   A    B       C         < Q\`2{  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film 0x# 6L  
                    D hl}#bZ8]  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. /dOQ4VA\  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 PyYKeo=  
a,cDj  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致  + KFK..  
fifty percent of + 名词 1I3u~J3]/  
one percent of + 名词 a0)+=*$  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: 2l5@gDk5  
  one percent of my students + are l$m^{6IYc  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. BqZLqGO Ku  
GU&XK7L  
这里要强调两个结构 }r^MXv~(  
half of =fifty percent  vA`[#(C  
most of + 可数名词 + are fil6w</L  
most of + 不可数名词+ is T>f-b3dk  
"6KOql3  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been sef!hS06  
   A       B         C   {z F  
  found in central and eastern Canada. RB &s$6A  
           D =:"@YD^a4  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 $ @1&G~x  
eHnC^W}|s  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized +Z;0"'K'e  
                 A   B  t&r?O dc&m  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. vN4X%^:(  
              C     D  W2^eE9  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 wkm SIN:  
> %Y#(_~a  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 i;dr(c/ft  
①、主要考察时间状语 / TJ Tu_#  
O0$ijJa|  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. =)I{KT:y  
   A        B  C     D 3QR-8  
fV5#k@,")  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was #F{|G:\@[  
3=K-+dhk|t  
EhVnt#`Si  
②、For和since的区别 1Gqtd^*;  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 zYs? w=  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 4%6Q+LS']Q  
  I has been a teacher for three years. ]D]K_`!K  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. <_Lo3WGwc  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 #F6ak,9S4  
~,guw7F  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became  9q5[W=|  
   A      B              SMy&K[hJ[  
  the primary responsibility of the president. ;kFp)*i  
     C    D 9"aTF,'F/  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 =1JRu[&]8  
(#,.;Y  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of \G" /Myi  
             A  B  C   }9kq?  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. Q:LuRE!t  
            D S:j0&*  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 N1-LM9S  
?=G H{ %E  
3_>1j  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.   y1saE  
   A       B        C     D  (M=Br  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live JQCwI`%i  
-,tYfQ;:  
(三) 谓语的语态 Ij8tBT?jlL  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 O^:h_L  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: GwV FD%  
①、prove Gwy cSb1  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 SrtmpQ  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; g=(+oK?  
*l^'v9  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming QUDVsN#  
                      A   +g[B &A!d+  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be >KPJ7 4R  
    B                  C O+$70   
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. ?Sqm`)\>4  
                  D H-W) Tq_?-  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 {;E/l(HNI  
E-D5iiF  
c v 9 6F  
②、Locate,Situate |DD?3#G01  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 m{ fQL  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 \gkajY-?  
这两个词也可以用作被动 B>ZPn6?y  
  My school was located near the river. Y zS*p~|  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 E2|iAT+=.  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. M<unQ1+wh  
   (A)locates -/%jeDKp  
   (B)locating O:)IRB3  
   (C)to locate njMy&$6a##  
   (D)is located ?m1$*j  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 <h=M Rw,l  
1,QZnF!.x  
③、表示需要概念的动词 F*}Q^%  
need, want, require等 @3c#\jx  
`uA&w}(G  
My watch needed repairing ]ECZU   
My watch needed to be repaired. &o@5%Rz2/  
- >I{ :#  
④、表示人的情感的动词 3 ?F@jEQk  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 q&Wwt qc9  
p,\bez  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 P &0cF{  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 Ko)T>8:  
gsWlTI  
主动和被动技巧总结: XhAcC  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 Q 02??W  
8M+F!1-#  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the P=[x!}.I  
                 A      S\g7wXH  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, X]MM7hMuR  
                 B P8,jA<W  
  power structures, and flood-control works along :YXQ9/iRr  
                    C TL{pc=eBo  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. h;UdwmT  
                D Z?v6pjZ?  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 ; 9&.QR(  
GVc[p\h(  
四、非谓语动词 .Xz"NyW  
?Wz(f{Hm  
(一) 分词 :G=1$gb  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 ^=Tu>{uD  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 2j/1@Z1j=  
m *bKy;'8  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then $17 v,  
   A B0XBI0w^Y  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. JS7}K)A2B6  
     B      C            D ;7^j-6  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning 9Glfi@.  
