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nanafly

2016-07-21 21:08

2017考博英语阅读模拟试题及答案

基本所有博士研究生招生院校都会有考博英语阅读题型，考博英语阅读的提高不仅需要知道解题技巧更应在平时的练习中加以运用，同时还可以复习考博英语词汇，freekaobo在此给大家整理了2017考博英语阅读练习，希望大家学以致用。

　Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they are told to do. The reason for this lies, of course, in the narrow fixation of the computing machine’s “intelligence” on the details of its own perceptions — its inability to be guided by any large context. In a psychological description of the computer intelligence, three related adjectives come to mind: single-minded, literal-minded, and simple-minded. Recognizing this, we should at the same time recognize that this single-mindedness, literal-mindedness, and simple-mindedness also characterizes theoretical mathematics, though to a lesser extent.
　　Since science tries to deal with reality, even the most precise sciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understood approximations toward which scientists must maintain an appropriate skepticism. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. Physicists, looking at the original Schrodinger equation, learn to sense in it the presence of many invisible terms in addition to the differential terms visible, and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disregard for the purely technical features of the equation. This very healthy skepticism is foreign to the mathematical approach.
　　Mathematics must deal with well-defined situations. Thus, mathematicians depend on an intellectual effort outside of mathematics for the crucial specification of the approximation that mathematics is to take literally. Give mathematicians a situation that is the least bit ill-defined, and they will make it well-defined, perhaps appropriately, but perhaps inappropriately. In some cases, the mathematicians literal-mindedness may have unfortunate consequences. The mathematicians turn the scientists’ theoretical assumptions that is, their convenient points of analytical emphasis, into axioms, and then take these axioms literally. This brings the danger that they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally. The question, central to the scientific investigation but intensely disturbing in the mathematical context — what happens if the axioms are relaxed? — is thereby ignored.
　　The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.
　　1. The author discusses computing machines in the first paragraph primarily in order to do which of the following?
　　[A] Indicate the dangers inherent in relying to a great extent on machines.
　　[B] Illustrate his views about the approach of mathematicians to problem solving.
　　[C] Compare the work of mathematicians with that of computer programmers.
　　[D] Provide one definition of intelligence.
　　2. It can be inferred form the text that scientists make which of the following assumptions about scientific arguments?
　　[A] The literal truth of the arguments can be made clear only in a mathematical context.
　　[B] The arguments necessarily ignore the central question of scientific investigation.
　　[C] The arguments probably will be convincing only to other scientists.
　　[D] The premises on which the arguments are based may change.
　　3. According to the text, mathematicians present a risk to scientist for which of the following reasons?
　　[A] Mathematicians may provide theories that are incompatible with those already developed by scientists.
　　[B] Mathematicians may define situations in a way that is incomprehensible to scientists.
　　[C] Mathematicians may convince scientists that theoretical assumptions are facts.
　　[D] Scientists may come to believe that axiomatic statements are untrue.
　　4. The author suggests that the approach of physicists to solving scientific problem is which of the following?
　　[A] Practical for scientific purposes.
　　[B] Detrimental to scientific progress.
　　[C] Unimportant in most situations.
　　[D] Expedient, but of little long-term value.
　　5. The author implies that scientists develop a healthy skepticism because they are aware that
　　[A] mathematicians are better able to solve problems than are scientists.
　　[B] changes in axiomatic propositions will inevitably undermine scientific arguments.
　　[C] well-defined situations are necessary for the design of reliable experiments.
　　[D] some factors in most situations must remain unknown.

nanafly

2016-07-21 21:08

[答案与考点解析]

　　1. 【答案】B

　　【考点解析】这是一道写作手法题。旨在考察考生的语言基本功和对文章段落结构的认识。这是一道比较难的题目。通过仔细阅读第一段并且把第一段和本文其它段落相联系，可推导出本题的正确选项是B。原文作者借用大家所熟悉的“computing machines”作为例子来帮助我们更好的了解“theoretical mathematics”的特点。考生在解题时一定要识别出作者的写作手法和意图。

　　2. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道审题定位与引申推导题。通过本题题干中的“arguments”一词可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在尾段。通过仔细阅读理解尾段的内容并且根据尾段的内容进行推导，可得知本题的正确选项应该是突出“the premises…may change”的选项D。考生在解题时即要具备迅速审题定位的能力，又要具备理解原文深层含义的能力。

　　3. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】这是一道审题定位与细节推导题。根据本题题干中的“risk”一词可将本题的答案信息来源确定在原文倒数第二段的倒数第二句，通过仔细阅读倒数第二段的倒数第二句和第三句，尤其是倒数第二句中“danger”一词后面的同谓语从句，我们可以推断出本题的正确选项是突出 “theoretical assumptions are facts”的选项C。考生在解题时一定要善于深入理解原文的含义，千万不能只停留在文字的表面。

　　4. 【答案】A

　　【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位与关键词语题。通过本题题干中的“physicists”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在第二段的倒数第二句。通过阅读本句以及它的前后句，尤其是它后面的一句话(第二段的尾句)，我们可以推断出本题的正确选项应该是表达“healthy”(有益的)含义的选项A，因为该选项中的“practical”是一个表示肯定的词语。考生在解题时一定要善于审题定位，更要善于理解句间关系所表达的内容。

　　5. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道指代词题型。根据本题题干中的“healthy skepticism”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在第二段的尾句，该句中的指代词“this”暗示我们本题的真正答案信息来源在第二段的倒数第二句，通过仔细阅读和理解倒数第二段的第二句话，我们可以得知强调“invisible”的选项D是本题的正确选项，因为该选项中含有“unknown”一词。考生在解题时应注意指代词的作用和功能，更要注意对原文细节的理解和把握。

　　[参考译文]

　　计算机程序员经常说计算机器会执行任何愚蠢的命令，因为它们完全缺乏辨别力。当然，其原因在于计算机的智力在其感知细节上的狭窄固定性——它不能被冗长的上下文所引导。三个相关的形容词可以用来对计算机进行心理上的描述：单一的思维，刻板的思维，简单的思维。在认识到这一点的同时，我们也应该认识到这种单一的思维，刻板的思维，简单的思维同样可以用来(尽管只是在较低的程度上)描述理论数学。

　　由于科学总是处理现实的问题，即使最精确的科学也通常在或多或少的不完全理解的近似的基础上探讨现实，对此，科学家必须保持适当的怀疑。例如，当数学家得知关于氢原子的薛定谔方程并不是对这种原子的精确的描述，而只是在考虑了旋转、磁极以及相对论作用的基础上一个稍微正确的近似方程，并且这个所谓的正确方程自身也只是对一个无穷量子理论场的不完美的近似时，他们一定深感震惊。当物理学家看到最初的薛定谔方程时，他们从中感知到在可见的各种关系之外，仍然存在着许多不可见的关联，而这种感知就会激励物理学家合理地忽略方程中纯技术的特色。这种非常有益的怀疑态度对于数学领域而言则是较为陌生的。

　　数学家必须研究精确界定的情况。因此，数学家依赖数学以外的努力来对数学照字面意义理解的近似性加以详细的说明。当给予数学家一个不确定程度较小的情形时，他们会把它转化成一个完全确定的状态。这种转化可能是合适的，也可能是不合适的。在某些情形下，数学家的这种刻板思维可能会产生不幸的后果。数学家把科学家的理论假设，也就是科学家分析重点的权宜之点，转化成公理，然后依据精确字义理解这些公理。他们可能还会说服科学家依据字义理解公理，这就会带来危险。科学家调查的中心问题，在数学领域则成为极其扰乱人心的问题，因而被忽略——如果公理不严谨会发生什么情况?

　　物理学家惧怕精确的论断是对的，因为一个仅仅因其精确性而使人信服的论断，当它所基于的假设略微改变时，其说服力就会丧失殆尽，而一个尽管不精确却具有说服力的论断，却会在它的基础假设受到小干扰时，依旧岿然不动。

nanafly

2016-07-21 21:09

“I want to criticize the social system, and to show it at work, at its most intense.” Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the “poetic” novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. But Virginia Woolf was a realistic as well as a poetic novelist, a satirist and social critic as well as a visionary: literary critics’ cavalier dismissal of Woolf’s social vision will not withstand scrutiny.

　　In her novels, Woolf is deeply engaged by the questions of how individuals are shaped (or deformed) by their social environments, how historical forces impinge on people’s lives, how class, wealth, and gender help to determine people’s fates. Most of her novels are rooted in a realistically rendered social setting and in a precise historical time.

　　Woolf’s focus on society has not been generally recognized because of her intense antipathy to propaganda in art. The pictures of reformers in her novels are usually satiric or sharply critical. Even when Woolf is fundamentally sympathetic to their causes, she portrays people anxious to reform their society and possessed of a message or program as arrogant or dishonest, unaware of how their political ideas serve their own psychological needs. (Her Writer’s Diary notes: “the only honest people are the artists,” whereas “these social reformers and philanthropists… harbor… discreditable desires under the disguise of loving their kind…”) Woolf detested what she called “preaching” in fiction, too, and criticized novelist D. H. Lawrence (among others) for working by this method.

　　Woolf’s own social criticism is expressed in the language of observation rather than in direct commentary, since for her, fiction is a contemplative, not an active art. She describes phenomena and provides materials for a judgment about society and social issues; it is the reader’s work to put the observations together and understand the coherent point of view behind them. As a moralist, Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, calling into question, rather than asserting, advocating, bearing witness: hers is the satirist’s art.

　　Woolf’s literary models were acute social observers like Chekhov and Chaucer. As she put it in The Common Reader, “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote; and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore.” Like Chaucer, Woolf chose to understand as well as to judge, to know her society root and branch — a decision crucial in order to produce art rather than polemic.

　　1. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?

　　[A] Poetry and Satire as Influences on the Novels of Virginia Woolf.

　　[B] Virginia Woolf: Critic and Commentator on the Twentieth-Century Novel.

