2016考博英语语法之虚拟语气

虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望、猜疑、建议或与事实不符的假设等，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气是由句中的谓语从句的特殊形式表示出来的。freekaobo将对2016考博英语语法虚拟语气做归纳和用法。

　　一、虚拟语气的常见类型和句型
　　(1)由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气
　　A.用wish表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：过去式(be动词用were)。
　　B.用wish表示对将来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：would, could, might+ 动词原形。
　　C.wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：had+动词过去分词或could, would + have +动词过去分词。
　　The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it.
　　---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.”
　　---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.”
　　I wish that he weren’t so lazy.
　　(2)had hoped引起的宾语从句中备用语动词形式为would+动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。
　　His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later.
　　(3)would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。例如：
　　I’d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。
　　I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。
　　I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。
　　(4)It’s (high, about) time that 句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式。
　　It’s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown.
　　It is high time that we　put an end to this discussion.现在是我们该结束讲座的时候了。
　　(5)as, 或者whether…or…谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构：
　　Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
　　The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
　　(6)由连接词in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should(might, would)+动词原形，例如：
　　She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。
　　The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
　　(7) if it were not for…与现在事实相反， if it had not been for与过去事实相反，两个都相当于but for：
　　If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded.
　　(8) 虚拟语气用于as if(though)引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。例如：She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。
　　They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。
　　She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。
　　(9)其它各种句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only等等
　　If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.

　　二、特殊形式的虚拟语气
　　虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式，其虚拟语气的构成往往是由should(可省略)+动词原形that从句。
　　A、用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中，这类动词有：
　　ask要求　advise建议　arrange安排　beg请求
　　command命令　decide决定　demand要求　desire渴望
　　determine决定　insist坚持　intend打算　maintain坚持主张
　　move建议，动员　propose提议　object反对　order命令
　　prefer建议　require 需要　request要求　resolve下决心
　　recommend推荐　suggest建议　stipulate约定，规定　urge强调，促进
　　vote公认，提议　decree颁布(法令)　pray请求
　　注意：这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以接doing或者to do…来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。
　　She advised that we should keep the gate locked.(书面体)
　　She advised us to keep the gate locked.(口语)
　　She advised keeping the gate locked.(较随便)
　　B、用于It is+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中，这类形容词或分词有：
　　advisable合理的　decided决定的　crucial关键的　appropriate恰当的
　　determined决定的　commanded命令的　arranged安排的　essential紧要的，基本的
　　complied遵照　anxious焦急的　imperative迫切的 important重要的
　　desirable合意的　better较好的，更好　insistent坚持的　desired想要
　　asked请求　keen渴望的　incredible难以置信的 adamant坚定不移的
　　natural自然的　insisted坚持　necessary必要的　suggested建议
　　urgent紧迫的　ordered命令　shocked震惊的　vital极其重要的
　　possible可能的　strange 奇怪的　preferable (好一点) proposed提议
　　requested要求的　required要求的　recommended推荐　resolved决定的
　　probable(可能的)　pity可惜，憾事　shame遗憾
　　注意：这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以for…to do…
　　来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。
　　It is essential that he should be prepared for this.
　　It is essential for him to be prepared for this.
　　C.用于由表示建议、要求、命令、请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中，这类名词常见的有：
　　advice忠告　decision决定　demand要求　desire要求、愿望
　　insistence坚持　motion提议　necessity必要性　order命令
　　preference偏爱　proposal提议　pray恳求　recommendation推荐
　　request要求　requirement要求　resolution决心　suggestion劝告、忠告
　　例如：
　　This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.这是他们的决议：要使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的一部分。
　　The motion that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.该提议要求把最后一个发言的人的讲话从记录上除掉。

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