KYmWfM3^  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 I;.! hV>E  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in -anFt+f-  
      A               B   ;0Ct\[eh  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. yZ~eLWz  
               C         D J%-lw{FC  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living {{[jC"4AY  
+ yP[(b/  
sHPwW5j/o'  
一些动词后面必须用doing zTBi{KrZ  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 CWe>jlUQ  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, 0O['-x  
 advocate, suggest #9hXZr/8  
 delay, quit vu'!-K=0  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, zr;Y1Xt4  
 avoid, escape(逃避) "J[i=~(  
 spend+名词+doing; p`<e~[]a  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing wp]7Lx?F  
N}x/&e  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their M\?uDC9  
   A     B    C              D 6|9g4@Hy  
  crops. AR+\uD=\I-  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 K@j^gF/0B  
;/)Mcx]n  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, fdq^!MWTi  
               A        B JX\T {\m#  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. QC\g%MVG  
        C          D Z*vpQBbu  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing /,uSCITD  
gM;)  
(二) 不定式 ;oY(I7  
A. 动词不定式的省略 e0|_Z])D  
①、help后面可以省略to 1hMX(N &|  
  help do )S wG+k,  
  help sb. to do K5)yM @cq  
kuTq8p2E  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid O'!r]0Q  
              A      B   }4\!7]FVYX  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. aX[1H6&=7  
         C     D P+;CE|J`X  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 F; MF:;mM  
0U~;%N+lv  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 } :RT,<  
  make, l?o-!M{  
  let, 5M<' A=  
  have sb. do sth l}Q"Nb)  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. uXG`6|?  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians RVgPH<1X@e  
        A               B &*G5J7%w  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. "'z,[v 50&  
   C     D X6LhM  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know 0|fb< "  
}pl]9  
③、感官动词 Ci7P%]9  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe jb|mip@` <  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 YGq=8p7.R  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 3d*&':  
fB f 4]^  
^wx%CdFm'P  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 *#&k+{a^2  
(1)表示第一人 H&w:`JYDL3  
the first woman to do sth. u*t,i`  
z-EwXE  
(2)表示迫使的动词 DA<F{n.Z:  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do CQ6'b,L&   
,O:EX0  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis ?z2jk  
     A                 B    _iG2J&1'L  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. IDy_L;'`*  
       C           D D(y+1^>  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 Y/. AUN Z  
z]^+^c_  
Vy-28icZ`  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 (GCG/8s  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 ?Bo?JMV  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 \7pipde  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 ')B =|T)  
  be apt to do WfTD7?\dw  
^>C 11v  
(4)表示目的的名词, C:]s;0$3'9  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 \ht ?G n  
固定的句式: 9YB2 e84j  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. et=7}K]l  
the objective 目标 $@_{p*q  
aim (a[.vw ^g  
goal o]Gguw5W{  
reason理由 2 P=[  
function功能 Q]@c&*_|  
intension意图 8".2)W4*  
$.pTB(tO  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing @Mm/C?#*O  
                       A  *i^`Dw^~y  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. w5 `#q&?  