　　[C] Trends in Contemporary Reform Movements as a Key to Understanding Virginia Woolf’s Novels.

　　[D] Virginia Woolf’s Novels: Critical Reflections on the Individual and on Society.

　　2. In the first paragraph of the text, the author’s attitude toward the literary critics mentioned can best be described as

　　[A] disparaging.

　　[B] ironic.

　　[C] facetious.

　　[D] skeptical but resigned.

　　3. It can be inferred from the text that Woolf chose Chaucer as a literary example because she believed that

　　[A] Chaucer was the first English author to focus on society as a whole as well as on individual characters.

　　[B] Chaucer was an honest and forthright author, whereas novelists like D. H. Lawrence did not sincerely wish to change society.

　　[C] Chaucer was more concerned with understanding his society than with calling its accepted mores into question.

　　[D] Chaucer’s writing was greatly, if subtly, effective in influencing the moral attitudes of his readers.

　　4. It can be inferred from the text that the most probable reason Woolf realistically described the social setting in the majority of her novels was that she

　　[A] was aware that contemporary literary critics considered the novel to be the most realistic of literary genres.

　　[B] was interested in the effect of a person’s social milieu on his or her character and actions.

　　[C] needed to be as attentive to detail as possible in her novels in order to support the arguments she advanced in them.

　　[D] wanted to show that a painstaking fidelity in the representation of reality did not in any way hamper the artist.

　　5. Which of the following phrases best expresses the sense of the word “contemplative” as it is used in line 2, paragraph 4 of the text?

　　[A] Gradually elucidating the rational structures underlying accepted mores.

　　[B] Reflecting on issues in society without prejudice or emotional commitment.

　　[C] Avoiding the aggressive assertion of the author’s perspective to the exclusion of the reader’s judgment.

　　[D] Conveying a broad view of society as a whole rather than focusing on an isolated individual consciousness.

nanafly

2016-07-21 21:09

[答案与考点解析]

　　1. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。本文的中心主旨句在首段的尾句，结合每段的主题句，我们可以推断出本文是在讲“Virginia Woolf”的小说以及其小说对个人与社会之间的关系进行的相关阐述。可见本题的正确选项应该是反映上述内容的选项D。考生在解题时应注意全文的中心主旨句以及每段的主题句之间的相互关系。

　　2. 【答案】A

　　【考点解析】本题是一道细节推导题。题干中的“literary critics”暗示本题的答案信息来源应该在首段的尾句，通过对本句的阅读与理解可推断出本文作者对“literary critics”的态度是否定的，故选项A应该是本题的正确选项。本题的选项D因为“resigned”(屈从的，顺从的)一词而不能成为本题的正确选项，因为原文中并没有包含这方面的意思。考生在解题时一定要认真理解原文的每一个单词。

　　3. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道句间关系题。通过题干中的“Chaucer”一词可迅速将本题的答案信息确定在尾段的首句。通过阅读尾段的第一句和第二句，我们可以推断出本题的正确选项应该是突出“morality”含义的选项D。考生在解题时一定要考虑到上下句之间的联系。

　　4. 【答案】B

　　【考点解析】这是一道句间关系题。通过题干中的“realistically”和“social setting”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在第二段的尾句，通过阅读和理解第二段中仅有的两个句子，我们可以推断出本题的正确选项应该是突出“人的社会环境影响人的性格和行为”之含义的选项B。考生在解题时一定要重视上下句之间的相互联系。

　　5. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】本题是一道词汇理解题。本题的题干以将本题的答案信息来源确定在第四段的第一句。如果考生不认识“contemplative”这个词，可以通过这个词前后的语意关系以及第四段第二句所表达的内容进行推导。通过仔细阅读第四段的第一、二句，我们可以推断出本题的正确选项应该是C，因为该选项强调的是回避“direct commentary”(直接的评论)，不做“active art”(主动的艺术)，让读者自己去思考。考生在解题时应该注意原文中所表达的对立对比关系。

　　[参考译文]

　　“我要批判社会体制，揭示出它在最为紧要的关头是如何运作的。”弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙在谈及她写作《达勒维夫人》的意图时令人深思的言论，常常为批评家们所忽视，因为它着重突出了她文学兴趣的一个方面，而这一方面与这位“诗意”小说家的一贯形象大相径庭，她一贯所关注的是审视人们梦想与幻觉的种种状态，并沿着个人意识的复杂路径追寻。但弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙是一位“诗意”小说家也是一个现实主义者，是一个空想家也是一个讽刺作家和社会批评家，对于伍尔芙的社会空想，文学批评家们傲慢地忽视伍尔芙的社会批判的做法是经不起推敲的。

　　伍尔芙在其小说中全力探讨如下问题：社会环境是如何塑造个人的(或是使人堕落的)，历史发展的推动力是如何冲击人们生活的，阶级、财产和性别是如何在决定人生命运中发挥作用的。她的大部分小说植根于现实主义营造的社会背景中，并发生在某一精确的历史时期。

　　因为伍尔芙对艺术宣传十分厌恶，所以她对社会的关注并未得到普遍认可。在她的小说中，改革者的形象通常是具有讽刺性的或是带有尖锐的批判色彩。即使有时伍尔芙本质上对他们的事业怀有同情心，但她还是将急于改革社会的，怀揣救世咨文或是纲领的人塑造成傲慢自大而又不够诚实的形象，并还没有意识到其政治主张是如何为满足个人的心理私欲而服务的。(她在《作家日记》中写道：“唯有艺术家是诚实的人，”而“这些社会改革家和慈善家们……将可耻的欲望隐藏在热爱人类的假面之后……”)伍尔芙还痛恨在小说中应用所谓的“说教”，对应用这一理论进行创作的小说家D. H.劳伦斯(及其他作家)进行了批评。

　　伍尔芙将自己的社会批判以观察的语言而不是直接的评论来表现，因为对她而言，小说是一门沉思凝想的艺术而非一门积极干预生活的艺术。她对社会及社会性问题所表现出来的现象加以描述，并提供材料让人们作出评论。读者要做的才是将这些观察所得的资料综合起来，并体会出隐含其中的连贯的观点。作为一名道德家，伍尔芙间接而巧妙地对那些公认的伦理道德进行攻击，她嘲讽、暗示、质疑，而不是下论断，鼓吹自己的观点，或是充当见证：她的作品是讽刺作家的艺术。

　　伍尔芙的文学楷模是像契诃夫和乔叟那样敏锐的社会观察家。正如她在《普通读者》中表述的，“完全可以说，还没有因为乔叟说了什么或写了什么而制定出一项法律或是建起一块石碑;但当我们在阅读他的作品时，却会全身心地汲取其道德思想。”正如乔叟一样，伍尔芙选择去理解判断，去彻底了解她所置身的社会——去创造艺术而不是争论性文章，这才是至关重要的决定。

nanafly

2016-07-21 21:09

　If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition — wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny — must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. If the tradition of amb i tion is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition — if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped ― with the educated themselves riding on them.

　　Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs — the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is," Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious."

　　The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.

　　27. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if _____.

　　[A]its returns well compensate for the sacrifices

　　[B]it is rewarded with money, fame and power

　　[C]its goals are spiritual rather than material

　　[D]it is shared by the rich and the famous

　　28. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is____ .

　　[A]customary of the educated to discard ambition in words

　　[B]too late to check ambition once it has been let out

　　[C]dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal

　　[D]impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition

　　29. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because____ .

　　[A]they think of it as immoral

　　[B]their pursuits are not fame or wealth

　　[C]ambition is not closely related to material benefits

　　[D]they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible

　　30. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained_____.

　　[A]secretly and vigorously

　　[B]openly and enthusiastically

　　[C]easily and momentarily

　　[D]verbally and spiritually

nanafly

2016-07-21 21:10

　答案解析

　　27. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if _____.

　　普遍认为，如果 ____, 雄心就能够受人尊重。

　　[A] its returns well compensate for the sacrifices

　　雄心的回报充分补偿了所作的牺牲

　　[B] it is rewarded with money, fame and power

　　雄心以金钱、名誉和权力作为回报

　　[C] its goals are spiritual rather than material

　　雄心的目标是精神上的而不是物质上的

　　[D] it is shared by the rich and the famous

　　它是富人和名人共享的

　　【答案】 A

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】文章第一句指出，“雄心如果想要获得尊重，那么它的回报——财富、声望、对命运的掌控——则必须被认为值得为之牺牲”。也就是说，正确答案是 [A] 。 [B] 中的金钱、声望和对命运的控制，在第一句中，只是作为取得回报的三个例子，并非仅包括这三方面而已。因此，选择项 [A] 更加确切地表达了第一句的意思。 [C] 、 [D] 的说法显然不对。

　　28. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is____.

　　第一段最后一句话很可能暗示的内容是 ____ 。

　　[A] customary of the educated to discard ambition in words

　　受过教育的人习惯于口头上抛弃雄心

　　[B] too late to check ambition once it has been let out

　　雄心一旦释放，要想再阻拦就晚了

　　[C] dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal

　　在目标达成之后不诚实地否认雄心

　　[D] impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition

　　对受过教育的人来说，要享受雄心带来的好处是不实际的。

　　【答案】 C

　　【考点】句意题。

　　【分析】本句中出现一个比喻，意思是“他们是野心的受益者，但又虚伪地否认拥有野心的重要性”。这和 [C] 的意思是吻合的。 [A] 的错误在于它不够完整，没有提到受益这个概念。 [B] 的说法是字面意思。 [D] 选项没有根据。

　　29. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because____.

　　一些人不公开宣称他们有雄心，是因为 ____ 。

　　[A] they think of it as immoral

　　他们认为这不道德

　　[B] their pursuits are not fame or wealth

　　他们追求的不是名声和财富

　　[C] ambition is not closely related to material benefits

　　雄心和物质利益并非紧密相连

　　[D] they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible

　　他们不想让自己看上去贪婪和可鄙

　　【答案】 D

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】根据第二段第三句，“现在，人们不能像以前那样轻易公开地承认自己的梦想，以免别人认为自己爱出风头，贪婪和庸俗”，所以答案是 [D] 。

　　30. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained_____.

