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kamera

2007-02-12 20:57

以题会友,考题接龙

以下是云走了花了两天多时间整理和收集的各校博士专业试题，也包括之前收集的一些。免费考博论坛太好了!现在一并奉献给大家，特表心意~大家如果觉得好就用力的顶哦

斑竹流言:发帖加分,发得多加得多!!!

此跟帖只能发题,否则扣分

中科院2003生化考博题

1.详述原核与真核生物基因在转录水平表达调控？
2.近年真核生物基因表达调控新进展？
3.四种分析蛋白质纯度方法原理？
4.七种重组体筛选方法，原理？
5.包含体？
6.一支痢疾杆菌和一支小鼠细胞株。如何分离出他们的二氢叶酸还原酶基因。
7.蛋白质一、二、三、四结构？用什么方法测定。
8.从cDNA文库中用特定一对引物利用PCR扩增一个酶蛋白基因。将该基因重组到一个通用表达载体上进行表达。对经过纯化的酶蛋白进行活性测定表明，重组蛋白具有相应酶活性。是否可以认为有关蛋白质基因表达纯化工作是否完成？为什么？

复旦大学2002年试题（金融学）

1、分析发达国家设立政策性金融机构的原因和效果。（20分）
2、试从投资成本效应和资产结构调整效应，评述我国最近几年降低利率的效果。（30分）
3、什么叫可维持的国际收支结构，结合它来分析资本账户下货币自由兑换的条件。（20分）
4、全面阐述第一代和第二代货币危机模型，并结合某国实际来比较分析这二代模型的优劣。
（30分）

2004年人大民法考博试题

民法：
1、论请求权
2、人格与人格权的区别以及人格权的民事权利的性质
3、相邻权与地役权的区别
4、论商业秘密权

民事诉讼：
1、论不要证事实
2、论当事人更换
3、论上诉审程序
4、破产申请要件

中国人民大学民商法专业考博试题

民法

93．
1．论合同自由
2．新闻监督与侵害名誉权
3．证券市场的现状与对策

94．
1．试论我国物权制度的建立与完善（40）
2．我国公司法中有限责任公司与股份有限公司的异同（30）
3．侵权行为责任与不当得利返还责任之间的联系和区别（30）

95．
1．论物权分类
2．企业法人与社团法人的关系
3．侵权行为与违约行为的异同

96．
1．评析民法通则
2．物上请求权与侵权行为请求权之间的联系与区别
3．缔约过失责任与合同责任的联系与区别
4．评析人身保险合同
（3、4选一）

97．
1．论我国社会主义市场经济与我国民商立法
2．行使同时履行抗辩权和行使合同解除权的区别
3．论典权的性质、典权与抵押、质押、买卖和租赁的法律关系
4．论保险合同中当事人的基本权利义务

98．
1．国有企业改革中的民法适用问题
2．效力待定行为与可撤销行为之间的区别
3．试析最高人民法院关于《民法通则》的解释200条
4．侵权民事责任与不当得利民事责任之间的比较

99．
1．我国《民法通则》和其他有关于我国民事权利主体的分类及法律地位
2．用益物权的种类及逐一评述
3．知识产权及其他财产权的异同，著作权与工业产权的异同
4．有限责任公司与股份有限公司的异同

2000．
1、 WTO 规则对我国民商事立法的影响
2、论经营权
3、论合同自愿原则
4、网络环境下的知识产权保护

2001．
1．法人有限责任
2．善意取得
3．表见代理
4．代位权行使的要件

2002．
1．论民事法律行为的发展和完善
2．论物权请求权
3．合同成立和效力的关系
4．知识产权在民法中的地位

2003
1.论民法典制定中的法人制度的完善
2.评析物权行为理论
3.论信托法律关系中的受托人的权利性质
4.辨析效力待定合同与无效合同
5.论知识产权的私权本质

2004
1、论民法请求权
2、从人格权和人格的关系论述人格权的民事法律性质
3、论相邻权和地役权的关系
4、论商业秘密权

民诉
93．
1．论市场经济条件下民事诉讼法的完善。
2．论公示催告程序。
3．诉讼保全与债的保全的关系
4．民事诉讼法中当事人制度的新的发展。
5．其他组织问题
94．
1．试析我国民事诉讼法中保护当事人行使诉讼权利的优先及其在民事诉讼法条文中的体现
2．财产保全与先予执行的异同
3．试述督促程序在适用中的问题及处理方法
4．试论法院对涉外仲裁裁决执行的审查
95．
1．试析民事审判中重实体轻程序的现象
2．申请代位执行的根据
3．公示催告程序
4．诉权与起诉权的关系
96．
1．评严格执行民事诉讼法、确保案件公正审理
2．代位申请执行与代位权
3．当事人查证与法院取证的根据
4．涉外民事诉讼中管辖权冲突的解决途径

97．
1．关于建立我国民事审判模式的理论思考
2．评析新民事诉讼法
3．论举证责任倒置
4．论民事诉讼法与仲裁法的关系

98．
1．建立我国诉讼标的理论
2．调解与审判分离理论
3．启动再审的三种方式间的关系

99．
1．试述程序公正与程序效益价值之间的关系
2．重塑我国再审程序制度的理论思考
3．论执行难及其解决途径

2000．
1．诉权在司法实践中的保护
2、诉讼程序与非讼程序的交叉适用
3、论执行的性质
4、论缺席判决
2001．
1．调解制度的完善
2．执行权性质及与裁判权的区别
3．诚信原则是否适用于民诉举证责任的分配

2002．
1．评析民诉法关于审前准备的规定
2．法律推定与事实推定的效力
3．判决的形式确定力与实质确定力
4．执行竞合及其解决

2003
1.论书证的分类及其法律意义
2.论检察机关在民事诉讼中的作用(地位)
3.论当事人能力与民事权利能力的一致与分离
4.辨析代位申请执行和代位权

2004
1、论民事诉讼法中的免予证明事实
2、论当事人变更
3、论二审对一审的裁判
4、论破产申请提出的条件

武汉大学2004年医学考博试题

消化内科试题
1 慢性腹泻的发病机制和病因
2 IBD遗传易感性表现在那些方面
3 肝性胸水的发病机制
4 GERD的诊断与治疗
5 肝性脑病与亚临床肝性脑病的诊断与治疗
6 NSAID诱发溃疡的机制
病生试题
一、简答题
1 简述凋亡的基本过程
2 水中毒的病因和对机体的影响
3 低钾血症对机体的影响
4 心肌肥大的基本特点
5 简述钙超载引起心肌损伤的机制
6 何为缺血预处理？它有哪些保护作用？
二、论述题
1 一例严重感染并发急性肾小管坏死的病人会出现哪些酸硷平衡紊乱，为什么？
2 何为自由基？试述它在体内的作用。

2004年华中科技大学同济医学院骨科考博专业试题

一名解（原题为英文）
1。休克抑制期
2。骨不连
3。骨筋膜室综合征
4。非少尿型肾功衰
5。预存自体回输血
二。问答题
1。创伤的检查与诊断方法
2。脑复苏的现代概念及主要治疗方法
3。腰椎间盘的分型进展及治疗方法
4。周围神经损伤的分类及修复方法
5。股骨头缺血坏死的FICAT分期
6。你对骨肉瘤的最新看法
7。骨肿瘤保肢手术的适应征。

协和2003年分子生物学专业试题（博士）

1、近年来人们对真核基因调控理论有了深入的认识，现在大家普遍接受“unified theory”的理论，请你谈一谈对该理论的理解及其你的观点。

2、用微球菌核酸酶酶解染色质，然后进行电泳，发现200bp、400bp、600bp、800bp。。。的条带，试问从该现象可以得出什么结论？图1所示的条带不是非常狭窄，试解释其原因

武汉大学2001比较文学与世界文学专题试题

一。20分。AB任选
A。莎士比亚的《麦克白》是怎样将主人公的内在心理感受和精神状态“外化”为舞台形象的？表现主义文学（如奥尼尔的《琼斯皇》）又是如何系统的运用这类“外化”手法的？
B。以你熟悉的世界文学作品为例，谈谈你对用喜剧性情节表达悲剧性内涵这一艺术手法的见解。（说明：不限于戏剧，也可以举小说等为例。）

二。30分。在你所涉猎的世界文学作品中，你对哪一部印象最深？描述你阅读它事的初始感受，然后从理论上对你的这些感受进行反思，剖析和评价。

三。20分。CD任选
C。结合具体的作家和作品，论述中西诗歌的区别性基本特征。

D。从T。S。艾略特在《批评的功能》中所阐述的文学“总体论”出发，结合其他西方学者的相关理论，论述民族文学，总体文学与比较文学的相互关系。

四。30分。古希腊的柏拉图在《伊安篇》中提出了“迷狂说”。中国宋代诗学家严羽在《沧浪诗话。诗辨》中提出了“妙悟说”。结合他们的具体论述，以“迷狂说与妙悟说”为题，从学说产生的时代与社会环境，诗任的创作过程，艺术心理的运动规律等层面进行比较和辨析

第四军医大学一九九二年攻读博士学位研究生入学试题
学科专业：传染病学

考试科目: 免疫学

一. 名词解释(每题4分,共32分)

1. ICAM-1

2. interleukin 12(IL-12)

3. tumor infiltrating lymphocyte

4. TCR/CD3 complex

5. hematopoietin receptor family

6. individual idiotype(IdI)

7. integrin

8. colony-stimulatory factor (CSF)

二. 简答题（每题8分，共32分）

1. 免疫球蛋白重链的基因如何进行类别转换(class switching )?

2. 简述杀伤性T细胞(Tc)杀伤病毒感染靶细胞的机理。

3. 生物应答调节剂( biological response modifier,BRM)主要有哪几类?简要介绍在传染性疾病防治中的作用。

4. 简述抗原提呈细胞(APC)与辅助性T细胞(Th)相互作用的关系。

三. 问答题(每题18分,共36分)

1. 试述干扰素的分类及其生物学作用特点。主要可以治疗哪些传染性疾病?简述干扰素检测的方法和原理。

2. 何为基因工程抗体?目前国内外在基因工程抗体研究中有哪些主要进展?

第四军医大学一九九三年攻读博士学位入学考试试题

学科专业: 传染病学、消化内科

考试科目: 免疫学

一. 名词解释（每题4分，共40分）

1. CD4

2. T cell receptor(TCR)

3. immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF)

4. selectin

5. anti-idiotypic antibody (αId)

6. major histocompatibility complex(MHC)

7. immunotolerance

8. biological reponse modifier(BRM)

9. immune reponse gene (Ir gene)

10. reshaped antibody (or reconstituted antibody)

二. 简答题（每题8分，共32分）

1. 简述白细胞介素6(IL-6)主要的生物学活性。

2. 细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(Tc或CTL)与抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒(ADCC)杀伤机理有何不同?

3. 简述第Ⅳ型(迟发型)变态反应的发生机理。

4. NK细胞有哪些主要的表面标记?NK细胞有哪些主要的生物学活性?

三. 问答题(每题14分,共28分)

供传染病学专业试题：

1. 机体有哪些免疫细胞和免疫分子参与抗病毒感染?它们是如何发挥病毒免疫作用的?

2. 目前单克隆抗体在病毒学中有哪些主要用途?今后可能有哪些主要的发展方向?

kamera

2007-02-12 20:58

供消化内科专业试题：

1. 目前体内和体外检测肿瘤患者免疫功能的方法主要有哪些?分别叙述每种方法的原理和结果测定?

2. 目前单克隆抗体在肿瘤学中有哪些主要的用途?今后可能有哪些主要的发展方向?

第四军医大学一九九四年攻读博士学位入学考试试题

学科专业: 传染病学、消化内科

考试科目: 免疫学

一. 名词解释（每题4分，共40分）

1. CD8

2. T cell receptor α and β chain (TCRαβ )

3. immunoglobulin fold(Ig fold)

4. cadherin (Ca-dependent cell adhesion moleculers)

5. idiotype-anti-idiotypic antibody immune network theory

6. HLA class II antigen

7. complementarity-determining region (CDR)

8. perforin(or pore-forming protein ,PFP)

9. high affinity IL-2 receptor

10. artificial active immunization

二. 简答题（每题8分，共32分）

1. 简述白细胞介素2(IL-2)主要的生物学活性及其在临床治疗中的应用。

2. 请比较第Ⅰ型(速发型)超敏反应与第Ⅳ型(迟发型)超敏反应的发病特点。

3. 试述分泌型IgA(secretory IgA)的结构特点和合成分泌过程。

4. 试比较T、B淋巴细胞细胞膜表面分子(如表面抗原、表面受体等)的异同点。

三. 问答题(每题14分,共28分。请注意：每位考生只能从1、2题中选一题,3、4题中选一题,共答两题,多答者不计分。)

1. 目前检测细胞因子主要有生物学活性检测法和免疫学检测法,请举例分别叙述两种方法的实验原理。

2. 为了避免IgG抗体Fc段非特异性作用,常应用胃蛋白酶水解的F(ab’)2段,试问如何应用SDS-PAGE方法对F(ab’)2进行鉴定?

3. 试述抗肿瘤基因工程抗体的研究进展。

4. 试述抗病毒基因工程抗体的研究进展。

kamera

2007-02-12 20:58

第四军医大学一九九五年攻读博士学位入学考试试题
学科专业：免疫学、传染病学、消化内科

考试科目：免疫学

一. 名词解释（每题4分，共40分）

1. immunoglobulin gene rearrangement

2. the common chain of cytokine receptor (or a cytokine receptor

subunit shared by some cytokine receptors)

3. flow cytometry(FCM)

4. carrier effect

5. positive selection of T lymphocytes in thymus

6. mouse TH1(Th1) and TH2(Th2) subsets

7. perforin (pore-forming protein ,PFP)

8. ADCC(antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity)

9. SH-2(src-homology region 2)

10. Ab2β (internal image)

二. 简答题（每题8分，共32分）

1. 近年来在人类白细胞分化抗原(CD)研究领域中有哪些主要进展?

2. 参与活化T细胞与活化B细胞相互作用的分子主要有哪些?简述其结构和功能?

3. 试述HLA在临床上的主要应用。

4. 例举三种从人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中纯化T细胞的方法,分别叙述其实验原理和主要操作步骤。

5. 评价红细胞生成素(EPO)、干扰素(IFN)和集落刺激因子(CSF)在临床某些疾病的应用。

三. 选择问答题(每题10分,共20分。请按报考专业答题,如答非本专业题或多答题均视为无效。)

免疫学专业：

1. 试述细胞因子受体中,Ig超家族、造血因子受体超家族、神经生长因子受体超家族以及趋化因子受体超家族的主要结构特点,每个超家族例举出2个成员。

2. 试比较人T、B淋巴细胞细胞膜表面分子(表面标记)的异同点,它们分别参与哪些主要的免疫功能?

传染病学专业：

1. 人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染人体后,免疫功能可发生哪些主要的变化?机理是什么?如何进行相应的免疫学功能检测？

2. 请评述肾综合征出血热病毒(HFRSV)感染后机体免疫学变化的与病理损伤的关系。

消化专业： 1.试述与消化系统有关的肿瘤相关抗原研究的进展。

2.简述粘膜相关淋巴样组织(mucosal assiociated lymphoid tissue,MALT)的组成和功能特点。分泌型IgA是如何进行合成和分泌的?

第四军医大学一九九六年攻读博士学位入学考试试题

免疫学试题

一. 名词解释（每题4分，共40分）

1. Fas(CD95)/FasL

2. common chain of cytokine receptor

3 . TCR/CD3 complex

4. negaive selection of thymocytes

5. artificial active immune

6. anti-idiotypic

7. IgSF

8. Integrin

9. chemokine

10. B7/CD28

二. 问答题（每题12分，共60分）

1. 比较MHCⅠ和MHCⅡ类抗原参与的加工提呈抗原的过程。

2. 比较CTL和NK杀伤靶细胞时识别和杀伤机制的特点。

3. 比较免疫学检测法和生物学活性检测法检测细胞因子的优缺点。 4. 发现一种新的白细胞分化抗原或肿瘤相关抗原,并制备了单克隆抗体,试设计实验方案克隆此基因。

5. 选择下述中一个专题,叙述我国在这一研究领域的现状及面临的挑战1)肿瘤免疫；(2)基因治疗；(3)CD抗原。

第四军医大学一九九七年博士研究生入学考试免疫学试题

一. 名词解释（每题4分，共40分）

1. B7/CD28

2. Th1 subset

3. seven predicated transmembrane domain receptor superfamily（STR superfamily）

4. antibody affinity maturation

5. AP-1

6. single chain variable fragment（ScFv）

7. NK cell receptor

8. Zinkernagel-Doherty phenomenon

9. Ig fold

10. CD40/CD40L

二. 问答题（每题12分，共36分）

1. 试述胸腺微环境对胸腺细胞的选择作用及其与T细胞功能性亚群形成的关系。

2. 试述体液免疫应答的规律，回忆反应和抗体类别转换的机制是什么？

3. 试从结构和功能等角度，阐述白细胞分化抗原（CD）、粘附分子（integrin）和免疫球蛋白超家族（IgSF）三类分子的相互关系。目前在这一领域中主要研究热点是什么？

三. 问答题（24分，第1题为免疫学专业考生试题，第2题为血液病学科考生试题，第3题为消化内科考生试题，只允许答本专业试题）

1. 试比较TCR和BCR结构及其识别抗原、淋巴细胞活化信号的分子机理。（免疫学专业）。

2. 试述白血病免疫学分型理论和方法的研究进展。（血液病学专业）。

3. 试述肿瘤疫苗的研究进展。（消化内科专业）。

一九九八年博士研究生入学考试试题

（免疫学专业和专业基础）

一.名词解释（每题3分，共45分）

1.Co-stimulators (or co-stimulating molecules)

2.NK-kB

3.Immunoglobulin superfamily

4.antigen-presenting cell (APC)

5.death domain

6.CCR and CXCR

7.Lectin (or mitogen)

8.Clusters of differentiation, CD)

9.B7 family

10.Cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL)

11.IL-15 and IL-15 receptor (IL-15R)

12.MHC restriction

13.Affinity-chromatography

14.Cyctosprin A, CsA

15.Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, ADCC)

二.问答题（每题10分，共30分）

1.何为Th1和 Th2亚群？如何检测？在临床上有何意义？

2.试述免疫球蛋白（Ig）的结构与功能的关系。

3.试比较T细胞受体（TCR/CD3）与B细胞受体（BCR）的组成、结构及其识别抗原的特点。

三.选择问答题（各专业考生只答一道本专业试题，25分）

免疫学专业：

1.试述B7/CD28, CTLA-4，CD40/CD40L，LFA-1/ICAM-1，CD2/LFA-3的结构、分布以及相互作用后介导的主要生物学功能。

消化内科：

2.肿瘤抗原分为哪几类？机体抗肿瘤免疫主要有哪些因素（机制）？简述提高抗肿瘤免疫研究的略策。

血液病学专业：

3.何为白血病的免疫学分型？何为移植物抗宿主反应�*****VHR）？GVHR发生的主要原因（条件）是什么？

kamera

2007-02-12 20:59

一九九年九博士生入学考试试题

(专业基础: 免疫学)

一.名词解释(每题5分,共45分)

1. ADCC(antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity)

2. 环孢菌素(cyclosporin)

3. KIR(killer cell inhibitory receptor)

4. HLDA(human leucocyte differentiation antigen)

5. Interleukin 18(IL-18)

6. 整合素(integrin)

7. Fas/FasL

8. FcR(免疫球蛋白Fc段受体)

9. 细胞间粘附分子(ICAM)

10. Th1/Th2

11. 基因疫苗(DNA疫苗)

12. chemokines and chemokine receptor

13. 免疫耐受

14. 共刺激分子

15. 死亡结构域(death domain)

二.问答题(第1、2题各18分,第3题19分)

1. 试比较杀伤性T细胞(CTL)与自然杀伤细胞(NK)在杀伤靶细胞过程中,识别细胞毒及介导免疫功能有何不同?

2. 70年代以来,有关Ig和体液免疫研究存在以下几项重大发现和突破而获得医学和生物学诺贝尔奖,请分别阐述它们的理论意义及在医学实践中的应用。

（1）1972年：胃蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶水解Ig，获得Fab、Fc、F（ab’）2等片段

（2）1977年：放射免疫法

（3）1984年：淋巴细胞杂交瘤和单克隆抗体

（4）1987年: Ig基因的结构

3. 近年来在肿瘤免疫研究领域中有哪些重要进展?试述当前提高机体抗肿瘤免疫的主要策略。

一九九九年博士生入学考试试题(免疫学专业)

问答题(每题25分)

1. 试比较T细胞受体（TCR）、B细胞受体（BCR）和NK细胞受体（NKCR）的组成，识别配体以及信号转导的异同点。

2. 以胸腺依赖抗原刺激机体产生抗体的免疫应答为例，T细胞和B细胞是如何相互作用？有哪些粘附分子和共刺激分子参与T、B细胞的相互作用？

3. 肾综合征出血热(HFRS)病毒的结构基因已经搞清楚,为了证实HFRS病毒感染机体(以Balb/C小鼠为例)可产生HFRS病毒核衣壳蛋白(NP)特异性CTL,并在免疫防护中起重要作用,请应用免疫学理论和方法,设计一系统实验,加以证实。

4. 例举二个近年来细胞和分子免疫学研究中出现的新的热点,请分别评述其研究意义、发展趋势以及应用前景。

中科院动物所博士生入学试题生物化学和高级生物化学

中国科学院动物研究所生物化学1996年博士研究生入学试题

1.蛋白质和蛋白质相互分离时主要根据它们之间的种有差别的特征，这些差别特征有哪些方面？并举例说明。
2 试述三种粘多糖的名称，在动物体内的主要分布，主要构成单糖及其它糖类。
3 试举例说明蛋白质和它的前体的一级结构关系。
4 J. D. Watson因其证明DNA的双螺旋结构，曾与Crick共获诺贝尔奖。这位科学泰头在他后来一体名著中解释DNA形状时写过这样一段话："Does DNAchain fold up into a regular configulation dominated by its regular backbone? If so, the configulation would most likely be a helical one in which all the sugar-phosphate groupl would have identical chemincal environments"。你认为他在这里用configulation一词描述DNA的三维结构确切吗？为什么？（此段英原文不必译出，但须回答为什么，否则无分）

中国科学院动物研究所生物化学1998年博士研究生入学试题
一、填充题
1 DNA具有的两个重要功能是，核糖体的功能是
2 逆转录酶是一种多功能酶，它兼有指导的DNA聚合酶，
指导的DNA聚合酶。
3 能够用来将外源的DNA片段转移到活细胞内部的、
或统称为克隆载体。
4 绝大多数真核生物信使RNA3'端有。
5 证明DNA是遗传信息携带者的科学家是。
6 蛋白质可与碱共热而水解，碱水解引起、、和
的破坏。
7 蛋白质的三维构象也称或。
8 生物膜主要是由和两大类物质组成，生物膜的基因结构形式是。膜两侧的物质和离子转运主要是通过、和等方式进行。
9 1997年诺贝尔化学奖授予，主要是基于他们阐明了反应机制
分子结构及酶的作用机制。
10 脂肪和磷脂的合成主要是来自和。
11 糖蛋白的糖链，是由专一性很低强的，从糖核苷酸上把单糖一个一个转移上去而形成的。
二、解释名词和英文符号的科学含义
1 △Gp 2 Q cycle 3ABC 4 Kcat
5 protomnotive force 6 Synonycodon 7 RT-PCR
8 genomic library 9 DNAfinger printing 10 DNAfoot printing

三、问答题
1 热力学第二定律证明任何体系的它的外围环境必须不断增加它的熵，然而活的生物体却从比较无序状态的物质不断建立起高度有序的结构，这是否说明活的生物体不遵守热力学第二定律？为什么？
2 回答下述问题是对或是错，假若是错请解释为什么？
1）在底物饱和的条件下，酶的催化反应速率与酶浓度成比例。
2）在底物浓度成为反应限速因子是，酶的催化反应速率随反应时间而下降。
3 举例简述生物体系中的氧化还原反应的重要意义。
4 在静息态的神经细胞中，胞内外的K与Na浓度的不同分布导致胞膜内侧表现为负电荷较大，此种浓度梯差和电荷梯差的总称是什么？假若以△G'代表在这种离子浓度梯差存在时的离子跨膜转运的能量变化，其反应表示为
请解释上述充应式中的符号参量表示什么？其意义何在？
5 举例简述对细胞中多种膜系统结构与功能的研究对神经系统疾病的重要性。
6 什么是回文结构(palindrome)？请举例说明。
7 试述氨基酸顺序与三维结构构象的关系。
8 什么是核蛋白体(nucleoprotein)比较重要的核蛋白体有那些？
9 举例说明三种糖蛋白的名称、化学组成及其生理意义。
10 什么是终止密码子，已知的终止密码了有那些？
11 分子杂交是分子生物学重要的研究手段，在核酸分子杂交中哪些参数是研究人员设计实验时必须考虑的基本参数？

kamera

2007-02-12 20:59

中国科学院动物研究所高级生物化学1999年博士研究生入学试题

一、填充题
1 主动运输的主要特点是、、、、。
2 辅酶中A分子中含有、、、。
3 线粒体DNA的复制方式是，其复制特点是。
4 高能磷酸化物可分为、、、。
5 糖类物质是含和化合物；常见的糖有和，它们分解后可分为、、、。
6 蛋白质按其分子外型的对称程度可分为和蛋白质，按生物功能可分为、、、、。
7酶作为生物催化剂的特点是、、、、。

二、解释基本概念
1 呼吸控制 2 DDRT-PCR 3 装配型质粒 4 翻译阻遏
5 离子载体 6 Seliwanoff反应 7 茚三酮反应 8 萜类
9 蜡 10 同工酶

三、问答题（任选7题）
1 试述逆转录酶的生物学意义。
2 简要介绍免疫系统中程序化细胞死亡。
3 简述生物膜运送的分子机理。
4 写出20种常见氨基酸的中文名称和三字母符号。
5 分光光度计测定蛋白质含量的基本原理是什么？
6简述测定一种酶活力的基本原则。
7 说明磺胺药治病的基本原理。
8 举例说明激素作用原理的四种不同方式。
9 根据你的生理学、细胞生物学和分子生物学的知识，构思一实验方案，差异筛选和考虑克隆某器官或组织与发育或病理改变相关的特异功能基因。

中国科学院动物研究所高级生物化学2000年博士研究生入学试题

一、解释基本概念
1 关向异构体 2 甘油三酯 3 花生四烯酸 4 溶菌酶
5 多酶体系 6 别构酶 7 辅酶I和辅酶II 8 叶酸
9 激素 10 G-蛋白 11 叶绿素 12 前列腺素
13 脱氨基作用 14 转氨酶 15 卟啉 16 密码子
17 质粒 18基因文库 19 钙调蛋白 20 线粒体

二、回答问题（其中7、8两题任选一题）
1 阐述糖蛋白及其生物功能。
2 阐述生物界蛋白质的多样性及其在生物进化和生物功能中的意义。
3 RNA在那些类型？比较它们的结构与功能。
4 阐述生物大分子跨膜运送的方法及其作用机制。
5 试述脂蛋白的种类、化学组成和生物功能。
6 说明真核生物的DNA聚合酶的种类及其生理功能。
7 根据你所掌握的知识阐述细胞质和细胞核的相互关系。

中国科学院发育生物学所博士研究生入学试题

中国科学院发育生物学所分子生物学2000年博士研究生入学试题

（一、二、三题为必答题，五和六可任选一题）

一、请解释下列名词，并写出它们的英文术词：
1 基因家族 2 持家基因 3 同形异位盒 4 基因沉默
5 功能基因组学 6 信号肽 7 信号传递 8 细胞编程性死亡

二、限制性内切酶是如何发现的？限制性内切酶可分成几类？如何使用限制内切酶进行分子生物学的研究？

三、请分别列出用于蛋白质和核酸的电泳分析和分离的技术，并说明这些技术与蛋白质和核酸的性质的关系。

四、请比较植物和动物基因工程的异同，并在你所熟悉的生物（植物或动物）的范围内探讨基因工程的前沿和瓶颈问题。

五、获得一个功能未知的基因克隆后，怎样才能阐明该基因的功能？请你根据自己熟悉的某种真核生物提出具体的研究方案。

六、在真核生物基因的DNA序列中，哪些部分的核苷酸序列的变异会影响其编码的蛋白质的结构和功能？为什么？

复旦大学2003年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题

考试科目：新闻传播理论与历史

请回答下列问题：
一简要概述中国加入WTO以后新闻媒体发展的基本态势。（35分）
二简析社会生态变化对新闻传媒业发展的影响。（30分）
三 20世纪80年代以来，西方各国政府对传媒业先后采取放松管制的方针。简述放松管理方针实施以后，西方各国传媒业发生了哪些变化？（35分）

考试科目：新闻传播实务

一论述题（每题20分，共60分）
1. 请联系新闻实践，分析记者公开（亮相）采访与隐性采访、事件性新闻采访与非事件性新闻采访的各自特点与长短处。
2. 我国改革开放以来，新闻报道方式发生哪些变化？
3. 试论电视新闻评论节目的特色与目前现状。
二实务题（分别为5、15、20分，共40分）
根据下列记者采访的素材，进行以下实务操作：
1 制作一条新闻标题（两行题或三行题，5分）
2 改写一篇500字左右的动态消息（15分）
3 配写一篇600字以内的短评（20分）
素材附后：
“小煤矿挖断了我们的命根子。”今天上午在河南省汝州市小屯镇时屯村的村头，60多岁的老农时宝指着大片塌陷的农田向记者诉说“小煤矿之祸”：“俺镇这几年冒出来的76个小煤矿，乱采滥挖个个都是‘吃地虎’，挖坏农田，挖踏了村庄。”
记者放眼望去，汝平公路（汝州至平顶山）南侧100多亩农田像一个“盆子”，低于路面近一米。“盆子”里竟有四个小煤矿，两个废弃，两个正在兴建中。正在地里劳作的农民范锁说：“这地以前是亩产400公斤小麦的良田，被小煤矿挖踏后，亩产量不足150公斤。”
记者看到，一亩大小的麦地，竟然有十来道裂缝，范锁说：“下面越挖上面越裂，有时人走着走着，都要陷进去。这地现在都不能浇水，水都顺着地缝渗跑了。”
农民们为了自救，每年都要往地里垫土，垫玉米秆，可垫了又陷下去。现在，联合收割机进不到地里，农民只好改从“机收”退回到“手收”。农民姚俊伟说：“小煤矿矿主挖挖就跑，把钱挣走了，那祸害扔给俺。找矿上、找镇里都没人理，这笔账该算在谁头上？”
范湾村和李湾村位于姜公河两岸，两村间的大片塌陷的农田里，竟竖着十六七个插小红旗的矿井架。李湾村农民马留进说：以前大家都引姜公河水浇地，小煤矿挖了几年，把水源都挖没了，姜公河干了，连自家院里的井也干了，只能借水吃，夏天洗澡都得外出洗。
小煤矿采煤，是哪里有煤往哪里挖，小屯镇的一些小煤矿不顾国家有关规定，把矿道挖到了村庄下面，使农民的房屋裂缝、塌陷，危及生命财产安全。
范湾村村头20多米远就有一个小煤矿，自1999年以来，全村先后有20多户农民住房出现沉陷、裂缝。记者来到农民贾会议家，但见天井院下陷半尺多，三间堂屋屋体倾斜，屋里墙体多处裂缝，最宽的缝达20多厘米。由于无法居住，他们一家人只好搬到损坏程度相对较轻的东厢房住，把堂屋改称猪圈。贾会议说：“俺们省吃俭用了半辈子，盖了东厢房，本是给儿子结婚备的新房，如今新房也成了危房。”他们先后给儿子说了两门亲事，可人家来一看，都不愿意。
范湾村1993年曾修建一所小学，有一座两层小楼和一排平房，四间厕所。1999年以来，先是校园土地由南向北塌陷一米多，紧接着所有建筑物均出现裂缝，四间厕所倒塌。学校共有400多名学生，自2000年下半年开始，就无法在学校上课，其中100多名学生转学到外村，剩下的学生分散在大树下，村民家里上课，苦不堪言。
李湾村也是个“塌陷的村庄”，据当地群众讲，村庄底下已被小煤矿挖成了“老鼠洞”。记者走访了十几户群众，发现他们的房子已微若累卵。在村民王书安家，记者看到，房子多处裂缝，他找了六块木板撑着房顶。村民马留进家七间全是危房，由于地基不断下沉，家里的门已截短三回。从1999年起，李湾村村民同小煤矿打了官司，最终获赔30多万元，可分到户上，不过几个元，根本不够。村民们说：“俺村已没法住了，大家都想迁，可到处是小煤矿，往哪里搬？”
小屯镇企业管理办公室的张新坡告诉记者，去年以来，镇里对小煤矿进行整顿，已有一半停工，小煤矿挖坏耕地、群众房屋，镇里负不了责，是群众和小煤矿之间的事。目前，镇里正按河南省有关规定，给符合复工条件的停产小煤矿办复工手续。
平顶山市土地管理局负责人告诉记者，据测算，一个小煤窑，窑身占地10-15亩，在开采期限内每年造成4-8亩土地塌陷，这一比例，远远超过国有大煤矿。

2004年复旦新闻考博试题（2004/5/25）

复旦大学
2004年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：新闻传播理论与历史

论述题(共三题，一、三题各为35分，第二题30分，共100分)

一、美国便士报与我国都市报比较谈

二、“文化帝国主义”辨

三、我国传媒业“事业性质、企业管理”之我

——————————————————————————

复旦大学
2004年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：新闻业务

一、问答题(30分)
1、新闻界，人们常说：“编辑要乐为他人作嫁衣”、“编辑是一项再创造的工作”。请您谈谈对这两句新闻界“行话”的认识。(15分)
2、“策划”与“炒作”是当前新闻界经常用到的词，这两者在理论以及新闻工作的实际操作与信息传播效果上有何区别？(15分)

二、分析题(70分)
今年初，中国足球协会与《广州日报》旗下的《足球》报打了一场笔墨官司，引起了一场风波。新华网曾以《足协和足球报互不妥协》为题报道了这场风波。全国各地媒体也纷纷对这场风波表示了关注。请您就试题所提供的新华网消息等情况，从采编业务的角度谈谈对这场风波的看法，以及媒体对此类问题应该如何进行正确而有意义的引导。
(材料略)
——————————————————————————

复旦大学
2004年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：传播实务

一、何谓“传媒市场的细分化”？试联系实际，论述其意义和影响。(20分)

二、从心理策略的角度，以实例说明、广告如何有效地吸引公众的注意？(20分)

三、试联系实际，试述“危机管理”的内涵、意义及组织落实的途径。(30分)

四、从研究方法和传播功效的角度，对以下报道进行评析。(30分)

请听听两个国家12至18岁青少年的梦想──
中国孩子憧憬未来
法国儿童享受现实
(正文略)
——————————————————————————

复旦大学
2004年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：广播电视理论与实务

一、问答题(3题，每题10分，共30分)
1、从传播学与社会学角度看，节目主持人与播音员的主要差别在哪里？
2、如何评价中央电视台开播的新闻频道？
3、谈谈你对“电视作为艺术”的理解。