           B          C     D J! {Al  
分析:the function to provide, A错 +Mk#9 r  
K UKACUL  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure Y25^]ON*\^  
                  A       8'A72*dhX  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds Oe51PEqn  
     B  ^"9* 'vTtc  
  that make up various components of a living cell. re^Hc(8M  
    C    D {CtR+4KD  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 "xe=N  
+L0w;wT  
(5) 其他同根名词 >O#grDXb  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 !4WEk  
 attempt to do 企图 5{K}?*3hJ  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 i0:>Nk  
 ambition, {hQ6K)s  
 be ambitious to do  Kc #|Z  
 effort 9@K.cdRjQ  
d,0 }VaY=D  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation {^}0 G^  
  A                    B   .$!{-v[  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. ujr(K=E  
          C       D uL Q  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 #Yuvbb[  
>\2:\wI  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great hePPxKQ-  
  A                   B   5GQLd  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. a.@qGsIH  
       C            D egk7O4zwP  
分析:efforts to register, C错 _:g&,2bc  
pZ(Fx&fy  
.]x2K-Sf  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 (:pq77  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 *\uM.m0$  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. ({^9<Us  
l?8M p$M  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 L<V3KS2y  
I am glad to see you. "O[j!fG8,  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. ^|!I +  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. }8-\A7T  
%+)o'nf"U  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 d XHB#  
It is difficult to decide. o Y}]UB>  
Sh6JF574T  
fvq,,@23  
五、句子的结构 v``-F(i$  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 MPgS!V1  
LhXUm  
(一) 主语的重复 ;< jbLhHwD  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 g7 V8D  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any N==ZtKj F  
          A      B      *OJ/V O  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the mW2,1}Jv  
          C          D / $  :j  
  League of Nations. 2&'|Eqk  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 cJo\#cr  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson K;hh&sTB  
DZ7 gcC  
u%/fx~t$  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are im} ?rY  
        A        B  5!YA o\S  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. gWABY%!}  
    C         D \<Sv3xy&O  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 99$ 5`R;  
&AVpLf:?  
(二)谓语的重复 d)cOhZy  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 =deMd`=J  
W?yd#j  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  |Fm6#1A@  
    A            B    =S'%`]f?  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. 6qN~/TnHZ  
         C   D :j|IP)-f  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 }i {sg#  
w -Nhs6  
(三)谓语的缺少 MuoF FvAA  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body mk7&<M  
          A     B    |qZ ko[W}=  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. L9pvG(R%  
         C               D +*\X]06  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 #HS]NA|e@  
yC 77c=  
(四)主句的重复 [."[pY  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 q$1PG+-  
9/+Nj/  
f.24:Dw,  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite b jAnaya  
      A         B        C   hTP:[w)  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. =rdY @  
     D 3=-4%%[M@  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 0]D0{6x 8  
JS}{%(B  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow %|G"-%_E  
        A   B       Kwc6mlw~M  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. +[SgO}sF  
      C    D eZ"1gYqy  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 0%!rx{f#\  
- 0?^#G}3}  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided cb5,P~/q  
   A                     B  :eo  
  names for towns, only George Washington &3J@BMYp  
      C -W,}rcj*|  
  is remembered in the name of a state. UT}i0I9  
          D p4p@^@<>X  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 ;[RZ0Uy=  
六、比较级和最高级 eT2*W$  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 O Fje+S  
eAPXWWAZJ1  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 $%VuSrZ&  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which HHqwq.zIy  
      A               dg4vc][  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. mZ1)wH,  
     B       C           D Zw wqSyuGf  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 t43)F9!  