　　从最后一段可以得出雄心应该被 ____ _ 保持这一结论。

　　[A]secretly and vigorously 秘密并严格地

　　[B]openly and enthusiastically 公开和充满热情地

　　[C]easily and momentarily 容易并暂时地

　　[D]verbally and spiritually 在语言上和精神上

　　【答案】 B

　　【考点】作者观点题。

　　【分析】文章最后一段提到“本应该是一种健康的冲动，一种应该受人仰慕并扎根于青年人心灵的品质的雄心，却被人攻击，得不到支持。由于不公开，雄心转为地下，雄心变得偷偷摸摸”。由此推论，作者认为人们不应该隐瞒自己的雄心，而应该坦言。

　　难句解析：

　　1. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.

　　【结构分析】本句是并列句，前一个分句中，“ if ”引导条件状语从句，主句主语“ it ”指代“ the tradition of ambition ”。后一个分句中“ who ”引导一个定语从句修饰“ people ”，“ the educated not least among them ”是“ people ”的补语。

　　2. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.

　　【结构分析】 “ what ”引导主语从句，“ that ”引导表语从句。“ as…as… ”结构做程度状语，此外“ lest ”引导带虚拟语气的假设状语从句。

　　3. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.

　　【结构分析】本句看上去很长，主句是“ we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles ”。“ which ”引导一个非限定性定语从句修饰“ spectacles ”。在冒号的后面是三个并列的名词性短语，关键词分别是“ critic ”，“ publisher ”和“ journalist ”。

　　全文翻译：

　　雄心如果想要获得尊重，那么它的回报——财富、声望、对命运的掌控——则必须被认为值得为之牺牲。如果雄心的传统要焕发生命力，那么它就应该受到广泛的认同;雄心尤其应该得到那些自身得到他人崇拜的人们的高度尊重，那些接受过良好教育的人最应该包括在内。怪就怪在恰恰是那些受过良好教育的人在声称他们不再将雄心作为理想。可是奇怪的是他们已经从雄心中受益最多——如果不总是他们自己的雄心，那么就是他们父母的和祖父母的。这其中有着强烈的虚伪感，就好比把马放跑后再关上马厩的门，而骑在那些马背上的正是受过良好教育的人自己。

　　当然，现在人们对成功及其标志的兴趣似乎不逊从前，夏日别墅，欧洲旅行、宝马轿车——尽管它们的地点、地名和商标可能会不一样，但现在对这些东西的需求似乎并未比一、二十年前减少。现在，人们不能像以前那样轻易公开地承认自己的梦想，以免别人认为自己爱出风头，贪婪和庸俗。相反，我们目睹的是得体的虚伪，而且比以前任何时候都多。如：美国物欲主义批评家在南安普顿拥有一幢夏日别墅;激进读物的出版商到三星级宾馆就餐;倡导终生参与民主制的新闻记者却把自己的子女送进私立学校。对于这样的人，以及其他许多不如他们这么特殊的人而言，最好的表达是“成功不惜一切代价，雄心不让任何人看出”。

　　很多人从不同角度对雄心进行了攻击;却没什么人为之公开辩护，即使辩护也不能服人，尽管辩护者并非极不引人注意。因此，在美国，本应该是一种健康的冲动，一种应该受人仰慕并扎根于青年人心灵的品质的雄心，其得到的支持也许比以往任何时期都低。但这并不意味着雄心已经结束了，人们不再感觉到它对人们的激励了，只是人们不再公开地以它为荣，更少愿意公开地承认。很多不良后果随之而来，如雄心被赶入地下，或变得偷偷摸摸。现在的情况是这样的：左边是愤怒的批评家，右边是愚蠢的支持者，而居中的通常是大多数认真而努力追求成功的人。

nanafly

2016-07-21 21:10

pecialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.

　　No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Neverthelss, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.

　　A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

　　Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.

　　21. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as _________.

　　[A]sociology and chemistry

　　[B]physics and psychology

　　[C]sociology and psychology

　　[D]physics and chemistry

　　22. We can infer from the passage that _________.

　　[A]there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation

　　[B]amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science

　　[C]professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community

　　[D]amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones

　　23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate _________.

　　[A]the process of specialization and professionalisation

　　[B]the hardship of amateurs in scientific study

　　[C]the change of policies in scientific publications

　　[D]the discrimination of professionals against amateurs

　　24. The direct reason for specialization is _________.

　　[A]the development in communication

　　[B]the growth of professionalisation

　　[C]the expansion of scientific knowledge

　　[D]the splitting up of academic societies

nanafly

2016-07-21 21:10

答案解析

　　21. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as_________.

　　19 世纪专业化的发展在 _______ 等科学领域容易看的更加清楚。

　　[A]sociology and chemistry 社会学和化学

　　[B]physics and psychology 物理学和心理学

　　[C]sociology and psychology 社会学和心理学

　　[D]physics and chemistry 物理学和化学

　　【答案】 D

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】根据题干定位到第二段第三、四句，文中提到“专业化要求更长时间、更复杂的培训，给参与科学活动的业余人士带来了更大的问题。在特别是以数学和实验为基础的那些科学领域里，这一倾向自然表现得最为明显，英国地质学领域的发展充分地说明了这一点”。在这四个选择项中， [A] 、 [B] 、 [C] 都提到了“文科学科”，只有 [D] 选项中的“物理学和化学”均是“以数学和实验作为基础的科学”，因此可以推断 [D] 选项符合原文，是正确答案。

　　22. We can infer from the passage that _____. 从本文可以推断出 ______ 。

　　[A] there is little distinction between specialization and professionalization

　　在专业化和职业化之间几乎没有区别

　　[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science

　　业余人士在某些领域和专业人士可以竞争

　　[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community

　　专业人士看上去是欢迎业余人士加入科学团体的

　　[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones

　　业余人士看起来只有全国性的学术协会，但是没有地方性的学术协会

　　【答案】 B

　　【考点】推断题。

　　【分析】选项 [A] 中提到“专业化和职业化之间几乎没有区别”，而实际上，它们指的是“不同的领域和方向”，“ specialization ”针对“研究对象”，“ professionalization ”针对“研究者”，因此可以排除。选项 [C] 说“专业人士看上去是欢迎业余人士加入科学团体”这种说法也是不对的，因为专业化的发展使得业余人士受到排挤。 [D] 选项明显错误，因为文中提到“既有全国性的学术协会，又有地方性的学术协会”。第三段指出“局部的研究 (local studies) 只有在能被纳入并反映出更广泛研究框架的时候，才为专业人士所接受”。这说明，某些方面的研究是为专业研究者所认可的，同时说明了业余研究与职业研究并存的状况。既然是并存的，就说明在某个地方是可以竞争的。因此选择 [B] 。

　　23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ______.

　　作者提到地质学发展是为了说明 ______ 。

　　[A] the process of specialization and professionalization

　　专业化和职业化的过程

　　[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study

　　业余人士在科学研究方面的艰辛

　　[C] the change of policies in scientific publications

　　科技出版政策的变化

　　[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs

　　职业人士对业余人士的歧视

　　【答案】 A

　　【考点】作者目的题。

　　【分析】根据题干“地质学发展”定位到第二段末尾和第三段，第三段主要讲的是地质学的发展;以及第四段第一句“虽然职业化和专业化过程早在 19 世纪已在英国的地质学领域展开，但直到 20 世纪我们才看到其全面影响”，因此可以判断这里的正确答案是 [A] 。 [B] 选项认为是“业余研究者在科学研究方面的艰辛”。例子中虽然提到了专业化给业余研究者带来的不利影响 . 但是从整体来看，那个不是重点，地质学的例子主要是为了说明“专业化和职业化过程的形成及其影响”。

　　24. The direct reason for specialization is _______. 造成专业化的直接原因是 _______ 。

　　[A] the development in communication 交流的发展

　　[B] the growth of professionalization 职业化的发展

　　[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge 科学知识的扩展

　　[D] the splitting up of academic societies 学术团体的分化

　　【答案】 C

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】本题要求考生找出现象间的因果关系。全文开篇就指出，“专业化过程可以被看做是对日益积累的科学知识的反应”。这句话的含义实际上就是“科学知识的积累促进了专业化”。因此可以判定 [C] 是正确选项。 [A] 选项是不对的，因为根据其中的“交流”一词可以定位到第一段，文中提到“专业化影响了交流过程”，而不是反之。 [B] 不对，“专业化是随着知识的进一步分类而产生的，是和职业化同时产生的”，不是其成因。 [D] 为专业化的结果。

　　难句解析：

　　1. Nevertheless, the word “ amateur ” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.

　　【结构分析】本句的主句是“ the word ‘ amateur ’ does carry a connotation ”，后面有一个“ that ”引导的同位语从句，解释“ connotation ”，而这个同位语从句中有两个并列谓语。

　　2. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.

　　【结构分析】本句的主干是“ The trend was naturally most obvious… and can be illustrated… ”。主语是“ the trend ”，两个谓语部分为“ was obvious ”和“ can be illustrated ”。前一个部分中“ based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training ”是过去分词做后置定语修饰“ areas of science ”。

　　3. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.