二、论述题(35分)
请论述2003年中国电视新闻改革的新特点、新理念、新趋势。

三、实践题(35分)
2004年新年刚过，中共中央、国务院就联合下发了“关于促进农民增加收入”的一号文件。中央电视台将就此事，专门制作一期30分钟的节目。请撰写一份拍摄该节目的“策划大纲”。策划内容涉及：
1、这档节目的样式和名称是什么？
2、整档节目的议题该如何设置？
3、准备如何表现？
4、你作为节目主持人，请写出开场白、串连词与结束语。

北大考博04试题魏晋南北朝隋唐五代文学：
1、比较三曹诗风的异同
2、论述中唐文学风气与社会文化思潮的关系
3、论述近体诗的确立及其对唐代诗歌的影响
中国文学史、古代文论、中国历史：
一、简答：
1、察举与科举
2、《录鬼簿》与《南词叙录》
3、宋元话本
二、论述：
1、论述封建制与郡县制
2、试述《左传》的文学成就及其地位和影响
3、举例说明常州词派的理论及其创作实践情况

北京体育大学2003年博士研究生入学考试

运动生物力学试题（50分）

一．简答题（共20分）

1、说明影片分析中误差的来源及消除方法（10分）

2、简述骨的力电性质（10分）

二、论述题（共30分）

1、描述人体运动的生物力学参数有哪些？分别用什么手段获得？（15分）

2、结合你的研究经历，谈对运动生物力学研究方法及应用前景的认识。（15分）

北京体育大学2003年博士生入学考试

教学论试题（50分）

一、简答题（20分）

1、简析教学活动的构成要素及其各要素之间的相互关系（10分）

2、简述形成性评价的特点及其用途（10分）

二、论述题（30分）

1、教学环境包括哪些内容？应该怎样对教学环境进行优化？（15分）

2、运用教学过程的基本功能理论，分析体育教学过程有哪些基本功能，请联系实际予以说明（15分）

nanafly	2007-02-12 21:07
万分感谢!拢个斑竹玩玩如何? 给你加10流量,表示感谢!!!希望战友们继续........你敢发,我就敢送....

jdjyz	2007-02-18 13:20
请问有没有华南理工的试题？

nanafly	2007-02-20 01:45
http://www.freekaobo.com/thread.php?fid=95

xiaotianyuzi

2007-03-17 15:14

复旦大学医学院2006年病理生理学（硕士）
一、选择题
单选32个32分
X型选8个8分.
二、名解（3分／题,共60分)
1 pathophysiology
2 brain death
3 hypovolemic hyponatremia
4 recessive edema
5 hyperpolarized blocking
6 anion gap
7 enterogenous cyanosis
8 endogenous pyrogen
9 cell cycle checkpoint
10 apoptosis body
11 general adaptation
12 diffuse intravascular coagulation DIC
13 microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
14 paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
15 hepatic encephalopathy
16 intact nephron hypothesis
17 conscious disorder
18 oxidative stress
19 compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome
20 respiratory burst
三、问答题大题共50分)
1.急性呼吸性酸中毒的代偿特点(8分)
2.氧解离曲线意义及那些因素可使氧解离曲线右移(8分)
3.举一病例说明多个环节信号转导异常与疾病(10分)
4.内源性核酸内切酶在细胞凋亡中的作用(8分).
5.再灌注性心率失常的机制(8分).
6.心力衰竭时心率的变化和意义(8分).

nanafly	2007-03-17 16:14
要博士!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ]\|PiF+ N64dO[ op 此帖跟帖只能发题,否则扣分!!

ikaobo

2007-03-23 13:07

中科院2003生化考博题

1.详述原核与真核生物基因在转录水平表达调控？
2.近年真核生物基因表达调控新进展？
3.四种分析蛋白质纯度方法原理？
4.七种重组体筛选方法，原理？
5.包含体？
6.一支痢疾杆菌和一支小鼠细胞株。如何分离出他们的二氢叶酸还原酶基因。
7.蛋白质一、二、三、四结构？用什么方法测定。
8.从cDNA文库中用特定一对引物利用PCR扩增一个酶蛋白基因。将该基因重组到一个通用表达载体上进行表达。对经过纯化的酶蛋白进行活性测定表明，重组蛋白具有相应酶活性。是否可以认为有关蛋白质基因表达纯化工作是否完成？为什么？

复旦大学2002年试题（金融学）

1、分析发达国家设立政策性金融机构的原因和效果。（20分）
2、试从投资成本效应和资产结构调整效应，评述我国最近几年降低利率的效果。（30分）
3、什么叫可维持的国际收支结构，结合它来分析资本账户下货币自由兑换的条件。（20分）
4、全面阐述第一代和第二代货币危机模型，并结合某国实际来比较分析这二代模型的优劣。
（30分）

2004年人大民法考博试题

民法：
1、论请求权
2、人格与人格权的区别以及人格权的民事权利的性质
3、相邻权与地役权的区别
4、论商业秘密权

民事诉讼：
1、论不要证事实
2、论当事人更换
3、论上诉审程序
4、破产申请要件

中国人民大学民商法专业考博试题

民法

93．
1．论合同自由
2．新闻监督与侵害名誉权
3．证券市场的现状与对策

94．
1．试论我国物权制度的建立与完善（40）
2．我国公司法中有限责任公司与股份有限公司的异同（30）
3．侵权行为责任与不当得利返还责任之间的联系和区别（30）

95．
1．论物权分类
2．企业法人与社团法人的关系
3．侵权行为与违约行为的异同

96．
1．评析民法通则
2．物上请求权与侵权行为请求权之间的联系与区别
3．缔约过失责任与合同责任的联系与区别
4．评析人身保险合同
（3、4选一）

97．
1．论我国社会主义市场经济与我国民商立法
2．行使同时履行抗辩权和行使合同解除权的区别
3．论典权的性质、典权与抵押、质押、买卖和租赁的法律关系
4．论保险合同中当事人的基本权利义务

98．
1．国有企业改革中的民法适用问题
2．效力待定行为与可撤销行为之间的区别
3．试析最高人民法院关于《民法通则》的解释200条
4．侵权民事责任与不当得利民事责任之间的比较

99．
1．我国《民法通则》和其他有关于我国民事权利主体的分类及法律地位
2．用益物权的种类及逐一评述
3．知识产权及其他财产权的异同，著作权与工业产权的异同
4．有限责任公司与股份有限公司的异同

2000．
1、 WTO 规则对我国民商事立法的影响
2、论经营权
3、论合同自愿原则
4、网络环境下的知识产权保护

2001．
1．法人有限责任
2．善意取得
3．表见代理
4．代位权行使的要件

2002．
1．论民事法律行为的发展和完善
2．论物权请求权
3．合同成立和效力的关系
4．知识产权在民法中的地位

2003
1.论民法典制定中的法人制度的完善
2.评析物权行为理论
3.论信托法律关系中的受托人的权利性质
4.辨析效力待定合同与无效合同
5.论知识产权的私权本质

2004
1、论民法请求权
2、从人格权和人格的关系论述人格权的民事法律性质
3、论相邻权和地役权的关系
4、论商业秘密权

民诉
93．
1．论市场经济条件下民事诉讼法的完善。
2．论公示催告程序。
3．诉讼保全与债的保全的关系
4．民事诉讼法中当事人制度的新的发展。
5．其他组织问题
94．
1．试析我国民事诉讼法中保护当事人行使诉讼权利的优先及其在民事诉讼法条文中的体现
2．财产保全与先予执行的异同
3．试述督促程序在适用中的问题及处理方法
4．试论法院对涉外仲裁裁决执行的审查
95．
1．试析民事审判中重实体轻程序的现象
2．申请代位执行的根据
3．公示催告程序
4．诉权与起诉权的关系
96．
1．评严格执行民事诉讼法、确保案件公正审理
2．代位申请执行与代位权
3．当事人查证与法院取证的根据
4．涉外民事诉讼中管辖权冲突的解决途径

97．
1．关于建立我国民事审判模式的理论思考
2．评析新民事诉讼法
3．论举证责任倒置
4．论民事诉讼法与仲裁法的关系

98．
1．建立我国诉讼标的理论
2．调解与审判分离理论
3．启动再审的三种方式间的关系

99．
1．试述程序公正与程序效益价值之间的关系
2．重塑我国再审程序制度的理论思考
3．论执行难及其解决途径

2000．
1．诉权在司法实践中的保护
2、诉讼程序与非讼程序的交*适用
3、论执行的性质
4、论缺席判决
2001．
1．调解制度的完善
2．执行权性质及与裁判权的区别
3．诚信原则是否适用于民诉举证责任的分配

2002．
1．评析民诉法关于审前准备的规定
2．法律推定与事实推定的效力
3．判决的形式确定力与实质确定力
4．执行竞合及其解决

2003
1.论书证的分类及其法律意义
2.论检察机关在民事诉讼中的作用(地位)
3.论当事人能力与民事权利能力的一致与分离
4.辨析代位申请执行和代位权

2004
1、论民事诉讼法中的免予证明事实
2、论当事人变更
3、论二审对一审的裁判
4、论破产申请提出的条件

武汉大学2004年医学考博试题

消化内科试题
1 慢性腹泻的发病机制和病因
2 IBD遗传易感性表现在那些方面
3 肝性胸水的发病机制
4 GERD的诊断与治疗
5 肝性脑病与亚临床肝性脑病的诊断与治疗
6 NSAID诱发溃疡的机制
病生试题
一、简答题
1 简述凋亡的基本过程
2 水中毒的病因和对机体的影响
3 低钾血症对机体的影响
4 心肌肥大的基本特点
5 简述钙超载引起心肌损伤的机制
6 何为缺血预处理？它有哪些保护作用？
二、论述题
1 一例严重感染并发急性肾小管坏死的病人会出现哪些酸硷平衡紊乱，为什么？
2 何为自由基？试述它在体内的作用。

2004年华中科技大学同济医学院骨科考博专业试题

一名解（原题为英文）
1。休克抑制期
2。骨不连
3。骨筋膜室综合征
4。非少尿型肾功衰
5。预存自体回输血
二。问答题
1。创伤的检查与诊断方法
2。脑复苏的现代概念及主要治疗方法
3。腰椎间盘的分型进展及治疗方法
4。周围神经损伤的分类及修复方法
5。股骨头缺血坏死的FICAT分期
6。你对骨肉瘤的最新看法
7。骨肿瘤保肢手术的适应征。

协和2003年分子生物学专业试题（博士）

1、近年来人们对真核基因调控理论有了深入的认识，现在大家普遍接受“unified theory”的理论，请你谈一谈对该理论的理解及其你的观点。

2、用微球菌核酸酶酶解染色质，然后进行电泳，发现200bp、400bp、600bp、800bp。。。的条带，试问从该现象可以得出什么结论？图1所示的条带不是非常狭窄，试解释其原因

武汉大学2001比较文学与世界文学专题试题

一。20分。AB任选
A。莎士比亚的《麦克白》是怎样将主人公的内在心理感受和精神状态“外化”为舞台形象的？表现主义文学（如奥尼尔的《琼斯皇》）又是如何系统的运用这类“外化”手法的？
B。以你熟悉的世界文学作品为例，谈谈你对用喜剧性情节表达悲剧性内涵这一艺术手法的见解。（说明：不限于戏剧，也可以举小说等为例。）

二。30分。在你所涉猎的世界文学作品中，你对哪一部印象最深？描述你阅读它事的初始感受，然后从理论上对你的这些感受进行反思，剖析和评价。

三。20分。CD任选
C。结合具体的作家和作品，论述中西诗歌的区别性基本特征。

D。从T。S。艾略特在《批评的功能》中所阐述的文学“总体论”出发，结合其他西方学者的相关理论，论述民族文学，总体文学与比较文学的相互关系。

四。30分。古希腊的柏拉图在《伊安篇》中提出了“迷狂说”。中国宋代诗学家严羽在《沧浪诗话。诗辨》中提出了“妙悟说”。结合他们的具体论述，以“迷狂说与妙悟说”为题，从学说产生的时代与社会环境，诗任的创作过程，艺术心理的运动规律等层面进行比较和辨析

第四军医大学一九九二年攻读博士学位研究生入学试题
学科专业：传染病学

考试科目: 免疫学

一. 名词解释(每题4分,共32分)

1. ICAM-1

2. interleukin 12(IL-12)

3. tumor infiltrating lymphocyte

4. TCR/CD3 complex

5. hematopoietin receptor family

6. individual idiotype(IdI)

7. integrin

8. colony-stimulatory factor (CSF)

二. 简答题（每题8分，共32分）

1. 免疫球蛋白重链的基因如何进行类别转换(class switching )?

2. 简述杀伤性T细胞(Tc)杀伤病毒感染靶细胞的机理。

3. 生物应答调节剂( biological response modifier,BRM)主要有哪几类?简要介绍在传染性疾病防治中的作用。

4. 简述抗原提呈细胞(APC)与辅助性T细胞(Th)相互作用的关系。

三. 问答题(每题18分,共36分)

1. 试述干扰素的分类及其生物学作用特点。主要可以治疗哪些传染性疾病?简述干扰素检测的方法和原理。

2. 何为基因工程抗体?目前国内外在基因工程抗体研究中有哪些主要进展?

ikaobo

2007-03-23 13:08

第四军医大学一九九三年攻读博士学位入学考试试题

学科专业: 传染病学、消化内科

考试科目: 免疫学

一. 名词解释（每题4分，共40分）

1. CD4

2. T cell receptor(TCR)

3. immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF)

4. selectin

5. anti-idiotypic antibody (αId)

6. major histocompatibility complex(MHC)

7. immunotolerance

8. biological reponse modifier(BRM)

9. immune reponse gene (Ir gene)

10. reshaped antibody (or reconstituted antibody)

二. 简答题（每题8分，共32分）

1. 简述白细胞介素6(IL-6)主要的生物学活性。

2. 细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(Tc或CTL)与抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒(ADCC)杀伤机理有何不同?

3. 简述第Ⅳ型(迟发型)变态反应的发生机理。

4. NK细胞有哪些主要的表面标记?NK细胞有哪些主要的生物学活性?

三. 问答题(每题14分,共28分)

供传染病学专业试题：

1. 机体有哪些免疫细胞和免疫分子参与抗病毒感染?它们是如何发挥病毒免疫作用的?

2. 目前单克隆抗体在病毒学中有哪些主要用途?今后可能有哪些主要的发展方向?

　

供消化内科专业试题：

1. 目前体内和体外检测肿瘤患者免疫功能的方法主要有哪些?分别叙述每种方法的原理和结果测定?

2. 目前单克隆抗体在肿瘤学中有哪些主要的用途?今后可能有哪些主要的发展方向?

第四军医大学一九九四年攻读博士学位入学考试试题

学科专业: 传染病学、消化内科

考试科目: 免疫学

一. 名词解释（每题4分，共40分）

1. CD8

2. T cell receptor α and β chain (TCRαβ )

3. immunoglobulin fold(Ig fold)

4. cadherin (Ca-dependent cell adhesion moleculers)

5. idiotype-anti-idiotypic antibody immune network theory

6. HLA class II antigen

7. complementarity-determining region (CDR)

8. perforin(or pore-forming protein ,PFP)

9. high affinity IL-2 receptor

10. artificial active immunization

二. 简答题（每题8分，共32分）

1. 简述白细胞介素2(IL-2)主要的生物学活性及其在临床治疗中的应用。

2. 请比较第Ⅰ型(速发型)超敏反应与第Ⅳ型(迟发型)超敏反应的发病特点。

3. 试述分泌型IgA(secretory IgA)的结构特点和合成分泌过程。

4. 试比较T、B淋巴细胞细胞膜表面分子(如表面抗原、表面受体等)的异同点。

三. 问答题(每题14分,共28分。请注意：每位考生只能从1、2题中选一题,3、4题中选一题,共答两题,多答者不计分。)

1. 目前检测细胞因子主要有生物学活性检测法和免疫学检测法,请举例分别叙述两种方法的实验原理。

2. 为了避免IgG抗体Fc段非特异性作用,常应用胃蛋白酶水解的F(ab’)2段,试问如何应用SDS-PAGE方法对F(ab’)2进行鉴定?

3. 试述抗肿瘤基因工程抗体的研究进展。

4. 试述抗病毒基因工程抗体的研究进展。

　

第四军医大学一九九五年攻读博士学位入学考试试题
学科专业：免疫学、传染病学、消化内科

考试科目：免疫学

一. 名词解释（每题4分，共40分）

1. immunoglobulin gene rearrangement

2. the common chain of cytokine receptor (or a cytokine receptor

subunit shared by some cytokine receptors)

3. flow cytometry(FCM)

4. carrier effect

5. positive selection of T lymphocytes in thymus

6. mouse TH1(Th1) and TH2(Th2) subsets

7. perforin (pore-forming protein ,PFP)

8. ADCC(antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity)

9. SH-2(src-homology region 2)

10. Ab2β (internal image)

二. 简答题（每题8分，共32分）

1. 近年来在人类白细胞分化抗原(CD)研究领域中有哪些主要进展?

2. 参与活化T细胞与活化B细胞相互作用的分子主要有哪些?简述其结构和功能?

3. 试述HLA在临床上的主要应用。

4. 例举三种从人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中纯化T细胞的方法,分别叙述其实验原理和主要操作步骤。

5. 评价红细胞生成素(EPO)、干扰素(IFN)和集落刺激因子(CSF)在临床某些疾病的应用。

三. 选择问答题(每题10分,共20分。请按报考专业答题,如答非本专业题或多答题均视为无效。)

免疫学专业：

1. 试述细胞因子受体中,Ig超家族、造血因子受体超家族、神经生长因子受体超家族以及趋化因子受体超家族的主要结构特点,每个超家族例举出2个成员。

2. 试比较人T、B淋巴细胞细胞膜表面分子(表面标记)的异同点,它们分别参与哪些主要的免疫功能?

传染病学专业：

1. 人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染人体后,免疫功能可发生哪些主要的变化?机理是什么?如何进行相应的免疫学功能检测？

2. 请评述肾综合征出血热病毒(HFRSV)感染后机体免疫学变化的与病理损伤的关系。

消化专业： 1.试述与消化系统有关的肿瘤相关抗原研究的进展。

2.简述粘膜相关淋巴样组织(mucosal assiociated lymphoid tissue,MALT)的组成和功能特点。分泌型IgA是如何进行合成和分泌的?

第四军医大学一九九六年攻读博士学位入学考试试题

免疫学试题

一. 名词解释（每题4分，共40分）

1. Fas(CD95)/FasL

2. common chain of cytokine receptor

3 . TCR/CD3 complex

4. negaive selection of thymocytes

5. artificial active immune

6. anti-idiotypic

7. IgSF

8. Integrin

9. chemokine

10. B7/CD28

二. 问答题（每题12分，共60分）

1. 比较MHCⅠ和MHCⅡ类抗原参与的加工提呈抗原的过程。

2. 比较CTL和NK杀伤靶细胞时识别和杀伤机制的特点。

3. 比较免疫学检测法和生物学活性检测法检测细胞因子的优缺点。 4. 发现一种新的白细胞分化抗原或肿瘤相关抗原,并制备了单克隆抗体,试设计实验方案克隆此基因。

5. 选择下述中一个专题,叙述我国在这一研究领域的现状及面临的挑战1)肿瘤免疫；(2)基因治疗；(3)CD抗原。

第四军医大学一九九七年博士研究生入学考试免疫学试题

一. 名词解释（每题4分，共40分）

1. B7/CD28

2. Th1 subset

3. seven predicated transmembrane domain receptor superfamily（STR superfamily）

4. antibody affinity maturation

5. AP-1

6. single chain variable fragment（ScFv）

7. NK cell receptor

8. Zinkernagel-Doherty phenomenon

9. Ig fold

10. CD40/CD40L

二. 问答题（每题12分，共36分）

1. 试述胸腺微环境对胸腺细胞的选择作用及其与T细胞功能性亚群形成的关系。

2. 试述体液免疫应答的规律，回忆反应和抗体类别转换的机制是什么？

3. 试从结构和功能等角度，阐述白细胞分化抗原（CD）、粘附分子（integrin）和免疫球蛋白超家族（IgSF）三类分子的相互关系。目前在这一领域中主要研究热点是什么？

三. 问答题（24分，第1题为免疫学专业考生试题，第2题为血液病学科考生试题，第3题为消化内科考生试题，只允许答本专业试题）

1. 试比较TCR和BCR结构及其识别抗原、淋巴细胞活化信号的分子机理。（免疫学专业）。

2. 试述白血病免疫学分型理论和方法的研究进展。（血液病学专业）。

3. 试述肿瘤疫苗的研究进展。（消化内科专业）。

一九九八年博士研究生入学考试试题

（免疫学专业和专业基础）

一.名词解释（每题3分，共45分）

1.Co-stimulators (or co-stimulating molecules)

2.NK-kB

3.Immunoglobulin superfamily

4.antigen-presenting cell (APC)

5.death domain

6.CCR and CXCR

7.Lectin (or mitogen)

8.Clusters of differentiation, CD)

9.B7 family

10.Cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL)

11.IL-15 and IL-15 receptor (IL-15R)

12.MHC restriction

13.Affinity-chromatography

14.Cyctosprin A, CsA

15.Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, ADCC)

二.问答题（每题10分，共30分）

1.何为Th1和 Th2亚群？如何检测？在临床上有何意义？

2.试述免疫球蛋白（Ig）的结构与功能的关系。

3.试比较T细胞受体（TCR/CD3）与B细胞受体（BCR）的组成、结构及其识别抗原的特点。

三.选择问答题（各专业考生只答一道本专业试题，25分）

免疫学专业：

1.试述B7/CD28, CTLA-4，CD40/CD40L，LFA-1/ICAM-1，CD2/LFA-3的结构、分布以及相互作用后介导的主要生物学功能。

消化内科：

2.肿瘤抗原分为哪几类？机体抗肿瘤免疫主要有哪些因素（机制）？简述提高抗肿瘤免疫研究的略策。

血液病学专业：

3.何为白血病的免疫学分型？何为移植物抗宿主反应�*****VHR）？GVHR发生的主要原因（条件）是什么？

一九九年九博士生入学考试试题

(专业基础: 免疫学)

一.名词解释(每题5分,共45分)

1. ADCC(antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity)

2. 环孢菌素(cyclosporin)

3. KIR(killer cell inhibitory receptor)

4. HLDA(human leucocyte differentiation antigen)

5. Interleukin 18(IL-18)

6. 整合素(integrin)

7. Fas/FasL

8. FcR(免疫球蛋白Fc段受体)

9. 细胞间粘附分子(ICAM)

10. Th1/Th2

11. 基因疫苗(DNA疫苗)

12. chemokines and chemokine receptor

13. 免疫耐受

14. 共刺激分子

15. 死亡结构域(death domain)

二.问答题(第1、2题各18分,第3题19分)

1. 试比较杀伤性T细胞(CTL)与自然杀伤细胞(NK)在杀伤靶细胞过程中,识别细胞毒及介导免疫功能有何不同?

2. 70年代以来,有关Ig和体液免疫研究存在以下几项重大发现和突破而获得医学和生物学诺贝尔奖,请分别阐述它们的理论意义及在医学实践中的应用。

（1）1972年：胃蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶水解Ig，获得Fab、Fc、F（ab’）2等片段

（2）1977年：放射免疫法

（3）1984年：淋巴细胞杂交瘤和单克隆抗体

（4）1987年: Ig基因的结构

3. 近年来在肿瘤免疫研究领域中有哪些重要进展?试述当前提高机体抗肿瘤免疫的主要策略。

ikaobo

2007-03-23 13:08

一九九九年博士生入学考试试题(免疫学专业)

问答题(每题25分)

1. 试比较T细胞受体（TCR）、B细胞受体（BCR）和NK细胞受体（NKCR）的组成，识别配体以及信号转导的异同点。

2. 以胸腺依赖抗原刺激机体产生抗体的免疫应答为例，T细胞和B细胞是如何相互作用？有哪些粘附分子和共刺激分子参与T、B细胞的相互作用？

3. 肾综合征出血热(HFRS)病毒的结构基因已经搞清楚,为了证实HFRS病毒感染机体(以Balb/C小鼠为例)可产生HFRS病毒核衣壳蛋白(NP)特异性CTL,并在免疫防护中起重要作用,请应用免疫学理论和方法,设计一系统实验,加以证实。

4. 例举二个近年来细胞和分子免疫学研究中出现的新的热点,请分别评述其研究意义、发展趋势以及应用前景。

中科院动物所博士生入学试题生物化学和高级生物化学

中国科学院动物研究所生物化学1996年博士研究生入学试题

1.蛋白质和蛋白质相互分离时主要根据它们之间的种有差别的特征，这些差别特征有哪些方面？并举例说明。
2 试述三种粘多糖的名称，在动物体内的主要分布，主要构成单糖及其它糖类。
3 试举例说明蛋白质和它的前体的一级结构关系。
4 J. D. Watson因其证明DNA的双螺旋结构，曾与Crick共获诺贝尔奖。这位科学泰头在他后来一体名著中解释DNA形状时写过这样一段话："Does DNAchain fold up into a regular configulation dominated by its regular backbone? If so, the configulation would most likely be a helical one in which all the sugar-phosphate groupl would have identical chemincal environments"。你认为他在这里用configulation一词描述DNA的三维结构确切吗？为什么？（此段英原文不必译出，但须回答为什么，否则无分）

中国科学院动物研究所生物化学1998年博士研究生入学试题
一、填充题
1 DNA具有的两个重要功能是，核糖体的功能是
2 逆转录酶是一种多功能酶，它兼有指导的DNA聚合酶，
指导的DNA聚合酶。
3 能够用来将外源的DNA片段转移到活细胞内部的、
或统称为克隆载体。
4 绝大多数真核生物信使RNA3'端有。
5 证明DNA是遗传信息携带者的科学家是。
6 蛋白质可与碱共热而水解，碱水解引起、、和
的破坏。
7 蛋白质的三维构象也称或。
8 生物膜主要是由和两大类物质组成，生物膜的基因结构形式是。膜两侧的物质和离子转运主要是通过、和等方式进行。
9 1997年诺贝尔化学奖授予，主要是基于他们阐明了反应机制
分子结构及酶的作用机制。
10 脂肪和磷脂的合成主要是来自和。
11 糖蛋白的糖链，是由专一性很低强的，从糖核苷酸上把单糖一个一个转移上去而形成的。
二、解释名词和英文符号的科学含义
1 △Gp 2 Q cycle 3ABC 4 Kcat
5 protomnotive force 6 Synonycodon 7 RT-PCR
8 genomic library 9 DNAfinger printing 10 DNAfoot printing

三、问答题
1 热力学第二定律证明任何体系的它的外围环境必须不断增加它的熵，然而活的生物体却从比较无序状态的物质不断建立起高度有序的结构，这是否说明活的生物体不遵守热力学第二定律？为什么？
2 回答下述问题是对或是错，假若是错请解释为什么？
1）在底物饱和的条件下，酶的催化反应速率与酶浓度成比例。
2）在底物浓度成为反应限速因子是，酶的催化反应速率随反应时间而下降。
3 举例简述生物体系中的氧化还原反应的重要意义。
4 在静息态的神经细胞中，胞内外的K与Na浓度的不同分布导致胞膜内侧表现为负电荷较大，此种浓度梯差和电荷梯差的总称是什么？假若以△G'代表在这种离子浓度梯差存在时的离子跨膜转运的能量变化，其反应表示为
请解释上述充应式中的符号参量表示什么？其意义何在？
5 举例简述对细胞中多种膜系统结构与功能的研究对神经系统疾病的重要性。
6 什么是回文结构(palindrome)？请举例说明。
7 试述氨基酸顺序与三维结构构象的关系。
8 什么是核蛋白体(nucleoprotein)比较重要的核蛋白体有那些？
9 举例说明三种糖蛋白的名称、化学组成及其生理意义。
10 什么是终止密码子，已知的终止密码了有那些？
11 分子杂交是分子生物学重要的研究手段，在核酸分子杂交中哪些参数是研究人员设计实验时必须考虑的基本参数？

中国科学院动物研究所高级生物化学1999年博士研究生入学试题

一、填充题
1 主动运输的主要特点是、、、、。
2 辅酶中A分子中含有、、、。
3 线粒体DNA的复制方式是，其复制特点是。
4 高能磷酸化物可分为、、、。
5 糖类物质是含和化合物；常见的糖有和，它们分解后可分为、、、。
6 蛋白质按其分子外型的对称程度可分为和蛋白质，按生物功能可分为、、、、。
7酶作为生物催化剂的特点是、、、、。

二、解释基本概念
1 呼吸控制 2 DDRT-PCR 3 装配型质粒 4 翻译阻遏
5 离子载体 6 Seliwanoff反应 7 茚三酮反应 8 萜类
9 蜡 10 同工酶

三、问答题（任选7题）
1 试述逆转录酶的生物学意义。
2 简要介绍免疫系统中程序化细胞死亡。
3 简述生物膜运送的分子机理。
4 写出20种常见氨基酸的中文名称和三字母符号。
5 分光光度计测定蛋白质含量的基本原理是什么？
6简述测定一种酶活力的基本原则。
7 说明磺胺药治病的基本原理。
8 举例说明激素作用原理的四种不同方式。
9 根据你的生理学、细胞生物学和分子生物学的知识，构思一实验方案，差异筛选和考虑克隆某器官或组织与发育或病理改变相关的特异功能基因。
中国科学院动物研究所高级生物化学2000年博士研究生入学试题

一、解释基本概念
1 关向异构体 2 甘油三酯 3 花生四烯酸 4 溶菌酶
5 多酶体系 6 别构酶 7 辅酶I和辅酶II 8 叶酸
9 激素 10 G-蛋白 11 叶绿素 12 前列腺素
13 脱氨基作用 14 转氨酶 15 卟啉 16 密码子
17 质粒 18基因文库 19 钙调蛋白 20 线粒体

二、回答问题（其中7、8两题任选一题）
1 阐述糖蛋白及其生物功能。
2 阐述生物界蛋白质的多样性及其在生物进化和生物功能中的意义。
3 RNA在那些类型？比较它们的结构与功能。
4 阐述生物大分子跨膜运送的方法及其作用机制。
5 试述脂蛋白的种类、化学组成和生物功能。
6 说明真核生物的DNA聚合酶的种类及其生理功能。
7 根据你所掌握的知识阐述细胞质和细胞核的相互关系。

中国科学院发育生物学所博士研究生入学试题

中国科学院发育生物学所分子生物学2000年博士研究生入学试题

（一、二、三题为必答题，五和六可任选一题）

一、请解释下列名词，并写出它们的英文术词：
1 基因家族 2 持家基因 3 同形异位盒 4 基因沉默
5 功能基因组学 6 信号肽 7 信号传递 8 细胞编程性死亡

二、限制性内切酶是如何发现的？限制性内切酶可分成几类？如何使用限制内切酶进行分子生物学的研究？

三、请分别列出用于蛋白质和核酸的电泳分析和分离的技术，并说明这些技术与蛋白质和核酸的性质的关系。

四、请比较植物和动物基因工程的异同，并在你所熟悉的生物（植物或动物）的范围内探讨基因工程的前沿和瓶颈问题。

五、获得一个功能未知的基因克隆后，怎样才能阐明该基因的功能？请你根据自己熟悉的某种真核生物提出具体的研究方案。

六、在真核生物基因的DNA序列中，哪些部分的核苷酸序列的变异会影响其编码的蛋白质的结构和功能？为什么？

复旦大学2003年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题

考试科目：新闻传播理论与历史

请回答下列问题：
一简要概述中国加入WTO以后新闻媒体发展的基本态势。（35分）
二简析社会生态变化对新闻传媒业发展的影响。（30分）
三 20世纪80年代以来，西方各国政府对传媒业先后采取放松管制的方针。简述放松管理方针实施以后，西方各国传媒业发生了哪些变化？（35分）

考试科目：新闻传播实务

一论述题（每题20分，共60分）
1. 请联系新闻实践，分析记者公开（亮相）采访与隐性采访、事件性新闻采访与非事件性新闻采访的各自特点与长短处。
2. 我国改革开放以来，新闻报道方式发生哪些变化？
3. 试论电视新闻评论节目的特色与目前现状。
二实务题（分别为5、15、20分，共40分）
根据下列记者采访的素材，进行以下实务操作：
1 制作一条新闻标题（两行题或三行题，5分）
2 改写一篇500字左右的动态消息（15分）
3 配写一篇600字以内的短评（20分）
素材附后：
“小煤矿挖断了我们的命根子。”今天上午在河南省汝州市小屯镇时屯村的村头，60多岁的老农时宝指着大片塌陷的农田向记者诉说“小煤矿之祸”：“俺镇这几年冒出来的76个小煤矿，乱采滥挖个个都是‘吃地虎’，挖坏农田，挖踏了村庄。”
记者放眼望去，汝平公路（汝州至平顶山）南侧100多亩农田像一个“盆子”，低于路面近一米。“盆子”里竟有四个小煤矿，两个废弃，两个正在兴建中。正在地里劳作的农民范锁说：“这地以前是亩产400公斤小麦的良田，被小煤矿挖踏后，亩产量不足150公斤。”
记者看到，一亩大小的麦地，竟然有十来道裂缝，范锁说：“下面越挖上面越裂，有时人走着走着，都要陷进去。这地现在都不能浇水，水都顺着地缝渗跑了。”
农民们为了自救，每年都要往地里垫土，垫玉米秆，可垫了又陷下去。现在，联合收割机进不到地里，农民只好改从“机收”退回到“手收”。农民姚俊伟说：“小煤矿矿主挖挖就跑，把钱挣走了，那祸害扔给俺。找矿上、找镇里都没人理，这笔账该算在谁头上？”
范湾村和李湾村位于姜公河两岸，两村间的大片塌陷的农田里，竟竖着十六七个插小红旗的矿井架。李湾村农民马留进说：以前大家都引姜公河水浇地，小煤矿挖了几年，把水源都挖没了，姜公河干了，连自家院里的井也干了，只能借水吃，夏天洗澡都得外出洗。
小煤矿采煤，是哪里有煤往哪里挖，小屯镇的一些小煤矿不顾国家有关规定，把矿道挖到了村庄下面，使农民的房屋裂缝、塌陷，危及生命财产安全。
范湾村村头20多米远就有一个小煤矿，自1999年以来，全村先后有20多户农民住房出现沉陷、裂缝。记者来到农民贾会议家，但见天井院下陷半尺多，三间堂屋屋体倾斜，屋里墙体多处裂缝，最宽的缝达20多厘米。由于无法居住，他们一家人只好搬到损坏程度相对较轻的东厢房住，把堂屋改称猪圈。贾会议说：“俺们省吃俭用了半辈子，盖了东厢房，本是给儿子结婚备的新房，如今新房也成了危房。”他们先后给儿子说了两门亲事，可人家来一看，都不愿意。
范湾村1993年曾修建一所小学，有一座两层小楼和一排平房，四间厕所。1999年以来，先是校园土地由南向北塌陷一米多，紧接着所有建筑物均出现裂缝，四间厕所倒塌。学校共有400多名学生，自2000年下半年开始，就无法在学校上课，其中100多名学生转学到外村，剩下的学生分散在大树下，村民家里上课，苦不堪言。
李湾村也是个“塌陷的村庄”，据当地群众讲，村庄底下已被小煤矿挖成了“老鼠洞”。记者走访了十几户群众，发现他们的房子已微若累卵。在村民王书安家，记者看到，房子多处裂缝，他找了六块木板撑着房顶。村民马留进家七间全是危房，由于地基不断下沉，家里的门已截短三回。从1999年起，李湾村村民同小煤矿打了官司，最终获赔30多万元，可分到户上，不过几个元，根本不够。村民们说：“俺村已没法住了，大家都想迁，可到处是小煤矿，往哪里搬？”
小屯镇企业管理办公室的张新坡告诉记者，去年以来，镇里对小煤矿进行整顿，已有一半停工，小煤矿挖坏耕地、群众房屋，镇里负不了责，是群众和小煤矿之间的事。目前，镇里正按河南省有关规定，给符合复工条件的停产小煤矿办复工手续。
平顶山市土地管理局负责人告诉记者，据测算，一个小煤窑，窑身占地10-15亩，在开采期限内每年造成4-8亩土地塌陷，这一比例，远远超过国有大煤矿。