%X9r_Hx  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 mDZ*E!B  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. d\ |!Hg,  
     A      B     C  D {}:ToIp  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 JI vo_7{  
1 hg}(Hix  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere F:mq'<Q  
     A       B     C   D svXR<7) #  
  is the grizzly bear. }jill+]  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 trE{FT  
=/\:>+p^.y  
,]T2$?|  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 F5o+kz$;  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 :_QCfH  
%6_AM  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with +Jr|z\  
   A           B  4V~?.  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. ;qBu4'C)T  
   C                 D @g G<le6  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 N<DGw?Rl  
E\C9|1)  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 [k-+AA>:  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as >|;aIa@9  
P\_`   
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 ;V<fB/S.=+  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 NssELMtF!g  
the taller boy  wd)jl%  
GaSPJt   
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 QD%L0;j  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed NB<A>baL*  
          A            B }3?n~s\)6f  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is \G-KplKS  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. zk( U8C+  
    C          D 3$X'Y]5a  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they o*J3C>  
QVtQx>K`  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 RSo& (Uv  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, sM9+dh  
  A  B         C     @9"J|}  
  the Navajos form largest group. H *)NLp  
         D 6 :~v4W!k  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 AA7C$;Z15~  
4F{70"a  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, L+q/){Dd(  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language r >nG@A  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the xKho1Z  
GI1  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many c??mL4$'N  
            A      B         C g?ULWeZg5  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. X93!bB  
            D q?8| [.  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 c3CWRi`LE  
;-qO'V:;  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the [;J>bi;3N  
例如:my best friends %B.yW`,X  
K9up:.{QQ  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial ] @u6HH~^  
            A    B     C w {3<{  
  and banking center. AnX%[W "  
        D =UfsL%  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 m+T;O/lG0{  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 jIyB  
OD!& .%  
JVSA&c%3  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary lE(a%'36  
                 A         ", KCCis  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. yvO{:B8%  
    B   C     D QvKh,rBFVG  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 gq'Y!BBQy  
) iN /ua  
七、平行结构 Tq[kl'_  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 4p,EBn9(  
GE%Z9#E  
T~##,qQ  
(一) 对等连接词 hRD=Y<>A  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 _)>_{Pm  
单一式: and, or ,but >8#X;0\Kj  
相关式: both…and, not … but, ]\hSI){  
     either …or, neither…nor UMm!B`M  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as OX?\<),  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, /YMj-S_b~  
没有so...as... gf &Pn  
between…and, PuA9X[=  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also TE7nJ gm  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, deV  8  
?IqQ-C)6D  
短语式: as well as _M`--.{\O[  
     rather than (而不是) 26I_YL,S  
     other than (除…之外) vZaZc}AyL  
     instead of (代替) 2a`o &S  
QSdHm  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 H Y&DmE  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  F@'Jbd`   
       A     B   %,}A@H ,  
  but he is now living in Detroit. 4C61GB?Vy  
       C   D g(qJN<R C/  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 |Mu p8(gCk  
'MUv5 Th  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics 59Xi3KY  
       A         B `1$@|FgyC  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford RI 5yF  
  remained active in city and regional planning. n 22zq6m  
          C    D  ; >hNt  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 eg\v0Y!rI  
(二)平行的内容 5\5/  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 B}Z63|/N  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of Z_};|B}  
             A         B   .h@rLorm>  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, LtWP0@JA  
         C            D /YP {,#p  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. eL10Q(;P`  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 :DrWq{4  
l&OKBUG  
DBW[{D E  
第二、名词单复数的平行 *}F3M\  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 -LK B$   
|o H,   
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, jaTh^L  
  A     B          C   rdl;M>0@  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. _E&A{HkJ  
                 D   :1cV;gJ  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 Uol|9F  
ZXqSH${Tp  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, "Gfh,e  
                   A         B 1->dMm}G[  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. 0Is,*Srr  
      C          D BWeA@v  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have J`peX0Stl  
!o 5 W  
第三、时态的平行 9_q#W'/ X  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated y6ECdVF  
                A     <{dVKf,e  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops aGrIQq/k)%  
                   B WK ts[Z  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. H7z,j}l  
          C    D Buf/@B7+\  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 `> 7; !  