　　【结构分析】本句的主干结构是“ The overall result has been to do sth. ”。逗号后面只是一个名词性的短语，其关键词是“ a result ”，是前面句子主语的同位语，在其内部主要是一个“ that ”引导的定语从句，而定语从句中又有两个并列的状语“ first by..., and then by... ”。

　　4. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

　　【结构分析】这是一个并列句，由“ whereas ” ( 而 ) 连接两个分句，说明了两种情况，前一个分句的主干是“ A process of differentiation has led to professional geologists ”，而后面说“ the amateurs have tended either to remain…or to come… ”。

　　全文翻译：

　　专业化可被看作针对科学知识不断膨胀这个问题所做出的反应。通过将学科细分为各个小的单元，个人能够继续处理这些信息并将它们作为进一步研究的基础。但是专业化仅仅是一系列相关科学进步中影响交流过程的的一个。另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化。

　　在科学领域内，职业人士与业余人士之间没有明确的区分：任何规律都有其例外。但是“业余”这个词的确具有一种含义，即相关的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体，尤其是他可能并不完全认同他们的价值观。 19 世纪的专业化的发展，导致了对更长更复杂的训练的要求，意味着业余人员进入科学界会遇到更大的困难。特别是在以数学和实验室训练为基础的科学领域，这种倾向自然尤为明显，这可以通过英国的地质学发展过程得到证实。

　　对过去一个半世纪的英国地质出版物所进行的比较表明不但人们对研究首要性的重视程度在不断增加，而且对什么是可以接受的论文的定义也在不断变化。因此，在 19 世纪，局部的地质研究本身就代表了一种有价值的研究;而到了 20 世纪，如果局部的研究能够被职业人员接受，那么它就必须结合和思考一个更加广阔的地质面貌。另一方面，业余人员继续以传统方式从事局部的研究。结果，业余人员在职业化地质学杂志发表文章更加困难。审稿制度首先在 19 世纪的全国性杂志中实行，后来在 20 世纪一些地方性地质杂志中也开始实行，这使这个结果得到进一步加强。这样发展的必然结果是出现了针对专业读者和业余读者的不同杂志。类似的分化过程也导致职业地质学家聚集起来，形成一两个全国性的团体，而业余地质学家则要么留在地方性团体中，要么以不同方式组成全国性的团体。

　　虽然职业化和专业化过程在 19 世纪的英国地质学界中已经得到迅速发展，但是它的效果一直拖到 20 世纪才充分显示出来。然而，从整个科学来看， 19 世纪必须被视为科学结构发生该变化的关键阶段。

nanafly

2016-07-21 21:11

A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide — the division of the world into the info(information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.

　　There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we've ever had.

　　Of course, the use of the Internet isn't the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.

　　To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-coloni a l prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrials infrastructure, it didn't have the capital to do so. And that is why America's Second Wave infrastructure—including roads, barbors, highways, ports and so on—were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you're going to be. That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.

　　25. Digital divide is something _________.

　　[A]getting worse because of the Internet

　　[B]the rich countries are responsible for

　　[C]the world must guard against

　　[D]considered positive today

　　26. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it _________.

　　[A]offers economic potentials

　　[B]can bring foreign funds

　　[C]can soon wipe out world poverty

　　[D]connects people all over the world

　　27. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of _________.

　　[A]providing financial support overseas

　　[B]preventing foreign capital's control

　　[C]building industrial infrastructure

　　[D]accepting foreign investment

　　28. It seems that now a country's economy depends much on _________.

　　[A]how well-developed it is electronically

　　[B]whether it is prejudiced against immigrants

　　[C]whether it adopts America's industrial pattern

　　[D]how much control it has over foreign corporations

nanafly

2016-07-21 21:11

　名师解析

　　25. Digital divide is something _______. 数字鸿沟是 ______ 。

　　[A]getting worse because of the Internet 因为因特网而变得更加糟糕

　　[B]the rich countries are responsible for 由富裕国家应该承担责任的

　　[C]the world must guard against 全世界都要警惕的

　　[D]considered positive today 今天被认为是积极的

　　【答案】 C

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】通过题干关键词“数字鸿沟”定位到第一段。第一句是对“数字鸿沟”所下的一个定义。其后作者提到，他和妻子 20 年前就谈到这种隐伏的的危险，这里的“ looming danger ”指的就是“ the digital divide ”。早在 20 年前，防止产生这种鸿沟的积极因素还不太明显，而今天作者认为是乐观的。同时定位到第二段，作者提到了“因特网的普及使这种鸿沟正得到缩小”，可见，选项 [A] 是错误的，“因为因特网而变得糟糕”与原文意思相左。 [B] 不对，是因为作者没有提到这个方面。在作者看来，这种鸿沟是不好的现象，而网络的普及能帮助世界战胜贫困。 [D] 的说法显然是错误的，因为作者就是要消除这个鸿沟。

　　26. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it ______.

　　政府重视因特网是因为它 ________ 。

　　[A]offers economic potentials 提供很多经济可能

　　[B]can bring foreign funds 能够带来外国资金

　　[C]can soon wipe out world poverty 能够很快消除世界贫困

　　[D]connects people all over the world 将世界人民连在一起

　　【答案】 A

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】定位到第二段，文中提到“政府之所以大力推广因特网是出于因特网可能成为消除贫困的最好的工具的考虑”。第三段更是提到“因特网可能具有巨大的潜力”。因此可以判断 [A] 是正确的。 [B] 选项认为“可以带来海外投资”，这仅仅是局部因素。 [C] 选项中，虽然作者提到了“国际互联网的利用可能是战胜贫困的工具”，但这仅仅是一种潜在的力量，并没有说能够很快消除贫困。 [D] 选项也是因特网的一个主要功能，但是也不是政府重视的主要原因。

　　27. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of _________.

　　作者提到美国的案例是为了证明 __________ 政策是对的。

　　[A]providing financial support overseas 为海外提供资金支持

　　[B]preventing foreign capital’s control 防止外国资金控制

　　[C]building industrial infrastructure 建设工业基础

　　[D]accepting foreign investment 接受外国投资

　　【答案】 D

　　【考点】作者意图题。

　　【分析】在第四段，美国和巴西的例子都被作者用以说明抛弃过去的在那种在利用外资上的，过时的反殖民偏见，提出充分利用外资建立电子基础设施的重要性，并且指出，哪个国家在建设“第三次浪潮”的基础设施上利用外资多，哪个国家就将变得更富裕。因此可以判断正确选项是 [D] 。 [A] 选项把吸收外资的重要性和美国提供海外资金混淆起来。 [B] 的说法无法从美国这个案例中推断出来。 [C] 错在“工业”这个概念上。

　　28. It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on _____.

　　现在，一个国家的经济看起来极大地依赖于 _______ 。

　　[A]how well developed it is electronically 它的电子发展程度

　　[B]whether it is prejudiced against immigrants 它是否歧视移民

　　[C]whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern 它是否接受美国的工业模式

　　[D]how much control it has over foreign corporations 它对外国公司的控制有多大

　　【答案】 A

　　【考点】推断题。

　　【分析】文章最后一段提到哪个国家在建设“第三次浪潮”的基础设施上利用外资多，哪个国家就将变得更富裕。这里的“第三次浪潮”指的就是“电子基础建设”。因此选项 [A] 是正确的。其他三个选项中， [B] 和 [D] 文中没有提到。 [C] 再次出现“工业模式”，因此不正确。

　　难句解析：

　　1. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access — after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are.

　　【结构分析】本句主句是“ It is in the interest of business to universalize access ”，“ as ”引导一个伴随状语，“随着”，而非“因为”，后面破折号的部分是进一步解释说明前面的主句。

　　2. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you're going to be.

　　【结构分析】本句是一个“ the more..., the more... ”的句型。“ which today is an electronic infrastructure ”是修饰“ Third Wave infrastructure ”的非限定性定语从句。

　　全文翻译：

　　今天，人们十分关注所谓的数字鸿沟问题，即世界被分为信息资源丰富区和信息资源贫乏区两类。这个鸿沟今天确实存在，我和我妻子 20 年前谈过这个隐伏的危险。然而，那时一些抵制数字鸿沟的、新的积极因素还不如今天明显。我们是有理由感到乐观的。

　　一些技术上的因素使我们有理由希望鸿沟会缩小。随着互联网变得越来越商业化，普及上网对商家是有利的——毕竟，上网人数越多，潜在的客户就越多。越来越多的政府，由于担心自己的国家会落后，都想推广互联网。一二十年之内，全球将有一二十亿人被网在一起。因此，我现在相信，在将来，数字鸿沟将会缩小而不是扩大。这是非常好的消息，因为互联网非常可能成为我们消除所面临的贫困的最强有效的工具。

　　当然，使用互联网不是唯一战胜贫困的方法。互联网也不是我们所拥有的唯一工具，但它却有巨大的潜力。

　　要想利用互联网这个工具，某些贫困国家必须克服在外国投资方面的过时的反殖民偏见。那些认为外国投资是对本国主权的侵犯的国家最好还是研究一下美国基础设施 ( 社会的基本结构基础 ) 的历史。当初美国建设自己的工业基础设施时，缺乏资金，这就是为什么美国的第二波基础设施建设——包括公路、港口，高速公路、港口城市等等——都是利用的国外资金。英国人、德国人、荷兰人和法国人都在这片前英国殖民地投资。他们提供资金，美国移民建造。想想看，现在谁拥有这一切?美国人。我想，同样的事情也可以发生在巴西或其他任何地方。你拥有的去建造第三次浪潮基础设施 ( 今天主要指电子基础设施 ) 的外国资金越多，那么你就越富裕。这并不是说卑躬屈膝，任人愚弄，也不是让外国公司为所欲为。但这的确意味着你已认识到外国公司对本国能源及通信基础设施建设的重要性，这些基础设施是充分利用互联网所必要的。

nanafly

2016-07-21 21:16

nanafly

2016-07-21 21:16

[答案与考点解析]

　　1. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。本文的第二、三、四段描述了“heat pumps”的相关物理原理，第一、五、六段谈到了影响“heat pumps”应用的原因。由此可见本题的正确选项应该是C。考生在解题时一定要对全文的整体结构有所认识，并将各段的主题句联系起来加以理解。