2004年复旦新闻考博试题（2004/5/25）

复旦大学
2004年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：新闻传播理论与历史

论述题(共三题，一、三题各为35分，第二题30分，共100分)

一、美国便士报与我国都市报比较谈

二、“文化帝国主义”辨

三、我国传媒业“事业性质、企业管理”之我

——————————————————————————

复旦大学
2004年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：新闻业务

一、问答题(30分)
1、新闻界，人们常说：“编辑要乐为他人作嫁衣”、“编辑是一项再创造的工作”。请您谈谈对这两句新闻界“行话”的认识。(15分)
2、“策划”与“炒作”是当前新闻界经常用到的词，这两者在理论以及新闻工作的实际操作与信息传播效果上有何区别？(15分)

二、分析题(70分)
今年初，中国足球协会与《广州日报》旗下的《足球》报打了一场笔墨官司，引起了一场风波。新华网曾以《足协和足球报互不妥协》为题报道了这场风波。全国各地媒体也纷纷对这场风波表示了关注。请您就试题所提供的新华网消息等情况，从采编业务的角度谈谈对这场风波的看法，以及媒体对此类问题应该如何进行正确而有意义的引导。
(材料略)
——————————————————————————

复旦大学
2004年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：传播实务

一、何谓“传媒市场的细分化”？试联系实际，论述其意义和影响。(20分)

二、从心理策略的角度，以实例说明、广告如何有效地吸引公众的注意？(20分)

三、试联系实际，试述“危机管理”的内涵、意义及组织落实的途径。(30分)

四、从研究方法和传播功效的角度，对以下报道进行评析。(30分)

请听听两个国家12至18岁青少年的梦想──
中国孩子憧憬未来
法国儿童享受现实
(正文略)
——————————————————————————

复旦大学
2004年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：广播电视理论与实务

一、问答题(3题，每题10分，共30分)
1、从传播学与社会学角度看，节目主持人与播音员的主要差别在哪里？
2、如何评价中央电视台开播的新闻频道？
3、谈谈你对“电视作为艺术”的理解。

二、论述题(35分)
请论述2003年中国电视新闻改革的新特点、新理念、新趋势。

三、实践题(35分)
2004年新年刚过，中共中央、国务院就联合下发了“关于促进农民增加收入”的一号文件。中央电视台将就此事，专门制作一期30分钟的节目。请撰写一份拍摄该节目的“策划大纲”。策划内容涉及：
1、这档节目的样式和名称是什么？
2、整档节目的议题该如何设置？
3、准备如何表现？
4、你作为节目主持人，请写出开场白、串连词与结束语。

北大考博04试题魏晋南北朝隋唐五代文学：
1、比较三曹诗风的异同
2、论述中唐文学风气与社会文化思潮的关系
3、论述近体诗的确立及其对唐代诗歌的影响
中国文学史、古代文论、中国历史：
一、简答：
1、察举与科举
2、《录鬼簿》与《南词叙录》
3、宋元话本
二、论述：
1、论述封建制与郡县制
2、试述《左传》的文学成就及其地位和影响
3、举例说明常州词派的理论及其创作实践情况

北京体育大学2003年博士研究生入学考试

运动生物力学试题（50分）

一．简答题（共20分）

1、说明影片分析中误差的来源及消除方法（10分）

2、简述骨的力电性质（10分）

二、论述题（共30分）

1、描述人体运动的生物力学参数有哪些？分别用什么手段获得？（15分）

2、结合你的研究经历，谈对运动生物力学研究方法及应用前景的认识。（15分）

北京体育大学2003年博士生入学考试

教学论试题（50分）

一、简答题（20分）

1、简析教学活动的构成要素及其各要素之间的相互关系（10分）

2、简述形成性评价的特点及其用途（10分）

二、论述题（30分）

1、教学环境包括哪些内容？应该怎样对教学环境进行优化？（15分）

2、运用教学过程的基本功能理论，分析体育教学过程有哪些基本功能，请联系实际予以说明（15分）

ikaobo

2007-03-23 13:08

同济大学医学院2006年诊断学考博试题
作者: uglymen

一. 名词解释

1. occult blood
2. openning snap
3. gray－turner
4. confusion
5.Tenesmus
6. bypass bilirubin

二. 简答题

1. 简述中性粒细胞中毒的变化
2. 尿三杯实验的临床意义

后面就是病例分析了，因为字数太多，我大致说一下；
1.血友病
2.Horner综合症
3.风湿性心脏病并二尖瓣狭窄
5.病毒性脑膜炎
6.慢性阻塞性肺病合并右心功能衰竭
中国科学院1999年植物生态学考博试题

1.简述松属植物的生活史。
2.简述双子叶植物和单子叶植物的区别。
3.简述配子体和孢子体在高等植物各门生活中的演化。
4.简述胚珠的发育和形成过程。
5.简述根次生结构及其形成过程。
6.标注以下三年生木质茎的横切面图。

19981.简述被子植物的双受精过程。
2.简述双子叶植物根的次生生长和次生构造的形成过程。
3.简述被子植物花各部分结构授精后的变化。
4.简述高等植物各门在生活史上的演化特点。
5.简述（或用图解表示）简述分裂在藻类生活史演化中所表现的三种类型。

ikaobo

2007-03-23 13:08

中国科学院历年植物生态学考博试题[名词解释部分]

名词解释
2003年 1.同宗配合 2.精子器 3.侧膜胎座 4.胞果 5.极核 6.双受精现象
2002年 1.微管 2.蓼型胚囊 3.反足细胞 4.胞果 5.多胚现象
2001年 1.精子器 2.盖被 3.假二歧分枝 4.子实体 5.无限花序
2000年 1.颈卵器植物 2.稃片 3.纹孔塞 4.无融合生殖 5.二歧聚伞花序
1999年 1.倒生胚珠 2.纹孔 3.特立中央胎座 4.叶镶嵌 5.种鳞
6.隐头花序 7.双受精现象
1998年 1.年轮 2.传递细胞 3.气孔器 4.四强雄蕊 5.原丝体
6.颈卵器 7.世代交替 8.套被
中国科学院历年植物生态学考博试题[问答题]
问答题集锦
2003年 1.简述日照长度对植物开花的影响及其在植物引种驯化上的意义。(光因子，引种驯化)
2.简述高山植物的生态适应特征及原因。（高山植物）
3.生态因子主要分为几类，就目前情况而言哪一类的影响最大？（生态因子）
4.植物群落发育主要经历几个时期？各时期特点是何？（植物群落发育）

2002年 1.试述风对植物的生态作用。（风因子）
2.简述植被分布的地带规律性。
3.试述植物群落原生演替中的水生演替序列。（原生演替，水生）
4.简述亚洲热带雨林和常绿阔叶林的主要区别。

2001年 1.试述欧亚大陆植被由南向北表现出的水平地带，每个带列举1－2种植物组成的科属类群。
2.试述植物引种驯化中应考虑的生态因子。（引种驯化）
3.试述昼夜变温对植物生长发育的影响。（温度）
4.试述植物群落发育的各个时期及其特点。

2000年 1.简述植被分布的地带规律性。
2.试述植物群落的形成过程。
3.试述植物对高温的生态适应。（温度）
4.试述盐碱土对植物生长发育的不利影响。

1999年 1.为什么高山植物都较矮小且通常花色较艳丽？（高山植物）
2.试述亚洲热带雨林和亚热带常绿阔叶林的主要区别。
3.简述热带高山的山地垂直带谱。（垂直带谱）

1998年 1.分述植物生态学研究传统的三大学派。
2.简述绿色植物在生态系统中的作用。
3.为何说陆地上生物多样性丰富的区域大多在山区？
4.简述植被分布垂直地带性的主要原因。（垂直地带）
5.图示并简述云杉林被采伐后经历的主要演替阶段。（演替）
6.试述植物分泌物对种间组合的影响。（种间组合）

1997年 1.简述群落在裸地的演替过程。（演替）
2.简述热带雨林和亚热带常绿阔叶林在组成上、群落结构和群落外貌上的主要区别。
3.简述高温和低温是怎样限制植物分布的？（温度）
4.谈谈你所认识的植物生态学的研究动态和发展方向。
5.生态系统的研究的对象和研究任务是什么？

名词解释
2003年 1.优势种 2.旗形树 3.生活型 4.主导因子 5.生态适应 6.季相
2002年 1.气候顶极群落 2.10％定律 3.常绿阔叶林 4.生态群 5.气候相似性
2001年 1.生活型 2.盖度 3.建群种 4.生态位 5.次生演替
2000年 1.生态系统 2.趋异适应 3.常绿阔叶林 4.旗形树 5.生态位
1999年 1.物候 2.气候顶极群落 3.食物链 4.种群 5.季相
1998年 1.主导因子 2.季相 3.种间竞争 4.气候顶极群落 5.层片
6.生态系统 7.照叶林 8.生态系统 9.伴生种 10.密度
1997年 1.植物群落 2.物候 3.季风 4.顶极群落 5.生态形态
6.夏绿林 7.原生演替 8.泰加林 9.特征种 10.种群

ikaobo

2007-03-23 13:09

中国科学院动物研究所高级生物化学2000年博士研究生入学试题

一、解释基本概念
1 关向异构体 2 甘油三酯 3 花生四烯酸 4 溶菌酶
5 多酶体系 6 别构酶 7 辅酶I和辅酶II 8 叶酸
9 激素 10 G-蛋白 11 叶绿素 12 前列腺素
13 脱氨基作用 14 转氨酶 15 卟啉 16 密码子
17 质粒 18基因文库 19 钙调蛋白 20 线粒体

二、回答问题（其中7、8两题任选一题）
1 阐述糖蛋白及其生物功能。
2 阐述生物界蛋白质的多样性及其在生物进化和生物功能中的意义。
3 RNA在那些类型？比较它们的结构与功能。
4 阐述生物大分子跨膜运送的方法及其作用机制。
5 试述脂蛋白的种类、化学组成和生物功能。
6 说明真核生物的DNA聚合酶的种类及其生理功能。
7 根据你所掌握的知识阐述细胞质和细胞核的相互关系。

中国科学院发育生物学所博士研究生入学试题

中国科学院发育生物学所分子生物学2000年博士研究生入学试题

（一、二、三题为必答题，五和六可任选一题）

一、请解释下列名词，并写出它们的英文术词：
1 基因家族 2 持家基因 3 同形异位盒 4 基因沉默
5 功能基因组学 6 信号肽 7 信号传递 8 细胞编程性死亡

二、限制性内切酶是如何发现的？限制性内切酶可分成几类？如何使用限制内切酶进行分子生物学的研究？

三、请分别列出用于蛋白质和核酸的电泳分析和分离的技术，并说明这些技术与蛋白质和核酸的性质的关系。

四、请比较植物和动物基因工程的异同，并在你所熟悉的生物（植物或动物）的范围内探讨基因工程的前沿和瓶颈问题。

五、获得一个功能未知的基因克隆后，怎样才能阐明该基因的功能？请你根据自己熟悉的某种真核生物提出具体的研究方案。

六、在真核生物基因的DNA序列中，哪些部分的核苷酸序列的变异会影响其编码的蛋白质的结构和功能？为什么？

复旦大学2003年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题

考试科目：新闻传播理论与历史

请回答下列问题：
一简要概述中国加入WTO以后新闻媒体发展的基本态势。（35分）
二简析社会生态变化对新闻传媒业发展的影响。（30分）
三 20世纪80年代以来，西方各国政府对传媒业先后采取放松管制的方针。简述放松管理方针实施以后，西方各国传媒业发生了哪些变化？（35分）

考试科目：新闻传播实务

一论述题（每题20分，共60分）
1. 请联系新闻实践，分析记者公开（亮相）采访与隐性采访、事件性新闻采访与非事件性新闻采访的各自特点与长短处。
2. 我国改革开放以来，新闻报道方式发生哪些变化？
3. 试论电视新闻评论节目的特色与目前现状。
二实务题（分别为5、15、20分，共40分）
根据下列记者采访的素材，进行以下实务操作：
1 制作一条新闻标题（两行题或三行题，5分）
2 改写一篇500字左右的动态消息（15分）
3 配写一篇600字以内的短评（20分）
素材附后：
“小煤矿挖断了我们的命根子。”今天上午在河南省汝州市小屯镇时屯村的村头，60多岁的老农时宝指着大片塌陷的农田向记者诉说“小煤矿之祸”：“俺镇这几年冒出来的76个小煤矿，乱采滥挖个个都是‘吃地虎’，挖坏农田，挖踏了村庄。”
记者放眼望去，汝平公路（汝州至平顶山）南侧100多亩农田像一个“盆子”，低于路面近一米。“盆子”里竟有四个小煤矿，两个废弃，两个正在兴建中。正在地里劳作的农民范锁说：“这地以前是亩产400公斤小麦的良田，被小煤矿挖踏后，亩产量不足150公斤。”
记者看到，一亩大小的麦地，竟然有十来道裂缝，范锁说：“下面越挖上面越裂，有时人走着走着，都要陷进去。这地现在都不能浇水，水都顺着地缝渗跑了。”
农民们为了自救，每年都要往地里垫土，垫玉米秆，可垫了又陷下去。现在，联合收割机进不到地里，农民只好改从“机收”退回到“手收”。农民姚俊伟说：“小煤矿矿主挖挖就跑，把钱挣走了，那祸害扔给俺。找矿上、找镇里都没人理，这笔账该算在谁头上？”
范湾村和李湾村位于姜公河两岸，两村间的大片塌陷的农田里，竟竖着十六七个插小红旗的矿井架。李湾村农民马留进说：以前大家都引姜公河水浇地，小煤矿挖了几年，把水源都挖没了，姜公河干了，连自家院里的井也干了，只能借水吃，夏天洗澡都得外出洗。
小煤矿采煤，是哪里有煤往哪里挖，小屯镇的一些小煤矿不顾国家有关规定，把矿道挖到了村庄下面，使农民的房屋裂缝、塌陷，危及生命财产安全。
范湾村村头20多米远就有一个小煤矿，自1999年以来，全村先后有20多户农民住房出现沉陷、裂缝。记者来到农民贾会议家，但见天井院下陷半尺多，三间堂屋屋体倾斜，屋里墙体多处裂缝，最宽的缝达20多厘米。由于无法居住，他们一家人只好搬到损坏程度相对较轻的东厢房住，把堂屋改称猪圈。贾会议说：“俺们省吃俭用了半辈子，盖了东厢房，本是给儿子结婚备的新房，如今新房也成了危房。”他们先后给儿子说了两门亲事，可人家来一看，都不愿意。
范湾村1993年曾修建一所小学，有一座两层小楼和一排平房，四间厕所。1999年以来，先是校园土地由南向北塌陷一米多，紧接着所有建筑物均出现裂缝，四间厕所倒塌。学校共有400多名学生，自2000年下半年开始，就无法在学校上课，其中100多名学生转学到外村，剩下的学生分散在大树下，村民家里上课，苦不堪言。
李湾村也是个“塌陷的村庄”，据当地群众讲，村庄底下已被小煤矿挖成了“老鼠洞”。记者走访了十几户群众，发现他们的房子已微若累卵。在村民王书安家，记者看到，房子多处裂缝，他找了六块木板撑着房顶。村民马留进家七间全是危房，由于地基不断下沉，家里的门已截短三回。从1999年起，李湾村村民同小煤矿打了官司，最终获赔30多万元，可分到户上，不过几个元，根本不够。村民们说：“俺村已没法住了，大家都想迁，可到处是小煤矿，往哪里搬？”
小屯镇企业管理办公室的张新坡告诉记者，去年以来，镇里对小煤矿进行整顿，已有一半停工，小煤矿挖坏耕地、群众房屋，镇里负不了责，是群众和小煤矿之间的事。目前，镇里正按河南省有关规定，给符合复工条件的停产小煤矿办复工手续。
平顶山市土地管理局负责人告诉记者，据测算，一个小煤窑，窑身占地10-15亩，在开采期限内每年造成4-8亩土地塌陷，这一比例，远远超过国有大煤矿。

2004年复旦新闻考博试题（2004/5/25）

复旦大学
2004年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：新闻传播理论与历史

论述题(共三题，一、三题各为35分，第二题30分，共100分)

一、美国便士报与我国都市报比较谈

二、“文化帝国主义”辨

三、我国传媒业“事业性质、企业管理”之我

——————————————————————————

复旦大学
2004年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：新闻业务

一、问答题(30分)
1、新闻界，人们常说：“编辑要乐为他人作嫁衣”、“编辑是一项再创造的工作”。请您谈谈对这两句新闻界“行话”的认识。(15分)
2、“策划”与“炒作”是当前新闻界经常用到的词，这两者在理论以及新闻工作的实际操作与信息传播效果上有何区别？(15分)

二、分析题(70分)
今年初，中国足球协会与《广州日报》旗下的《足球》报打了一场笔墨官司，引起了一场风波。新华网曾以《足协和足球报互不妥协》为题报道了这场风波。全国各地媒体也纷纷对这场风波表示了关注。请您就试题所提供的新华网消息等情况，从采编业务的角度谈谈对这场风波的看法，以及媒体对此类问题应该如何进行正确而有意义的引导。
(材料略)
——————————————————————————

复旦大学
2004年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：传播实务

一、何谓“传媒市场的细分化”？试联系实际，论述其意义和影响。(20分)

二、从心理策略的角度，以实例说明、广告如何有效地吸引公众的注意？(20分)

三、试联系实际，试述“危机管理”的内涵、意义及组织落实的途径。(30分)

四、从研究方法和传播功效的角度，对以下报道进行评析。(30分)

请听听两个国家12至18岁青少年的梦想──
中国孩子憧憬未来
法国儿童享受现实
(正文略)
——————————————————————————

复旦大学
2004年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：广播电视理论与实务

一、问答题(3题，每题10分，共30分)
1、从传播学与社会学角度看，节目主持人与播音员的主要差别在哪里？
2、如何评价中央电视台开播的新闻频道？
3、谈谈你对“电视作为艺术”的理解。

二、论述题(35分)
请论述2003年中国电视新闻改革的新特点、新理念、新趋势。

三、实践题(35分)
2004年新年刚过，中共中央、国务院就联合下发了“关于促进农民增加收入”的一号文件。中央电视台将就此事，专门制作一期30分钟的节目。请撰写一份拍摄该节目的“策划大纲”。策划内容涉及：
1、这档节目的样式和名称是什么？
2、整档节目的议题该如何设置？
3、准备如何表现？
4、你作为节目主持人，请写出开场白、串连词与结束语。

北大考博04试题魏晋南北朝隋唐五代文学：
1、比较三曹诗风的异同
2、论述中唐文学风气与社会文化思潮的关系
3、论述近体诗的确立及其对唐代诗歌的影响
中国文学史、古代文论、中国历史：
一、简答：
1、察举与科举
2、《录鬼簿》与《南词叙录》
3、宋元话本
二、论述：
1、论述封建制与郡县制
2、试述《左传》的文学成就及其地位和影响
3、举例说明常州词派的理论及其创作实践情况

北京体育大学2003年博士研究生入学考试

运动生物力学试题（50分）

一．简答题（共20分）

1、说明影片分析中误差的来源及消除方法（10分）

2、简述骨的力电性质（10分）

二、论述题（共30分）

1、描述人体运动的生物力学参数有哪些？分别用什么手段获得？（15分）

2、结合你的研究经历，谈对运动生物力学研究方法及应用前景的认识。（15分）

北京体育大学2003年博士生入学考试

教学论试题（50分）

一、简答题（20分）

1、简析教学活动的构成要素及其各要素之间的相互关系（10分）

2、简述形成性评价的特点及其用途（10分）

二、论述题（30分）

1、教学环境包括哪些内容？应该怎样对教学环境进行优化？（15分）

2、运用教学过程的基本功能理论，分析体育教学过程有哪些基本功能，请联系实际予以说明（15分）

ikaobo

2007-03-23 13:10

中国科学院上海药物研究所2003年博士入学考试药理学专业试题
任选6题）
1．举例说明分子生物学技术在药理学研究的优越性。
2． IC50，LD50，EC50的定义和意义。
3．举例说明抗癫痫药物的作用靶点。
4． RBA中，特异性结合与非特异性结合的区别是什么？KD和Bmax的意义是什么？如果在RBA中，某药对配体结合有抑制作用，怎样用RBA方法进一步区分这种抑制是竞争性的还是非竞争性的？
5．简述非甾体抗炎药的最新研究进展。
6．列举出五种与肿瘤发生发展密切相关的酪氨酸激酶，并简要叙述两条酪氨酸激酶介导的信号传导通路。
7．参与特异性免疫应答的效应细胞有哪些？并做简要说明。
8．免疫抑制剂的分类？可以用于治疗哪些疾病？以2种为例，说明它们的作用机理。

ikaobo

2007-03-23 13:10

中国科学院上海药物研究所2004年博士入学考试药理学专业试题
（任选6题）
1．试述帕金森病的病变机理及治疗药物。
2．离子通道的生理功能是什么？有哪些类别？药物如何影响离子通道的活动？对于每一类离子通道，各举出1~2种作用于该通道的药物。
3．目前正在进行临床研究的防止动脉粥样硬化的药物有哪些类型？简述它们的作用机制。
4．根据Vaughan Williams的分类方法，抗心律失常药物可分为哪几类。它们的药理作用特点是什么？
5．简述非甾体抗炎药的作用机理。
6．去年抢救SARS的病人的一项重要治疗措施是大剂量糖皮质激素疗法，简述糖皮质激素的主要药理作用及不良反应。
7．结合实例简述基于信号传导通路新型抗肿瘤药物的研究进展及其意义。
8．说明Wester Blot 实验方法在分子药理学研究中的用途，并简述实验的主要步骤、结果评定和意义。

ikaobo

2007-03-23 13:11

生态环境学——中国科学院成都山地灾害与环境研究所研究生试题
2005年博士研究生入学考试题
《生态环境学》

一、简答（20分，答案300字以内）
1、全球变暖的科学证据（7分）
2、简述农业非点源氮污染的途径与特点（7分)
3、简述山地环境的脆弱性（6分）

二、叙述（每题10分，答案在500字以内）
1、地球表层系统的组成与关系
2、请阐述主要温室气体排放的途径与机制
3、中国西部环境退化的主要特点

三、分析（每题10分，答案500字以内）
1、应用生态学、土壤学和水土保持学等理论分析1998年长江特大洪灾的发生原因
2、分析干热河谷植被退化的主要原因
3、试分析长江上游（四川盆地为例）生物多样性降低的原因

四、试验或观测设计（20分，选作1题）
1、设计坡地养分物质（C、N、P任选1个元素）的界面迁移过程
2、设计森林植被的水文效应观测试验
3、设计一个典型生态系统（森林、草地、农田）的物质与能量循环试验

nanafly	2007-04-08 15:46
此帖跟帖只能发题,否则扣分!! beFVjVVHq "Zd4e2>{M\ 发题加10流量,必须是本论坛没有的考博题!

okhere

2007-04-09 20:41

四川大学2005年博士研究生入学英语考试题
Passage 1
As the horizons of science have expanded, two main groups of scientists have emerged. One is the pure scientist; the other, the applied scientist.
The pure or theoretical scientist does original research in order to understand the basic laws of nature that govern our world. The applied scientist adapts this knowledge to practical problems. Neither is more important than the other, however, for the two groups are very much related. Sometimes, however, the applied scientist finds the "problem" for the theoretical scientist to work on. Let's take a particular problem of the aircraft industry: heat-resistant metals. Many of the metals and alloys which perform satisfactorily in a car cannot be used in a jet-propelled plane. New alloys must be used, because the jet engine operates at a much higher temperature than an automobile engine. The turbine wheel in a turbojet must withstand temperatures as high as 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit, so aircraft designers had to turn to the research metallurgist for the development of metals and alloys that would do the job in jet-propelled planes.
Dividing scientists into two groups is only one broad way of classifying them, however. When scientific knowledge was very limited, there was no need for men to specialize. Today, with the great body of scientific knowledge, scientists
specialize in many different fields. Within each field, there is even further subdivision. And, with finer and finer subdivisions, the various sciences have become more and more interrelated until no one branch is entirely independent of the' others. Many new specialties --geophysics and biochemistry, for example -- have resulted from combining the knowledge of two or more sciences.
1. The applied scientist ______.
A. is not always interested in practical problems B. provides the
basic knowledge for practice
C. applies the results of research to practice D. does original
research to understand the basic laws of nature
2. The example given in the passage illustrates how ___.
A. pure science operates independently of applied science B. the applied
scientist discovers the basic laws of nature
C. applied science defines all the areas in which basic research is done D.
applied science suggests problems for the basic scientist
3. The problem discussed in the second paragraph called for____.
A. selecting the best hear-resistant metal from existing metals
B. developing a turbine wheel capable of generating heat up to 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit
C. developing metals and alloys that would withstand terrific temperatures
D. causing the jet engine to operate at higher temperatures
4. Finer mad finer subdivision in the field of science has resulted in_____.
A. greater independence of each science
B. greater interdependence of all the various sciences
C. the eradication of the need for specialists D. the need for only
on classification of scientists
5. "The horizons of science have expanded" means that____.
A. the horizon changes its size from year to year B. science has
developed more fields of endeavor
C. scientists have made great progress in studying the horizon
D. scientists can see further out into space

chow Passage 2
In The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society, Revised and Enlarged Edition (W. W. Norton) Schlesinger provides deep insights into the crises of nationhood in America. A new chapter assesses the impact both of radical multiculturalism and radical monoculturalism on the Bill of rights. Written with his usual clarity and force, the book brings a noted historian's wisdom and perspective to bear on America's "culture wars".

Schlesinger addresses the questions: What holds a nation together? And what does it mean to be an American? Describing the emerging cult of ethnicity, Schlesinger praises its healthy effect on a nation long shamed by a history of prejudice and narrow-mindedness. But he warns against the campaign of multicultural advocates to divide the nation into separate ethnic and racial communities. From the start, he observes, the United States has been a multicultural nation, rich in its diversity but held together by a shared commitment to the democratic process and by the freedom of intermarriage. It was this national talent for assimilation that impressed foreign visitors like Alexis de Tocqueville and James Bryce, and it is this historic goal that Schlesinger champions as the best hope for the future. Schlesinger analyzes what
he sees as grim consequences of identity politics: the widening of differences. Attacks on the First Amendment, he argues, threaten intellectual freedom and, ultimately, the future of the ethnic groups. His criticisms are not limited to the left. As a former target of McCarthyism, he understands that the radical
right is even more willing than the radical left to restrict and weaken the Bill of Rights.
The author does not minimize the injustices concealed by the "melting pot" dream. The Disuniting of America is both academic and personal, forceful in argument, balanced in judgment. It is a book that will no doubt anger some readers, but it will surely make all of them think again. The winner of Pulitzer Prizes for history and for biography, an authoritative voice of American liberalism, Schlesinger is uniquely positioned to bring bold answers and healing wisdom to this passionate debate over who we are and what we should become.
6. According to Schlesinger, the United States is_____.
A. a melting pot
B. a nation with diverse cultures held together by the democratic process
C. a federation of ethnic and racial communities
D. a nation with various ethnic and racial groups
7. We can infer from the passage that Schlesinger______.
A. advocates the assimilation of different cultures into one nationhood
B. prefers multiculturalism to monoculturalism
C. gives full support to the emerging cult of ethnicity
D. holds that each racial group should keep its distinct identity
8. The author wants to tell us that America_____.
A. is experiencing a crisis of nationhood B. is trying to restrict the Bill of Right
C. has ended its history of racial prejudice D. has tried to obstruct intellectual freedom
9. According to the author, Schlesinger's book will____.
A. cause anger among the radical right B. cause anger among the radical left
C. put an end to the culture wars in America D. provoke thinking among the readers
10. This passage is most probably taken from __.
A. a history book B. a book introduction C. a book review D. a journal of literary criticism

chow Passage 3
The El Nino ("little boy" in Spanish) that pounded the globe between the summers of1997 and 1998 was in some measure the most destructive in this century. Worldwide damage estimates exceed ~20 billion --not to mention the human death toll caused by resulting droughts, floods and bushfires. El Nino and La Nina ("little girl") are part of a seesawing of winds and currents in the equatorial Pacific called ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) that appears every two to eight years. Normally, westward-blowing trade winds caused by the rotation of the earth and conditions in the Tropics push surface water across the Pacific towards Asia. The warm water piles up along the coasts of Indonesia, Australia and the Philippines, raising sea levels more than a foot above those on the South American side of the Pacific. As El Nino builds the normal east-to-west trade winds wane. Like water splashing in a giant bathtub, the elevated pool of warm water washes from Asian shores back towards South America.

In last season's cycle, surface temperatures off the west coast of South America soared from a normal high of 23°C degrees to 28°C degrees. This area of warm water, twice the size of the continental US, interacted with the atmosphere, creating storms and displacing high-altitude winds. El Nino brought rain that flooded normally dry coastal areas of Ecuador, Chile and Peru, while droughts struck Australia and Indonesia. Fires destroyed some five million acres of Indonesian forest. The drought, along with the economic crisis, left about five million people desperate for food and water. These conditions helped set the stage for riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto. El Nino also took the blame for extreme temperatures in Texas last summer over 38°C degrees for a record 30 days in a row. In Florida, lush vegetation turned to tinder and bushfires raged. Even Britain has been sweltering with our hottest year on record in 1997.
11. As El Sino builds, _____ .
A. the normal westward trade winds weaken B. the normal eastward trade winds weaken
C. the normal westward trade winds strengthen D. the normal eastward trade winds strengthen
12. Which of the following statements is true?
A. El Nino results from droughts, floods and bushfires.
B. El Nino brought rain to most areas that were affected,
C. When El Nino appeared, some of the world's rainforests were attacked by droughts.
D. Most areas that were affected by El Nino got droughts.
13. Once El Nino even played a role in the political world. What was it?
A. President Suharto was overthrown by the drought caused by El Nino.
B. El Nino caused riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto.
C. President Suharto resigned because of the drought caused by El Nino.
D. The drought caused by El Nino together with the economic crisis prevailing in Indonesia helped to overthrow President Suharto.
14. The phrase "in a row" in the last paragraph means____.
A. continuously B. in a line C. awfully D. now and then
15. The writer of this passage is most likely to be____.
A. an Australia observer B. a British national C. an American geographer
D. an Indonesia journalist

chow Passage 4
In patients with Huntington's disease, it's the part of the brain called the basal ganglia that's destroyed. While these victims have perfectly intact explicit memory systems, they can't learn new motor skills. An Alzheimer's patient can learn to draw in a mirror but can't remember doing it: a Huntington's patient can't do it but can remember trying to learn. Yet another region of the brain, an almond-size knot of neural tissue seems to be crucial in forming and triggering the recall of a special subclass of memories that is tied to strong emotion, especially fear. These are just some of the major divisions. Within the category implicit memory, for example, lie the subcategories of associative memory – the phenomenon that famously led Parlov's dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell which they had learned to associate with food and of habituation, in which we unconsciously file away unchanging features of the environment so we can pay closer attention to what's new and different upon encountering a new experience.

Within explicit, or declarative memory, on the other hand, there are specific subsystems that handle shapes, textures such as faces, names -- even distinct systems to remember nouns vs. verbs. All of these different types of memory are ultimately stored in the brain's cortex, within its deeply furrowed outer layer -- a component of the brain dauntingly more complex than comparable parts in other species. Experts in brain imaging are only beginning to understand what goes where, and how the parts are reassembled into a coherent whole that seems to be a single memory is actually a complex construction. Think of a hammer, and your brain hurriedly retrieves the tool's name, its appearance, its function, its heft and the sound of its clang, each extracted from a different region of the brain. Fail to connect person's name with his or her face, and you experience the breakdown of that assembly process that many of us begin to experience in our 20s and that becomes downrightworrisome when we reach our 50s.
It was this weakening of memory and the parallel loss of ability to learn new things easily that led biologist Joe Tsien to the experiments reported last week. "This age-dependent loss of function," he says, "appears in many animals, and it begins with the onset of sexual maturity."
What's happening when the brain forms memories -- and what fails with aging, injury and disease -- involves a phenomenon known as "plasticity". It's obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember new things, but it's equally obvious that the organ doesn't change its overall structure or grow new nerve cells wholesale. Instead, it's the connections between new cells -- and particularly the strength of these connections that are altered by experience. Hear a word over and over, and the repeated firing of certain cells in a certain order makes it easier to repeat the firing pattern later on. It is the pattern that represents each specific memory.

16. Which of the following symptoms can be observed in a person who suffers from the Huntington's disease?
A. He cannot remember what he has done but can remember trying to learn.
B. He cannot do something new but he can remember doing it.
C. He suffers from a bad memory and lack of motor skills.
D. He suffers from a poor basal ganglia and has intact explicit memory.
17. According to the passage, which of the following memories has nothing to do with implicit memory?
A. Associating a signal with an action. B. Recognizing of new features.
C. Focusing on new environment. D. Remembering a familiar face of a friend.
18. Which of the following may happen to a patient who suffered from damages to
his explicit memory?
A. When he is in a new environment, he is always frightened.
B. When he plays football, he cannot learn new tricks.
C. When he sees a friend, it's hard for him to remember his name.
D. When he finds a hammer, he cannot tell anything about it.
19. The word "extract" in the second paragraph means_____.
A. obtain B. remove C. pull D. derive
20. We can draw a conclusion from the passage that_____.
A. Scientists have found the mechanism underlying the memorizing activities
B. More research must be done to determine the brain structure.
C. Some researchers are not content with the findings.
D. It is obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember.

chow Passage 5
Mobility of individual members and family groups tends to split up family relationships. Occasionally the movement of a family away from a situation which has been the source of friction results in greater family organization, but on the whole mobility is disorganizing. Individuals and families are involved in three types of mobility: movement in space, movement up or down in social status, and the movement of ideas. These are termed respectively spatial, vertical and ideational mobility.

