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2016-01-28 20:53 |
北京语言大学考博英语真题及其解析
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Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutpreparingintheacademiccommunity.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points) 9;NXzO27
LongbeforeManlivedontheEarth,therewerefishes,reptiles,birds,insects,andsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswereancestorsofkindslivingtoday,othersarenowextinct,thatis,theyhavenodescendantsalivenow. n x{ MUN7
41Veryoccasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskin,sothat,apartfromcolor,wecanbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsofyearsago.Thatkindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefoundtellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginalland,oftenoftheplantsthatgrewonit,andevenofitsclimate. }:57Ym)7w
42Nearlyallofthefossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocksformedbywateraction,andmostoftheseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.Thusitfollowsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammals,birds,andinsectsofwhichweknownoting.Gengduoyuanxiaowanzhengkaoboyingyuzhentijiqijiexiqinglianxiquanguomianfeizixundianhua:silinglingliuliubaliujiuqiba,huojiazixunqq:qiqierliuqibawusanqi. B>g(i=E
43Therewerealsocrablikecreatures,whosebodieswerecovered |W r$5r
withahornysubstance.Thebodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegs,onepairforwalkingonthesandybottom,theotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairofcompoundeyes,oftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwolongbutsomewere2feet. Q D%!a{ I
44Ofthese,theammonitesareveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychambers,eachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargeritgrewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.ThousandsofthesecanbeseenintherocksontheDorsetCoast. < /2 aQn
45About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthegroupsdiedout.Themammalsquicklydeveloped,andwecantracetheevolutionofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.Manyofthelatermammalsthoughnowextinct,wereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincavepaintingsandonbonecarvings. 0o!mlaU#
[A]Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown. Xw 3j(`w$,
[B]Nevertheless,weknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils,fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshape,howtheywalked,thekindoffoodtheyate. 9{
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[C]Thefirstanimalswithtruebackboneswerethefishes,firstknownintherocksof375millionyearsago.About300millionyears p<3<Zk 7~0
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agotheamphibians,theanimalsabletolivebothonlandandinwater,appeared.Theyweregiant,sometimes8feetlong,andmanyofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseam,orlayerisformed.Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonland,inthesea,andintheair. 0TZB}c#qT
[D]Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures.Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeoverlargeareasoftheworld. .N( X. C
[E]Theearliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlivedinthesea.Laterformsaremorecomplex,andamongthesearethesealilies,relationsofthestar n'0r
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whichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabed,ortorocks. huW,kk<]y
[F]Whenananimaldies,thebody,itsbones,orshell,mayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved. p6V#!5Q
[G]Manyfactorscaninfluencehowfossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbyminerals,dissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpression,orsimplyreducedtoamorestableform. ;wkMa;%`g|
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41.【解析】[B]从试题前后的语义逻辑关系来看，试题前面的一段话表明的信息是Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswereancestorsofkindslivingtoday,othersarenowextinct,thatis,theyhavenodescendantsalivenow(尽管这些动物是某些活到现在的物种的祖先，但有的动物却灭绝了，也就是说它们现在已经没有子孙后代活在这个世界上)。试题的后面的句子表明的信息是Veryoccasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskin,sothat,apartfromcolor,wecanbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsofyearsago(有时候这些石头可以将它们的外表展现出来，这样，除了颜色我们就可以对那些数百年前死掉的生物形成一个比较准确的印象)。从语义关系里看，前文中说动物灭绝了，暗含的意思是我们不可能得到这些动物的任何信息，而后面的句子说我们可以对这些动物形成准确的印象，因此，前后文形成了明显的对比关系，四个选项中能够表达这种关系的，只有选项[B]。 I= :"Fqj'N
本题还可以采用词汇的复现来确定正确答案，从试题后面的句子Veryoccasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskin来看，rocks的前面使用了定冠词the修饰，这表明rocks在前文中一定出现过，但我们考察第一段时发现，第一段中并没有出现关于rocks的内容，因此可以确定，关于rocks的内容一定出现在要填入的试题中。选项[B]Nevertheless,weknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils.Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshape,howtheywalked,thekindoffoodtheyate中出现了动物的骨骼被保存在therocks中，变成化石的论述，由此可以判断选项[B]是正确答案。 mP Hto-=fB
42.【解析】[F]本题出现在一个段落的首句，从答题策略来看，应当重 .$7RF!p
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点看后文的叙述，后文中water重复了两遍，说明这一信息是本段落的重点信息。同时这一信息很可能会在下上文中，即我们要填入的信息中出现复现词或同现词。对比选项，选项[F]中出现了lake，stream，river，sea等同类词汇，因此可以判断这一选项为正确答案。本题最大的干扰项为[G]，因为[G]项一开始就有howfossilsatepreserved与下文Nearlyallofthefossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocks…所表达的内容从形式上来看似乎是吻合的;但是[G]项后面讲的是动物遗体上的有机组织(organism)可能转达化成几种形式而本题空白处后面的内容则告诉人们Nearlyallofthefossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocksformedbywateraction(岩石中几乎所有的化石都是由于水作用而被保存下来)，语义上主要说明泥沙对于化石保存下来所起的作用，因此两者在语义的衔接上是不连贯的。 IT{c:jo1{`
43.【解析】[E]本题选择的特征词是“also”。“also”表并列关系，语义上对前文进行补充和说明，这就证明本题前面的句子中应当与also后的crab zyhM*eM.7
likecreatures(类似螃蟹的生物)相并列的内容，或者出现了有 >KL=(3:":p
关“类似螃蟹的生物”的描述的信息。比较选项可以发现，选项[E]中出现的信息Laterformsaremorecomplex,andamongthesearethesea 9cHo~F|ur
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fishes,whichhadlongarmsand xT]t3'y|-
wereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabed,ortorocks描述了一些生物具有“类似螃蟹的信息”：hadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabed,ortorock(有长腕且通过长柄附着于海床或岩石上)。因此，选项[E]是正确答案。 Hy1$Kvub
44.【解析】[A]下文一开始就出现了指示代词these，这说明试题前面的句子表明了一类事物，也就是说，试题部分应该有“some,several, tjt^R$[ @
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many”或类似的词，对比答案只能是选项[A]Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.里面出现了manydifferentkindsof，这个短语和后面的指示代词these形成了对应关系。 5a'`%b{{
45.【解析】[C]从文章的整体结构看，这里需要一个内容的“高潮”：前面几段讲的都是动物不断的进化过程，而下文中表示时间的短语“About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasover”很可能向我们传达了这样一个信息：文章对地球上动物进化过程的描写很有可能是按照时间顺序的，因此本题所在的段落和下面的段落很可能存在时间上的延续关系，即本题所在的段落很可能会提到比75millionyearsago更早的时间。通过对比选项可知选项[C]中的两个表示时间的短语375millionyears和150millionyears和下一个段落中提到的时间状语具有了延续性，是正确答案。 Ln2FG 4{
此外，还可以采用词汇复现法解答本题。试题后面一句话About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthegroupsdiedout中的reptile在本题前的文章中从没有提到，在下文中又没有作为新信息，因而作为正确答案的选项中一定有这个词，只有[C]项中有“Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonland,inthesea,andinthesea,andintheair”。所以正确答案只能是[C]。 ,dR.Sac v
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