　　2. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】这是一道段落间关系题。通过题干中的“the question of whether heat pumps run counter to the principle of energy conservation”可迅速确定本题的答案信息来源应该在第二段，因为第一段就是本题的题干。通过仔细阅读原文可发现本题的答案信息来源在第二、三、四段，在这三段中本文作者为解决相关问题给出了“relevant facts”(相关事实)。可见本题的正确选项应该是C。考生在解题时一定要注意段落之间的相互关系。

　　3. 【答案】A

　　【考点解析】这是一道审题定位与反推题。通过本题题干中的“heating season”可迅速将本题的答案信息来源确定在尾段，因为尾段中的“extremely cold climates”暗示出“heating season”。通过仔细阅读和理解尾段并且进行相应的推导就可得出本题的正确选项A。考生在解题时首先要具备审题定位的能力，另外在解题时不能仅仅停留于字面含义，要多动脑子进行合理的推导。

　　4. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】这是一道归纳推导题。题干把本题所涉及的问题确定在第一段，而本文作者对于该问题的解释和说明确在第四段。通过对这两段的综合归纳推导，可得出本题的正确选项是C。由于作者在第四段的深刻解释帮助解决了人们心中的疑惑，但是这两段的深层含义暗示我们：人们在做广告时要避免使用超出消费者可信度的信息。考生在解题时要注意段落之间的联系，更要注意作者所要传递的深层含义。

　　5. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道审题定位与段落间关系题。通过题干中的“heat pumps would be used more widely”可迅速确定本题的题干来自于首段，在首段中我们也可以得知阻碍“heat pumps”被大家广泛接受的原因是“contradicting the principle of energy conservation”。在本文的第四段作者对第一段中所涉及的问题给出了合理的解释，指出“heat pumps”并没有“contradicting the principle of energy conservation”。问题出在人们对于“evaporator”缺乏了解。综合这两段的内容我们可得知：如果人们对“evaporator”有所认识，他们对“heat pumps”就不会心存疑虑，同时他们就会接受“heat pumps”，从而“heat pumps”就会得到广泛的利用。可见本题的正确选项应该中D。考生在解题时一定要注意段落之间的联系，更要注意反推即逆向思维的应用。

　　[参考译文]

　　热泵使用受到阻碍，主要是人们怀疑广告上所宣称的，热泵能够提供两倍于其所消耗电能的热能，这显然与能量守恒定理相悖。

　　热泵循环使用的是液体制冷剂，这个循环使得制冷剂在一个封闭环路内从液体到气体交替变化。循环开始时，制冷剂以低温低压的蒸气，进入一个电机驱动的压缩机。出了压缩机后，制冷剂变为高温稠密的气体，流经一个被称为冷凝器的热交换器，这个冷凝器把制冷剂的热量传送到一个气团。制冷剂就变成了高压冷却的液态，然后经过一个节流器，节流器使其压力下降。压力下降时，制冷剂就会膨胀并且使部分液体气化，制冷剂变冷。然后经过第二个热交换器即蒸发器，蒸发器把热量从空气中传到制冷剂中，使得第二个气团温度降低。这两个热交换器，一个在室内工作，另外一个位于室外，所以每个热交换器接触各自不同的气团：室内空气和室外空气。

　　制冷剂在热泵内的流动方向受阀门控制。当制冷剂逆向流动时，两个交换器就交换它们的功能。这个逆向流动的能力使得热泵对室内空气加温或冷却。

　　现在，如果在某些条件下一个热泵输出的热能多于其消耗的电能，则能量守恒法则受到挑战了么?不，丝毫没有：通过蒸发器进入了制冷剂循环的额外热能，可以说明能量平衡上的差异。

　　不幸的是，这里有一个现实的问题。热泵的加热能力随着室外温度的下降而减少，其减少是由于在固定时间内流经压缩机的制冷剂数量上的减少而造成的。热容量和制冷剂质量流动速率成比例：被压缩的制冷剂越少，加载到热机循环中传输的热量越少。在使用单速旋转式压缩机的热泵中，制冷剂气体的体积流动速率近似一个常数。但进入压缩机的制冷剂气体，其冷却的气体压力比热气压力要小。因此，冷的制冷剂气体质量，也就是它携带的热能小于在压缩之前比较热的制冷剂气体的质量。

　　这样，那么热泵存在的真正障碍在于：在极端寒冷气候地区，那里最需要热量，热泵却最不能够提供充足的热量。

nanafly

2016-07-21 21:16

Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hard-working and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't know where they should go next.

　　The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.

　　While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “ Those things that do not show up in the test scores — personality, ability, courage or humanity ― are completely ignored, ” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee. “ Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild. ” Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War Ⅱ had weakened the “ Japanese morality of respect for parents. ”

　　But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. “ In Japan, ” says educator Yoko Muro, “ it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure. ” With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.

　　23. In the Westerners’ eyes, the postwar Japan was_____.

　　[A]under aimless development

　　[B]a positive example

　　[C]a rival to the West

　　[D]on the decline

　　24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?

　　[A]Women's participation in social activities is limited.

　　[B]More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.

　　[C]Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.

　　[D]The life-style has been influenced by Western values.

　　25. Which of the following is true according to the author?

　　[A]Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder

　　[B]Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.

　　[C]More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.

　　[D]Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.

　　26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that____.

　　[A]the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life.

　　[B]the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.

　　[C]the Japanese endure more than ever before

　　[D]the Japanese appreciate their present life

nanafly

2016-07-21 21:17

答案解析

　　23. In the Westerners’eyes, the postwar Japan was_____.

　　在西方人看来，战后的日本是 _____ 。

　　[A]under aimless development 盲目发展

　　[B]a positive example 一个积极的例子

　　[C]a rival to the West 西方的竞争对手

　　[D]on the decline 在衰退中

　　【答案】 B

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】文章第一段第一句就指出，“盲目性不是战后日本的特色，它的生产率和社会的和谐为美国和欧洲所羡慕。”也就是说是一个积极的正面的例子。 [A] 违反了第一句。 [C] 选项和 [D] 选项不是本文谈论的话题。

　　24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?

　　根据本文作者的观点，日本社会道德滑坡的主要原因是什么?

　　[A] Women's participation in social activities is limited.

　　妇女参加社会活动受到限制。

　　[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.

　　越来越多的工人对自己的工作感到不满。

　　[C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.

　　过多地注重基础教育。

　　[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.

　　生活方式受西方价值观的影响。

　　【答案】 D

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】文中第一段指出日本人正在逐渐经历传统工作道德价值观的日益滑坡，说“十年前，年轻人工作努力，将工作看作是生存 (being) 的重要动力”，但是，日本目前在很大程度上满足了其经济发展的需要，年轻人反而不知道下一步的发展目标了。具体提到道德滑坡是在第三段，文中提到校园暴力，提到“保守党领导人正在力图重新重视战前那种道德教育”，“ Mitsuo Setoyama ”更是冒出“惊人之语” (raise the eyebrows) ，他坚持认为二战后美国占领当局引进的自由改革削弱了“日本人尊敬父母的道德观”。而在下文，作者更是直接提出，“但是，这可能和日本人的生活方式关系更大。人们已经抛弃了社区和大家庭，而更加喜欢单门独户的两代人构成的家庭，旧的集体和家庭价值观被削弱”。由此可见，本题的答案就是 [D] 选项。

　　25. Which of the following is true according to the author?

　　在作者看来，以下哪一个是正确的?

　　[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.

　　日本的教育受人称道，因为它有助于年轻人攀登社会阶梯。

　　[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.

　　日本教育的特点就是既有机械性的学习又有创造力的培养。

　　[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.

　　应该更加强调创造力的培养上。

　　[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.

　　辍学导致了对应试的挫折感。

　　【答案】 C

　　【考点】作者观点题。

　　【分析】 [A] 说法是错误的，因为日本的教育受到外国人赞赏的原因是“它强调整础教育”。 [B] 说法是错误的，因为文中提到“它强调考试和机械学习而不是创造性和自我表现”。 [C] 是正确的，因为文中提到“它强调考试和机械学习超过创造性和自我表现”。“那些在考分中不能体现的东西——个性、能力、勇气或人性——完全被忽视了，”执政的自民党教育委员会主席“ Toshiki Kaifu ”说，“这类事情造成的挫折致使孩子辍学以及变得狂野”，这说明日本应该更加强调创造力的培养。 [D] 的说法是错误的，因为文中说“这类事情造成的挫折致使孩子辍学以及变得狂野”，该选项故意混淆了原因和结果。

　　26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that____.

　　日本人生活方式的变化体现在下面的一个事实中。

　　[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life

　　年轻人对现实生活中困苦的忍受力下降

　　[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.

　　日本的离婚率超过美国的

　　[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before

　　日本人忍受的东西比以前更多了

　　[D] the Japanese appreciate their present life

　　日本人欣赏他们目前的生活

　　【答案】 A

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】文中提到教育家“ Yoko Muro ”。他说“在日本，你喜欢不喜欢自己的工作和生活，这从来都不是问题，问题是你有多大的承受力”。然后在最后一段里面提到“家庭结构的改变，旧的集体和家庭价值观的削弱，人们的不满凸现”。也就是说“日本人以前默默地忍受生活的困苦，但是，现在年轻的日本人觉得这种牺牲太大，对此产生了逆反情绪”。因此可以判定“日本人的生活方式的变化体现年轻人对现实生活中的困苦忍受力下降”。 [B] 的说法是错误的，因为根据第四段最后一句，“日本人的离婚率仍然低于美国人的”。 [C] 在文中找不到很据。 [D] 可以根据“最近一次调查发现只有 24.5% 的日本学生对学校生活完全满意，相比之下，美国学生的比例是 62.7% 。此外，与被调查的其他 10 个国家的工人相比，对自身工作表示不满的日本工人多得多”进行排除。

　　难句解析：

　　1. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.