A great increase in spatial mobility has gone along with improvements in rail and water transportation, the invention and use of the automobile, and the availability of airplane passenger service. Spatial mobility results in a decline in the importance of the traditional home with its emphasis on family continuity and stability. It also means that when individual family members or the family as a whole move away from a community, the person or the family is removed from the pressures of relatives, friends, and community institutions for conventionality and stability. Even more important is the fact that spatial mobility permits some members of a family to come in contact with and possibly adopt attitudes, values, and ways of thinking different from those held by other family members. The presence of different attitudes values, and ways of thinking within a family may, and often does, result in conflict and family disorganization. Potential disorganization is present in those families in which the husband, wife and children are spatially separated over a long period, or are living together but see each other only briefly because of different work schedules.
One index of the increase in vertical mobility is the great increase in the proportion of sons, and to some extent daughters who engage in occupations other than those of the parents. Another index of vertical mobility is the degree of intermarriage between social classes. This occurs almost exclusively between classes which are adjacent to each other. Engaging in a different occupation, or intermarriage, like spatial mobility, allows one to come in contact with ways of behavior different from those of the parental home, and tends to separate parents and their children.
The increase in ideational mobility is measured by the increase in publications, such as newspapers, periodicals and books, the increase in the percentage of the population owning radios, and the increase in television sets. All these tend to introduce new ideas into the home. When individual family members are exposed to and adopt the new ideas, the tendency is for conflict to arise and for those in conflict to become psychologically separated from each other.
21. What the passage tells us can be summarized by the statement___.
A. potential disorganization is present in the American family
B. social development results in a decline in the importance of traditional families
C. the movement of a family is one of the factors in raising its social status
D. family disorganization is more or less the result of mobility
22. According to the passage, those who live in a traditional family ___
A. can get more help from their family members if the are in trouble
B. will have more freedom of action and thought if they move away from it
C. are less likely to quarrel with others because of conventionality and stability
D. have to depend on their relatives and friends if they do not move away from it
23. Potential disorganization exists in those families in which ____
A. the family members are subject to social pressures
B. both parents have to work full time
C. the husband, wife and children, and children seldom get together
D. the husband, wife and children work too hard
24. Intermarriage and different occupations play an important role in family disorganization because____.
A. they enable the children to travel around without their parents
B. they enable the children to better understand the ways of behavior of their parents
C. they allow one to find a good job and improve one's social status
D. they permit one to come into contact with different ways of behavior and thinking
25. This passage suggests that a well-organized family is a family whose members __
A. are not psychologically withdrawn from one another
B. seldom quarrel with each other even when they disagree
C. often help each other with true love and affection
D. are exposed to the same new ideas introduced by books, radios and TV setschow Passage 6
A design for a remotely-controlled fire engine could make long road or rail tunnels safer. It is the brainchild of an Italian fire safety engineer, who claims that his invention -- dubbed Robogat -- could have cut the death toll in the disastrous Mont Blanc tunnel fire in March 1999 which killed 41 people.
Most of the people who perished dies within 15 minutes of smoke first being detected. Quick action is needed when fire breaks out in a tunnel. Robogat can travel at about 50 kilometers per hour. The Mont Blanc fire was 5 kilometers from the French end of the tunnel, so a machine could have got there in about six minutes.
The Robogat has been designed and patented by Domenico Piatti of the Naples fire department. It runs on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnel. When the Robogat reaches a fire, it plugs into a modified water main running along the tunnel and directs its hoses at the base of the fire. It is capable of pumping 3,000 liters of high-pressure water per minute--about the same rate as that from an airport fire tender. Normal fire engines deliver 500 liters per minute. The machine's heat-resistant skin is designed to withstand temperatures of up to 1,000°C. Designed to fight fires in tunnels up to 12 kilometers long, the Robogat will be operated from a control centre outside the tunnel. Ideally, tunnels should have a Robogat stationed at each end, allowing fires to be tackled from both sides.
Piatti says that it would be relatively cheap to install the Robogat in new tunnels, with each machine costing around ￡250,000. "That's not expensive," says Stuart Jagger, a British fire-fighting specialist, who adds, "Fire-fighters normally have to approach the blaze from upwind. People have dies if the ventilation is overwhelmed or someone changes the ventilation. If the robot worked remotely it would be an advantage." But this introduces extra problems: the Robogat would have to feed information about the state of the fire back to its controller, and the sensors, like the rest of the machine, would have to be fire-resistant. Piatti is now looking for financial backing to build a prototype.
26. The Robogat can quickly get through to the scene of a fire because___.
A. it is in position in the middle of the tunnel
B. it can move on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnel
C. it runs on a monorail and can take quick action
D. its modified water main can run along the tunnel quickly
27. When fire breaks out in a tunnel, the most important thing is to __
A. install a Rogogat quickly B. detect the smoke quickly
C. change the ventilation D. take quick actions
28. The Robogat is designed to pump water____.
A. at a speed of 500 liters a minute B. almost as fast as an airport tender
C. six times faster than an ordinary fire-engine D. at a rate of an airport fire tender
29. According to the passage, because temperatures in a tunnel can be very
high,____.
A. the Robogat has to have a heat-resistant skin
B, the Robogat is operated in a control centre outside the tunnel
C. the Robogat can only work at the scene of a fire for a limited period
D. a Robogat is stationed at each end
30. One problem that has not yet been solved, it seems, is that____
A. a prototype has not yet been accepted
B. financial backing is not available
C. the machine will need fire-resistant sensors
D. the machine would not work if the ventilation was overwhelmed chow II. Vocabulary (10%, 0.5 mark each)<, /FONT>
31. This university offers a wide variety of high-quality courses for both graduate and undergraduate students.
A. select B. choice C. alternative D. optional
32. ____ your request for a refund, we have referred that matter to our main office.
A. On the point of B. With relationship to C. In the event of D. With
regard to
33.AIDs activists permanently changed and shortened America's __ process for testing and approving new drags of all kinds, for all diseases.
A. stagnant B. intricate C. appropriate D. efficient
34. Exercise can affect our outlook on life, and it can also help us get rid of tension, anxiety and frustration. So we should take exercise__.
A. regularly B. normally C. usually D. constantly
35. Many artists believe that successful imitation, far from being symptomatic of a lack of originality, is the step in learning to be__.
A. elegant B. confident C. creative D. imaginary
36. There is scientific evidence to support our___ that being surrounded by plants is good for health.
A. instinct B. implication C. perception D. conception
37. Tom plunged into the pond immediately when he saw a boat was sinking and a
little girl in it was___.
A. in need B. on the decline C. in disorder D. at stake
38. An obvious change of attitude at the top towards women's status in society will___ through the current law system in that country.
A. permeate B. violate C. probe D. grope
39. All the finished products are stored in a___ of the delivery port and shipping is available at any time.
A. warehouse B. capsule C. garage D. cabinet
40. As he walked out the court, he was____ with frustration and rage.
A. applauding B, quivering C. paralyzing D. limping
41. The Board of Directors decided that more young men who were qualified would be_____ important positions.
A. attributed to B. furnished with C. installed in D.
inserted into
42. There are still some____ for students of science and engineering, but those in arts and humanities have been filled.
A. positions B. vacancies C. applications D. categories
43. Wireless waste from cell phones, pocket PCs, and music players__ special problems because they have toxic chemicals in batteries and other components.
A. pose B. commit C. transport D. expose
44. Although Kerry has had no formal education, he is one of the___ businessmen in the company.
A. alertest B. sternest C. nastiest D. shrewdest
45. The senior citizen expressed a sentiment which___ profoundly to every Chinese heart.
A. drew B. attract C. appealed D. impressed
46. ___students should be motivated by a keen interest in theatre and should have some familiarity with plays in production.
A. realistic B. responsible C. ethnic D. prospective
47. The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always___ the scientist's time-keeping methods.
A. at the mercy of B. in accordance with C. under the guidance of D. by means of
48. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ___ a violent act previously seen on television.
A. stimulating B. duplicating C. modifying D. accelerating
49.The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City_ shock and anger not only throughout America but also throughout the wholeworld.
A. enveloped B. summoned C. tempted D. provoked
50.The secretary went over the table again very carefully for fear of___ any important data.
A. overlooking B. slipping C. ignoring D. skimming
chow III. Cloze Test (10%, 0.5 mark each)
Researchers who refuse to share data with others may 51 others to withhold results from them, 52 a study by health-policy analysts at Harvard Medical School.
The study found that young researchers, those who publish 53 , and investigators seeking patents are most likely to be _54_ access to biomedical data. It also found that researchers who withhold data gain a _55 for this, and have more difficulty in 56 data from others.
The study was 57 by a research team led by sociologist Eric Campbell. The team surveyed 2,366 58 selected scientists at 117 US medical schools. Overall, 12.5 per cent said that they had been denied 59 to other academic investigators' data, 60 article reprints, during the past three years. This 61 with findings by the team and other groups. But by examining the 62 of data withholding, the team identified those experiencing the most 63 . For junior staff. 64 , the team found that 13.5 per cent were denied access, 65 5.1 per cent of senior researchers.
The 66 between data withholding and researchers' publishing 67 during the 68 three years was 69 : 7.7 per cent of those who had published 1-5 articles had had data withheld from them, but this rose to 28.9 per cent for researchers who had published more than 20. Campbell warns, "Selectively holding back on information from the most 70 researchers could slow down progress in research into the causes and cures of human disease."
51. A. suggest B. provoke C. propose D. claim
52. A. because of B. in spite of C. according to D. owing to
53. A. a lot B. great deal C. regularly D. frequently
54. A. sought B. seeking C. being sought D. have sought
55. A. depression B. reputation C. infamy D. fame
56. A. acquisition B. requiting C. assigning D. obtaining
57. A. carried B. conducted C. forged D. identified
58. A. randomly B. carefully C. specially D. absolutely
59. A. entry B. reach C. access D. use
60. A. inclusive B. excluding C. exclusive D. refusing
61. A. corresponds B. complies C. compares D. adapts
62. A. casualties B. victims C. culprits D. injuries
63. A. hardship B. trial C. difficulty. D. errors
64. A. researchers B. members C. employees D. personnel
65. A. in coincide with B. in common with C. in collision to D. in
comparison to
66. A. relationship B. contradiction C. comparison D. communication
67. A. review B. deadline C. relation D. record
68. A. proceeding B. progressing C. preceding D. progressive
69. A. outstanding B. excessive C. exciting D. striking
70. A. productive B. producing C. preferable D, prescribed
chow IV. Translation (30%)
PartA (15%)
71. Wildlife refuges mainly serve as havens for millions of ducks, geese and other migratory birds. And this is what most people come to see. Much of the fun is in knowing and distinguishing the many kinds that are present in great variety. The activities and antics of the bird world are fascinating to anyone taking the time to observe up close. A camera, likewise, will record some of the unusual sights that will be seen.

Most of the areas are staffed by biologists m individuals who have a great interest in the outdoors. They are all enthusiastic naturalists who can help a person to a richer enjoyment of the world of nature. A stop at the refuge headquarters will yield ideas on what to see and where, as well as helpful literature. A few refuges have visitor centers where displays tell the story of the refuge and where there are movies or color slide shows of the area and its wildlife.
Hunting on a refuge seems inconsistent with its purpose of protecting and saving. However, big game, if allowed to increase to an excessive degree, can be their own worst enemy. They overbrowse their range. Then starvation ruins the herd. But even before nature balances animals to food supply, the destruction of, trees and shrubs removes food and cover essential to many smaller animals as well. It's good management of the game, and to the sportsman's benefit, to crop big game judiciously.
chow Part B (15%, 3 mark each)
72。那个小学生经常说她要是得到了诺贝尔奖的话，她就要用那笔钱来在西部办许多希望小学。
73. 那个年轻人宁愿去广州的大学攻读信息工程，也不愿开一个自己的网站。
74. 电信集团如果那时及时地将局域网升了级，就会在全省赢得了更多的用户。
75．那时，任何胆量小一点的人都不敢想到我们应该扩大研究生的招生规模。
76．良好的心态是对付压力的最关键因素。如果你能对周围的人和事都抱有一种积极的态度，你就可以把压力减到最小，甚至消除压力。

V． Writing（20%）
Directions：Write a composition on the title “ I (Don’t) want to be a civil
servant” based on the following outlines. Your composition should be in no less than 150 English words.
Topic: I (Don’t ) want to be a Civil Servant.
Outline: 1. 每一个毕业生都关心就业问题
2. 公务员职位竞争激烈
3. 我（不）要当一名公务员

okhere

2007-04-09 20:42

中国科学院2005年博士生入学考试英语试题

PART Џ STRUCTURE&VOCABULARY ( 25minutes,15points)
sectionA( 0.5 point eath)
direction: choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring answer sheet.
16.Knowing that the cruel criminal has done a lot of unlawful things, I feel sure that I have no __________ but to report him to the local police.
A. time B. chance C. authority D. alternative
17.Behind his large smiles and large cigars, his eyes often seemed to __________regret.
A. teem B. brim with C. come with D. look with
18.There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young one has a glorious future before him and the old one has a _______future behind him.
A. splendid B. conspicuous C. uproarious D. imminent
19. That tragedy distressed me so much that I used to keep indoors and go out only _________necessity.
A. within reach of B. for fear of C. by means of D. in case of
20. A young man sees a sunset and unable to understand of express the emotion that it _________in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond.
A. reflects B. retains C. rouses D. radiates
21.______________the heat to a simmer and continue to cook for another 8-10minutes or until most of the water has evaporated.
A. Turn off B. Turn over C. Turn down D. Turn up
22.Banks shall be unable to ___________,or claim relief against the first 15%of any loan or bankrupted debt left with them .
A. write off B. put aside C. shrink from D. come over
23.I am to inform you ,that you may ,if you wish , attend the inquiry ,and at the inspectors discretion state your case _________or through an entrusted representative.
A. in person B. in depth C. in secret D. in excess
24.In his view, though Hong Kong has no direct cultural identity, local art is thriving by “being ___________,”being open to all kinds of art.
A. gratifying B. predominating C. excelling D. accommodating
25.In some countries preschool education in nursery schools or kindergartens _________the 1stgrade.
A. leads B. precedes C. forwards D. advances
26.Desert plants ________ two categories according to the way they deal with the problem of surviving drought.
A. break down B. fall into C. differ in D. refer to
27.In the airport, I could hear nothing except the roar of aircraft engines which _________ all other sounds.
A. dwarfed B. diminished C. drowned D. relative
28.Criticism without suggesting areas of improvement is not _________ and should be avoided if possible.
A. constructive B. productive C. descriptive D. relative
29. The Committee pronounced four members expelled for failure to provide information in the ____________ of investigations.
A. case B. chase C. cause D. course
30. Since neither side was ready to __________ what was necessary for peace, hostility were resumed in 1980.
A. precede B. recede C. concede D. intercede
31.Such an _________act of hostility can only lead to war.
A. overt B. episodic C. ample D. ultimate
32._________ both in working life and everyday living to different sets of values, and expectations places a severe strain on the individual.
A. Recreation B. Transaction C. Disclosure D. Exposure
33. It would then be replaced by interim government, which would _________be replaced by a permanent government after four months.
A. in step B. in turn B. in practice D. in haste
34. Haven’t I told you I don’t want you keeping ____________ with those awful riding-about bicycle boys?
A. company B. acquaintance C. friends D. place
35.Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply _________ every cheat in the marketplace.
A. at the mercy of B. in lieu of C. by courtesy of D. for the price of
Section B (0.5 point each)
Directions : in each of the following sentences there are four parts underlined and marked A, B, C, and D. Indicate which of the four parts is incorrectly used. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice by drawing a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
36. The auctioneer must know fair accurately the current market values of the goods he is
A B C D
selling.
37.Children are among the most frequent victims of violent, drug-related crimes that have nothing
A B C
doing with the cost of acquiring the drugs.
D
38. A large collection of contemporary photographs, including some taken by Mary are on display
A B C
at the museum.
D
39.There is much in our life which we do not control and we are not even responsible for.
A B C D
40. Capital inflows will also tend to increase the international value of the dollar, make it more
A B C
difficult to sell U.S. exports.
D
41. It can be argued that the problems, even something as fundamental as the ever-increased world
A B C
population, have been caused by technological adcance.
D
42. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge
A B C
as subfected to uncivilized behavior.
D
43. While experts in basic science are important, skilled talents should be the overriding majority
A B C
since they are at heavy demand in the market.
D
44.Retailers offered deep discounts and extra hours this weekend in the bid to lure shoppers.
A B C D
45.The amendments of the laws on patent, trademark and copyright have enhanced protection of
A B
intellectual property rights and made them conform to WTO rules.
C D
PART3 CLOZE TEST (15minutes, 15 points)
Directions: There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
At least since the Industrial Revolution, gender roles have been in a state of transition. As a result, cultural scripts about marriage have undergone change, One of the more obvious ___46____ has occurred in the roles that women 47 . Women have moved into the world of work and have become adept at meeting expectations in that arena, 48 maintaining their family roles of nurturing and creating a(n) 49 that is a haven for all family members. 50 many women experience strain from trying to “do it all, ” they often endoy the increased 51 that can result from playing multiple roles. As women’s roles have changed, changing expectations about men’s roles have become more 52 . Many men are relinquishing their major responsibility 53 the family provider. Probably the most significant change in men’s roles, however, is in the emotional 54 of family life. Men are increasingly 55 to meet the emotional needs of their families, 56 their wives.
In fact, expectations about he emotional domain of marriage have become more significant for marriage in general. Research on 57 marriage has changed over recent decades points to the increasing importance of the emotional side of the relationship, and the importance of sharing in the “ emotion work” 58 to nourish marriages and other family relationships. Men and women want to experience marriages that are interdependent, 59 both partners nurture each other, attend and respond to each other, and encourage and promote each other. We are thus seeing marriages in which men’s and women’s roles are becoming increasingly more 60 .
46. A. incidents B. changes C. results D. effects
47. A. take B. do C. play D. show
48. A. by B. while C. hence D. thus
49. A. home B. garden C. arena D. paradise
50. A. When B. Even though C. Since D. Nevertheless
51. A. rewards B. profits C. privileges D. incomes
52. A. general B. acceptable C. popular D. apparent
53. A. as B. of C. from D. for
54. A. section B. constituent C. domain D. point
55. A. encouraged B. expected C. advised D. predicted
56. A. not to mention B. as well as C. including D. especially
57. A. how B. what C. why D. if
58. A. but B. only C. enough D. necessary
59. A. unless B. although C. where D. because
60. A. pleasant B. important C. similar D. manageable
PART 4 READING COMPREHENSION (60minutes, 30 points)
Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
Passage1
The man who invented Coca-cola was not a native Atlantan, but on the day of his funeral every drugstore in town testimonially shut up shop. He was John Styth Pemberton, born in 1833 in Knoxville, Georgia, eighty miles away. Sometimes known as Doctor, Pemberton was a pharmacist who, during the Civil War, led a cavalry troop under General Joe Wheelrer. He settled in Atlanta in 1869, and soon began brewing such patent medicines as Triplex Liver Pills and Globe of Flower Cough Syrup. In 1885, he registered a trademark for something called French Wine Coca-Ideal Nerve and Tonic Stimulant, a few months later he formed the Pemberton Chemical Company, and recruited the services of a bookkeeper named Frank M. Robinson, who not only had a good head for figures but, attached to it, so exceptional a nose that he could audit the composition of a batch of syrup merely by sniffling it. In 1886-a year in which, as contemporary Coca-Coca officials like to point our, Conan Doyle unveiled Sherlock Holmes and France unveiled the Statue of Liberty-Pemberton unveiled a syrup that he called Coca-Coca. It was a modification of his French Wine Coca. He had taken our the wine and added a pinch of caffeine, and, when the end product tasted awful, had thrown in some extract of cola nut and a few other oils, blending the mixture in a three-legged iron pot in his back yard and swishing it around with an oar. He distributed it to soda fountains in used beer bottles, and Robinson, with his glowing bookkeeper’s script, presently devised a label, on which “Coca-Cola” was written in the fashion that is still employed. Pemberton looked upon his mixture less as a refreshment than as a headache cure, especially for people whose headache could be traced to over-indulgence.
On a morning late in 1886,one such victim of the night before dragged himself into an Atlanta drugstore and asked for a doolop of Cola-Cola. Druggists customarily stirred a teaspoonful of syrup into a glass of water, but in this instance the man on duty was too lazy to walk to the fresh-water tap, a couple of feet off. Instead, he mixed the syrup with some soda water, which was closer at hand. The suffering customer perked up almost at once, and word quickly spread that the best Coca-Cola was a fizzy one.
64. What dose the passage tell us about John Styth Pemberton?
A. He was highly respected by Atlantans
B. He ran a drug store that also sells wine.
C. He had been a doctor until the Civil War.
D. He made a lot of money with his pharmacy.
62. Which of the following was unique to Frank M. Robinson, working with the Pemberton’s Company?
A. Skills to make French wine
B. Talent for drawing pictures
C. An acute sense of smell.
D. Ability to work with numbers.
63.Why was the year 1886 so special to Pemberton?
A. He took to doing a job like Sherlock Holmes’s
B. He brought a quite profitable product into being.
C. He observed the founding ceremony of Statue of Liberty.
D. He was awarded by Coca-Cola for his contribution
64.One modification made of French Wine Coca formula was__________
A. used beer bottles were chosen as containers
B. the amount of caffeine in it was increased
C. it was blended with oils instead of water
D. Cola nut extract was added to taste
65. According to the passage, Coca-Cola was in the first place prepared especially for ________
A. the young as a soft drink
B. a replacement of French Wine Coca
C. the relief of a hangover
D. a cure for the common headache
66. The last paragraph mainly tells___________
A. the complaint against the lazy shop-assistant
B. a real test of Coca-cola as a headache cure
C. the mediocre service of the drugstore
D. a happy accident that gave birth to Coca-Cola
Passage 2
Between 1833 and 1837, the publishers of a “penny press” proved that a low-priced paper, edited to interest ordinary people, could win what amounted to a mass circulation for the times and thereby attract an advertising volume that would make it independent. These were papers for the common citizen and were not tied to the interests of the business community, like the mercantile press, or dependent for financial support upon political party allegiance. It did not necessarily follow that all the penny papers would be superior in their handing of the news and opinion functions. But the door was open for some to make important journalistic advances.
The first offerings of a penny paper tended to be highly sensational; human interest stories overshadowed important news, and crime and sex stories were written in full detail. But as the penny paper attracted readers from various social and economic brackets, its sensationalism was modified. The ordinary reader came to want a better product, too. A popularized style of writing and presentation of news remained, but the penny paper became a respectable publication that offered significant information and editorial leadership. Once the first of the successful penny papers had shown the way, later ventures could enter the competition at the higher level of journalistic responsibility the pioneering papers had reached.
This was the pattern of American newspapers in the years following the founding of the New York Sun in 1833. The sun, published by Benjamin Day, entered the lists against 11 other dailies. It was tiny in comparison; but it was bright and readable, and it preferred human interest features to important but dull political speech reports. It had a police reporter writing squibs of crime news in the style already proved successful by some other papers. And, most important, it sold for a penny, whereas its competitors sold for six cents. By 1837 the sun was printing 30,000 copies a day, which was more than the total of all 11 New York daily newspapers combined when the sun first appeared. In those same four years James Gordon Bennett brought out his New York Herald (1835), and a trio of New York printers who were imitating Day’s success founded the Philadelphia Public ledger (1836) and the Baltimore sun (1837).The four penny sheets all became famed newspapers.
67. What does the first paragraph say about the “penny press?”
A. It was known for its in-depth news reporting
B. It had an involvement with some political parties.
C. It depended on the business community for survival.
D. It aimed at pleasing the general public.
68. In its early days, a penny paper often ___________--
A. paid much attention to political issues
B. provided stories that hit the public taste
C. offered penetrating editorials on various issues
D. covered important news with inaccuracy
69. As the readership was growing more diverse, the penny paper____________
A. improved its content
B. changed its writing style
C. developed a more sensational style
D. became a tool for political parries
70. The underlined word “ventures” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by ___________
A. editors B. reporters C. newspapers D. companies
71. What is true about the Philadelphia Public Ledger and the Baltimore sun.?
A. They turned out to be failures.
B. They were later purchased by James Gordon Bennett.
C. They were also founded by Benjamin Day.
D. They became well-known newspapers in the U.S.
72. This passage is probably taken from a book on ___________
A. the work ethics of the American media
B. the techniques in news reporting
C. the history of sensationalism in American media
D. the impact of mass media on American society
Passage 3
Forget what Virginia Woolf said about what a writer needs—a room of one’s own. The writer she had in mind wasn’t at work on a novel in cyberspace, one with multiple hypertexts, animated graphics and downloads of trancey, chiming music. For that you also need graphic interfaces, RealPlayer and maybe even a computer laboratory at Brown University. That was where Mark Amerika—his legally adopted name; don’t ask him about his birth name—composed much of his novel Grammatron. But Grammatron isn’t just a story. It’s an online narrative (Grammatron.com) that uses the capabilities of cyberspace to tie the conventional story line into complicate knots. In the four year it took to produce—it was completed in 1997—each new advance in computer software became anther potential story device. “I became sort of dependent on the industry,” jokes Amerika, who is also the author of two novels printed on paper. “That’s unusual for a writer, because if you just write on paper the ‘technology’ is pretty stable.”
Nothing about Grammatron is stable. At its center, if there is one, is Abe Golam, the inventor of Nanoscript, a quasi—mystical computer code that some unmystical corporations are itching to acquire. For much of the story, Abe wanders through Prague-23, a virtual “city” in cyberspace whare visitors indulge in fantasy encounters and virtual sex, which can get fairly graphic, The reader wanders too, because most of Grammatron’s 1,000-puls text screens contain several passages in hypertext. To reach the next screen, just double-click. But each of those hypertexts is a trapdoor that can plunge you down a different pathway of the story. Choose one and you drop into a corporate-strategy memo. Choose another and there’s a XXX-rated sexual rant. The story you read is in some sense the story you make.
Amerika teaches digital art at the University of Colorado, where his students develop works that straddle the lines between art, film and literature. “I tell them not to get caught up in mere plot,” he says. Some avant-garde writers—Julio Cortazar, Italo Calvino—have also experimented with novels that wander out of their author’s control. “But what makes the Net so exciting, “says Amerika, “is that you can add sound, randomly generated links, 3-D modeling, animaion.” That room of one’s own is turning into a fun house.
73. The passage is mainly to tell __________________.
A. differences between conventional and modern novels
B. how Mark Amerika composed his novel Grammatron
C. common features of all modern electronic novels
D. why Mark Amerika took on a new way of writing
74. Why does the author ask the reader to forget what Virginia Woolf said about the necessities of a writer?
A. Modern writers can share rooms to do the writing.
B. It is not necessarily that a writer writes inside a room.
C. Modern writers will get nowhere without a word processor
D.It is no longer sufficient for the writing in cyberspace.
75.As an on-line narrative, Grammatron is anything but stable because it ______________.
A. provides potentials for the story development
B. is one of the novels at
C. can be downloaded free of charge
D. boasts of the best among cyber stories
76.By saying that he became sort of dependent on the industry, Mark Amerika meant that _________.
A. he could not help but set his Grammatron and thers in Industrial Revolution
B. conventional writers had been increasingly challenged by high technology
C. much of his Grammatron had proved to be cybernetic dependent
D. he couldn’t care less about new advance in computer software
77. As the passage shows , Grammatron makes it possible for readers to _____________-
A. adapt the story for a video version
B. “walk in” the story and interact with it
C. develop the plots within the author’s control
D. steal the show and become the main character
78. Amerika told his students not to ____________
A.immerse themselves only in creating the plot
B. be captivated by the plot alone while reading
C. be lagged far behind in the plot development
D. let their plot get lost in the on-going story
Passage 4
In 1993, a mall security camera captured a shaky image of two 10-year-old boys leading a much smaller boy out of a Liberpool, England, shopping center. The boys lured James Bulger, 2, away from his mother, who was shopping , and led him on a long walk across town. The excursion ended at a railroas track. There, inexplicably, the older boys tortured the toddler, kicking him, smearing paint on his face and pummeling him to death with bricks before heaving him on the track to be dismembered by a train. The boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, then went of to watch cartoons.
Today the boys are 18-year-ole men, and after spending eight years in juvenile facilities, they have been deemed fit for release--probably this spring. The dilemma now confronting the English justice system is how to reintegrate the notorious duo into a society that remains horrified by their crimes and skeptical about their rehabilitation. Last week Judge Elizabeth Butler-Sils decided the young men were in so much danger that they needed an unprecedented shield to protect them upon release. For ht e rest of their lives, Venable sands Thompson will have a right to anonymity. All English media outlets are banned from publishing any information about their whereabouts of the new identities the government will help them establish. Photos of the two or even details about their current looks are also prohibited.
In the U.S, which is harder on juvenile criminals than England, such a ruling seems inconceivable. “We’re clearly the most punitive in the industrialized world,” says Laurence Steinberg, a Temple University professor who studies juvenile justice. Over the past decade, the trend in the U.S. has been to allow publication of ever more information about underage offenders. U.S. courts also give more weight to press freedom than English courts ,ewhich, for example, ban all video cameras.
But even for Britain, the order is extraordinary. The victim’s family is enraged, as are the ever eager British tabloids. “What right have they got to be given special protection as adults?” asks Bulger’s mother Denise Fergus. Newspaper editorials have insisted that citizens have a right to know if Venables of Thompson move in next door. Says conserbative Member of Parliament Humfrey Malins;”It almost leaves you with the feeling that the nastier the crime, the greater the chance for a completely new life.”
79. What occurred as told at the beginning of the passage?
A. 2 ten-year-olds killed James by accident in play
B. James Bulger was killed by his two brothers.
C. Two mischievous boys forged a train accident.
D.A little kid was murdered by two older boys.
80.According to the passage, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson________________
A. hav been treated as juvenile delinquents
B. have been held in protective custody for their murder game
C. were caught while watching cartoons eight years ago
D. have already served out their 10 years in prison
81.The British justice system is afraid that the two young men would_______________
A. hardly get accustomed to a horrifying general public
B. be doomed to become social outcasts after release
C. still remain dangerous and destructive if set free
D. be inclined to commit a recurring crime
82. According to the British courts, after their return to society, the two adults will be __________
A. banned from any kind of press interview
B. kept under constant surveillance by police
C. shielded from being identified an killers
D. ordered to report to police their whereabouts
83. From the passage we can infer that a US counterpart of Venables or Thompson would________.
A. have no freedom to go wherever he wants
B. serve a life imprisonment for the crime
C. be forbidden to join many of his relatives
D. no doubt receive massive publicity in the U>S>
84. As regards the mentioned justice ruling, the last paragraph mainly tells that ________________
A. it is controversial as it goes without precedent
B. the British media are sure to do the contrary
C. Bulger’s family would enter all appeal against it
D. Conservatives obviously conflict with Liberals
Passage 5
Can the Internet help patients jump the line at the doctor’s office? The silicon Valley Employers Forum, a sophisticated group of technology companies, is launching a pilot program to test online “virtual visits “ between doctors at three big local medical groups and about 6,000 employees and their families. The six employers taking part in the Silicon Valley initiative, including heavy hitters such as Oracle and Cisco Systems, hope that online visits will mean employees won’t have to skip work to tend to minor ailments of to follow up on chronic conditions. “With our long commutes and traffic, driving 40 miles to your doctor in your hometown can be a big chunk of time, “ says Cindy Conway, benefits director at Cadence Design Systems, one of the participating companies.
Doctors aren’t clamoring to chat with patients online for free; they spend enough unpaid time ton the phone. Only 1 in 5 has ever E-mailed a patient, and just 9 percent are interested in doing so, according to the research firm Cyber Dialogue.”We are not stupid,” says Stirling Somers, executive of the Silicon Valley employers group. “Doctors getting jpaid is a critical piece in getting this to work.” In the pilot program, physicians will get $20 per online consultation, about what they get for a simple office visit.
Doctors also fear they’ll be swamped by rambling E-mails that tell everything but what’s needed to make a diagnosis. So the new program will use technology supplied by Healinx, an Alameda, Calif.-based start-up. Healinx’s “Smart Symptom Wizard” questions patients and turns answers into a succinct message. The company has online dialogues for 60 common conditions. The doctor can then diagnose the problem and outline a treatment plan, which could include E-mailing a prescription or a face-to-face visit.
Can E-mail replace the doctor’s office? Many conditions, such as persistent cough, require a stethoscope to discover what’s wrong—and to avoid a malpractice suit. Even Larry Bonham, head of one of the doctor’s groups in the pilot, believes the virtual doctor’s visits offer a “very narrow” sliver of service between hone calls to an advice nurse an a visit to the clinic.
The pilot program, set to end in nine months, also hopes to determine whether online visits will boost worker productivity enough to offset the cost of the service. So far, the Internet’s record in the health field has been underwhelming. The experiment is “a huge roll of the dice for Healinx,” notes Michael Barrett, an analyst at Internet consulting firm Forester Research. If the “Web visits” succeed, expect some HMOs(Health Maintenance Organizations) to pay for online visits. If doctors, employers, and patients aren’t satisfied, figure on one more E-health start-up to stand down.
85. the Silicon Valley employers promote the E-health program for the purpose of ___________
A. rewarding their employees
B. gratifying the local hospitals
C. boosting worker productivity
D. testing a sophisticated technology
86. What can be learned about the on-line doctors’ visits?
A. They are a quite promising business.
B. They are funded by the local government.
C. They are welcomed by all the patients
D. They are very much under experimentation.
87.Of he following people, who are not involved in the program?
A. Cisco System employees
B. advice nurses in the clinic
C. doctors at three local hospitals
D. Oracle executives
88. According to Paragraph 2, doctors are___________
A. reluctant to serve online for nothing
B. not interested in Web consultation
C. too tired to talk to the patients online
D. content with $20 paid per Web visit
89. “Smart Symptom Wizard” is capable of ___________
A. making diagnoses
B. producing prescriptions
C. profiling patients’ illness
D. offering a treatment plan
90.It can be inferred from the passage that the future of online visits will mostly depend on whether___________
A. the employers would remain confident in them
B. they could effectively replace office visits
C. HMOs would cover the cost of the service
D. new technologies would be available to improve the E-health project
PAPER TWO
PARTV TRANSLATION (25minutes, 10 points)
Directions：Put the following passage into English. .Write your English version in the proper space on your Answer SheetⅡ
伟大艺术的美学鉴赏和伟大科学观念的理解都需要智慧。但是，随后的感受升华和情感又是分不开的。没有情感的因素，我们的智慧很难开创新的道路；没有智慧，情感也无法达到完美的成果。艺术和科学事实上是一个硬币的两面。它们源于人类活动的最高尚的部分，都追求着深刻性、普遍性、永恒性和富有意义、
PART VI WAITING(35minutes,15 points)
Directions： Write an essay of at least 150 words on the topic given below. Use the proper space on your Answer SheetⅡ
TOPIC
With her entry into the WTO, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, and in particular, for higher-level talents. To face this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate (postgraduate) education system. State your opinion about this reform, and give the solid supporting details to your viewpoint.

zhf_9821130	2007-04-20 15:27
集能力与美德于一身，但还是没有我想要的，如中科院金属所专业试题及其答案或北科大试题。

nanafly	2007-04-20 17:10
再次重申:此帖跟帖只能发题,否则扣分!!

guobiao

2007-04-30 13:40

华东师范大学博士2003入学考试卷及答案

华东师范大学
2003年招收博士学位研究生入学考试
英语试卷
考试须知 1）本考卷共包括七大项，共17项。考试时间为180分钟，满分100分。
2）试卷中Paper One各项答案按相应题号一律用铅笔划横线填入答题卡。
3）Paper Two各项用钢笔或圈珠笔答在答题纸上，字迹需清晰端正。

Paper One

Part I Listening Comprehension 15% (20 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear ten short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

1. A. From the policemen. C. In the town.
B. In the car. D. At the police station.

2. A. Doctor. C. Receptionist.
B. Secretary. D. Patient.

3. A. Mr. Bixy's secretary. C. A typist.
B. Mr. Bixby's friend. D. Mr. Bixby's client.

4. A. Ron. C. Lucy.
B. Ron's friend. D. Lucy's husband.

5. A. Visiting as many places as he can. C. Visiting his friends here.
B. Visiting a variety of museums. D. Visiting the art museums.