iQ tN Aj  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- j-4VB_N@  
  spread from its home in Central America and T}Km?d  
  now grows throughout the tropics. _D+}q_  
   (A) to be    (B) it   &v$rn#l  
   (C) the     (D) its n G,A@/N  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? $Z!`Hb  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow u8gS< \  
?zeJ#i  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- 3*]eigi)  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. =[H;orMr  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised UR%/MV  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised i'a?kSy  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 ta35 K"  
33o9Yg|J~  
第四、排列位置的平行 9 8j>1 "8  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. 88VZR&v   
   (A) Not only does rust corrode E.r>7`E  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  "w^!/  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes bP8Sj16q  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes V[{6e  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 XF Patd  
|2?'9<  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: ]Uw<$!$-]s  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 8}c$XmCM  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 SHvq.lYJ  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 u\E?Y[1  
o 4`hY/<t  
八、词序的颠倒 P<PJ)>  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 6o |kIBte-  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 IC#>X5  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage |M>eEE*F<  
              A    B        \,7f6:  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. 3Vsc 9B"w  
      C       D    RSr %n1  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 AK&S5F>D+B  
R?v>Q` Qi  
3b*cU}go  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 ^g*pGrl#  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only w<C#Bka  
          A      B     ]p*l%(dhY  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. AcS|c:3MUy  
    C         D 4A@NxihH  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 A54N\x,  
'HT7_$?*  
,%n\=  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 L>MLi3{  
yN~dU0.G6!  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were l-K9LTd  
          A   B     C   %F\?R[^5  
  in what is now the United States. f _[<L  
    D &Q+Ln,(&L  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 (]b!{kS  
L~ _9_9c  
所有的系动词分为三大类: 0*%Z's\M"  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, :r%P.60H X  
    is, remain, keep, stay, Tg!i%v(-t  
    lie, exit(表示位于) Fp@TCP e#  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 7+]=-  
    become, turn, grow, D-8O+.@  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) 9v?N+Rb  
RMX:9aQ3F  
第三种,感官动词 :q=%1~Idla  
    seem(好像是) szsk;a  
    look(看起来好像是) 9[1`jtm  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste (EK"V';   
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 }-ftyl7  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe HHiT]S9  
    A               B     kHXL8k#T  
   to cause numerous deaths. x;-. ZVF  
        C   D  x 8Retuv  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 K3m]%m2\  
CF+_/s#j^  
九、词性的混用 u`y><w4i  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 /TZOJE(2j  
b`)){LR  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 ^dP KDrKxh  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; =:DaS`~V  
H,+I2tEs  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high ]?3un!o3o  
          A        B      Gqcq,_?gt  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and p[<Dk$7K  
              C Vy*:ne  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. a["2VY6Eq@  
          D hGd<<\  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) |~'IM3Jw(Y  
j'%$XvI  
xqC+0{] y  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 = QQ5f5\l  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 Mu{;vf|j  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds o4*+T8[|5  
         A       B      F#5B<I  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to _^el \  
          C        COTp  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. 66.5QD0  
            D T/^Hz4uA7  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 Bn61AFy`  
X@k`3X  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, wD68tG$  
            A       T:/,2.l  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of SfJ./ny  
      B      C 0Z0:,!  
   urban Black people in the United States. deM7fN4lTi  
   D %z#f.Ql  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 {"&SJt[%X  
x9x E&  
5B&;uY  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 O!Oumw,$  
表示时间有两种可能, &^}6 9  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 G:pEE:W[  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, :WSDf VX  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 3t<a $i  
zo[[>MA  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence 1gmt2>#v%  
       A     B     d'/TdVM  
  were made while the American Civil War. "y_#7K  
   C    D [8Qro8  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 /v/C<]  
:$_6SQ<?  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the -K rxMi  
   A      B           C     ;zYqsS  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. ]~6_WE8L  
          D ^2$ lJ  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 NvHJ3>"%  
!2z?YZhu  
ZR$'u%+g'  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 K =wBpLB  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 @#P,d5^G  
?Q-h n:F)  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social 5w\fSY  
                   A     OKi \zS  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. 'Fs)Rx}\0  
     B   C    D *1 G>YH  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 = <j"M85.  
B%KG3]  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples rz"txN  
   A        B   C      Q2A7mGN  
  easily under the stress of compression. 3d-%>?-ee  
   D ?7 M.o  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 t=*@yQ nB  
= pI?A^  
P7 PB t  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 `xz<>g9e  
}l K3-2P k  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine -tnQCwq#  
    A         B d/}SAvtt  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. *26334B.R  
          C            D >(y<0   
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 a6:x"Tv  
'kYwz;gp  
U|HB=BP  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, |A%<Z(  
         A  J*l4|^i<  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. Ne $"g[uFU  
   B      C      D +kq'+Y7  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 hky;CD~$  
 be e5  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 x!_<z''  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; H'MJ{r0,  
two hundred diligent students
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