　　【结构分析】本句的主语有两个。一个是“ The coming of age of the postwar baby boom ”;另外一个是“ an entry of women into the male-dominated job market ”。谓语是“ have limited ”。宾语是“ the opportunities of teen-agers ”。“ who ” 引导一个定语从句修饰宾语。“ involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs ”是“ personal sacrifices ”的后置定语。

　　2. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “ Japanese morality of respect for parents. ”

　　【结构分析】本句主句结构是“ Mitsuo Setoyama raised eyebrows ”。插入语“ who was then education minister ”是主语的定语，“ when ” 引导一个时间状语从句，“ that ”引导的从句做“ argued ”的宾语，该宾语从句中主语是“ liberal reforms ”，谓语是“ had weakened ”，宾语是“ the ‘ Japanese morality of respect for parents ’”，“ introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II ”是“ liberal reforms ”的定语。

　　全文翻译：

　　盲目性不是战后日本的特色，它的生产率和社会的和谐为美国和欧洲所羡慕。但是，日本人正在逐渐经历传统工作道德价值观的日益滑坡。 10 年前，日本年轻人工作勤奋，将工作视为他们存在的主要理由，但如今日本基本上已经满足了其经济需求，年轻人却不知道他们随后该去何方。

　　战后婴儿出生高峰期出生的人已到成年，以及妇女进入男性主宰的就业市场，限制了青少年的发展机遇，这些青少年已经开始质疑攀登日本等级森严的社会阶梯以求进好学校，找好工作中付出的沉重的个人牺牲是否值得。最近一次调查发现只有 24.5% 的日本学生对学校生活完全满意，相比之下，美国学生的比例是 62.7% 。此外，与被调查的其他 10 个国家的工人相比，对自身工作表示不满的日本工人多得多。

　　虽然日本的教育因强调基础知识而经常受到外国人的赞扬，但是它强调考试和机械学习而不是创造性和自我表现。“那些在考分中不能体现的东西——个性、能力、勇气或人性——完全被忽视了，”执政的自民党教育委员会主席 Toshiki Kaifu 说，“这类事情造成的挫折致使孩子辍学以及变得狂野。”去年日本发生了 2,125 起校园暴力事件，其中包括 929 起袭击老师事件。在抗议声中，许多保守党领导人正在力图重新重视战前那种道德教育;去年，时任教育大臣的 Mitsuo Setoyama 就冒出惊人之语，他坚持认为二战后美国占领当局引进的自由改革削弱了“日本人尊敬父母的道德观”。

　　但是，这可能和日本人的生活方式关系更大。教育家 Yoko Muro 说“在日本，你喜欢不喜欢自己的工作和生活，这从来都不是问题，问题是你有多大的承受力。”经济的增长伴随着人口的集中，在日本 1.19 亿人当中， 76% 的人住在城市，在那里，人们已经抛弃了社区和大家庭，而更加喜欢单门独户的两代人构成的家庭。日本的城里人长期忍受着漫长的上下班来回路程和拥挤的居住条件，但是随着旧的集体和家庭价值观的削弱，人们的不满开始显现。在过去 10 年中，日本的离婚率虽然仍远在美国之下，但是也已经上升了 50% ，而自杀则上升了近 1/4 。

nanafly

2016-07-21 21:17

nanafly

2016-07-21 21:17

答案解析

　　25. Digital divide is something _______. 数字鸿沟是 ______ 。

　　[A]getting worse because of the Internet 因为因特网而变得更加糟糕

　　[B]the rich countries are responsible for 由富裕国家应该承担责任的

　　[C]the world must guard against 全世界都要警惕的

　　[D]considered positive today 今天被认为是积极的

　　【答案】 C

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】通过题干关键词“数字鸿沟”定位到第一段。第一句是对“数字鸿沟”所下的一个定义。其后作者提到，他和妻子 20 年前就谈到这种隐伏的的危险，这里的“ looming danger ”指的就是“ the digital divide ”。早在 20 年前，防止产生这种鸿沟的积极因素还不太明显，而今天作者认为是乐观的。同时定位到第二段，作者提到了“因特网的普及使这种鸿沟正得到缩小”，可见，选项 [A] 是错误的，“因为因特网而变得糟糕”与原文意思相左。 [B] 不对，是因为作者没有提到这个方面。在作者看来，这种鸿沟是不好的现象，而网络的普及能帮助世界战胜贫困。 [D] 的说法显然是错误的，因为作者就是要消除这个鸿沟。

　　26. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it ______.

　　政府重视因特网是因为它 ________ 。

　　[A]offers economic potentials 提供很多经济可能

　　[B]can bring foreign funds 能够带来外国资金

　　[C]can soon wipe out world poverty 能够很快消除世界贫困

　　[D]connects people all over the world 将世界人民连在一起

　　【答案】 A

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】定位到第二段，文中提到“政府之所以大力推广因特网是出于因特网可能成为消除贫困的最好的工具的考虑”。第三段更是提到“因特网可能具有巨大的潜力”。因此可以判断 [A] 是正确的。 [B] 选项认为“可以带来海外投资”，这仅仅是局部因素。 [C] 选项中，虽然作者提到了“国际互联网的利用可能是战胜贫困的工具”，但这仅仅是一种潜在的力量，并没有说能够很快消除贫困。 [D] 选项也是因特网的一个主要功能，但是也不是政府重视的主要原因。

　　27. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of _________.

　　作者提到美国的案例是为了证明 __________ 政策是对的。

　　[A]providing financial support overseas 为海外提供资金支持

　　[B]preventing foreign capital’s control 防止外国资金控制

　　[C]building industrial infrastructure 建设工业基础

　　[D]accepting foreign investment 接受外国投资

　　【答案】 D

　　【考点】作者意图题。

　　【分析】在第四段，美国和巴西的例子都被作者用以说明抛弃过去的在那种在利用外资上的，过时的反殖民偏见，提出充分利用外资建立电子基础设施的重要性，并且指出，哪个国家在建设“第三次浪潮”的基础设施上利用外资多，哪个国家就将变得更富裕。因此可以判断正确选项是 [D] 。 [A] 选项把吸收外资的重要性和美国提供海外资金混淆起来。 [B] 的说法无法从美国这个案例中推断出来。 [C] 错在“工业”这个概念上。

　　28. It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on _____.

　　现在，一个国家的经济看起来极大地依赖于 _______ 。

　　[A]how well developed it is electronically 它的电子发展程度

　　[B]whether it is prejudiced against immigrants 它是否歧视移民

　　[C]whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern 它是否接受美国的工业模式

　　[D]how much control it has over foreign corporations 它对外国公司的控制有多大

　　【答案】 A

　　【考点】推断题。

　　【分析】文章最后一段提到哪个国家在建设“第三次浪潮”的基础设施上利用外资多，哪个国家就将变得更富裕。这里的“第三次浪潮”指的就是“电子基础建设”。因此选项 [A] 是正确的。其他三个选项中， [B] 和 [D] 文中没有提到。 [C] 再次出现“工业模式”，因此不正确。

　　难句解析：

　　1. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access — after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are.

　　【结构分析】本句主句是“ It is in the interest of business to universalize access ”，“ as ”引导一个伴随状语，“随着”，而非“因为”，后面破折号的部分是进一步解释说明前面的主句。

　　2. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you're going to be.

　　【结构分析】本句是一个“ the more..., the more... ”的句型。“ which today is an electronic infrastructure ”是修饰“ Third Wave infrastructure ”的非限定性定语从句。

　　全文翻译：

　　今天，人们十分关注所谓的数字鸿沟问题，即世界被分为信息资源丰富区和信息资源贫乏区两类。这个鸿沟今天确实存在，我和我妻子 20 年前谈过这个隐伏的危险。然而，那时一些抵制数字鸿沟的、新的积极因素还不如今天明显。我们是有理由感到乐观的。

　　一些技术上的因素使我们有理由希望鸿沟会缩小。随着互联网变得越来越商业化，普及上网对商家是有利的——毕竟，上网人数越多，潜在的客户就越多。越来越多的政府，由于担心自己的国家会落后，都想推广互联网。一二十年之内，全球将有一二十亿人被网在一起。因此，我现在相信，在将来，数字鸿沟将会缩小而不是扩大。这是非常好的消息，因为互联网非常可能成为我们消除所面临的贫困的最强有效的工具。

　　当然，使用互联网不是唯一战胜贫困的方法。互联网也不是我们所拥有的唯一工具，但它却有巨大的潜力。

　　要想利用互联网这个工具，某些贫困国家必须克服在外国投资方面的过时的反殖民偏见。那些认为外国投资是对本国主权的侵犯的国家最好还是研究一下美国基础设施 ( 社会的基本结构基础 ) 的历史。当初美国建设自己的工业基础设施时，缺乏资金，这就是为什么美国的第二波基础设施建设——包括公路、港口，高速公路、港口城市等等——都是利用的国外资金。英国人、德国人、荷兰人和法国人都在这片前英国殖民地投资。他们提供资金，美国移民建造。想想看，现在谁拥有这一切?美国人。我想，同样的事情也可以发生在巴西或其他任何地方。你拥有的去建造第三次浪潮基础设施 ( 今天主要指电子基础设施 ) 的外国资金越多，那么你就越富裕。这并不是说卑躬屈膝，任人愚弄，也不是让外国公司为所欲为。但这的确意味着你已认识到外国公司对本国能源及通信基础设施建设的重要性，这些基础设施是充分利用互联网所必要的。

nanafly

2016-07-21 21:18

Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.

　　Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.

　　Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.

　　Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works — yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?

　　In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.

　　1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with

　　[A] evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism.

　　[B] comparing various critical approaches to a subject.

　　[C] discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism.

　　[D] summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism.

　　2. The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt

　　[A] evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction.

　　[B] attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors.

　　[C] explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history.

　　[D] assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically.

　　3. The author’s discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as

　　[A] pedantic and contentious.

　　[B] critical but admiring.

　　[C] ironic and deprecating.

　　[D] argumentative but unfocused.

　　4. The author of the text employs all of the following in the discussion of Rosenblatt’s book EXCEPT:

　　[A] rhetorical questions.