6. A. The first speaker's is going to spend the weekend there and then visit some friends.
B. The first speaker is going to visit some friends there.
C. The first speaker is going to attend a conference there.
D. The first speaker is going to see a doctor there.

7. A. Making some money.
B. This spring.
C. Thinking.
D. Putting on a show.

8. A. By subway. C. By bus.
B. By taxi. D. On foot.

9. A. 39 B. 27 C.54 D. 93

10. A. The second speaker had a very serious accident.
B. The first speaker is feeling well.
C. The first speaker doesn't know what happened to the second speaker.
D. The first speaker thought that the accident was not serious.

Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

Passage 1
Questions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.

11. A. Why people need to sleep. C. Two purposes of sleep.
B. Two kinds of sleep. D. Why and how people sleep.

12. A. Active sleep. C. Physical sleep.
B. Passive sleep. D. Emotional sleep.

13. A. Only when people sleep well, will they feel rested.
B. Dreaming occurs in active sleep and helps restore our energy.
C. All people dream for one and a half hours during eight hours of sleep.
D. Dreaming won't occur until the passive sleep period is over.

Passage 2
Questions 14 to 17 are based on the passage you have just heard.
14. A. Chinese readers. C. The Romans.
B. German readers. D. Non-Chinese.

15. A. The first of January. C. The middle of winter.
B. The middle of November. D. The beginning of the harvest season

16.A. It means a period of rest from work
B. It brings us a good life.
C. It symbolizes a new life with new hope.
D. It embodies a happy occasion.

17. A. The celebration of the New Year.
B. The difference between the western New Year and Chinese New Year.
C. The origin of the New Year festival.
D. The significance of the New Year festival.

Passage 3

Questions 18 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.
18. A. When she was a graduate. C. When she entered a university.
B. At the age of sixteen. D. Before she entered a university.

19. A. Because she wanted to make friends with the staff.
B. Because she wanted to earn extra money for the summer vacation.
C. Because she wanted to get some experience in a hotel.
D. Not mentioned.

20. The head waiter had a sense of humor
B. The woman didn't care much about her appearance.
C. The woman was easy-going and carefree.
D. The hotel was not far from where they lived.

Part II Vocabulary (10%) (10 minutes)
Directions: Below each sentence, there are four words marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the sentence or that best completes the sentence. Write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.

21. Smith's position in this agency provides him with authority to award contracts and to __ obligations for payment of bills as well.
A. incure C. resume
B. support D. incite

22. For all her rich experience in practicing law, the lawyor failed to pry much information out of the witness.
A. sophisticated C. obstinate
B. sober D. gloomy

23. Shanghai Orient Men Basketball Team attributed its National League Basketball Tournament in 2002 to a number of factors.
A. losing...ominous C. winning...advantageous
B. embarrassing...optimistic D. winning...adventurous

24. A(n) of employment opportunities prospective employees entering the job market.
A. excess...impedes C lack…inspires
B. surfeit...hinder D. dearth...discourages

25. Anyone who believes that war is stupid and unnecessary thinks that to lose one's life on the battlefield is .
A. glorious C. heroic
B. futitle D. courageous

26. Unruly people may well become if they are delt with by the people around them.
A. composed...respect C. angry...benevolence
B. clam...irritation D. dangerous...favoured

27. I was absolutely when I received a C on the exam in mathematics, for I was positive that I could have got an A.
A. elated C. incited
B. frustrated D. contented

28. In this youthhood, Jack was withdrawn, preferring the company of books to that of people; consequently, in his adulthood Jack was socially .
A. successful C tranquil
0B. uninhibited D. inept

29. Scientists believe that a conclusion which is drawn readily before all of the relevant data are collected, analyzed and contemplated is called .
A. insincere C. premature
B. premise D. presumption

30. The advancement of science and technology has demonstrated that a fact appearing to contradict to certain theory may actually be a more advanced formulation of that theory.
A. consistent with C. eliminated by
B. in opposition to D. incompatible with

31. Nancy is an advocate of consumer rights and has spent a great part of her professional career attempting to __ the deceitful claims of business companies.
A. show on B. show out C. show off D. show up

32. The lover of democracy has an towards totalitarianism.
A. empathy C. sympathy
B. antipalthy D. symphony

33. As he has faith in Mary's integrity, Mr. Lee offers to with the president on her behalf concerning the "cheating" matter.
A. interrupt C. interject
B. interfere D. intervene

34. Jenny's wealth of practical experience and psychological acuity (sharpness) more than her lack of formal academic training.
A. compensate for C. speak volumes for
B. account for D. make for

35. Applied science is discovering ways to use the knowledge of theoretical science.
A. concerned about C. concerned for
B. combined with D. concerned with

36. The former president is to verify at a human rights court heating cases of atrocities.
A. testify C. provide
B. conform D. supply

37. As is known to all, the rail service now operates without a sum of money granted by the government for assistance.
A. bonus C. yield
B. pension D. subsidy

38. In the Anti-Japanese War, flexibility and mobility were the features of the Chinese Eighth Route Army and Communist guerrillas.
A. characters C. contributes
B. attributes D. properties

39. As a yieldance to the public outcry, the government reduced the tax on income.
A. recession C. concession
B. permission D. possession

40. In the dim light, I managed to discern the shadowy figure of a big dog among the trees.
A. make off C. make out
B. make up D. make over

III. Structure (5%) (10 minutes)
Directions: There are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D beneath each sentence. You are to choose the one which can best complete the sentence if inserted at the blank space. Write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.

41. If this evil man remained unpunished, our social moral standard .
A. will undermine' C. would be undermined
B. would undermine D. will be undermined

42. Mary' s eyes are red now, she must on hearing the sad news.
A. cry C. be crying
B. have been crying D. have cried

43. She brought her rage under control, her smiling face her real feeling.
A. disguised C. disguise
B. disguising D. to disguise

44. The mechanic couldn't operate the machine his efforts.
A. for all C. but for
B. owing to D. according to

45. Eating more nutritious food than is needed doesn't make it function better, overfilling the tank makes a car move faster.
A. not more than C. less than
B. no more than D. any more than

46. David was so careful on the test that his paper was .
A. with some errors C. full of errors
B. free from errors D. not having some errors

47. The TV star accompanied by many fans deliver a speech in no time.
A. are to C. is to
B. are being to D. is being to

48. The manager thinks it desirable that some adjustments without delay.
A. are made C. be made
B. made D. will be made

49. I met with something difficult to deal with and intended to turn to my teachers for help yesterday. I rushed into the office only to find not a single teacher there.
A. I could consult C. I could consult with
B. could I consult on D. could I consult

50. revealed the secret?
A. Who was it that C. Who was it who
B. It was who that D. It was whom that

IV. Error Identification (5%) (10 minutes)
Directions: There are four underlined words or parts marked A, B, C and D in each of the following sentences. Choose the one that you think incorrect, and write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.
51. Many motions submitted at the first session of the 10th National People's Congress called for
A B
guarantees of the rights of laid -off workers, migrant labourers except for safeguards for the
C D
national economy and social security system.

52. To meet increasing demand, Shanghai has embarked upon the huge Shanghai
A B
Harbour International Passenger Terminal Centre, locating on the City's Huanpu
C
River, at a cost of 3.2 billion yuan.
D

53. This scenic capital began construction of a massive project comprises a water
A B C
pipeline network and two water processing plants.
D

54. The training of performers, directors, and designers have been the purpose of
A B C
American National Theatre and Academy for over 50 years.
D

55. The infectious disease was broken out in Hainan that summer and hundreds of
A B
people were dead, many children included.
C D

56. I intended to have her accompany me to the concert yesterday evening, but she
A B
rejected my request.
C D

57. All these dictionaries which have been donated by a publishing house are to be
A B C D
used by the students here.

58. Were it not for his illness last week, he would have been quite enthusiastic about
A B C
the plan and done something for it.
D
59. So far as the influence of computerization is concerned, nowhere we can see the
A B
results more clearly than in the US, which really have amazed us.
C D

60. Come in and have a look at the person seated by the window. He is no more a man
A B C
than the one you are looking for.
D

V. Reading (25%) (60 minutes)
Directions: Read the fotlowing five passages carefully, choose the best answer to each question from the four choices given, and then write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.

Passage 1

Birds sometimes exhibit benevolent feelings; they will feed the deserted young ones even of distinct species, but this perhaps ought to be considered as a mistaken instinct. They will feed, as shown in an earlier part of this work, adult birds of their own species which have become blind. Mr. Buxton gives a curious account of a parrot which took care of a frost-bitten and crippled bird of a distinct species, cleansed her feathers and defended her from the attacks of the other parrots which roamed freely about his garden. It is a still more curious fact that these birds apparently evince some sympathy for the pleasures of their fellows. When a pair of cockatoos made a nest in an acacia tree "it was ridiculous to see the extravagant interest taken in the matter by the others of the same species." These parrots also evinced unbounded curiosity and clearly had "the idea of property and possession." They have good memories, for in the Zoological Gardens they have plainly recognized their former masters after an interval of some months.
Birds possess acute powers of observation. Every mated bird, of course, recognizes its fellow. Audubon states that a certain number of mating thrushes (Mimus polyglottus) remain all the year round in Louisiana, while others migrate to the Eastern States; these latter on their return are instantly recognized and always attacked by their southern brethren. Birds under confinement distinguish different persons, as is proved by the strong and permanent antipath or affection which they show without any apparent cause toward certain individuals. I have heard of numerous instances with jays, partridges, canaries, and especially bullfinches. Mr. Husscy has described in how extraordinary a manner a tamed partidge recognized everybody; and its likes and dislikes were very strong This bird seemed "fond of gay colors, and no new gown or cap could be put on without catching his attention." Mr. Hcwitt has described the habits of some ducks (recenfiy descended from wild birds) which at the approach of a strange dog or cat would rush headlong into the water and exhaust themselves in their attempts to escape; but they knew Mr. Hewitt's own dogs and cats so well that they would lie down and bask in the sun close to them. They always moved away from a strange man, and so they would from the lady who attended them if she made any great change in her dress. Audubon relates that he reared and tamed a wild turkey which always ran away from any strange dog; this bird escaped into the woods, and some days afterward Audubon saw, as he thought, a wild turkey and made his dog chase it; but to his astonishment the bird did not nm away, and the dog when he came up did not attack the bird, for they mutually recognized each other as old friends.
Mr. Jenner Weir is convinced that birds pay particular attention to the colors of other birds, sometimes out of jealousy and sometimes as a sign of kinship. Thus he turned a reed-bunting (Emberiza sehoeniculus), which had acquired its black headdress, into his aviary, and the newcomer was not noticed by any bird except by a bullfinch, which is likewise black-headed_ This bullfinch was a very quiet bird, and had never before quarreled with any of its comrades, including another reed-bunting, which had not as yet become black-headed; but the reed-bunting with a black head was so unmercifully treated that it had to be removed.

61. Why does Darwin cite Mr. Buxton?
A. To support his theory about birds' powers of observation.
B. To support his statement about birds' benevolence.
C. To contrast with his own observations of birds,
D. Both A and B.

62. Why does Darwin mention jays, partridges, canaries, and bullfinches?
A. To explain why some birds cannot be trained.
B. To educate his reader on types of local birds.
C. To contrast with a later discussion of shore birds.
D. To support his discussion of birds' memories.

63. What does Darwin mean by "a sign of kinship"
A. Mark of common parentage.
B. Premonition of future union.
C. Symbol of compatibility.
D. Evidence of family relationship.

64. A good title for paragraph 3 might be
A. "Different-Colored Birds"
B. "Bullfinches and Their Colors"
C. "An Example of Color Recognitiion in Birds"
D. "Captive Birds"

65. The main purpose of this passage is to
A. compare three species of birds
B. review current studies of birds
C. compare wild birds to confined birds
D. discuss some traits of birds

Passage 2

At the end of what seemed a tedious while, I had managed to pack my head full of islands, towns, bars, "points," and bends; and a curiously inanimate mass of lamber it was, too. However, inasmuch as I could shut my eyes and reel off a good long string of these names without leaving out more than ten miles of river in every filly, I began to feel that I could make her skip those little gaps. But of course my complacency could hardly get start enough to lift my nose a trifle into the air, before Mr. Bixby would think of something to fetch it down again. One day he turned on me suddenly with this settler:
"What is the shape of Walnut Bend?"
He might as well have asked me my grandmother's opinion of protoplasm( 原生质)。 I reflected respectfully, and then said I didn't know it had any particular shape. My gunpowdery chief went off with a bang, of course, and then went on loading and firing until he was out of adjectives.
I had learned long ago that he only carried just so many rounds of ammunition, and was sure to subside into a very placable and even remorseful old smoothbore as soon as they were all gone. That word "old" is merely affectionate; he was not more than thirty-four. I waited. By and by he said:
"My boy, you've got to know the shape of the river perfectly. It is all there is left to steer by on a very dark night Everything else is blotted out and gone. But mind you, it hasn't the same shape in the night that it has in the daytime."
"How on earth am I ever going to learn, then?"
"How do you follow a hall at home in the dark? Because you know the shape of it. You can't see it."
"Do you mean to say that I've got to know all the million trifling variations of shape in the banks of this interminable river as well as I know the shape of the front hall at home?"
"On my honor, you've got to know them better than any man ever did know the shapes of the has in his own house."
"I wish I was dead!"
"Now I don't want to discourage you, but" --
"Well pile it on me; ! might as well have it now as another time."
"You see, this has got to be learned; there isn't any getting around it A clear starlight night throws such heavy shadows that, if you didn't know the shape of a shore perfectly, you would claw away from every bunch of timber, because you would take the black shadow of it for a solid cape; and you see you would be getting scared to death every fifteen minutes by the watck You would be fifty yards from shore al the time when you ought to be within fifty feet of it. You can't see a snag in one of those shadows, but you know exactly where it is, and the shape of the river tells you when you are coming to it. Then there's your pitch-dark night; the river is a very different shape on a pitch-dark night from what it is on a starlight night. All shores seem to be straight lines, then, and mighty dim ones, too; and you'd nm them for straight lines, only you know better. You boldly drive your boat right into what seems to be a solid straight wall (you knowing very well that in reality there is a curve there), and that wall falls back and makes way for you. Then there's your gray mist. You take a night when there's one of these grisly, drizzly, gray mists, and then there isn't any particular shape to a shore. A gray mist would tangle the head of the oldest man that ever lived. Well, then different kinds of moonlight change the shape 0fthe river in different ways.

66. When Twain compares a question to asking his "grandmother's opinion of protoplasm" (line 10 ), he means that
A. the question is inane.
B. the speaker is very old.
C. he does not know the answer.
D. his grandmother would be able to respond.

67 Twain compares his chief to a gun point out the chief's
A. splendid posture
B. peppery temper
C. love of hunting
D. violent past

68. When Twain writes that Mr. Bixby "carried just so many rounds of ammunition," he means that
A. Bixby used a pistol to settle arguments
B. Bixby loaded and fired his gun at random
C. Bixby's gun was out of bullets
D. Bixby's hot temper would soon subside

69. Twain's reaction to Mr. Bixby's insistence on the need to know the river at night is
A. despair C. puzzlement
B. elation D. humility

70. Mr. Bixby is shown to be extremely
A. knowledgeable
B. rude
C. condescending
D. fearful

Passage 3

The United States court system, as part of the federal system of government, is characterized by dual judicial systems; there are both state and federal courts. Each state has its own system of courts, composed of civil and criminal trial courts, sometimes intermediate courts of appeal, and a state Supreme Court. The federal court system consists of a series of trial courts (called district courts) serving relatively small geographic regions (there is at least one for every state), a tier of circuit courts of appeal that hear appeals from many district courts in a particular geographic region, and the Supreme Court of the United Slates. The two court systems are to some extent overlapping, in that certain kinds of disputes may be initiated in either system. They are also to some extent hierarchical (等级制度的), for the federal system stands above the state system in that litigant (person engaged in lawsuits)who lose their cases in the state supreme court may appeal their eases to the Supreme Court of the United States.
Thus, the typical court case begins in a trial court-----a court of general jurisdiction-----in the state or federal system. Most cases go no further than the trial court; for example, the criminal defendant is convicted by a trial and sentenced by the court and the case end; the personal injury suit results in a judgment by a trial court (or an out-of-court settlement by the parties while the court suit is pending) and the parties leave the court system. But sometimes the losing party at the trial court cares enough about the cause that the matter does not end there. In these cases, the "loser" at the trial court may appeal to the next higher court.

71. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. Civil and criminal trial courts.
B. Typical court cases.
C. The court system in the United States.
D. The appeal court process.

72. According to the passage, district courts are also known as .
A. circuit courts C. supreme courts
B. intermediate courts D. trial courts

73. In the last sentence of the first paragraph, "engaged in" means .
A. committed to C. involved in
B. attentive to D. absorbed in

74. The passage indicates that litigants who lose their cases in the state trial court may take them to a .
A. different court in the same state
B. federal trial court
C. state supreme court
D. court in another state

75. It can be inferred from the passage that typical court cases are .
A. always appealed
B. usually resolved in the district courts
C. always overlapping
D. usually settled by the Supreme Court

Passage 4

For 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth. Yet, even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground.
With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the Sun's output without being impeded by the Earth's atmosphere. Solar Max, a satellite from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), has been measuring the Sun's output since February 1980. Although a malfunction in the satellite's control system limited its observation for a few years, the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space shuffle in 1984. Max's observations indicate that the solar constant is not really constant after all.
The satellite's instruments have detected frequent, small variations in the Sun's energy output, generally amounting to no more than 0.05 percent of the Sun's mean energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups of sunspots on the Sun's disk. Sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Sun's surface that have strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the rest of the Sun's surface. Particularly large fluctuations in the solar constant have coincided with sightings of large sunspot groups. In 1980, for example, Solar Max's instruments registered a 0.3 pement drop in the solar energy reaching the Earth. At that time a sunspot group covered about 0.6 percent of the solar disk, an area 20 times larger than the Earth's surface.
Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determine. Although Solar Max's data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Sun's output. Some scientists have thought that the satellite's aging detectors might have become less sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop in the solar constant. This possibility was dismissed, however, by comparing solar Max's observations with data from a similar instrument Operating on NASA's Nimbus 7 weather satellite since 1978.

76. What does this passage mainly discuss?
A. The launching of a weather satellite.
B. The components of the Earth's atmosphere.
C. The measurement of variations in the solar constant
D. The interaction of sunlight and air pollution,

77. Why does the author mention "gas" and "dust" in line 3 ?
A. They magnify the solar constant.
B. They are found in varying concentrations.
C. Scientific equipment is mined by gas and dust
D. They interfere with accurate measurement of the solar constant.

78. According to the passage, scientists believe variations in the solar constant are related to
A. sunspot activity
B. unusual weather patterns
C. increased levels of dust
D. fluctuations in the Earth's temperature

79. Why did scientists think that Solar Max might be giving unreliable information?
A. Solar Max did not work for the first few years.
B. The space shuttle could not fix Solar Max's instruments.
C. Solar Max's instrument were getting old.
D. Nimbus 7 interfered with Solar Max's detectors.

80. The attempt to describe the solar constant can best be described as
A. an ongoing research effort
B. an issue that has been resolved
C. a question that can never be answered
D. historically interesting, but irrelevant to contemporary concerns

Passage 5

The economic expansion prompted by the Second World War triggered a spectacular population boom in the West. Of course, the region was no stranger to population booms. Throughout much of its history, western settlement had been characterized by spurts, rather than by a pattern of gradual and steady population growth, beginning with the gold and silver rushes of the 1850's and 1860's. The decade after the First World War --- the 1920's---witnessed another major surge of people pouring into the West, particularly into urban areas. But the economic depression of the 1930's brought this expansion to a halt; some of the more sparsely settled parts of the region actually lost population as migrants sought work in more heavily industrialized areas. By 1941 when the United States entered the Second World War and began to mobilize, new job opportunities were created in the western part of the nation.
If the expansion of industries, such as shipbuilding and aircraft manufacturing, was most striking on the pacific coast, it also affected interior cities like Denver, Phoenix, and Salt Lake City, Equally dramatic were the effects of the establishment of aluminum plants in Oregon and Washington and the burgeoning steel industry in Utah and California The flow of people into these areas provided an enormous impetus to the expansion of the service industries --- banks, health care services and schools. Although strained to the limit by the influx of newcomers, western communities welcomed the vast reservoir of new job opportunities. At the same time, the unprecedented expansion of government installations in the West, such as military bases, created thousands of new civilian openings. As land had served as a magnet for western migrants in the late nineteenth century, so wartime mobilization set in motion another major expansion of population. Indeed, it could be said that the entire western United States became a giant boomtown during the Second World War. This was especially true of California. Of the more than eight million people who moved into the West in the decade after 1940, almost one-half went to the Pacific coast. In fact, between 1940 and 1950, California's population surged by more than three million people.

81. What is the main point of the passage?
A. California dominated the economic growth of the West during the Second World War.
B. Industrial growth during the 1940's attracted large numbers of people to the West.
C. The military drew people away from civilian jobs during the 1940's.
D. The West experienced gradual and steady economic growth from 1900 to 1940.

82. The word "triggered" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
A. was connected to
B. generated
C. interfered with
D. illuminated

83. Why does the author mention "the gold and silver rushes of the 1850's and 1860's in the first paragraph?
A. As causes of gradual population growth
B. As contrasts to late patterns of population growth
C. As illustrations of a market economy.
D. As examples of western population booms.

84. According to the passage, the depression of the 1930's caused which of the following?
A. A lack of population growth in the West.
B. The building of new suburbs
C. A creation of more job opportunities.
D. A growth in immigration from abroad.

85. Which of the following statements about the shipbuilding industry is suggested by the passage?
A. It came into being during the First World War.
B. Many new shipbuilding yards were established on the Pacific coast during the 1940's.
C. Denver was considered to be a poor location for shipbuilding factories.
D. Shipbuilding was the dominant industry in Oregon and Washington.

Paper Two

VI. Translation (2S%) (30 minutes)
A. Directions: Translate the following into Chinese. 12%

Between 1500 and 1800, significant changes took place in the way educated Europeans saw their society. Important scientific discoveries were made and the enlightenment brought a new sense of responsibility and reason. In sprite of such changes, however, in the middle of the eighteenth century most people in the world (and perhaps most Europeans, too) could still believe that history would go on much as it seemed always to have done. The weight of the past was everywhere enormous and often it was immovable: some of the European efforts to shake it off have been touched upon, but nowhere outside Europe was even the possibility of doing so grasped. Though in many parts of the world a few people's lives had begun to be revolutionized by contact with Europeans, most of it was unaffected and much of it was untouched by such contamination of traditional ways.

B. Directions: Translate the following into English 13%

博士生是高等教育中具有最高学术水准的学生群体。他们将在可预见的未来肩负起建设祖国的重任，在本世纪中国经济的腾飞中起重要作用。因此，博士生应该不仅具有精深的知识和尖端的技术，而且有较高的思想道德素质。他们能高瞻远瞩，时时以国家和人民的利益为重。他们应该意志坚定，充满活力，富有自我牺牲精神。他们乐于奉献才干和智慧，同时积极主动，不袖手旁观或坐享其成。他们要严于律己，宽以待人，胸襟开阔，懂得尊重他人。他们会全力以赴，坚定不移地去追求崇高目标，直至成功。

VIL Writing (15%) 30minutes)
Directions: In this part, you are to write with 30 minutes a composition with On An All-Roundly Well-off Society as its title. Your composition should contain the three key points given below with a length of over 150 words, please remember to write clearly.

1. Your ideal all-roundly well-off society(全面小康的社会)
2. Some disadvantageous factors preventing China from realizing this goal
3. Possible solutions

华东师范大学2003年博士生入学英语考试答案

Part One
Part I Listening Comprehension

Section A
1-5 ABCDB 6-10 BACDB
Section B
11-15 ABCDA 16-20 BAABA

Part II Vocabulary
21-35 ACCDB 26-30 ABDCA
31-35 DBDAD 36-40 ADBCC
41-45 CBBAD 46-50 BCCDA

Part III Error Identification
51-55 CCCBB 56-60 ABABC

Part IV Reading
61-65 BDDCD 66-70 CBDAA
71-75 CDCCB 76-80 CDACB
81-85 BBDAB

Part Two
Part VI Translation

A.
1500年至1800年间，有教养的欧洲人观察和理解社会的方式发生了重大的变化。当时许多重大的科学发现相继问世，启蒙运动给人们带来了一种全新的责任感和理性。然而，面对这些巨变，在18世纪中叶，世界上大多数人（或许也是欧洲的大多数人）仍然相信，历史将一如既往地延续。历史的包袱无处不在，如同磐石，难以摆脱：人们已谈到欧洲人为摆脱这种历史重负所作的某些艰难尝试，但是，当时在欧洲以外的任何地区，人们甚至对这种尝试的可能性都难以理解。尽管在许多地区，少数人通过与欧洲人的接触开始从根本上改变其工作方式，然而世界上大部分地区并未受到欧洲传统方式的玷污。

B.
Doctorate applicants are the group of students who have the highest academic level in higher learning. They will shoulder heavy responsibility for the construction of our country (They will be charged with important tasks of constructing our country) in the foreseeable future, and play a big role/part in China’s economic take-off this century. Therefore, they should not only have extensive and profound knowledge, master advanced techniques, but also have high ideological and moral standards. They should be able to look far ahead, aim high, and place the benefits of our country and people above everything else. They should be firm, vigorous and full of spirit of self-sacrifice. They are willing to devote their talent and wisdom. Meanwhile, they are to be active and initiative without looking on or seeking easy way out. With breadth of mind, they should be self-disciplined and tolerant of others, knowing how to respect them. They will go all out (do their endeavor) to pursue their noble goal persistently until they succeed.

guobiao

2007-05-11 02:32

2005年华东师大博士生英语入学试卷

考试须知 1）本考卷共包括九大项，共18页。考试时间为180分钟，满分100分。
2）试卷中Paper One各项答案按相应题号一律用铅笔划线填入答题卡。
3）Paper Two各项用钢珠笔答在答题纸上，字迹需清晰端正。
Paper One
Part I Listening comprehension (15%)
Section A (5%)
Directions: In this section you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question
will be asked about what was said. Each conversation and question will be spoken only once. After each
question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four suggested answers marked A, B, C
and D, and decide which one is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a
single line through the centre.
1. A Her money was stolen. B A man kicked her. C She fell sick. D She was disgraced.
2. A London. B Berlin. C Rome. D Paris.
3. A The woman is joking. B The refrigerator doesn’t work well. C He’s leaving in three weeks.
D It’s not surprising the milk ruined.
4. A She’s a heavy smoker. B She’s playing the organ. C She can’t hear well. D She’s a plumber.
5. A The woman lost her memory last year. B The woman had trouble finding anyone who knew her.
C The woman wanted other people to form a fair opinion about her. D The woman was seriously injured last winter.
6. A The woman should go to work right now. B The woman should know when to ask for help.
C The man doesn’t think it worthwhile to repair the car. D The man doesn’t want to help the woman.
7.A Rest more frequently. B Quit her job. C Take a leave of absence. D Confront her supervisor.
8. A His wife does not like Scotland. B His wife is afraid of traffic accidents.
C His wife has been unwell recently. D His wife has a personal problem.
9. A Jim's superior attitude. B Jim's irrelevant response. C Jim's choice of subject. D Jim's negligence.
10. A It is difficult. B It is a piece of cake. C It is interesting. D It is a well-paid job.
Section B (10%)
Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some
questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear one question, you must
choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on
Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.
Passage I
11. A Animals yawn for a number of reasons. B Yawning results only from fatigue or boredom.
C Human yawns are the same as those of other animals. D Only social animals yawn.
12. A When they are swimming. B When they are quarreling. C When they are socializing. D When they are eating.
13. A To exercise the jaw muscles. B To eliminate fatigue. C To get greater strength for attacking.
D To gain more oxygen.
Passage II
14. A A good actor who thinks he is bad. B A bad actor who thinks he is good. C A clown.
D An actor in some American minstrel shows.
15. A He tries to poison other actors whenever there is such a chance. B He forgets his lines most of the time.
C He tries to attract the audience’s attention by all means. D He quarrels with other actors all the time.
16. A 1. B 2. C 3.D 4.
Passage III
17.A It had people talking on it. B It had animal songs on it. C It had computer songs on it.
D It had children singing on it.
18. A The musicians played their own instruments. B The musicians turned on the stereo.
C The musicians pressed keys on a computer. D The musicians designed the computer programs.
19. A He wanted his children to hear them.B He knew that there would be a lot more sounds to record.
C He wanted to use his new stereo. D He knew that he could sell them for a lot of money.
20. A people yelling B oil well drilling C cars and trucks movingD mountain rocks cracking
Part II Vocabulary and Structure (15%)
Directions: Below each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best
ompletes the sentence or that is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the sentence.Write the
corresponding letter on Answer SheetⅠ.
21. They were in a dreadful when their money, tickets and passports were stolen while they were on holiday.
A conspiracy B plight C serenity D custody
22. Undoubtedly the flood could have been if the local government had invested more money in greening the environment.
A put off B turned off C kept off D written off
23. The accountant thousands of dollars from the charity while appearing to be its best fundraiser.
A donated B validated C embezzled D certify
24. A healthy diet includes lots of natural food with plenty of proteins and vitamins.
A indigestible B wholesome C leftover D heavy
25. There are several between the original estimates of the cost and the actual bills.
A exaggerations B discrepancies C breakthroughs D compliances
26. To everybody’s surprise, the referee took a view of the foul and did not punish the player at all.
A lenient B divergent C dim D cautious
27. This week ten top designers will their autumn collections at the fashion fair.
A enhance B lubricate C hustle D. unveil
28. Depressed, overworked, and by those people whom he owed money, he decided to put an end to his problems.
A bewitched B bewildered C besmirched D beset
29. The terrible accounting error was corrected just before the ledger was .
A audited B overlooked C endowed D registered
30. She was an experienced traveler who had both Africa and Europe in her twenties.
A traversed B transferred C trampled D trespassed
31. Yesterday afternoon a multitude of people attended the fund raising presentation in the mall.
A small number B special group C huge crowd D youthful team
32. During the civil war, many foreign establishments were seized by some warring factions.
A taken off B taken out C taken over D taken on
33. The president’s compassion for the neighboring refugees caused him to admit a very large number of them into his country.
A friendship B pity C respect D hostility
34. Mr. Del Rio was asked to condense his report in order to allow his audience some time to ask questions.
A abbreviate B expand C continue D delay
35. Egyptian authorities are trying to prevent their historical monuments from succumbing to the ravages of time.
A standing by B counting on C yielding to D holding up
36. Realizing that many readers find long descriptive passages uninteresting, Bruce began his story with an exciting conflict.
A melancholy B tedious C incredible D offensive
37. The cat remained utterly still for a full minute, blue eyes blazing in the dark mask.
A completely B somewhat C rather D partially
38. The old lady was worn out when she got home from the long walk along the river.
A exhausted B excited C refreshed D contented
39. Jonah dropped in on some old friends on his vacation trip to Philadelphia.
A met B visited C missed D greeted
40. Frank considered the problem in his mind for two days before he did something about it.
A turned out B turned to C turned on D turned over
41. Although Jack and I had not met for over 20 years I recognized him I saw him.
A just as B even though C the minute D as long as
42. for his illness, he would have come to help you paint your house.
A Not being B Not having been C Had it not been D Having it not been
43. The father, who was illiterate, said to his son that he was dog to learn new tricks.
A too old a B a too old C so old a D a so old
44.Although he is very fat, Jack doesn’t fancy on a strict diet.
A to put B putting C to be put D being put
45. Much I liked Mary, I hated the superior tone that she sometimes took with me.
A while B as C since D for
46. she was living in London that she met her husband Terry.
A Just when B During the time when C Soon after D It was while
47. The waves violently against the shore, people couldn’t hear them crying for help.
A beating B had beaten C beat D were beating
48. Mary would rather her boyfriend in the same college as she does.
A studies B studied C study D to study
49. It is well known that everything on earth is subjected the law of nature.
A by B with C to D from
50. You’re responsible to is in charge of sales.
A who B whom C whoever D that
Part III Error Identification (5%)
Directions: There are four underlined words or parts marked A, B, C and D in each of the following entences.
Choose the one that you think incorrect, and write the corresponding letter on Answer SheetⅠ.
51. Using the new digital tools available makes this process more easier since the data can be transferred
A B C D
directly to the computer.
52. One of the most common and serious problems facing by the aged is that of making ends meet from one
A B C
day to the next.
D
53. If the number of smoking keep on rising, by the second or third decade of the next century there could be
A B C
10 million deaths each year from smoking-related illness.
D
54. The temperature in the coastal city this summer hit a record high for the year, peaked at a scorching 37.1
A B C D
degree centigrade.
55. It is important that students will know how to deal with multi-sense words in English.
A B C D
56. At no time in history there has been such a mass migration of people from countryside to city as is
A B C D
happening now.
57. She as well as the other students have learned how to install this electric equipment.
A B C D
58. Manufacturing companies spend millions of pounds trying to convince customers that their products are
A B C
superior than those of other companies.
D
59. It was not until the end of Second World War when petroleum and natural gas liquids took the lead as
A B C
number one fuel.
D
60. Were it not for her lack of experience she will be the ideal person for the job.
A B C D
Part IV Reading Comprehension (25%)
Directions: Read the following five passages carefully, choose the best answer to each question from the four
choices given below, and then write the corresponding letter on Answer SheetⅠ.
Passage One
For much of the world, the death of Richard Nixon was the end of a complex public life. But researchers who study bereavement wondered if it didn’t also signify the end of a private grief. Had the former president merely run his fourscore and one, or had he fallen victim to a pattern that seems to afflict longtime married couples: one spouse quickly following the other to the grave?
Pat, Nixon’s wife of 53, died last June after a long illness. No one knows for sure whether her death contributed to his. After all, he was elderly and had a history of serious heart disease. Researchers have long observed that the death of a spouse particularly a wife is sometimes followed by the untimely death of the grieving survivor. Historian Will Durant died 13 days after his wife and collaborator, Ariel; Buckminster Fuller and his wife died just 36 hours apart. Is this more than coincidence?
“Part of the story, I suspect, is that we men are so used to ladies feeding us and taking care of us,” says Knul Helsing, an epidemiologist at the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, “that when we lose a wife we go to pieces. We don’t know how to take care of ourselves.” In one of several studies Helsing has conducted on bereavement, he found that widowed men had higher mortality rates than married men in every age group. But, he found that widowers who remarried enjoyed the same lower mortality rate as men who’d never been widowed.
Women’s health and resilience may also suffer after the loss of a spouse. In a 1987 study of widows, researchers from the University of California, Los Angeles, and UC, San Diego, found that they had a dramatic decline in levels of important immune-system cells that fight off disease. Earlier studies showed reduced immunity in widowers.
For both men and women, the stress of losing a spouse can have a profound effect. “All sorts of potentially harmful medical problems can be worsened,” says Gerald Davison, professor of psychology at the University of Southern California. People with high blood pressure, for example, may see it rise. In Nixon’s case, Davison speculates, “the stroke, although not caused directly by the stress, was probably hastened by it.” Depression can affect the surviving spouse’s will to live; suicide rates are elevated in the bereaved, along with accidents not involving cars.
Involvement in life helps prolong it. Mortality, says Duke University psychiatrist Daniel Blazer, is higher in older people without a good social-support system, who don’t feel they’re part of a group or a family, that they “fit in” somewhere. And that’s a more common problem for men, who tend not to have as many close friendships as women. The sudden absence of routines can also be a health hazard, says Blazer. “A person who loses a spouse shows deterioration in normal habits like sleeping and eating,” he says. “They don’t have the other person to orient them, like “When do you go to bed, when do you wake up, when do you eat, when do you take your medication, when do you go out to take a walk?” Your pattern is no longer locked into someone else’s pattern, so it deteriorates.”
While earlier studies suggested that the first six months to a year – or even first week – were times of higher mortality for the bereaved, some newer studies find no special vulnerability in this initial period. Most men and women, of course do not as a result of the loss of a spouse. And there are ways to improve the odds. A strong sense of separate identity and lack of over-dependency during the marriage are helpful. Adult sons and daughters, siblings and friends need to pay special attention to a newly widowed parent. They can make sure that he or she is socializing, getting proper nutrition and medical care, expressing emotion and above all, feeling needed and appreciated.
61. It is known from the passage that Richard Nixon died at the age of .
A 73 B 81 C 77 D 65
62. According to researchers who study bereavement, Richard Nixon’s death might be .
A caused by his heart disease B indirectly linked to his wife’s death
C the inevitable result of old age D caused by an unexplainable accident
63. In his research on bereavement, Helsing found that .
A remarried men live healthier lives B unmarried men have the longest life expectancies
C remarried widowers do not have higher mortality rates than those who have never been widowed
D widows were unaffected by their spouses’ death
64. According to the passage a spouse’s death can lead the surviving one to .
A lose his or her friends B diminish social activitiesC be vulnerable to illness D reject his or her children’s care
65.It is suggested in the passage that widowers or widows suffer from the death of their spouses because they are .
A unprepared for independence during the marriage B incapable of taking care of themselves during the marriage
C unwilling to socialize with others during the marriage D too indulgent during the marriage
Passage Two
No agricultural operation has ever been invested with so much glamour as the making of maple syrup. We tapped about two hundred trees, few enough for us to know the personality of each. In a hollow on the south-east corner of the woods was a vast gnarled specimen which always had its three small red buckets full and often running over. I still think of that tree with affection, admiration, and gratitude. On the more exposed westerly side of the wood were almost equally sizeable specimens which scarcely produced a drop. We regarded them with dislike and resentment. Like certain politicians they had successfully divorced promise from performance.
Sap in those days was collected in a wooden tub mounted on a sleigh. A circular track wound through the black, silent woods. The horses pulled the tub on the sleighs from point to point along this track. At each stop we fanned out with large pails to collect the sap from the bucket attached to each tree. If the sap was running well there might be a pleasant air of urgency about this task for numerous buckets would be spilling over. The sap was then boiled in a flat rectangular pan, about three feet by six or seven, which sat on a cement arch over a vigorous log fire. Immediately behind the arch, from which the operation could be watched, and with the whole front open to the fire, was the small, tin-roofed shed. There is no aroma on earth like that of boiling sap. In good years it was necessary to boil all night to keep abreast of the run. Then hour after hour the white steam billowed off into the black night or, on occasion, rolled into the shed as a special reward. Neighbors who did not make syrup came across the fields and through the woods to sit and watch the fire and the steam and enjoy the smell. One could take a dipper, dip out a pint or two of the thickening sap, cool it in a snowbank, and drink it all.
The flavor of the syrup then produced was far better than what a less fortunate generation now gets. I learned the reason in what I believe was my first introduction to scientific investigation. Two brothers named John and Angus McNabb went into production of maple syrup on a commercial basis: they bought covered buckets and an evaporator and a galvanized tank for the sap and set out to make a quality product. It was completely tasteless and Jim McKillop showed them why.
As the sap dripped into the open buckets, quite a few dried leaves fell in too. A large number of brown moths were also attracted by the moisture, sugar, or both. So were the field mice. Jim rightly suspected that these had something to do with the flavor and on the night of the experiment he put a quart or so of water into a sap bucket and added a handful of moths, two dead mice, and several milligrams of mouse droppings which he had got from a mouse’s nest. He boiled all of this into a good thick stock and added it to a gallon of the insipid McNabb syrup. There was no question; the flavor was miraculously improved.
66. The writer and his associates liked or disliked the ‘personality’ of a tree according to the .
A part of the woods in which it grew B amount of sap that it yielded
C size that it eventually reached D amount of time spent tapping it
67. How was the sleigh used to collect the sap?
A It moved continuously around the circular track. B It stopped twice on the track.
C It stopped at every red bucket. D It stopped frequently around the track.
68. What made the work at the shed an especially enjoyable occasion?
A The smell of the boiling sap. B The way it brought the neighbors along.
C The warmth of the fire. D The smell of the wood fire.
69. The McNabb brothers bought the new equipment because they .
A wanted to investigate scientific production methods B wanted to make a less strong-tasting syrup
C wanted a product of marketable quality D thought their neighbors’ methods were old-fashioned
70. Jim McKillop’s experiment proved that much of the flavor of syrup made by the traditional method was produced by .
A the sugar which collected in the open buckets B things that accidentally fell into the buckets
C keeping the buckets covered D using equipment made of wood
Passage Three
As journalism becomes more and more competitive, all of us – whether in broadcast news or in print (some may want to argue that this is true more of broadcast news, and I perhaps wouldn’t want to debate that) – are falling back on the tried and true local news formulas. We have, by and large, accepted the proposition that people don’t care about foreign news, don’t really care much about hard news at all – that “feel-good” news, entertainment, “info-tainment”, features, and gossip sell better than anything serious and certainly sell better than anything too disturbing.
I believe that kind of talk is wrong. I believe that kind of talk is dangerous. And I know that kind of talk has nothing to do with leadership and public service. Using public opinion polls, focus groups, and other market research techniques in a limited role as informational tools is one thing; using them as an excuse to duck our responsibility to the public trust is quite another. And for journalists to become slaves to market research – like the politicians before us – is, I submit, most dangerous of all. Where are the publishers, editors, and reporters of grit, gumption, and guts? Where are the ones who will follow their conscience or even their “nose for news” instead of the public opinion polls? Harry Truman once said that, if Moses had taken a public opinion poll, he would never have left Egypt.
Of course, there is one special problem for those of us who earn our living reporting the news that others make. Leadership requires definite opinions on which course to take, what path to follow; but those of us in the mainstream media are trained to set our opinions aside as far as humanly possible. We try to keep open minds; by and large, we aren’t joiners. We know (often better than we’re given credit for) that we don’t have any secret formulas for answering the important questions. So we can justifiably ask: “How are we to lead?” I know that we in the media are. George Bernard Shaw once observed that newspapers are unable to distinguish between a bicycle accident and the collapse of civilization. For us, leadership should be the willingness to distinguish between what’s merely interesting and what’s vitally important.
Now, when someone says that some stories are more important than others, he or she is often labeled an elitist, someone who just doesn’t understand what “real people” care about. This is, of course, the familiar defense for trash television and trash tabloids. And it’s also the reason given for reducing foreign news coverage, as well as coverage of political campaigns. There are a lot of people in the business who say “real people” won’t care unless it bleeds or burns. There are a lot of doctors and market researchers out there who insist that “real people” don’t care much what happens in the rest of the world – they want the words American and the United States plastered all over their news like flags crowding a campaign platform.
71. Which of the following words can substitute duck in the second paragraph?
A Shoulder B Assume C Dodge D Confront
72. What did Harry Truman mean by saying that “if Moses had taken a public opinion poll, he would never have left Egypt?”
A Moses did not want to leave Egypt, but he was forced to.
B Moses should have taken a public opinion poll before he made the decision.
C Moses left Egypt because he did not take a public opinion poll.
D Anyone who wants to do something great shall act resolutely.
73. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?
A In the U.S., local news had a wider coverage than foreign news. B Local news is more serious than foreign news.
C “Real people” favor foreign news over local news. D Foreign news is forbidden in the U.S.
74. The tone of the passage is .
A commanding B ironical C critical D appreciative
75. According to the writer, the media should .
A report what the “real people” like B base their decisions on the public opinion
C have their own judgment in what is to be broadcast D learn from the politicians in making strategies
Passage Four
Imagine arriving at a beach at the end of a long summer of wild goings-on. The beach crowd is exhausted, the sand shopworn, hot, and full of debris – no place for walking barefoot. You step on a bottle, and some cop yells at you for littering. The sun is directly overhead and leaves no patch of shade that hasn’t already been taken. You feel the glare beating down on a barren landscape devoid of secrets or innocence. You look around at the disapproving faces and can’t help but sense that, somehow, the entire universe is gearing up to punish you.
This is how today’s young people feel as members of what 30-year-old writer Nancy Smith calls “the generation after. Born after 1960, after you, after it all happened.” After Boomers. And before the Babies-on-Board of the 1980s, those cuddly tykes deemed too cute and fragile to be left home alone. Who does the leave stuck in the middle? Eighty million young men and women, ranging in age from 11 to 31. They make up the biggest generation in American history (yes, bigger than the Boom); the most diverse generation – ethnically, culturally, economically, and in family structure; the only generation born since the Civil War to come of age unlikely to match their parents’ economic fortunes; and the only one born this century to grow up personifying (to others) not the advance, but the decline of their society’s greatness.
As they shield their eyes with Ray-Ban Wayfarer sunglasses, and their ears with their Model TCD-D3 Sony Walkmen, today’s teens and twenties tone-setters look shocking on the outside, unknowable on the inside. To older eyes, they present a splintered image of brassy sights and smooth manner. Families aside, what the older crowd knows of them comes mostly from a mix of film cuts, celebrity blurbs, sports reports, and crime files.
Are they a “generation”? Yes, with a personality that reaches across the board---rich and poor, black and white, Hispanic and Asian, male and female, celebrity and everyman. Whatever a 15- or 25-year-old’s individual circumstances, he or she can sense a composite personality, a generational core. It’s something each individual can help define, “slack” within, or fight against – but cannot easily ignore. The simple fact of ethnic and socioeconomic diversity (in contrast to the far greater homogeneity found in older generations) is an essential part of this persona.
Yes, this is a generation with a PR problem. Its collective reputation comes from young celebrities and criminals, from the biggest stories of success and failure. Yet most in their teens and twenties are quick to insist that people cover stories and police blotters tell little about them personally, about their circles of friends, about their lives in school or on the job, about what it means to come of age in 1990s America. And, they insist, their generation will remain a mystery until elders take the trouble to block out the iconography and look more discerningly at the young men and women in daily American life.
76. It can be inferred from the passage that the writer feels the current generation of youth in America .
A is looked down upon B is extremely arrogant C has great potential for success
D represents the advance of America’s greatness
77. Judging by the context, the word “iconography” in the last paragraph means .
A image B past experiences C criticism D statistics
78. According to the passage, the present generation of youth differs greatly from older generations .
A in its homogeneity B in its ambitions C in its education D in its knowledge
79. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
A The current generation has a healthy self-esteem B The current generation is largely misunderstood.
C The current generation will likely be as wealthy as their parents.
D The current generation has ruined American beaches.
80. The phrase “devoid of” in the first paragraph can be replaced by .
A caught up in B swarming with C bereft of D depraved by
Passage Five
I had visited the capital before although my friend Arthur had not, I first visited London as a student, reluctantly released from the bosom of a tearful mum, with a traveling trunk stuffed full of home-made fruit cakes and woolly vests. I was ill-prepared for the Spartan standards of the South. Through even the grimmest post-war days, as kids we had ploughed our way through corner cuts of beef and steamed puddings. So you can imagine my dismay when I arrived, that first day, at my London digs to be faced with a plate of tuna-paste sandwiches and a thin slice of cake left curling under a tea-towel. And that was supposed to be Sunday lunch!
When I eventually caught up with my extremely irritating landlady, I met with a vision of splendor more in keeping with the Royal Enclosure at the races than the area in which she lived. Festooned with jewels and furs and plastered with exclusive cosmetics, she was a walking advert for Bond Street.
Now, we have a none too elegant but very apt phrase for this in the North of England, and it was the one my friend Arthur came up with to describe London after three days there: ‘All fur coat and nothing underneath’.
Take our hotel. The reception area was plush and inviting, the lounge and dining-room posh enough to start Arthur speaking ‘properly’. But journey upstairs from one landing to the next, and the veneers of civilization fell away before your eyes. By the time we reached our room, all pretension to refinement and comfort had disappeared. The fur coat was off (back in the hands of the hire purchase company), and what we were really expected to put up with for a small fortune a night was exposed in all its shameful nakedness. It was little more than a garret, a shabby affair with patched and peeling walls. There was a stained sink with pipes that grumbled and muttered all night long and an assortment of furnishings that would have disgraced Her Majesty’s Prison Service. But the crowning glory was the view from the window. A peek behind the handsome façade of our fabled city. Rank gardens choked with rubbish; all the debris of life piled against the back door. It was a good job the window didn’t open, because from it all arose the unmistakable odor of the abyss.
Arthur, whose mum still polishes her back step and disinfects her dustbin once a week, slumped on to the bed in a sudden fit of depression. ‘Never mind’, I said, drawing the curtains. ‘You can watch telly.’ This was one of the hotel’s luxuries, which in the newspaper ad had persuaded us we were going to spend the week in style. It turned out to be a yellowing plastic thing with a picture which rolled over and over like a floundering fish until you took your fist to it. But Arthur wasn’t going to be consoled by any cheap technological gimmicks.
He was sure his dad had forgotten to feed his pigeons and that his dogs were pining away for him. He grew horribly homesick. After a terrible night spent tossing and turning to a ceaseless cacophony of pipes and firedoors, traffic, drunks and low-flying aircraft, Arthur surfaced next day like a claustrophobic mole. London had got squarely on top of him. Seven million people had sat on him all night, breathed his air, generally fouled his living space, and come between him and that daily quota of privacy and peace which prevents us all from degenerating into mad axemen or reservoir poisoners.
Arthur had to be got out of London for a while.
81. When the writer first came to the capital .
A he had been very reluctant to leave his mother B his mother had not wanted him to leave home
C he had made no preparations for his journey south D he had sent his possessions on ahead in a trunk
82. The writer was surprised at what he received for Sunday lunch because .
A food had always been plentiful at home B he had been used to grimmer times at home
C things had been difficult after the war up North
D beef had always been available from the butcher on the corner at home
83. The landlady seemed to epitomize a phrase used in the North of England to indicate that things were .
A tender underneath the surface B vulnerable to the outside world C more profound than they seemed D beautiful but only superficially
84. The room which the writer and his friend were to share .
A was more suited to housing prisoners than hotel guests B had a magnificent view from one of its windows
C had a door which provided access to a rubbish tip D was situated above some foul-smelling gardens
85. The writer feels that in order to remain sane, one needs a certain amount of .
A physical exercise B fresh air C daily nourishment D breathing space
Paper Two
Part V Translation (25%)
Section A (12%)
Directions: Translate the following English passage into Chinese. Write your version on Answer Sheet II.
The idea that public status comes with a loss of privacy is unpersuasive. Far more persuasive is the thought that a person’s privacy may be breached if the information disclosed serves a proven public interest. A code of press practice specifies the various conditions that could count as involving a genuine public interest in publication, such as detecting or exposing crime, protecting public health, preventing the public from being misled. Showing public officials to be corrupt, grossly inefficient, criminally negligent, or dishonest is certainly in the public’s interest, provided that these failings bear directly on their performance of their public duties. Thus, for example, a revealing that a minister is a highly paid non-executive director of a company which regularly seeks contracts with the government is a matter for public concern. However, the majority of cases where privacy is breached touch on matters of sexual morality and it is much harder to see how the public interest is served by their disclosure.
Section B (13%)
Directions: Translate the following Chinese passage into English. Write your version on Answer Sheet II.
可以相当有把握地预言，未来的机械所需要的动力将主要是原子能。到那时候，世界上的煤和石油已全部用光，风力和潮汐将不被人们所重视，而通过分裂原子即可获得的原子能因使用更为方便，将备受欢迎。使用原子能的方法目前还是一个严加保守的秘密，但对未来的人们说来，则将成为常识。由于可以获得无穷无尽的动力使整个世界正常运转，未来的公民们将具有比我们现在更高的生活水平和更多的闲暇。这样，人类就可以把一部分精力从赚取足够的钱财以求生存下去这种单调的需要中解放出来，将它用于享受更大的人生乐趣，用于更全面地征服大自然。
Part VI Writing (15%)
Directions: In this part you are to write a composition of about 200 words based on the following topic. Please
write your composition on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.
The Power of Humor

libragemini	2007-05-20 10:21
谢谢大家的分享，没有清华的题吗

炎焱

2007-05-22 10:56

中科院考博士英语翻译试题和作文
汉译英翻译：
伟大艺术的美学鉴赏和伟大科学观念的理解都需要智慧。但是，随后的感受升华和情感又是分不开的。没有情感的因素，我们的智慧很难开创新的道路；没有智慧，情感也无法达到完美的成果。艺术和科学事实上是一个硬币的两面。它们源于人类活动的最高尚的部分，都追求着深刻性、普遍性、永恒性和富有意义
作文：
Directions： Write an essay of at least 150 words on the topic given below. Use the proper space on your Answer SheetⅡ

TOPIC

With her entry into the WTO, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, and in particular, for higher-level talents. To face this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate (postgraduate) education system. State your opinion about this reform, and give the solid supporting details to your viewpoint.[

zdaxiang

2007-05-22 16:46

北京大学2007年比较文学考试试题中外文学部分

中外文学部分

一、越南、朝鲜等地“汉文学”和“中国文学”的差异性。
二、列举19世纪中期前的四中日本文学体裁。
三、从现代叙事学角度分析《水浒》的特点。
四、以具体例子分析法国荒诞派戏剧的艺术特点。
五、分析鲁迅作品女性形象的差异性。
六、分析但丁《神曲》反映的宇宙观。
我也来一个

lkl_2066

2007-06-02 10:17

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4、破产申请要件 yDBNv(
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gocsjn

2007-06-05 12:37

中国科学院北京化学所2000年博士入学考试高分子物理试题 h
1 名词解释 SAb ¬Z{ 8q
聚电解质临界缠绕分子量蠕变储能模量球晶折叠链长度构想熵空间立构 X # B'y
2 什么叫高斯链，它的主要特征是什么？这种模型主要用来说明什么实验现象？有什么不足之处？应该怎样对这种模型加以改进？ 3{6}T %K=
3 什么是普通柔性高分子聚合物？(例如PE)熔体粘度具有哪些特点？为什么？熔体的弹性表现在哪些方面？如何测定熔体的粘度与弹性？(各指出两种方法) >=P?pqT`u
4 什么叫线性粘弹性？Boltzman 叠加原理包含什么物理内容？说明时间温度叠加原理的基本内容，以及这个原理具有什么重要的实际应用？ ¬V}<b _2
5 说明液晶高分子的主要结构因素，以及将液晶分类的主要方法，每类液晶具有什么样的结构或性能上的特点。 IY~ 7/
6 说明玻璃态、橡胶态和粘流态高分子运动的主要特点，玻璃化转变的意义和橡胶高弹态的由来。 :v< !v@b
7 说明四种测量结晶度的方法及其基本原理。 ] b"[ O Mw
8 说明以下问题： J, rO\[
GPC(凝胶渗透色谱)主要基本原理 Rsy" ' wh
对塑料进行增韧的主要原理和简单做法。

gylweihua	2007-06-14 21:17
有没有天津大学和山东大学的？？？

gaosz

2007-07-07 16:01

2005年中山医考博肿瘤学
1、放射生物学“4R”及临床意义
2、外科在多学科综合治疗中的地位
3、自体造血干细胞移植适应症，何种肿瘤疗效最好
4、拓扑酶在肿瘤学意义，举出临床应用Topo1、2，抑制剂各2个，主治哪些肿瘤
5、肿瘤多步骤转移机制
6、肿瘤细胞信号传导基本组成因素
7、从放疗局限性角度介绍放疗领域研究热点
8、近年抗癌药物开发除细胞毒药物外，有哪些新靶点药物
9、述Indolent非霍奇金淋巴瘤治疗原则和化疗方案
10、食管癌行吞钡检查，X线表现
11、肝癌切除术后的并发症及其原因
12、肝动脉栓塞化疗术治疗肝癌原理
13、基因突变及检测方法
14、肿瘤基因治疗策略
15、烷化剂作用机理，举3个烷化剂
16、抗癌药物不良反应，各项毒性举一例
17、甲状腺乳头状癌临床表现，诊断（含CT），鉴别诊断
18、根治性颈淋巴结清扫术主要并发症
19、提高结肠癌疗效措施
20、腹部肿块按性质分几类，举例
21、肺癌淋巴引流的肺与纵隔淋巴结群分组

2005年中山医考博药理学
1、量效曲线意义
2、信号传导中G蛋白的作用，说明胞内cAMP升高的机制
3、硝酸甘油、普奈洛尔合用在治疗心绞痛中的作用机制
4、肿瘤化疗的个体化治疗方案设计的原则
5、阿司匹林与糖皮质激素抗炎作用比较

我这里现在只有这两套，希望哪位有中山医的考博试题，更多上传，响应楼主号召，资源共享！

gaosz

2007-07-08 15:13

中山医科大学免疫学试题（博士）2006年
一、名解：
1.ADCC
2.II型超敏
3.FASL/FAS
4.DNA疫苗
5.过敏毒素
6.APC
7.整合素
8.外周免疫耐受
9.超抗原
10.AIDS
二、论述题
1.试述NK，CTL的杀伤作用的比较
2.T、B淋巴细胞相互作用机制
3.初次、再次免疫应答比较
4.自身免疫病发病机制
5.试述提高肿瘤免疫的可能机制

中山医科大学免疫学试题（博士）2000年

1． T细胞在胸腺的发育过程与意义？

2．细胞因子的特性？

3． BCR多样性的原因？

4．什么是共同刺激信号及其临床应用价值？

5．交叉抗原的定义及其临床适用价值？

中山医科大学解剖学试题（博士）2006年
40道选择题（每题1分）（略）

10道名词解释（每题2分）
1.室旁垂体束
2.下运动神经元
3.枕下三角
4.四边孔
5.会阴中心腱
6.Vater壶腹
7.肾段
8.屈光装置
9.颞下颌间隙
10.迷路

8道问答题
1.详细描述眼外肌的分布特点及眼球的运动（15分）

2.试述与脊髓相比脑干内部结构主要有哪几个方面的变化（15分）
3.从解剖学的角度叙述眶上裂综合征、岩尖综合征和颈静脉综合征可能损伤的结构和症状（10分）

4.试述心冠状动脉的分布与分布类型（10分）

5.试述腹膜与腹、盆腔各脏器的关系及腹膜在腹腔中形成的韧带（10分）

6.一名运动员打棒球时被球击中头部右侧，当时清醒。休息1h后，性情改变，烦躁，站起后摇摇晃晃然后跌倒。PE：呈嗜睡，面部左侧和左臂抽搐。诊断为硬膜外血肿。请问可能是头右侧哪条动脉损伤？为何会出现以上症状？（10分）

7. 女，25y，突感腹痛，并逐渐蔓延至全腹，后出现肩胛部疼痛，肛门坠胀感。疑为输卵管妊娠并破裂，失血性休克。欲剖腹探查。问题如下：

1）输卵管的分部

2）为何出现肩胛部疼痛

3）为何出现肛门坠胀感

4）输卵管妊娠破裂出血来自哪些动脉

5）手术中如何找出输卵管？应与什么结构鉴别（10分）

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题细胞生物2000年

1．叙述细胞物质跨膜转运的类型及其形式的特点。

2．叙述细胞粘连的分子基础及其结构和特点。

3．叙述DNA转录调控中DNA元件与转录因子之间的相互作用。

4．叙述染色体的基本结构及端粒与端粒酶的作用。

5．核孔复合体缝隙连接 MAP激酶级联反应细胞间期与细胞周期

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题细胞生物2001年

1．细胞质膜的结构、化学组成、作用；举例说明在细胞胞吞作用中质膜化学成分的作用。

2．细胞骨架的定义、分类、结构和功能。

3．细胞间连接结构和功能。

4．分别举例说明细胞分化与基因表达。

5．试述真核生物DNA复制的特点及过程。

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题细胞生物2002年

1． G蛋白偶联的传导通路。

2．细胞周期及其特点。

3．线粒体的结构和功能。

4．高尔基体的结构和功能。

5．？

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题神经内科1995年

1.重症肌无力发病机理

2.癫痫的治疗和诊断

3.sah迟发性血管痉挛的临床表现

4.帕金森病的分子生物学研究进展

5.大脑中动脉栓塞的临床表现

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题神经内科1996年

1.失语的定义定位

2.颈内动脉、小脑后下动脉栓塞的临床表现

3.难治性癫痫的诊断和治疗

4.眼肌麻痹的定位诊断分析

5.帕金森病、痴呆、神经遗传病的研究进展

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题神经内科1997年

1.缺血性脑血管病的溶栓、抗凝治疗的适应症和禁忌症

2.重症肌无力和类重症肌无力的诊断和治疗

3.脊髓空洞症的临床表现、病理和鉴别诊断

4.癫痫活动的机理

5.MR和CT对脑血管病和脊髓疾病诊断的优点和缺点

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题神经内科1998年

1.眼肌麻痹的原因（眼斜视的定位定性）

2.脑脊液中糖；氯化物升高、降低的原因机理

3.难治性癫痫的治疗

4.蛛网膜下腔出血的并发症以及防治

5.脑血管病的研究进展

6.神经遗传病的研究进展

7.帕金森病的研究进展

5.6.7任选一题即可

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题神经内科1999年

1.缺血性脑损伤的病理生理基础和和脑梗塞的治疗原则

2.头痛合并眼外肌麻痹要考虑那些疾病，如何进一步检查

3.癫痫患者能否婚育，应该注意那些问题，为什么

4.颅内高压的患者那些可以腰穿，可能出现的问题

5.进展题，脑血管溶栓的进展帕金森病的治疗进展，神经遗传病的产前诊断的价值和如何进行

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题神经内科2001年

1.SAH的病理，并发症和发病机制

2.帕金森病的治疗现状

3.癫痫的药物治疗

4.脊髓压迫症的鉴别诊断

5.肌营养不良的产前诊断

6.头痛伴眼肌麻痹的诊断

7.MS的病理以及发病机制

中山大学医学院——药理学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题

论述题（每题20分）

1、从药物量效曲线的特征说明药物作用的哪些特性

2、比较阿斯匹林和糖皮质激素的抗炎作用

3、用G蛋白耦联受体介导的细胞信号通路及常用工具药分析细胞内cAMP水平升高的可能机制

4、硝酸酯类和普奈洛尔联合抗心绞痛的药理学基础

5、述抗肿瘤化疗药个体化的策略

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题药理2004年

1.阿托品的临床应用

2.量效曲线的参数和意义

3.直接作用在血管平滑肌并使之扩展的药物及机制

4.钙拮抗剂对正常心肌电生理的作用

5.苯二氮卓类的药理作用

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题药理（年份不详）

1、试述利多卡因的作用和用途

2、简述止痛药的种类及代表药物

3、试分析作用于那些环节可以起到肌松的作用

4、心绞痛时在硝酸甘油的基础上应用倍他受体阻滞剂有什么好处

5、一级药代动力学的特征

6、零级药代动力学的特征

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题眼科2002年

1-5题必答，6，7题选一道。

1.眼表，眼表疾病的概念以及眼表疾病的诊断和处理原则。15分

2.实验室检查对葡萄膜炎的诊断价值。20分

3.晶体脱位的分类及手术治疗 15分

4.糖尿病视网膜病变的临床表现，诊断和处理。20分

5视神经炎的分类，临床表现和治疗。15分

6。屈光手术的分类和主要适应症。15分

7。眼球突出的病因，诊断和治疗。15分

中山医科大学生物化学试题（博士）2004年

一、名词解释（10*3）

1.分子伴侣、2.随从链、3.尿素循环、4.基因诊断、5.基因重组、6.底物水平磷酸化、7.一碳单位、8.生物转化、9.KLENOW 片段、10.邻近效应

二、简答题（8*5）

1、a－螺旋的特点

2、DNA双螺旋的类型及结构特点

3、遗传密码的特点

4、红细胞糖代谢的特点

5、mRNA的加工修饰包括哪些内容

6、真核基因组的结构特点

7、如果一酶与底物作用的反应曲线成“S”型，解释其原因

8、NADPH参加反应的类型

三、论述题（3*10）

1、人类基因组计划已经完成，今后分子生物学的工作重点应该是什么？

2、为什么在缺氧的条件下，糖酵解反应能够持续进行？

3、如果要用基因工程方法生产胰岛素，如何获得胰岛素基因？

中山医科大学病理学试题（博士）2004年（专业基础）

名词解释30)

假性动脉瘤

食管嗜酸性肉芽肿

内胚窦瘤

细胞水肿

蜂窝织炎

副肿瘤综合征

Willim’s瘤

创伤性神经瘤

巧克力囊肿

简答(30)

血栓形成的类型及形态特点

何为绒毛心,其发生机制及结局

肝肺为何为恶性肿瘤常见转移的部位

免疫组织化学的原理及临床病理意义

原发性肺TB的播散的方式

何种情况外科手术送冰冻切片

问答(40)

比较肾凝固性坏死和于酪性坏死的的原因及形态

何为肉芽肿,镜下结构,作用及结局

心梗导致附壁血栓形成的机理,对机体的影响

腺上皮CA分那几类及形态特点

良恶性肿瘤的镜下差异,举例说明那些良恶性肿瘤有时无绝对分界.

中山医科大学病理学试题（博士）2001年（专业基础）

一、名词（20分）

1干酪性坏死 2栓塞 3颗粒性固缩肾 4心瓣膜口狭窄 5砂粒体 6 P-J综合征 7肿瘤的异质性 8子宫颈息肉 9胃的肠上皮化生 10 ？

二、简答（20分）

1坏死组织的溶解吸收。

2什么是自身免疫性疾病，试举3例。

3什么是羊水栓塞。

4血栓形成的后果。

5什么是肿瘤胚胎抗原，试举2例。

三、问答（60分）

1心肌梗塞的并发症及分别对机体的影响。

2试用大叶性肺炎的病理改变说明其临床表现。

3上消化道大出血的常见病因有哪些，试分别用3种病因的病理改变说明其出血机制。

4术中冰冻活检适用于哪几种情况及意义。

5肉芽组织的肉眼表现、镜下表现、作用及结局。

6肿瘤的异型性，试举例说明。

2006年中山医外科考博试题
伤的并发症
2 输血的并发症
3和成分输血相比，输全血的缺点。
4前列腺癌的病理分期
5原发性下肢静脉瓣关闭不全的诊断和治疗
6肉眼血尿位置判断
7骨折不愈合的定义以及X线的表现
8股骨头坏死的ficoa分期
9胆源性胰腺炎治疗
10 腹部损伤时下列哪些情况考虑腹部内脏器官的损伤
11急腹症的诊断与鉴别诊断的一般程序
12 肠外营养的并发症
选做题
普外
1 乳腺癌的手术方式
2
移植外科
1 移植抗原有哪？肾移植时做哪些免疫方面的检查
2 什么情况下恶性肝肿瘤肝移植的疗效不好
胸外科
1 体外循环发生哪些病理生理变化
2 三尖瓣闭锁的分型
泌尿外
1 尿道囊肿的分型

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题外科2003年

颅高压诊治

小脑肿瘤分类诊治

二尖瓣狭窄诊治

法四诊治

脊柱侧弯分类

骨巨细胞瘤诊治

肝功能分级

肝门肿瘤分类治疗

睾丸肿瘤分类治疗

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题外科2004年

1肱骨髁上骨折分型及手术适应症(7)

2.心肺复苏术中初期复苏治疗措施(3)

3.甲亢手术较药物及放射性I治疗的优点(4)

4.肾癌的肾外症状(5)

5.何为血管源性脑水肿(4)

6.典型食管癌的临床表现

7.十二指肠损伤的特点是什么?伤后常见的死亡原因是什么

8.MODS的中英文名称及定义(4)

9.CHILD分级A级标准(5)

10.膝关节半月板损伤的临床表现及诊断(10)

11.BPH和前列腺癌好发部位及鉴别(10)

12.上消化道出血的常见原因及治疗原则(12)

13.胃癌根治分级校准,D2胃窦癌的淋巴结分组及名称(10)

14.何种方法可确诊胆囊息肉?无症状息肉在何种情况下手术治疗(10)

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖2003年

1、有何神经分布到视器和听器？是试述其纤维成分、核团名称和支配结构。

2、骨突浅面的皮肤受体重压迫4小时以上就有可能因毛细血管闭塞、营养不良而坏死，形成压迫性溃疡（褥疮）。因而对卧床不能翻身的病人，每2小时即需被动翻身一次。请考虑身体什么部位的褥疮最为常见？共有那些骨突可能形成褥疮（应考虑不同的坐、卧位）？

3、详述乳腺癌可能的淋巴转移途径和临床意义。

4、据我国临床统计，冠状动脉硬化导致阻塞的好发部位按出现率的大小依次为：（1）左冠状动脉前室间支42.6%；（2）右冠状动脉干30%；（3）左冠状动脉旋支24.5%；（4）左冠状动脉干2.9%，上述阻塞多见于各血管的近侧段。请问以上四种阻塞分别影响了心脏哪些区域的血液供应？

5、身体常有一些薄弱区，在异常情况下，某些结构可由正常部位穿过这些薄弱区形成疝，腹内容物有时入一些不寻常的位置，试述身体的一些常见和罕见疝的名称及脱出部位的名称。

6、脑干中重要的纤维束有哪些？其位置和性质如何？试述声波的传导途径，怎样鉴别传导性耳聋和神经性耳聋？

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖2002年

1、试述肩胛动脉网的形成，个动脉的来源、行程和供应范围：略述肩胛动脉网的临床意义。

2、用绘图的方式表示腹膜形成的结构。

3、用三线表的形式比较颈椎、胸椎和腰椎的解剖学特征。

4、试述颈前三角的境界和分区，各三角区的主要结构。

5、试述四肢的痛温觉传导通路；当脊髓一侧损伤时对痛温觉和本体感觉影响有何不同，为什么？

6、疯牛病是一种什么样的疾病，其主要的病理变化和机制是什么？

2005年中山医科大学专业基础课病理生理学考博试题
一.名词解释
1.pulmonary encephalopathy

2.非少尿性ARF

3.apoptosis

4.hyperthermia

二问答题

1.试述下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质系统的生物学意义.(从利弊两方面)

2.血浆氨基酸不平衡产生的原理和引起肝性脑病的机制.

3.革兰氏阴性菌容易引起DIC的机制.

4.休克晚期引起呼吸衰竭的机制?