　　[B] specific examples.

　　[C] comparison and contrast.

　　[D] definition of terms.

　　5. The author of the text refers to James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an ExColored Man most probably in order to

　　[A] point out affinities between Rosenblatt’s method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism.

　　[B] clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage.

　　[C] qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt’s book made in the first paragraph of the passage.

　　[D] give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt’s work.

nanafly

2016-07-21 21:18

[答案与考点解析]

　　1. 【答案】A

　　【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。通过阅读本文各段尤其是首段第一句和尾段第一句，我们可以推断出本题的正确选项应该是突出“evaluating”(评价)一词的选项A。考生在解题时一定要注意段落的中心主旨句，以及每句话所表达的内含和作用。

　　2. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道审题定位与反推题。从本题题干中的“would have been improved”可推断出考生要在原文中寻找到谈论某一方面“不足”的地方。尾段首句的“such omissions”(这样的忽略)暗示本题的答案信息来源应该在倒数第二段。通过仔细阅读和理解倒数第二段，可将本题的答案信息来源确定在倒数第二段的第二句。根据倒数第二段第二句的内容进行反推，就可得出本题的正确选项是D。考生在解题时一定要具备利用上下段之间的关系迅速审题定位的能力，更要具备反推即逆向思维的能力。

　　3. 【答案】B

　　【考点解析】这是一道归纳推导题。从本题的题干可以看出本题的答案信息来源不局限于某一段或某一句，而是涉及全文的从头至尾。但是只要抓住全文的中心主旨句就可以得出本题的正确答案B。本文的中心主旨句是第一段的首句和尾段的首句。考生在解题时一定要抓住中心主旨句，并且对它们所表达的内容要进行分析和归纳。

　　4. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道写作手法题型。本题型旨在考察考生的语言基本功。这是一道较难的题目。本题A、B、C所涉及的内容可分别在第三段的第二、三句、第四段的第三句以及第一段的第三句里找到。第一段的第三句涉及B和C两个选项。选项D“definition of terms”(给词语下定义)在原文中没有涉及，故本选项是正确答案。考生在解题时一定要注意英文中常见的写作手段。

　　5. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道例(举)证题。通过题干中的“Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an ExColored Man”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在尾段的第二句，本句中的“like”(例如)一词暗示本题的正确选项应该是含有“specific example”的选项D。考生在解题时一定要注意原文中某些关键词的应用和理解。

　　[参考译文]

　　罗杰·罗森布莱特的著作《黑人小说》，试图运用文学的而不是社会政治的标准来研究黑人小说，这成功地改变了大多数早先研究的方法。如罗森布莱特所注意到的，黑人著作的评论经常被充当为一种阐述黑人历史的借口。例如，阿狄森·盖尔的最新著作，就用了公开的政治标准来判定黑人小说的价值，按照作品中所提出的黑人个体的各观念对每个作品进行评价。

　　虽然小说确实是源于政治环境，但作者反映这些环境的方法是非意识形态的，如把小说和故事的讨论作为意识形态的工具，则会忽视了许多小说的成就。罗森·布莱特对黑人文学的分析揭示了黑人小说著作间的密切关系和联系，而纯粹政治研究中忽视了这些联系。

　　然而写出为人所接受的黑人小说评论的前提是要对许多问题做出令人满意的回答。首先，除了这些作家的种族身份外，是否有充分的理由可将黑人作家的作品归于一类?其次，黑人小说如何将自己和其他现代小说分开?它们大半属于同一时代的作品。罗森布莱特的研究阐明了黑人小说已构成了一个与众不同的作品群体，它们具有可识别的、连贯的文学传统。着眼于最近八十年黑人创作的小说，罗森布莱特揭示了小说中与时代无关而反复出现的侧重点和布局。这些结构与主题相关，并不让人感到惊奇的是，它们源于这样一个中心事实，即小说中的黑人生存在一个白人文化支配的环境中，不管他们试图迎合这一文化还是反叛这一文化。

　　《黑人小说》确实对一些美学的问题没有给予回答，罗森布莱特的主题分析允许相当的客观性;他甚至直言，对各个作品的优劣判定不是他工作的意图 ——然而他的犹豫看起来是不合时宜的，尤其是因为尝试评定可能会导致一些有趣的结果。例如，一些小说所显示的结构散漫冗长。这是否是一个缺陷，或者是作者这样做是出于一种美学考虑，还是作者试图创造一种不同类的美学?另外，象金·图莫的《手杖》那样的黑人小说风格，近于表现主义和超现实主义;难道这个技巧只是用更自然主义的表现方式为表达流行的黑人英勇反抗命运的主题提供一个对应物吗?

　　尽管存在这些遗漏，罗森布莱特所做的包括他的讨论，已包括了足以构成精明而有价值的研究内容。《黑人小说》考察了广泛的小说，在此过程中我们的注意力被吸引到一些引人入胜但鲜为人知的作品上，如詹姆士·威尔顿·约翰逊的《一个曾是有色人的自传》。这本书的主题结构紧密，直率、明晰的风格例示了一种冷静而敏锐的文学评论。

nanafly

2016-07-22 21:24

Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.

　　Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.

　　But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day's events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.

　　There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the "standard templates" of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.

　　Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they're less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.

　　Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn't rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.

　　This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.

　　29. What is the passage mainly about?

　　[A]Needs of the readers all over the world

　　[B]Causes of the public disappointment about newspapers

　　[C]Origins of the declining newspaper industry

　　[D]Aims of a journalism credibility project

　　30. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be .

　　[A]quite trustworthy

　　[B]somewhat contradictory

　　[C]very illuminating

　　[D]rather superficial

　　31. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their _________.

　　[A]working attitude

　　[B]conventional lifestyle

　　[C]world outlook

　　[D]educational background

　　32. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its_________.

　　[A]failure to realize its real problem

　　[B]tendency to hire annoying reporters

　　[C]likeliness to do inaccurate reporting

　　[D]prejudice in matters of race and gender
名师解析

　　29. What is the passage mainly about? 本文主要讲的是什么?

　　[A]Needs of the readers all over the world. 全世界读者的需要。

　　[B]Causes of the public disappointment about newspapers. 造成公众对报纸失望的原因。

　　[C]Origins of the declining newspaper industry. 新闻业衰败的根源。

　　[D]Aims of a journalism credibility project. 新闻可信度项目的目标。

　　【答案】 B

　　【考点】文章主旨题。

　　【分析】文章的第一句就提出了本文旨在说明的问题“为什么那么多的美国人不相信自己在报纸上读到的内容呢?”从第二段、第三段的内容来看，作者都在试图寻找造成公众对报纸失望的一个真正的根本性的原因。因此可以判断 [B] 为正确答案。 [A] 不正确，是因为它仅仅是新闻界的调查项目得到的一个结果而已。 [C] 和 [A] 相比较，还是 [A] 来得比较确切。 [C] 已经从文章主旨引申到别的项目上去了。 [D] 仅仅是为了查明原因而进行的一个调查项目而已。

　　30. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be .

　　新闻可信度项目的结果是。

　　[A]quite trustworthy 相当可信

　　[B]somewhat contradictory 有点矛盾

　　[C]very illuminating 非常有启发性

　　[D]rather superficial 相当肤浅

　　【答案】 D

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】根据本题题干可以定位到第二段，文中指出“该项目最终所发现的原因大都是新闻报道中的事实错误，拼写或语法错误，以及许多关于读者到底想读些什么令人挠头的困惑”，在作者看来，这些发现大都是“低级的” (low-level) ，而真正的原因没有这么表面“ go way deeper ” ( 第三段首句中 ) 。因此可以判定是答案是 [D] 选项。

　　31. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their _____.

　　作者描述的新闻记者的基本问题存在于他们的 _____ 。

　　[A]working attitude 工作态度

　　[B]conventional lifestyle 传统的生活方式

　　[C]world outlook 世界观

　　[D]educational background 教育背景

　　【答案】 C

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】文章的解题点在文章的倒数第二段中“对新闻媒体的这种令人震惊的不信任的根源不在于报道失实或低下的报道技巧，而在于记者与读者的世界观每天都发生着碰撞”这句话。也就是说，作者的基本问题是“世界观”的问题。另外三个选项都不是最基本的问题。

　　32. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its _________.

　　尽管很努力，新闻行业仍然不能满足读者的需要是因为其 _______ 。

　　[A]failure to realize its real problem 不能够认识到真正的问题

　　[B]tendency to hire annoying reporters 倾向于雇佣那些恼人的记者

　　[C]likeliness to do inaccurate reporting 可能作出不准确的报道

　　[D]prejudice in matters of race and gender 在种族和性别方面的歧视

　　【答案】 A

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】本题的解题点可以确定到最后一段。文中说他们“又举办许多研讨会，搞什么可信度项目，试图了解读者为什么对他们不满意，为什么大量流失。但是，对于那么多原来的顾客所不满的文化和阶级偏见，他们似乎就是没有看见”。由此我们可以看出，真正的原因是他们不能够意识到真正的问题所在，因此正确答案是 [A] 。

　　难句解析：

　　1. Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.

　　【结构分析】本句主干是“ this project has turned out to be…findings ”，“ mostly low-level ”是“ findings ”的定语。“ about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes ”是介宾短语做定语。“ combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want ”是一个过去分词引导的伴随状语，其中“ about what in the world those readers really want ”是“ puzzlement ”的定语。

　　2. There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “ standard templates ” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers.

　　【结构分析】主句是“ there+ 系表结构”。“ which ”引导一个非限定性定语从句，该词指代前面一句话。而在这个定语从句“ which helps explain why the ‘ standard templates ’ of the newsroom seem alien to many readers ”中，又出现一个“ why ”引导的宾语从句。

　　3. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.