2006年中山大学博士入学考试病理学真题
一、名解（2.5分×12）
1.交界瘤 2.髓母细胞瘤 3.滤泡性淋巴瘤 4.metastasis 5.Krukenberg瘤 6.慢性肉芽肿性炎 7.脓毒败血症 8.Crohn病 9.apudoma 10.移植－急性排斥反应 11.confocal laser scanning microscopy 12.糖尿病肾病
二、问答题（5分×6）
1.骨巨细胞瘤的生物学行为
2.真性、假性腹主动脉瘤鉴别
3.列举5种癌前病变
4.何谓生物芯片？其分为哪几类？
5.什么是肿瘤胚胎抗原，试举两例阐述其临床意义
6.羊水栓塞的原因？其病理诊断的依据？
三、论述题（8分×5）
1.肺癌的常见分类，各自的大体及镜下特点
2.右下腹发现肿块，鉴别诊断及其病理特点
3.炎症介质的作用，并分别举两例
4.化学致癌因素包括哪些？其致癌的机制如何
5.免疫组化的原理，举例说明其在临床诊断和鉴别诊断中的意义

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题病理生理2004年

名词: 1 阴离子间隙 2 DIC 3心肌重构 4 ?

问答:1休克导致急性肾衰的机制.

2 细胞信号转导解释高血压发病的分子机制.

3 为什么氧中毒的细胞损伤与缺血再灌注的损伤都与活性氧的作用有关?

4 低张性缺氧引起哪些代偿性变化及病生意义.

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题病理生理2003年

名解；MOFS 功能性分流休克肺呼吸衰竭

问答

1休克为什么引起心衰

2心梗引起心衰机制

3糖尿病可引起什么酸碱平衡紊乱？

4严重肝病引起血氨升高机制？对脑子有何毒性作用？

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题病理生理2001年

1、名词解释：发热、真性分流、血栓调节蛋白、心钠素

2、败血症休克的机制？？

3、休克复苏以后，缺血再灌注氧自由基产生增多的原因及其损害机制？

4、高血钾对心血管系统的影响机制？

5、冠心病心力衰竭的机制？？

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题病理生理2000年

名词解释 1、微血管病性溶血性贫血。 2、呼吸衰竭。 3、？4、缺血再灌注损伤

问答题

1。内毒素引起DID的机制。

2。非菌血症性临床败血症的发病机制

3。肾性骨营养不良的发生机制

4。长居高原地区引起肺原性心脏病的发病机理

2005年中山医科大学内科学考博试题
内科学包括各专业
一、公共题（每题13分）
1.慢性阻塞性肺疾病要与哪些疾病相鉴别，试述其鉴别要点。
2.简述急性左心衰的治疗。
3.简述糖皮质激素治疗原发性肾病综合征的利尿及消除尿蛋白的可能机制，使用原则和一般方案。
4.试述原发性再生障碍性贫血的诊断标准。重型再障和慢性再障的诊断标准。
5.胃食管反流病的诊断标准。
6.试述糖尿病酮症酸中毒的治疗原则。
二、专业题（选作一题，22分）
1.呼吸科：试述低氧血症和高碳酸血症的发生机制。
2.心内科：试述ST段抬高性心肌梗塞心电图表现的特点和动态性改变。
3.肾病科：简述针对原发性肾病综合征的不同病理类型，循证医学目前提出的相应治疗方案。
4.血液科：血清蛋白电泳出现单克隆蛋白要考虑哪些疾病？试简述其鉴别要点。
5.消化科：简述急性重症胰腺炎的内科处理措施。
6.内分泌科：简述胰岛B细胞功能与2型糖尿病病情演变的关系及评价胰岛B细胞功能的指标。

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题内科2004年

一必答题（每题15分，共90分）

1 试述支气管哮喘的诊断标准以及非急性发作期病情的评价。

2 试述急性心肌梗塞的溶栓指征及疗效判断标准。

3 病例一个：男性，40岁，反复上腹部疼痛n年，黑便n天。2年前曾行胃镜检查提示十二指肠。脉搏80次/分，血压110/70mmHg，血红蛋白108g/L。问：（1）本病最可能的诊断。（2 ）目前的诊治措施。（3）如何防止再出血。

4 甲状腺功能亢进症的特殊临床类型有哪些？甲状腺危象的临床表现有哪些？

5 慢性肾功能衰竭的加重因素及治疗措施有哪些？

6 小细胞性贫血的主要有哪几个疾病？其鉴别诊断要点如何？

二、选答题（选答一道与自己所报专业方向相关的题目，10分）

1 如果一个患者考虑小肠出血，应采取哪些诊断手段及其原理，如何？

2 常复发性肾病综合征的定义、病因以及治疗原则。

3 难治性粒细胞白血病的诊断要点及治疗原则。

4 糖尿病常用药物类型、作用机制及常见不良反应。

5睡眠呼吸障碍综合征的定义,分型和治疗措施.

6什么是4S试验? 他汀类非降脂方面的心血管保护作用.

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题呼吸内科2003年

1. ARDS定义诊断治疗

2. 食管喷门失弛缓症的诊断和治疗

3. 糖尿病血脂紊乱分型及诊断治疗—1999年美国标准

4. 急进型肾小球肾炎的病理分型及治疗

5. 纯红再障的诊断及治疗

6. sorry，不记得了

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题内科2002年

急性冠脉综合征定义、处理

肺栓塞诊断、处理

重症胰腺炎早期诊断指标

脂蛋白分类及功能

类白血病反应与急粒的区别

中山医科大学博士入学考试试题内科2001年

Q-T间期延长的心律有哪些？其中胺碘酮治疗哪些有效？试述胺碘酮的副作用？

功能性消化不良的诊断程序及标准

蛋白尿的诊断步骤

胰岛素强化治疗的病人出现早上空腹血糖升高的原因及处理

MM中高钙的处理？尿蛋白升高的原因？

咖啡因的糖

2007-07-20 09:55

中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心

2003 年度秋季博士生入学考试试题

考试科目：电动力学

一.名词解释：(30分)

1．写出介质中的麦克斯韦方程组（10分)

2．相对论中动量和能量关系式(5分)

3．洛伦兹力表达式 (5分)

4．写出电磁场的能量和动量密度（5分）

5．写出电磁场的边值关系（5分）

二、由介质中的麦克斯韦方程组推导达郎贝尔方程 (10分)

三、有一内外半径分别为r1和r2的空心介质球，介质的电容率为e，使介质内均匀带静止自由电荷rf，求：

(1) 空间各点的电场

(2) 极化体电荷和极化面电荷分布。

(20分)

四、p介子的本征寿命为t0＝2.5´10-8秒。当它以速度0.99c相对于实验室运动时，求它一生中通过的距离。(10分)

五、由麦克斯韦方程组出发，求电导率为s，电容率为e的均匀介质内部自由电荷密度rf与时间的关系，并说明其物理意义。(20分)

lyw1234004

2007-07-26 13:55

2005人大经院政治经济学2考博试题
政治经济学专业，“社会主义经济理论”方向。
《社会主义经济理论》
1、刘易斯说：“失败的政府要么是管得太多，要么是管得太少。”谈谈你对这句话的理解。
2、西方经济学和马克思主义经济学的研究对象和方法论有哪些不同？马克思是如何研究生产关系和资源配置的关系的？
3、关于我国国有企业产权改革的观点有哪几种？你认为什么是产权改革的关键？4、运用经济学理论分析科学的发展观和和谐社会的关系。
《西方经济学》
1、基数效用论是如何得出需求曲线的？
2、古诺模型的内容和结论。
3、科斯定理的内容。如果你是我国环境政策的制定者，你将如何运用科斯定理来制定环境保护政策？
4、人力资本、教育在经济增长中的作用。
5、运用动态不一致性理论来分析我国货币政策的有效性。

lyw1234004

2007-07-26 13:57

南京大学2005年理论经济学博士研究生入学试题！
南大理论经济学各专业实行统考，并侧重考察考生思维方式和解决问题的能力！
政治经济学研究: 共四题每题25分
一、论述马克思在《资本论》中关于利息的观点。
二、垄断和反垄断的经济分析。
三、论述价值决定和价值分配的关系，并评论我国目前的分配政策。
四、运用经济周期理论分析我国现阶段经济运行的特点，并评论我国实行稳健的财政政策和稳健的货币政策的效果。
西方经济学研究：分宏观和微观两部分，每部分50分
宏观经济学部分：
一、已知投资曲线：I=I0--h *i ，货币需求曲线为L=KY-bi 消费曲线为：C=C0+C*Y，运用IS-LM模型通过计算说明：（20分）（1）财政政策和货币政策影响总需求的因素包括那些？（2）上述因素的影响程度如何？
二、写出生命周期理论中饱含财富因素的消费函数表达式，并分析（1）当财富、预期收入增加时给消费带来的影响。（2）年龄结构变化对消费的影响。（15）
三、说明完全预期和非完全预期通货膨胀的成本，并评论“2004年由于通货膨胀使我国居民财富损失7000亿”的观点。（15分）
微观经济学部分：
一、评论熊彼特关于完全竞争和完全垄断的理论。（15分）
二、资源配置效率的含义是什么？X非效率的含义是什么？两者有何区别？（15）
三、阅读一段英文材料，试从微观的角度分析说明我国参与国际分工实现开放式成长战略的内在机理、问题和产业升级的途径。（20分）

lyw1234004

2007-07-26 13:58

海交通大学考博2004年西方经济学试题

包括微观经济学和宏观经济学，指定的参考教材是平狄克和鲁宾费儿德的微观经济学

和泰勒和霍儿的宏观经济学。

1、收益矩阵为：-20，-30 900，600

100，800 50，50

A、求纳什均衡

B、求极大极小均衡

C、求合作情况下，谁获益更大

2、AS曲线为Y=3350+400P，I=200-50R，G=200，C=220+YD，MD/P=0。4Y-100R，MS=900。

A、求AD曲线并画图

B、求P=1时的Y及R

C、求当Y*=3850时，AD曲线应平移多少个单位，P应增长多少个单位。

3、一个公式（就是斯勒茨基方程）

A、上述式子是什么公式？

B、各项内容及其联系

4、Y=F（K，L）

A、用上式推导索洛新古典增长模型

B、分别叙述各部分含义。

5、为什么长期时总供给曲线垂直与自然产出水平，πe与其关系如何调整？试用公式及画图说明之。

论述

1、外部性、公共物品，信息不对称的实质意义，它们分别对新古典经济学提出了什么挑战，它们如何促进了现代经济学的发展。

2、经济学理性基础上的偏好，效用函数，显示性偏好之间的关系。

samanthlxw

2007-08-07 19:39

清华大学2000年5月考博英语真题
Part I Listening Comprehension (15%)

Section A 注；请将70 至100字的概要用中文写在答题纸上。
Section B 注；请将答案用英文写在答案纸上。
Section C 注请将答案用英文填写在答题纸的表格上。
Part II Vocabulary and Structure (20%)
Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four Choices marked A, B. C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.
1. The opinions of his peers are more important to her than her parents' idea.

A) friends B) equals

C) enemies D) bosses

2. After we join the WTO, the situation that our automobile industry, depends for its survival on government subsidies will be changed.

A) financial aid B) personnel support

C) spiritual encouragement D) partial taxation

3. My salary has been raised to 100,000 yuan a year. but there is a proportionate increase in my income tax.

A) dramatic B) undesirable

C) perpetual D) proportional

4. Henry David Thoreau used to ramble through the woods before he wrote his most famous book Walden (1854).

A) study B) live

C) read aloud D) wander

5. Despite the pressure from the president, the provincial government insisted on its autonomous jurisdiction.

A) regional B) obstinate

C) willful D) legal

6. All programs celebrating the Spring Festival in the CCTV have been relayed to even' part of the world through satellites.

A) received B) reserved

C) rebroadcast D) enjoyed

7. You must be drunk last night. Otherwise how did you manage to drive into a stationary vehicle?

A) official B) police

C) parked D) running

8. To create a democratic atmosphere in the company, the manager should always be accessible to his staff.

A)fair B) equal

C) acceptable D) approachable

9. The newly imported machine doesn't work in ambient humidity of 50 degrees.

A) approximate B) surrounding

C) convenient D) high

10. Many students are signing the petition against building a steelworks near the school.

A) names B) agreement

C) request D) disapproval

11. Your appraisal of the current situation is quite different from mine.

A) optimistic B) compliment

C) agreement D) estimate

12. They are boycotting the store because the workers are on strike.

A) looting B) banning

C) protecting D) destroying

13. In the final contest, two athletes are contending for the championship.

A) satisfying B) happy

C) competing D) quarreling

14. The computer's value will depreciate by half in the first year.

A) decrease B) increase

C) keep low D) fluctuate

15. China Telecom is about to embark on a major program of computerization.

A) propaganda B) finish

C) purchase D) undertake

l6. The candidate has given a pledge that he will improve the local environment and invest doubly in education.

A) promise B) declaration

C) proposal D) possibility

17. There has always been an epldemic or bike stealing in schools.

A) a theft B) a punishment

C) a plague D) a crime

18. It is in Chongqing that the next international symposium on environmental protection will be held.

A) debate B) conference

C) seminar D) negotiation

19. Many people suspected the existence of extraterrestrial life.

A) snowman B) outside the earth

C) spiritual D) underworld

20. In case your liabilities outrun your assets, you may go bankrupt.

A) debt B) enterprise

C) controversy D) bondage

21.After the fierce quarrel, they began to have a __________ loathing for each other.

A) boring B) reciprocal

C) friendly D) standing

22. On the stage many pieces of blue silk were fluctuated to ________the sea waves.

A) simplify B) simulate

C) help D) like

23. The government lacked money because of biting oil________.

A) prices B) stations

C) buildings D) revenues

24. Though the policies of racial ________had been abolished, many whites in the South were still dubious about the safety of the communities.

A) segregation B) regulations

C) communism D3 extinction

25. The proposal was accepted with ________ approval. Everybody believed it would help revive the national economy.

A) unanimous B) doubtful

C) pleasant D) searching

26. Many social services are provided by ________ societies and organizations that do not expect any material payment.

A) wealthy B)voluntary

C) helpful D)spiritual

27. In the packed hall, the people sitting close to me _________ me into the corner little by little.

A) dragged B) drew

C) frightened D) wedged

28. The police, trying to ________exactly who was at the party are investigating every person concerned.

A) ascertain B) arrest

C) imagine D) count

29. If everybody has arrived the meeting may________ now.

A) commence B) criticize

C) comment D) conclude

30. The prodigal son ________his large inheritance in a few years of heavy spending.

A) inherited B) received

C) accumulated D) dissipated

3l. In ancient India, there used to be a very formidable ________ in religious and social life.

A) hierarchy B) power

C) despot D) president

32. _________ delinquency refers to law-breaking by young people.

A) Juvenile B) Green-hand

C) Amateur D) Institute

33. It's necessary to make your handwritings ________ when you fill in an official form.

A) reconcilable B) legitimate

C) legible D) formal

34. She has always been a conscientious secretary since the gal, she entered my company. Tine suggestion that I wanted her to resign is quite __________

A) thoughtful B) reasonable

C) unfounded D) early

35. The ________ meaning of "yellow" is a color, but it can also mean "cowardly."

A) positive B) negative

C) underlying D) literal

36. When I stayed in the country, I used to walk in the fields at night and to see ________ of stars.
A) the circulation B) a clusterC) the falling D) myriads
36. When I stayed in the country, I used to walk in the fields at night and to see ________ of stars.
A) the circulation B) a clusterC) the falling D) myriads
37. Ringing church bells sets up ________ in the Alpine valleys.
A) resonance B) forestsC) church building D) priests
38. The students are all from ________ countries, such as Singapore. India Korean, and Japan.
A) developing B)oriental C) island D) Christian
39. Wouldn't it be easier to move about on the ________ of the mobbed crowd than to squeeze in tile middle?
A) consent B) headsC) fringe D) recreation
40. When the new immigration law came into effect, the old one was naturally
A) validated B) put offC) repealed D) put up
Part III Reading Comprehension (50%)
Section A
Passage I
In the years following the Second World War, the youth hostel idea spread to other parts of the world and the same spirit was maintained. The International Youth Hostel Federation, IYHF, which was to co-ordinate activities in the various national associations, incorporated in its constitution the principle that in youth hostels "there shall be no distinctions of race, nationality color, religion, class or political opinions. This, it should be noted, was at a time when the principles of racial equality and brotherhood were by no means so widely acknowledged as they are now."

There is normally no age bar at youth hostels. Exceptions are Switzerland and Bavaria. Where there is a maximum age of 25 and I7 years respectively. Generally, however, the hostels are intended to meet the needs of two main groups: senior secondary school children, university and schoolchildren travelling with a teacher on educational visits, and aged between about 11 and I8.

The principal contribution of the youth hostel movement to the attack on racism is the fact that in the 4,364 hostels throughout the world the brotherhood of man is taken for granted and practiced quietly and without any ostentation.

If you walk into the common-room of a big youth hostel in Gracow or Munich, Lahore of Canberra, you will find young people of' every race and nationality sitting down together to share their experiences and discuss the world's problems. As a Malaysian boy recently remarked:" youth hostel is a place where you will never feel lost"

In accordance with its constitution, the IYHF has never admitted to membership youth hostel associations in South Africa and Rhodesia, because legislation in those countries makes it impossible for people of different races to share youth hostel facilities.

But an interesting new project is under way in Lesotho, with the financial and technical support of the Federation: the construction of a south hostel specifically designed to carry out an educational task in southern Africa by opening its doors to young people of all races from neighboring and more distant countries. Situated just outside the capital, Maseru, the youth hostel will also provide accommodation for young people of Lesotho attending study and training courses.

The very, comprehensive statistics maintained by the IYHF show tile movement of young people form country, to country in some detail, it can be seen, for instance, that 10,828 "overnights" were recorded in 1972 by young Americans in tile hostels of Japan. and 3.643 by young visitors form India in the youth hostels of West Germany. Although these figures are small in absolute terms, they represent a network of individual human contacts among young people which can influence outlooks and opinions at the grass roots.
41. It can be interred from this passage that IYHF is
A) an organization where young people live
B) an organization that advocates brotherhood of man
C) an organization to protect the rights of teenagers
D) an international company
42. "Ostentation" in the last sentence of the third paragraph is closest in meaning with_______
A) pretentiousness B) outstanding C) obstruction D) declaration
43. The maximum age of people staying at youth hostels in most countries is______
A) 20 B) 25 C) 17 D) unlimited
44. The tone of this article may be described is______
A) formal B) imaginative C) humorous D) negative
45. All the following statements are true EXCEPT ______
A) Countries where youth hostels are segregated by race are fined by IYHF.
B) Only very, few countries are members of the IYHE.
C) Countries where youth hostels are segregated by race are denied membership in the IYHF.
D) All countries are allowed normal memberships in the IYHF.
Passage 2
Before about 3500 BC, there were cultures, but not civilizations. Prehistoric men and women created societies, constructed houses, lived in villages, hunted and fished, farmed, made pottery, wove cloth, and created languages. But unlike more advanced peoples, they did not build cities, read, or write. Cities are the cornerstone of civilized life because with them came other civilizing elements, including differentiation of classes and employment, sophisticated religious and political systems, monumental architecture, and the formation of states and empires.Historians usually begin the story, of civilization with accounts of the world's first great writers and city-builders, the Sumerians. Because the Sumerians recorded ideas and sagas and listed the names of their rulers, we know more about them than about prehistoric about prehistoric peoples who left their legacy in stones, bones, and pottery.With the ability to build cities and record thought came the ability to communicate ideas and innovations over vast reaches of time and space. Human beings—who had formerly taken hundreds of thousands of years to learn that a stone ax sharpened on both sides is more useful than an ax sharpened on one side—progressed rapidly from foot travel to horse drawn carts, and later, from railroads to airplanes. With these and thousands of other innovations, people came to live Longer, more comfortable lives.Civilization also brought new ills to humanity. In the 20th century, it brought nuclear carfare global warming, and ozone depletion. More subtly, civilization removed human beings from regular encounters with the wonders of the natural world. Unlike people of modem civilizations primitive people lived close to the sounds and smells of forest and grasslands. They locked at fire and the stars with awe and reverence. Civilization involves the ability to create a new political and cultural world. In the 19th century, the American writer, philosopher, and naturalist Henry David Thoreau noted that this artificial sphere separates humanity from primitive virtue. "Most of the luxuries, he argued, "and many of the so-called comforts, of life are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevations of mankind." Thoreau believed that men and women should simplify their lives.Even those ancient pioneers of civilization, the Greeks, mourned the lost innocence. They expressed this sense of regret in the story, of Prometheus and Pandora. Contrary, to the wishes of other Gods, Prometheus brought to humanity the gifts of fire, art, and science. The jealous gods were unwilling to allow men and women to enjoy, such blessings without cost, and so they sent Pandora to the world with a box containing disease, sorrow, and other evils.Thus, human beings have viewed civilization as a mixed blessing. Civilized people have waged brutal wars, destroyed majestic forests, and persecuted religious minorities. But civilizations have also achieved wonders.

46. Which of the following represents civilization of people?
A) They build houses. B) They have societies
C) They live in a group. D) They can write.
47. "Sumerians" in the second paragraph refers to ______.
A) a person B) a group of people C) human beings D) prehistoric people
48. In paragraph 4, there is a sentence given by Henry. Thoreau, "Most of the luxuries, and many of the so-called comforts, of life are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevations of mankind." This sentence means ______.
A) Most luxuries and comforts are important and can improve the quality, of people's life.
B) Most luxuries rind comforts are not so important for they cannot improve the quality of people's life.
C) Most luxuries and comforts are not so necessary and also they prevent the progress of human beings
D) Most luxuries and comforts are too important to improve the quality of people's life
49. All tile following represent the negative side of civilization EXCEPT ______
A) chemical warfare B) the decrease of fresh airC) greenhouse effect D) the nuclear plant
50. In the paragraph that follows this passage, the writer is going to discuss ______
A) the importance of civilizationB) the difference between civilization and culture
C) the positive aspect of civilizationD) the Greeks
Passage 3
One of the foremost authors of the era between the two world wars, Hemingway in his early works depicted tile lives of two types of people. One type consisted of men and women deprived, by World War I, of faith in the moral values in which they had believed, and who lived with cynical disregard for anything but their own emotional needs. The other type were men of simple character and primitive emotions, such as prizefighters and bullfighters. Hemingway wrote of their courageous and usually futile battles against circumstances. His earliest works include the collections of short stories Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923), his first work; In Our time (1924),tales reflecting his experiences as a youth in the northern Michigan woods; Men without women(1927), a volume that included "The Killers," remarkable for its description of impending doom; and Winner Take Nothing (1933), stories characterizing people in unfortunate circumstances in Europe. The novel that established Hemingway's reputation. The Sun Also Rises (1926), is the story, of a group of morally irresponsible Americans and Britons living in France and Spain, members of the so-called lost generation of the post-world War I period. Hemingway's second important novel, A Farewell to Arms (1929), is the story, of a deeply moving love affair in wartime Italy between an American officer in the Italian ambulance service and a British nurse. The novel was followed by two nonfiction works, Death in the Afternoon (1932), prose pieces mainly about bullfighting; and Green, gills of Africa (1935), accounts of big-game hunting.Hemingway's economical writing style often seems simple and almost childlike, but his method is calculated and used to complex effect. In his writing Hemingway provided detached descriptions of action, using simple nouns and verbs to capture scenes precisely. By doing so he avoided describing his characters' emotions and thoughts directly. Instead, in providing the reader with the raw material of an experience and eliminating the authorial viewpoint. Hemingway made the reading of a text approximate the actual experience as closely as possible. Hemingway was also deeply concerned with authenticity, in writing. He believed that a writer could treat a subject honestly only if the writer had participated in or observed the subject closely. Without such knowledge the writer's work would be flawed because the reader would sense the author's lack of expertise: In addition, Hemingway believed that an author writing about a familiar subject is able to write sparingly and eliminate a great deal of superfluous detail from the piece without sacrifleing the voice of authority. Hemingway's stylistic influence on American writers has been enormous. The success of his plain style in expressing basic. yet deeply felt, emotions contributed to the decline of the elaborate Victorian-era prose that characterized a great deal of American writing in the early 20th century. Many American writers have cited Hemingway as an influence on their own work.
51. The novel that brought Hemingway greatest fame________
A) Three Stories and Ten Poems B) In Far Time
C) Men Without Women D) The Sun Also Rises
52 Which of the following can best describe Hemingway's writing style?
A) simple and precise B) bullfighting C) superfluous D) complicated
53. According to this passage which of the following is the great contribution of Hemingway?
A) He introduced a new subject into literature.B) His writing style influenced a group of American writers C) He proved that one should write about details.D) He said that writers should know what they are writing.
54. This passage is mainly, about Hemingway's ___________
A) lifeB) background C) novels and writing style D) influence
55. The sentence. "Hemingway was also deeply concerned with authenticity in writing". "authenticity" is closest in meaning with
A) author's right B) credibilityC) authorization D) authorship
Section BDirections: After you have read the following passage write out a summary in English with about 70 to 90 words. Put your summary, on the Answer Sheet.
It is said that the public and Congressional concern. about deceptive packaging uproar started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of cereals consumed by him, Mrs. Hart, and their children were becoming higher and narrower, with a decline of net weight from 12 to 10.5 ounces, without any reduction in price. There were still twelve biscuits, but they had been reduced in size. Lze. Later, the Senator rightly complained of a store-bought pie in a handsomely illustrated box that pictured, in a single slice, almost as many cherries as there were in the whole pie.The manufacturer who increases the unit price of his product by changing his package size to lower the quantity, delivered can, without undue hardship, put his product into boxes, bags. and tins that will contain even 4-ounce, 8-ounce, one-pound quantities of break fast foods, cake mixes, etc. A study of drugstore and supermarket shelves will convince any observer that all possible size and shapes of boxes, jars, bottles and tins are in use more same time and as the package journals show, week by week, there is never any hesitation in introducing a new size and shape of box or bottle when it aids in product differentiation. The producers of packaged products argue strongly against changing sizes of packages to contain even weights and volumes, but no one in the trade comments unfavorably on the huge costs incurred by endless changes of package sizes, materials, shape, art work. and net weights hat are used for improving a product's market position.When a packaging expert explained that he was able to multiply tile price of hard sweets by 2.5,from I dollar to 2.50 dollars by changing to a fancy jar, or that he had made a 5-ounce bottle look as though it held 8 ounces, he was in effect telling the public that packaging can be a very expensive luxury. It evidently does come high. when an average family pays about 200 dollars a year for bottles, cans, boxes, jars and other containers, most of which can't be used for anything but stuffing the garbage can.注：请将概要用英文写在答题纸上。

Section CDirections: In this section, there is a passage with five questions. After you have read the passage, answer these questions in English and then put them on the Answer Sheet. If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival or the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired-reined at the lowest possible cost-much as one buys raw materials or equipment.The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central - usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm's hierarchy.While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is tip and running at capacity and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with he equipment can be employed. Tine result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can't effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.注：请将答案用英文写在答题纸上。
56. What does the management of human resources in American companies think about employees skill training?
57. What is the position of the head of human-resource. management in an American firm?
58. money most American firms put in training mainly goes to ______.
59. According to the passage, the decisive factor in maintaining a firm's competitive advantage is ______.
60. What is the main idea of the passage?
Part IV Writing (15%) (请将作文用英文写在答题纸上)Directions: In this section, you are asked to write a composition on the title of "Two Important Possible Changes. Which May Occur In Higher Education in China in the 2lst Century" with no less than 150 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese.1.21世纪高等教育在社会发展中将起到更为重要的作用。2.在21世纪高等教育将会发生许多变化（举两例说明）3.你对这些变化的认识及看法。

08年想读博

2007-09-23 12:02

2007年3月上海交通大学医学院生物化学博士入学考考题（试卷代号414）

RP x >
以下是下午的生物化学（医学院） 6 } \> %0
单选 20％（部分） *7pqD t5}
1，组成信号肽的氨基酸是 a )V`% 9u
疏水性，中性，酸性，极性，碱性 sWH . p
2，下列哪种酶缺乏会导致痛风？l< -Q.a
黄嘌呤氧化酶，HGPRT, 腺苷酸脱氨酶，腺苷脱氨酶，5‘－核糖核酸酶（？） /5gX8 C
3，下列那种是生酮氨基酸？ y{7- qqm
S_z3Z n(
名解 18％ >H@;SO }JL
1. snmRNA :Jh.|{ zO
2. 米－曼式方程 bKtx j{*!5
3. 6－磷酸果糖激酶－2 jxyO 4L*4
4. 酮体 lq)=sW!+ r
5. 端粒酶 Gd6s,|`q
6. ALA合酶 <j. r~**[
简答 24％ {&?vrm¬/*~
1. 比较蛋白质变性与变构 W @,x |d:M
2. DNA突变的意义 P Q8 e}&i
3. 磷酸戊糖途径和氨基酸联合脱氨基的生理意义 n 2Asw x]
4. 叶酸与维生素B12对红细胞成熟的影响 *Zc8# = 7
问答 38％ R85; F
1. 比较无氧酵解和有氧氧化产生ATP的方式 Ao) ,VRP!
2. 血氨的来源，主要去路的生化过程（文字式表达） AqnYb\ {,
3. 蛋白质合成后加工修饰成熟的过程，比较胰岛素和血红蛋白合成后加工 f @10qp
4. 严重肝脏疾病病人可以建议的四种生化检查，并说明依

tongxyang

2007-10-09 18:37

2002第四军医大学骨科博士试题 [转贴 2006-04-26 22:35:24 ] 发表者: 骨科题库
第四军医大学骨科专业矫形外科试题（博士）2002年
一、名词解释（每题2分）
1. 骨诱导； 2. 再灌注损伤； 3. 组织工程； 4. 扳机指； 5. Tinel征； 6. Legg-Calve-Perthes disease； 7.Volkmann’s Contracture； 8. Ortolani’s test； 9. Smith’s fracture； 10. Trendelenburg’s sign(test)。
二、简答题（任选5道，每题10分）
1、简述骨折一期愈合和二期愈合的特点。
2、简述小儿髋关节结核的诊断及治疗原则。
3、老年人轻微外伤所致严重骨折的原因有哪些？简述其进一步诊断及处理要点。
4、简述挤压综合征的诊断和处理原则。
5、肱骨中下段闭合骨折、断端有移位且合并桡神经伤，简述其处理原则。
6、在腰椎间盘突出症的治疗中，微创技术的治疗方法有哪些？试分别叙述其适应证及优缺点。
三、论述题（任选2题，每题15分）
1、试述参与骨折愈合的几种（可选述3种）主要细胞因子的生物学作用，如何用细胞因子促进骨折愈合？
2、试述人工关节置换的适应证，假体下沉、松动的主要原因及解决方法的研究进展。
3、试述恶性骨肿瘤的治疗原则，确定保肢手术治疗应考虑的问题有哪些？常用的方法有哪几种？
第四军医大学2002年博士入学考试试题骨科专业矫形外科
考试试题本试题共6题，任选5题，每题20分。
一、四肢长骨骨干骨折内、外固定的方法有哪些？各有什么优缺点？
二、人工全膝关节置换术的手术适应症有哪些？简述手术方法及注意事项。
三、颈椎病的类型有几种？简述脊髓型颈椎病前、后路手术方法和适应征。
四、骨肉瘤有哪几种类型？概述其治疗原则。
五、先天性马蹄内翻足有哪几种畸形？手术治疗后如何能矫正这些畸形？
六、概述骨不连治疗中，几个方面如生物、机械、电学等进展和应用。

2001第四军医大学骨科博士试题
第四军医大学骨科专业矫形外科试题（博士）2001年
一、略述骨组织工程的三要素及骨组织工程学的研究进展。
二、试述脊髓型颈椎病的临床诊断及治疗原则。
三、试述全膝关节置换术的适应证和并发症，如何预防并发症的发生。
四、手部屈肌腱损伤修复术后粘连的主要原因，如何预防？
五、试述儿童股骨头缺血坏死的诊断、治疗特点。
六、骨巨细胞瘤刮除植骨后复发的原因，如何降低复发率？

2000第四军医大学骨科博士试题 [转贴 2006-04-26 22:15:01 ] 发表者: 骨科题库
第四军医大学骨科专业矫形外科试题（博士）2000年
本试题共6题，任选5题，每题20分。
一、试述骨折愈合过程及诱导性成骨因子骨形态发生蛋白银（BMP）在加速骨愈合中的作用。
二、四肢长骨骨折可合并哪些神经损伤？长骨骨折及神经损伤的处理原则为何？
三、试述腰椎管狭窄症的分类、诊断及治疗原则。
四、试述下肢骨肉瘤保肢手术的适应证，保肢手术有哪些方法，如何预防肿瘤复发和转移。
五、试述臀肌挛缩的原因、表现及治疗方法。
六、试述引起足马蹄内翻畸形的原因及其鉴别诊断。
七、腘动脉损伤的临床表现及其处理。

1998第四军医大学骨科博士试题 [转贴 2006-04-26 22:13:23 ] 发表者: 骨科题库
第四军医大学1998年博士入学考试试题骨科专业矫形外科
本试题共6题，任选5题，每题20分。
一、试述骨不连的形成原因及骨生长因子的研究进展。
二、试述颈椎病的临床分型及各型的主要诊断依据和治疗原则。
三、人工髋关节置换术后可发生那些并发症？其处理原则如何？
四、试述周围神经损伤的类型及影响神经功能恢复的因素
五、试述小儿长骨骺板的结构，骨骺损伤的类型及其治疗原则。
六、试述开放性股骨下1/3骨折合

tongxyang

2007-10-09 18:38

997第四军医大学骨科博士试题 [转贴 2006-04-26 22:11:50 ] 发表者: 骨科题库
第四军医大学1997年博士入学考试试题骨科专业（矫形外科1）
本试题共6题，任选5题，每题20分。
一、试述骨不连形成的原因及内源性骨性骨生长因子的研究进展。
二、试述克服神经缺损的方法及非神经材料桥接周围神经缺损的研究进展。
三、试述拇指缺损的分度。拇指再造有哪些方法？
四、试述脊柱侧弯的分类及治疗原则。
五、试述胸椎管狭窄症的病理改变及诊断要点。
六、试述筋膜间隔综合征的诊断和处理要点。
第四军医大学1997年博士入学考试试题骨科专业矫形外科（2）
一、骨肿瘤的外科分级及其意义与治疗进展。
二、骨盆骨折分型及其解剖基础与处理措施。
三、医用生物材料的要求、种类及其在矫外的应用概况与发展方向。
四、先天性髋脱位的诊断与治疗措施。
五、名词解释（每一名词4分） 1.Mucopoly saccharoidosis
2.Spondyloschisis 3.Painful Arc Syndrome
4.Neurapraxia 5.Chance fracture

1996第四军医大学骨科博士试题 [转贴 2006-04-26 22:04:07 ] 发表者: 骨科题库
第四军医大学1996年博士入学考试试题骨科专业
一、试述各种植骨材料的优缺点及其研究进展。
二、试述骨肿瘤的外科分级和恶性骨肿瘤的保肢手术治疗进展。
三、股骨干骨折内固定有那几种方法？各自这些内固定方法各有何优缺点？
四、试述骨骺骨折的分型和处理原则。
五、试述腰椎管狭窄症的原因、诊断和治疗。
六、试述踝部骨折的类型和治疗。
七、名词解释（译为中文，并解释其含义）
1.Osgood-Schlatter disease 2.Claw foot
3.Sprengel’s shoulder 4.Arthrogyposis
5.CE angle of wiherg 6. Snapping hip
7. Osteogenesis imperfecta 8. Bennett’s fracture
9. CPM 10. Buttonhole deformity
（注：一～六题可任选五题回答，每题16分，第七题20分，每个名词2分

wayne1980

2007-10-15 09:27

华中科技大学同济医学院历年考博病理专基试题
博士专业基础
病理
1999
一名词解释（4*8）
1 毛玻璃样细胞
2 转移性钙化
3 凋亡小体
4 Waller变性
5 嗜酸性肉芽肿
6 肉芽肿
7 肿瘤的异质性
8 原发综合征
二问答题
1 何谓肉芽组织？试述其作用（10分）
2 何谓纤维素性炎和纤维素性坏死？举例说明（10分）
3 何谓血栓形成？其对机体的影响如何？（15分）
4 举例说明癌和肉瘤的区别（15分）
5 进展期胃癌的形态学特点和转移途径有哪些？（18分）
2000
一名词解释（5*8）
1 气球样变
2 毛玻璃细胞
3 创伤性神经瘤
4 畸胎瘤
5 吞噬作用
6 息肉状腺瘤
7 心肌梗死
8 幽门腺化生
二问答题（20*3）
1 何谓化生？试举两例说明。
2 炎症过程中引起血管通透性增加的原因有哪些？
3试述进展期胃癌的病变特点和其转移途径
2001
一名词解释（4*10）
1 Mallory小体
2凋亡小体
3 纤维素样坏死
4囊腺癌
5 假结核结节
6 肿瘤的异质性
7白色血栓
8区域性心肌梗死
9 噬神经细胞现象
10 白细胞附壁
二问答题
1 试比较肥大和增生的形态学异同点（15分）
2 何谓化脓性炎？可分为哪几型？各有何主要病变特点？（20分）
3 发现一侧颈部肿块，有哪些可能的疾病？试述其主要病理诊断依据（25分）
2002
一名词解释（3*10）
1 凋落小体
2 Biopsy
3 稳定细胞
4 Atypia
5 逆行性栓塞
6调理素
7原癌基因
8 假幽门腺化生
9 Piecemeal necrosis
10噬神经细胞现象
二问答题
1 举例说明梗死的类型及各型病变特点（10分）
2 晚期胃癌患者，背部皮下肿块经病检证实为胃腺癌转移病灶，试分析其最可能的转移途径（10分）
3 何谓化脓性炎？试比较试比较脓肿和蜂窝织炎的区别（14分）
4 试述门脉性肝硬变的病理变化及其引起门脉高压的原因（16分）
5 试述风湿性心脏病（风湿性全心炎）的主要病理变化及后果（20分）
2003
一名词解释（4*10，英文翻译为汉语并加以解释）
1 R-S细胞
2 inflammatory mediator
3 创伤性神经瘤
4 heart failure cells
5 羊水栓塞
6 干线型肝硬变
7 肿瘤的异质化
8 冠状动脉性猝死
9 假膜性炎
10 新月体肾炎
二问答题
（一）何谓肿瘤的转移？常见的转移途径有那几种？并举例说明之（20分）
（二）简要比较下列各组病变的区别（8*3）
1胃良性溃疡（溃疡病）与胃恶性溃疡（溃疡型胃癌）
2 良性高血压与恶性高血压的细、小动脉病变
3 侵蚀性葡萄胎与绒毛膜癌
（三）试比较原发性肺结核病与继发性肺结核病的区别（16分）
同济医科大学2005年病理学（专基）（博士）
一、名词解释（每题3分）
1.肠上皮化生
2.瘢痕疙瘩
3. 心力衰竭细胞
4. 羊水栓塞
5. Red infarct
6.Pulmonary emphysema
7. SARS
8. IgA肾病
9. 冷脓肿
10. 干线型肝硬化
二、问答题
1.何谓化脓性炎？试比较脓肿和蜂窝织炎的区别。（20分）
2.何谓癌与肉瘤？举例说明癌与肉瘤的区别。（15分）
3.试述心肌梗死的病理类型及其特征和合并症。（20分）
4.试述结核病的基本病理变化的转化规律。（15分）
同济医科大学2006病理学（专基）（博士）
一、名词解释：（英文先译成中文再解释）
1.metaplasia
2.肺肉质变
3.空气栓塞
4.rheumatism
5.槟榔肝
6.aneurysm
7.肉芽组织
8.gangrene
9.新月体
10.假结核结节
二、问答题：
1.比较原发性肺结核与继发性肺结核的不同之处
2.举例说明良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤的不同。
3.举例说明急性炎症的类型、特点。
4.试述病毒性肝炎的基本病理变化。

同济病理学名词解释160题
病理学名词解释160题
1.鞘样结构　　2．脂褐素　　3．血清病　　4．IV型变态反应　　5．毛玻璃样细胞　　6．核仁丝　　7．凝固性坏死　　8．化生　　9．DIC　　10．APUD瘤　　11．纤维素样坏死　　12．含铁血黄素　　13．假膜性炎　　14．息肉　　15．细胞骨架　　16．肿瘤免疫耐受现象　　17．肿瘤的异型性　　18．类癌　　19．肺出血肾炎综合症　　20．脑胶质结节　　21．病理性钙化　　22．局灶性胞浆坏死　　23．肿瘤免疫逃逸　　24．肝碎片状坏死　　25．Crohn病　　26．休克肺　　27．自身免疫性疾病　　28．嗜酸性脓肿　　29．肺肉质变　　30．病理性核分裂像　　31．ABC法　　32．静脉石(Phlebolith)　　33．梗死　　34．Mallory小体　　35．间变　　36．转移性脓肿　　37．毛玻璃细胞　　38．精原细胞瘤　　39．透明血栓　　40．上皮不典型增生　　41．肝假小叶　　42．APUD瘤　　43．脑胶质结节　　44．肉芽肿　　45．肿瘤免疫耐受现象　　46．风湿小体　　47．基因突变　　48．血清病　　49．假结核结节　　50．IgA肾病（Berger病）　　51．内胚窦瘤　　52．软化灶　　53．肝桥接坏死　　54．原位癌　　55．间变　　56．HLA　　57．Letteret-Siwe病　　58．粥瘤　　59．绿色瘤　　60．农民肺　　61．肾病综合征　　62．纤维素样坏死　　63．毛玻璃样肝细胞　　64．稳定细胞　　65．凋落　　66．微小动脉瘤　　67．核黄疸　　68．直接蔓延　　69．败血性梗死　　70．胶质瘢痕　　71．肝无细胞性硬化　　72．炎性息肉　　73．异位内分泌综合征　　74．原位癌　　75．隐蔽Ag　　76．R-S细胞　　77．印戒cell癌　　78．硫黄颗粒　　79．骨祖cell 80．癌胚Ag　　81．移植　　82．脂肪变性　　83．槟榔肝　　84．再通　　85．再生性乳头状瘤　　86．慢性肉芽肿性炎　　87．囊腺瘤　　88．炎性假瘤　　89．痂下愈合　　90．接触抑制 91．微血栓　　92．副肿瘤综合症　　93．片层血栓　　94．集落刺激因子　　95.脂性肾病 96．风心病　　97．细菌性动脉瘤　　98．嗜酸性脓肿　　99．渐进性坏死100．脑多发性硬化　　101.凋零小体　　102.肺心病　　
103.胸膜斑　　104.Whipple病　　105.核浓缩 106.肿瘤抑制基因　　107.类上皮细胞　　108.心衰细胞　　109.肿瘤生长分数　　110.Rb基因　　111.肺性骨关节病　　112.免疫组织化学　　113.粘液水肿　　114.Wegener肉芽肿　　 115．反常栓塞　　116．肾周围脓肿　　117弥漫性毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎　　118．Ashoff小体　　119．败血症　　120．多发性骨髓瘤　　121．细胞骨架　　122．肾胚胎瘤(Wilms瘤)　　123．肝细胞嗜酸性坏死　　124.细胞水变性 125．白色梗死　　126．纤维囊性乳腺病　　127．中性粒细胞的趋化因子 128．全小叶型肺气肿　 129．海绵状核仁　　130．甲状腺髓样癌　　131．反常栓塞　　132．Promoter　　133．gastrinoma　　134．Carcinosarcoma　　135．Metaplasia　　136．Biopsy　　137．Atheroma　　138．Petechia　　139．Septic infarct　　140．Amyloidosis　　141．Myofibroblast　　142．Paradoxical embolism　　143．Medularry Carcinoma　　144．COPD　　145．Organization　　146．Anaplasia　　147．Proliferation　　148．Atrophy　　149．Cystadenoma　　150．Microintarct　　151．Piecemeal necrosis　　152．Edema　　153．Phagocytosis　　154．Metaplasia　　155．Solid Carcinoma　　156．keloid　　157．Opsonin　　158．Sarcoidosis　　159．Pseudomyxoma　　160．Carcinoma in situ

chao555

2007-10-17 13:38

北京师范大学98--04年考博生物化学试题
北师大98
一. 名词解释(2/22)
1. 构象
2. 肽平面
3. 半保留复制
4. 核酸杂交
5. 转肽作用
6. 米氏常数
7. 过渡态
8. 空体积
9. 共价修饰调节
10. 盐析作用
11. 转录增强子
二. 填空(1/25)
1. 蛋白质元素组成的特点是平均含_________,量为_____%.
2. 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的分辨力之所以很高,是因为它具有_______,________,_________三种效应.
3. 蛋白质多肽链主链构象的结构单元包括_______,_________等等.维系蛋白质二级结构的主要作用力是__________键.
4. 真核生物mRNA的5'-帽子结构是_______,其3'末端有________结构
5. tRNA的二级结构为________形结构
6. 新生肽链每增加一个氨基酸单位都需要经过_______,_______,______三步反应
7. DNA指导的RNA聚合酶的核心酶的组成是___________.
8. 六大酶类,依次为_________,_________,_________,__________,_________,___________.
9. 分离纯化生物高分子的主要理论依据是__________和_____________.
10. Northern blotting是用于_____________的技术;而Eastern blotting是用于_____________的技术.
三. 问答题(共53分)
1. 水解肽A时,发现其含有等量的Arg,Val,Tyr,Glu,Lys,Ala和Gly七种氨基酸(5分)
1).用胰蛋白酶水解肽A时,得到如下物质:Arg,Ala-Lys和含有Glu,Gly,Tyr,Val的肽B;用胰凝乳蛋白酶水解肽B,产生两个二肽:Val-Tyr和Glu-Gly
2)肽A用羧肽酶短时间处理,产生游离的Glu是第一个可鉴定的氨基酸
3)肽A用DNFB法分析N端氨基酸,产生出DNP-Ala
问该肽A的氨基酸排列顺序是怎样的?
2. 试述遗传密码的基本特点(5分)
3. 什么是酶的活性部位,如何用来解释酶的专一性?(8分)
4. 简述分子筛层析的基本原理(9分)
5. 试述DNA重组概念及DNA重组的步骤及用途(8分)
6. 是述基因工程药物的概念和研究进展.(7分)
7. 假如膳食中含有丰富的丙氨酸,但缺乏天冬氨酸,问是否出现天冬氨酸缺乏的现象?为什么?
8. 将C6标有14C的葡萄糖加入含有戊糖磷酸途径及辅因子的溶液中,问放射性14C的分布情况如何?

北师大99
一.解释名词(3分/题)
1.增色效应
2.蛋白质的变构作用
3.米氏常数
4.转换数
5.迟留时间(TR)
6.空体积(V0)
7.衰减调节
8.DNA的半不连续复制
9.糖异生作用
二.填空(1分/空)
1.DNA的二级结构为______________.
2.在真核细胞中DNA的三级结构为__________________结构.它由140bp的DNA缠绕于
由______________组成的八聚体外,又依60bp的DNA及___________形成的细丝相连组
成串珠状结构__________.
3.__________酶具有极高的专一性,识别DNA上特定位点,将两条链都切断,形成粘末端
或平末端.
4.组成DNA的基本单位是___________,组成RNA的基本单位是____________.
5.一般来说,DNA分子中G-C含量高,分子较稳定,融解温度Tm___________.
6.蛋白质二级结构包括______,_______和________等结构单元.
7.糖酵解途径又叫________途径.
8.一分子反式CH3CH=CHCOOH完全分解成CO2和H2O共产生______分子ATP.
9.有机体从头合成嘧啶核苷酸时先利用分子物质形成带有嘧啶环的_________,再与
____________生成_____________,再转化成UMP.
10.脱氧核苷酸的生物合成是在___________的基础上还原生成的.
11.在真核生物中DNA复制后组装成核小体时的组蛋白是________的组蛋白.
12.真核生物RNA聚合酶III负责转录_________.
13.在真核生物中蛋白质合成起始时________和_________复合物,再和_____形成40S
起始复合物.
14.根据原癌基因产物在细胞中的位置,可分为3大类:
第一类是____________包括______________,第二类是_________包括______,第三类
是____________包括__________.
15.基因重排是指____________.通过基因重排调节基因活性的典型例子是_________.
三.问答题.
1.用Brcn处理含等量的Met,Phe,Asp,Ser,Thr的多肽,释放出肽和单一的高丝氨酸.原5肽
用胰凝乳蛋白酶处理的两个碎片,一个比另一个酸性强,酸性碎片有甲硫氨酸.原来肽用羧
肽酶A处理,迅速放出Ser,随后放在Thr.推断该5肽的氨基酸排列顺序.(5分)
2.什么是蛋白质的四级结构?以血红蛋白为例说明之.(3分)
3.说明酶活力共价调节的基本原理.(7分)
4.说明等电聚焦技术的基本原理.(6分)
5.简述人体内丙氨酸彻底分解成最终产物的过程.一分子Ala彻底分解共产生多少ATP?(8分)
6.试述植物基因工程的重要技术环节和取得的重要成就.(7分)
7.比较真核生物与原核生物基因表达调节的异同点.(7分)
北师大2000
一. 名词解释(2/20)
1. 亚基
2. 酶的必须基团
3. 修饰核苷
4. 酵解
5. 氧化磷酸化
6. DNA的半不连续复制
7. 聚合酶链式反应
8. 核酸杂交
9. 分子伴侣
10. 增强子
二. 填空(1/20)
1. 稳定蛋白质胶体状态的因素是蛋白质分子上的________及________.
2. 氢键有两个主要特征____________和_____________.
3. 两条相当伸展的肽链或同一条肽链的两个伸展的片断之间形成氢键的二级结构称为_______.
4. 使酶具有高催化效应的因素有_________,__________,_________和_________.
5. tRNA的分子3'端的碱基序列是___________.
6. 酵母DNA按摩尔计含有32.8%的T,则A为________,G为__________和C为____________.
7. 真核细胞核小体的组成是__________和______________
8. 核酸变性后可发生___________效应.
9. 破坏a-螺旋结构的氨基酸是_________
10. 与mRNA密码子ACG相对应的tRNA的反密码子是___________
11. 内含子是指_____________
12. 有机体的_________代谢和_____________代谢是密切联系在一起的
13. ATP在细胞的产能和煦能过程中起着重要的_________作用
14. 电子传递链在原核细胞存在于_________上,在真核细胞存在于________内膜上
15. 磷酸果糖激酶是酵解过程最关键的_________酶
16. TCA循环是生物体内糖,脂,蛋白质代谢的_________
17. 生物体内卵磷脂合成的两种不同途径是____________和____________
18. 在灵长类动物中,嘌呤分解代谢的最终产物是______________
19. 脱氧核苷酸的生物合成是在_____________的基础上还原生成的
20. 在真核生物中DNA复制的主要酶是____________
21. 酶的磷酸化和脱磷酸化作用是__________共价修饰调节酶活性的一种重要方式.
22. 操纵子包括_______,__________和__________.
23. 所有原核生物的终止子在终止点之前均有一个________,其产生的RNA可形成_______.
24. 在转录过程中RNA聚合酶全酶的a-因子负责__________,核心酶负责________.
25. DNA拓扑异构酶是与__________有关的酶

三. 问答题(40分)
1. 用1mol酸水解五肽,得两个谷氨酸,一个赖氨酸;用胰蛋白酶裂解成两个碎片,在Ph=7时电泳,碎片之一向阳极,另一个向阴极;碎片之一用DNP水解得DNP-谷氨酸;原五肽用胰蛋白酶裂解产生两个二肽和一个游离的谷氨酸,写出五肽顺序(5分)
2. 简述如何用酶的竞争性抑制剂的理论来寻找或合成控制代谢的药物(5分)
3. 什么是遗传学中心法则?为什么说阮病毒的发现是对此法则提出了挑战?(5分)
4. 在动物体内脂肪酸能转变成糖吗?为什么?(4分)
5. 简述原核生物与真核生物蛋白质合成的区别(6分)
6. 简述真核生物的基因表达调控(6分)
7. 1mol C6=C7 14碳不饱和单烯酸彻底氧化分解生成CO2和H2O共产生多少mol ATP?(5分)
8. 大肠杆菌仅在有充足的丙氨酸提供能量的情况下能存活吗?为什么?

北师大2001
一. 名词解释(20分)
1. 蛋白质前体
2. 分子病
3. 核糖体
4. 酶的催化基因
5. 核酶
6. 顺式作用元件
7. 增强子
8. 受体
9. 分子筛层析
10. PCR
二. 填空(30分)
1. 血红蛋白与氧结合是通过_______效应实现的.由组织产生的CO2扩散到细胞,从而影响Hb和O2的亲合力,这称为________效应
2. 赖氨酸带三个可解离基团,它们Pk分别为2.18,8.95,10.53,其等电点为_______
3. 糖肽连接的键是_________键,而脂质与蛋白质以___________键结合而成.
4. 测定蛋白质中二硫键位置的经典方法是___________.
5. 破坏a-螺旋结构的氨基酸是_________和________
6. 蛋白质二级结构和三级结构之间还存在_______和_________两种组合体
7. DNA变性后,子外吸收能力__________,黏度___________
8. tRNA的反密码子为UGC,它识别的密码子为__________
9. 染色体中DNA的构型主要是________型
10. 竞争性抑制剂使Vmax___________,Km____________.
11. 生物氧化主要是通过代谢物_______________反应实现的,生物氧化产生的水是通过________形成的
12. 磷酸戊糖途径的生理意义是________和____________
13. 糖原合成的关键酶是____________,糖原分解的关键酶是_________.
14. 一分子脂肪酸活化后需经_________转运才能由胞浆内进入线粒体内氧化,线粒体内的乙酰CoA需经___________才能将其带出线粒体参与脂肪酸的合成
15. 催化IMP转变为AMP的酶有__________和____________
16. DNA复制,引发前体加___________构成__________
17. 氨酰Trna合成酶既能识别____________又能识别_______________
三. 问答题(50分)
1. 某九肽组成为两个Gly,两个Phe,Tyr,Met,Asp,Arg和Pro,经胰凝乳蛋白酶水解得五肽和四肽,四肽组成为Phe,Tyr,Gly和Pro.此九肽的CNBr处理产物经阳离子交换树脂层析并洗脱得一组成为Arg,Phe和Gly的三肽.此九肽经胰蛋白酶水解得Phe,如用FDNB反应后在水解测得DNP-Tyr.请写出此九肽顺序及解析过程(6分)
2. 简述血红蛋白的结构及其结构与功能的关系(6分)
3. 简述酶活性的的调节方式有那些?(6)
4. 简述tRNA的结构特征及其作用与作用机制(6)
5. 比较原核生物与真核生物基因表达调控的异同点(6)
6. 简述真核生物内糖类,脂类和蛋白质三大物质之间的主要转化关系.(6)
7. 在真和生物内由氨基酸原料合成含有100个氨基酸残基的多肽一共需要消耗多少ATP?(6)
8. 简述在基因工程中筛选目的基因的方法有那些?(8)
北师大04生化题
一．
同源蛋白
卵磷脂
别构模型
生物酶工程
H-DNA
免疫印迹
新陈代谢
酮体
复制体
疏水层析
二．
1支链淀粉和糖原除-------键外，尚有---------键，但糖原的分之程度比支链淀粉---------------；而纤维素是由-------------键连接而成的。
2 血红蛋白含有--------------辅基，他的氧合曲线是-------------------型的，这意味着氧的结合是--------------性的。
3 蛋白质由于含有------、------和-----------氨基酸，他在-----------nm波长有紫外吸收；而核酸的紫外吸收峰在-------------nm附近。
4酶的化学除有催化活性的---------------外都是----------。
5某某--------------酶在催化反应中没有ATP直接参加反应，如需要ATP直接参与反应，就称某某---------------酶。
6因为------------，DNA比RNA不易被水解。
7核酸的一级结构是指-------------，他们利用-------------键相连；DNA的二级结构为-----------结构；三级结构是指-----------形成的特定构象；-----------与----------的结构是DNA的四级结构。
8沉降系数S把--------秒作为一个单位，他用来表示生物分子的大小。
9 Tm定义为--------------时所需要的温度。
10在物质代谢过程中常见的化学反应机制有-----------、---------------、------------------和----------------四大类。
11根据高能化合物的键型特点可分为-------------、------------------、--------------和-----------四大类。
12 从葡萄糖开始产生丙酮酸的过程称为-------------------途径。
13 丙酮酸脱氢酶系的第一个酶是----------------，他的功能是---------------。
14胞浆内的NADH进入线立体的途径有--------------和--------------。
15 脂肪酸?-氧化的限速酶是---------。
16在脂肪酸合成过程中，超过16碳的脂肪酸主要是通过-----和-----------的酶系参与碳链的延长。
17 在尿素形成的过程中，尿素分子中的两个N原子分别来自----------和-----------。
18 氨酰-tRNA合成酶对地物的选择性主要是由--------键来定。
19真核生物蛋白质的翻译后修饰主要有---------------、----------------和---------------等。
20不连续体系的聚丙烯凝胶电泳有三种效应：--------------、-------------------和-------------------。

三
1 下列变化对肌红蛋白和雪红蛋白的O2亲和力有什么影响？为什么？
（a）血浆pH从7.4降到7.2
（b）肺中CO2分压从45torr降到15torr
（c） BPG水平从4.5mmol/L增到7.5mmol/L
2 什么是酶的共价修饰？其特点和类型。
3如何看待RNA功能的多样性？他的核心作用是什么？
4简述真核生物RNA的转录后加工。
5用简图简述糖代谢过程中所有与能量代谢有关的过程。
6根据分离的基本原理的不同，电泳可以分为几类？简述他们的基本原理及用途。

aggie

2007-10-20 22:50

吉林大学第一医院分生真题
2002年
一、简答题（每题5分）
1、 cAMP-CRP 在基因调控中有什么作用？
2、真核的断裂基因与连续基因相比有什么优点？
3、质粒作为载体有什么先天条件？
4、 PCR的原本构思可能是基于什么？
5、核酸探针标记的基本原理是什么？
6、检测基因组水平上原癌基因的有无能早期诊断癌症吗？
7、原核表达载体和真核表达载体的根本区别是什么？
8、 DNA克隆与细胞克隆之间是什么关系？
9、基因突变有哪几种（至少写出五种）
10、 mRNA的polyA尾都有什么作用？

二、回答下列问题
请以下列cDNA序列为模板，从设计PCR引物钓取目的基因开始，详细描述获得原核目的基因表达载体的过程和所应用的各种酶类（15分）

cctgcaag ggaccccagt ggcccagatg acagaggatg ccgtcgacgc ggaacggctg
aagcacctca ttgtgacccc ctcgggctgc ggggaacaga acatgatcgg catgacgccc
acggtcatcg ctgtgcatta cctggatgaa acggagcagt gggagaagtt cggcctagag
aagcggcagg gggccttgga gctcatcaag aaggggtaca cccagcagct ggccttcaga
caacccagct ctgcctttgc ggccttcgtg aaacgggcac ccagcacctg gctgaccgcc
tacgtggtca aggtcttctc tctggctgtc aacctcatcg ccatcgactc ccaagtcctc
tgcggggctg ttaaatggct gatcctggag aagcagaagc ccgacggggt cttccaggag
gatgcgcccg tgatacacca agaaatgatt ggtggattac ggaacaacaa cgagaaagac
atggccctca cggcctttgt tctcatctcg ctgcaggagg ctaaagatat ttgcgaggag
caggtcaaca gcctgccagg cagcatcact aaagcaggag acttccttga agccaactac
atgaacctac agagatccta cactgtggcc attgctggct atgctctggc ccagatgggc
aggctgaagg ggcctcttct taacaaattt ctgaccacag ccaaagataa gaaccgctgg
gaggaccctg gtaagcagct ctacaacgtg gaggccacat cctatgccct cttggcccta
ctgcagctaa aagactttga ctttgtgcct cccgtcgtgc gttggctcaa tgaacagaga
tactacggtg gtggctatgg ctctacccag gccaccttca tggtgttcca agccttggct

2、你认为基因治疗最可能解决哪些种类的疾病？为什么目前基因治疗还迟迟不能进入临床？（10分）
3、无论你选择什么专业，请结合所报专业谈谈分子生物学理论和技术可能对其产生的影响。（10分）
4、请详细阐述基因敲除小鼠的制备和鉴定过程及其可能的应用前景？

aggie

2007-10-20 22:51

2003
一、简答题（每题5分）
1、 PCR产物中可能存在几种DNA分子？
2、 DNA克隆是什么意思？
3、什么是生物的中心法则？
4、限制性核酸内切酶有哪些特点？
5、什么是原癌基因？
6、 DNA的损伤修复有几种方式？（至少4种）
7、有哪些方法可以用来进行基因诊断？(至少四种)
8、图示缺口平移法标记DNA探针的原理。
二、问答题（每题10分）
1、表达载体一定能携带目的基因在E:coli中表达出目的基因产物吗？
2、举例说明原核基因表达在转录水平是如何被调控的？
3、任何一个重组DNA分子都能在合适的宿主细胞中扩增吗？为什么？
4、 PCR引物设计主要参考依据是什么？如何设计PCR引物？
5、如何从钓取基因开始用基因工程方法在E:coli中生产人重组胰岛素？
6、无论你选择什么专业，请结合所报的专业谈谈分子生物学可能对其产生什么样的影响？

aggie

2007-10-20 22:52

2004
一、多项选择题（每题3分）
1、DNA的变性：
A．涉及到DNA双螺旋的退火。
B．是由温度的降低而引起的。
C．是可逆的。
D.是磷酸二酯键的断裂。
E．会涉及到氢键的断裂。

2、真核基因常常断裂，这：
A．反映了真核mRNA是多顺反子的事实。
B．表明编码的外显子被非编码的内含子分隔开。
C．提示真核DNA是线性的，并且分散在各个染色体中，因此基因可能一部分在一条染色体上，另一部分在另一条染色体上。
D．意味着初级转录子必须先加工后才能被翻译为蛋白质。
E．意味着真核基因可能是多种表达产物，因为有可能有不同组合的外显子来构建成不同的mRNA.

3、下面哪些碱基对能在双链DNA中发现
A．A••••U
B. G•T
C. C•••G
D. T•A
E. C•A

4、人类基因组上的小卫星重复序列：
A．一般不能转录。
B．存在于染色体末端时被称为端粒。
C．不同个体之间具有极高的相似性。
D．多态性很复杂，个体间的差异极高，且都遵守孟德尔遗传规律，因此常用于亲子鉴定。
E．多态性是由于重复单位的数目不同引起的。

5、癌基因被恶性激活可能是由于：
A．原癌基因的点突变。
B．RB基因的活性增高。
C．基因易位或重排。
D．原癌基因获得外源启动子。
E．原癌基因的拷贝数降低。

6、PCR就是体外DNA的复制，因此：
A．新链DNA合成时需要引物。
B．新链DNA合成起始于复制原点（origin）
C.DNA聚合酶必需首先识别复制原点才能启动新链DNA的合成。
D．特异性主要是由引物决定的。
E．高温变性主要为DNA聚合酶提供单链模板。

7、基因克隆时需要载体，这主要是因为：
A．所克隆的基因太小无法操作。
B．载体是一类能自我复制的DNA分子，可以携带插入的基因片段在宿主细胞中进行复制扩增。
C．载体一般都携带能被基因利用的筛选标记。
D．载体能赋予基因自我复制的特性，并随着细胞分裂而将不同的基因分配到不同的子代细胞中。
E．载体具有能被限制性内切酶识别的序列。

8、真核基因在E.coli 中表达时要注意：
A．原核细胞不能对真核基因的转录产物进行剪接，因此一般最好采用cDNA作为插入的基因片段构建原核表达载体。
B．一定要在基因的上游插入真核基因的启动子。
C．一定要将真核基因的核糖体结合位点构建在启动子和终止子之间。
D．SD序列是否位于基因的起始密码和启动子之间合适的位置。
E．基因下游是否构建了阅读框架内的终止密码。

9、核酸分子杂交是由于：
A．变性的互补双链DNA分子在合适的条件下又重新形成原来的双链。
B．两条由不同来源的互补单链核酸分子通过复性可以重新形成双链。
C．DNA的复性是随机碰撞后互补双链形成氢键的结果。
D．磷酸二酯键的形成
E．碱能使双链DNA间的氢键撕裂，因此氢键是否断裂作为核酸分子杂交的标志之一。

10、启动子是基因转录的起点，所以：
A．基因的转录产物(RNA)的5′-端一定是启动子序列。
B．是DNA聚合酶识别和结合的位点。
C．位于结构基因转录起点的上游。
D．真核生物的每一个结构基因上游都有启动子。
E．原核生物操纵子中的启动子通常位于SD序列和ATG之间起始串联在一起的几个功能相关结构基因的转录。

二、概念及简答题(每题4分)
1．DNA聚合酶的各种核酸外切酶活性在DNA复制中的作用是什么？
2．DNA位点多态性可以用什么技术进行分析，为什么？
3．完整的原核结构基因应该包括哪几种基本元件才能保证其被顺利转录并翻译出编码产物(请图示并标记元件位置)
4．原癌基因的含意是什么？
5．Sanger 双脱氧链终止法进行序列分析时，反应体系中应该含有哪些必需成分？

三、问答题(每题10分)
1．乳糖操纵子结构是原核表达载体构建最常用的的原核转录单位，请说明如何利用这种载体在E:coli中高效表达出真核基因产物？(每个要点2分)
2、根据下列基因序列和原核质粒表达载体设计一对PCR引物，在设计时要考虑如何能使用PCR产物被准确地克隆入载体中进行表达。
基因序列：
5′-cctgcaag ggaccccagt ggcccagatg acagaggatg ccgtcgacgc ggaacggctg
aagcacctca ttgtgacccc ctcgggctgc ggggaacaga acatgatcgg catgacgccc
acggtcatcg ctgtgcatta cctggatgaa acggagcagt gggagaagtt cggcctagag
caggtcaaca gcctgccagg cagcatcact aaagcaggag acttccttga agccaactac
atgaacctac agagatccta cactgtggcc attgctggct atgctctggc ccagatgggc
aggctgaagg ggcctcttct taacaaattt ctgaccacag ccaaagataa gaaccgctgg
gaggaccctg gtaagcagct ctacaacgtg gaggccacat cctatgccct cttggcccta

ctgcagctaa aagactttga ctttgtgcct cccgtcgtgc-3′
质粒载体图谱：
EcoRL:GAATTC
注：图中所示酶切位点在MCS中。

BamHI:GGATTC
Hindlll:AAGCTT

3、请详细阐述基因敲除小鼠的制备和鉴定过程及其可能的应用前景？
4、写出两种核酸探针标记方法的基本原理。
5 、写出三种获得目的基因的基本方法及其流程。

吉林大学分生

aggie

2007-10-20 22:53

2005年
一．简答下列问题（每题4分）
1．反义RNA在基因治疗中需要解决的两个主要问题是什么？
2．通常将两种筛选标记基因构建到基因打靶载体的什么位置，为什么？
3．为什么说直结肠癌是多基因协同作用的典型例子？
4． PCR定点诱变中的一对诱变引物有哪两个特点？
5．为什么两个同尾酶的酶切位点可以用于基因片段的多次连接，而非同尾的内切酶无法用于这种目的？
6．大肠杆菌DNA复制的基本特点是什么？
7． ddNTP在Sanger双脱氧链终止法进行DNA序列测定时为什么能使链的延伸终止？
8．温度变化对DNA复性有什么影响？
9． DNA探针的酶促标记法主要包括哪几种？
10.何为质粒的不相容性？
二．问答题（每题10分）
1．
2．PCR引物设计时一般要求引物的长度和GC比各是多少？这种要求的基本理论依据是什么？
3．如果要表达一个外源基因，在将外源基因克隆入表达载体时，应注意哪些元件是必备的？并说明这些元件各起什么作用？
4．基因诊断中常用的分子生物学技术有哪些？为什么说DNA芯片技术可能具有广阔的应用前景？
5．基因置换是一种理想的基因治疗方法，但为什么目前只能说这种方法还是远期目标？基因治疗还有哪些措施。
6．请结合你自己的专业，谈谈你对分子生物学与医学之间的关系是如何认识的？

aggie

2007-10-20 22:54

2006年
回答下列问题（每题5分）
1、核酶及其三个主要类型是什么？
2、蛋白质通过哪两种方式与特异DNA序列相结合。
3、DNA甲基化影响真核生物基因表达调控的两种机制是什么？
4、真核生物的染色体基本结构单元是什么？组蛋白在其中有什么作用？非组蛋白在其中如何参与基因表达的调控？
5、真核生物线性DNA复制的末端事件是什么？由哪种酶催化完成？这种酶的结构特点和作用是什么？
6、基因重叠是病毒基因的一个特点，在真核生物和原生物的什么DNA中存在？基因重叠的生物学作用是什么？
7、小卫星DNA和微卫星DNA的相似多态性的结构特点是什么？家系分析通常以两种DNA中的哪种为遗传标记，为什么？
8、用人的基因组DNA直接做模板是否可以通过PCR分析癌基因与肿瘤的关系？为什么？原癌基因有哪些活方式？
9、DNA复性和PCR中的引物与模板间的退火有何异同？PCR中引物与模板的结合除了序列配对互补外，还有什么因素必须考虑才能保证引物与模板结合，为什么？
10、Sanger 双脱氧链终止法的DNA序列测定是根据DNA的什么特点设计的？在测序过程中DNA的5’端30－50个核苷酸序列通常无法测定，为什么？
11、质粒的不相容性和相容性在DNA克隆中分别有什么意义？
12、基因表达异常在mRNA水平上的诊断方法有哪些？各自所基于的基因变化是什么？
13、基因克隆中的蓝白筛选是基于什么原理？要想利用这一方法，对基因克隆的载体和宿主各有什么基本要求？
14、DNA克隆过程中的“克隆”是指DNA连接吗？无论哪种回答都请解释为什么？DNA连接的方式有哪些？
15、用于构建cDNA文库所需的双链cDNA的合成通常涉及哪些酶，是什么？各自在其中的角色是什么？
16、哺乳动物表达载体应具备哪些必要元件？与原核表达载体相比有什么不同，为什么？
17、一般来说，在细菌中表达重组基因产物时需要加诱导剂，诱导基因表达的因素一旦消失，蛋白质的合成就会迅速停止，请从基因表达调控和mRNA的特点上解释为什么？
18、在基因工程中应用的属于DNA聚合酶的酶有哪些及其异同点是什么？
19、PCR引物序列中的3’端和S’端各有什么特点和作用？一对引物间在设计时应该注意哪些方面？
20、为什么说基因敲除技术是一种特殊的转基因技术？通常用PCR或Southern Blot 方法筛选打靶载体转染的胚胎干细胞，根据什么合成PCR引物或杂交探针？为什么？

zhouabc123	2007-10-22 11:46
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