　　【结构分析】本句的主句中，“ it ”代表上文提到的“ a troubled business ”，即“备受困扰的新闻界”。“ now focused narrowly on race and gender ”是插入语，也是修饰“ program ”的定语。后面有两个并列谓语“ would open up ”和“( would ) look for ”。这里需要注意的就是一个意思上的问题，那就是“虽然报业也有多样性项目，招收不同的人当记者，但是这样的多样性仅仅局限于性别和种族，而报业需要多招收那些具有不同的人生观、教育以及来自于不同阶级的人”。

　　全文翻译：

　　为什么那么多美国人不相信自己在报纸上所读的东西?美国新闻编辑协会正试图回答这个令人痛苦的问题。该组织正在深入开展一个名为“新闻可信度项目”的长期自我剖析工程。

　　遗憾的是，这次项目只获得了一些肤浅的发现，诸如新闻报道中的事实错误，拼写或语法错误，以及许多关于读者到底想读些什么这样的令人挠头的困惑。

　　但这种不信任有更深刻的根源。多数新闻记者都学会用一套标准的模式去看待世界，并把每天发生的事件套入这种模式。换言之，在新闻采编室文化中存在着一套惯常的写作套路，为纷繁复杂的新闻报道提供了一个主干框架和一个现成的故事叙述结构。

　　新闻记者和读者之间存在着社会和文化方面的脱节，这有助于解释为什么新闻采编室的“标准模式”让众多读者看上去很陌生的原因。在最近一次调查中，问卷被送到了全国五座中等城市及一座大都市的记者手中，然后随机地给这些城市的居民打电话，询问他们同样的问题。

　　人们的回答表明，与其他美国人相比，新闻记者更有可能居住在高级社区，有女佣，有奔驰车，炒股，而去教堂，参加自愿服务，扎根某个社区的可能性却很小。

　　记者们往往属于广义的社会文化精英的一个部分，因此他们的工作往往反映了这些精英传统的价值观。对新闻媒体的这种令人震惊的不信任的根源不在于报道失实或低下的报道技巧，而在于记者与读者的世界观每天都发生着碰撞。

　　这对任何一个工业产业来说都算是爆炸性的形势，对于一个正在衰落的行业来说尤其如此。这是一个备受困扰的行业，偏偏不停雇用那些因为其态度而极大惹恼客户的员工。然后它又出资组织许多研讨会和可信度调查项目，去探究为什么顾客们发火了，为什么会有那么多顾客流失了。但它似乎从来就没有时间去注意那么多老顾客所抱怨的文化和阶级偏见。如果它能注意这个问题的话，就应该进一步开放其多样化项目 ( 这个项目现在还仅仅局限于不同种族和性别 ) ，进一步寻找那些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层各不相同的各种记者。

nanafly

2016-07-22 21:25

When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family".

　　Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term "downshifting" has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “ have it all", preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.

　　I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life", and making the alternative move into “ downshifting ” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “ quality time ” .

　　In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend. Downshifting — also known in America as “voluntary simplicity” — has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism. There are a number of best-selling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-'90s equivalent of dropping out.

　　While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline ― after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late’ 80s ― and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.

　　For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the '80s, downshifting in the mid-'90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life — growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one — as a personal recognition of your limitations.

　　37. Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1?

　　[A]Full-time employment is a new international trend.

　　[B]The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.

　　[C] “ A lateral move ” means stepping out of full-time employment.

　　[D]The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.

　　38. The writer's experiment shows that downshifting _________.

　　[A]enables her to realize her dream

　　[B]helps her mold a new philosophy of life

　　[C]prompts her to abandon her high social status

　　[D]leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine

　　39. “ Juggling one's life ” probably means living a life characterized by _________.

　　[A]non-materialistic lifestyle

　　[B]a bit of everything

　　[C]extreme stress

　　[D]anti-consumerism

　　40. According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of _________.

　　[A]the quick pace of modern life

　　[B]man's adventurous spirit

　　[C]man's search for mythical experiences

　　[D]the economic situation
名师解析

　　37. Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1?

　　根据第一段，下文哪一个是正确的?

　　[A] Full-time employment is a new international trend.

　　全职工作是一个新的国际趋势。

　　[B] The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.

　　作者因为环境所迫而辞职。

　　[C] “ A lateral move ” means stepping out of full-time employment.

　　“平级调动”指的是退出全职工作。

　　[D] The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.

　　作者太渴望多花点时间来陪伴家人了。

　　【答案】 B

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】根据第一段，当决定辞去自己的全职工作时作者绝对没有想到自己竟然变成了一种新的国际性潮流的一部分。作者写道“一次平行的调动伤了我的自尊，并阻碍了我的事业发展，这促使我放弃自己地位较高的职业，就像面子扫尽的政府部长那样，我也掩饰自己的离开，以‘我想花更多的时间与家人待在一起’为借口”。因此我们可以得出结论，作者是“被迫离开的”。答案为 [B] 。第一句中所说的“新时尚”实际上指下文提到的“放松生活节奏”，因此 [A] 错误。 [C] 指的是平行调动，而不是退出工作。 [D] 仅仅是作者的一个借口。

　　38. The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting _______.

　　作者的实验表明“放慢生活节奏” _______ 。

　　[A] enables her to realize her dream

　　使她能够实现她的梦想

　　[B] helps her mold a new philosophy of life

　　帮助她塑造一种新的人生哲学

　　[C] prompts her to abandon her high social status

　　迫使她放弃了自己很高的社会地位

　　[D] leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine

　　使她接受了《她》杂志的教义 ( 所倡导的生活观 )

　　【答案】 B

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】根据题干可以定位到第二段第二句，作者这个被美国人称为“放慢生活节奏”的试验，却使自己老掉牙的借口变成了现实。作者已经从一个“占有一切”哲学 ( 琳达·凯茜过去七年中在《她》这本杂志所宣扬的 ) 的狂热支持者，变成了一个乐于接受任何东西，凡事只要一丁点的女人。 [A] 不对，因为新的生活方式是从来没有想过的。 [C] 的错误在于她放弃很高的社会地位不是因为这个实验。 [D] 错在作者后来自己放弃了这一生活哲学。

　　39. “ Juggling one’s life ” probably means living a life characterized by _________.

　　“ Juggling one’s life ”这个词组指的是过一种 _________ 的生活。

　　[A]non-materialistic lifestyle 非物质主义生活方式

　　[B]a bit of everything 什么都有一点

　　[C]extreme stress 压力极大

　　[D]anti-consumerism 反消费主义

　　【答案】 C

　　【考点】词义题。

　　【分析】根据“ juggle ”一词可以定位到文中第三段，文中提到放弃“ juggling your life ”的生活哲学，转而过一种“ downshifting ”的生活所带来的回报，比经济成功和社会地位更有价值。“ juggling your life ”和“ downshifting ”相对立，因此可以推断“ juggling one's life ”应该和第二段第二句中的“ having it all ”同义。根据第四段，“ downshifting ”本文指“过于简朴、自在的生活”，那么“ juggling one's life ”当指“紧张的生活方式”。 [A] 是“ downshifting ”的生活特点。 [B] 也是“ downshifting ”的生活特点。 [D] “反消费主义”与“自愿过简朴的生活”是一致的。仍然是“ downshifting ”的生活特点。

　　40. According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of _________.

　　根据本文，美国出现的“放慢生活节奏”是 ______ 的结果。

　　[A]the quick pace of modern life 现代生活的快节奏

　　[B]man’s adventurous spirit 人类的冒险精神

　　[C]man’s search for mythical experiences 人类寻求神秘经历的追求

　　[D]the economic situation 经济状况

　　【答案】 D

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】之所以出现“ downshifting ”的生活方式，各国原因不一样，这一点在最后两段提到了。但是作者问的是美国的情况，而且用的“ emerge ”这个单词，因此可以认为答题点就是“在美国，这种趋势一开始是对经济衰落所做出的一种反应”。因此可以判断答案为 [D] 。

　　难句解析：

　　1. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress promoted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “ I wanted to spend more time with my family ” .

　　【结构分析】本句的主句是“ a lateral move promoted me to abandon my relatively high profile career ”。“ although ”引导一个让步状语从句。“ that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress ”是“ a lateral move ”的定语，“ in the manner of a disgraced government minister ”是插入语，表示方式。

　　2. Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “ downshifting ” has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality.

　　【结构分析】本句主干是“ my experiment has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality ”。注意其谓语是一个“ turn sth. into sth. ”的结构。“ some two-and-a-half years and two novels later ”是时间状语。“ what ”引导一个宾语从句。

　　3. I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “ juggling your life ” , and making the alternative move into “ downshifting ” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.

　　【结构分析】 “ I have discovered that abandoning…and making…brings with it far greater rewards… ”是句子主干。其中“ abandoning the doctrine of ‘ juggling your life ’ , and making the alternative move into ‘ downshifting ’”为宾语从句的主语，“ brings ”为谓语。“ as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress ”既是伴随状语，又是插入语，其主语为“ Kelsey ”，而“ after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress ”是本插入语中的时间状语。

　　全文翻译：

　　当决定辞去自己的全职工作时我绝对没有想到自己竟然变成了一种新的国际性潮流的一部分。一次平行的调动伤了我的自尊，并阻碍了我的事业发展，这促使我放弃自己地位较高的职业，就像颜面丢尽的政府部长那样，我也掩饰自己的离开，说“我想花更多的时间与家人待在一起”。

　　奇怪的是，在大约两年半我写完两部小说后，我这个被美国人称为“放慢生活节奏”的试验，却使我老掉牙的借口变成了绝对的现实。我曾经是“占有一切”哲学 ( 琳达·凯茜过去七年中在《她》这本杂志所宣扬的 ) 的狂热支持者，现在已经变成了什么都只要一点点的女人。

　　我已经发现——凯茜由于压力过大已多次公开宣称要辞去《她》杂志编辑的职务，在这之后她也许会有同样发现——放弃“耍弄生活”的生活哲学，转而过一种“放慢生活节奏”的生活所带来的回报，比经济成功和社会地位更有价值。没有什么能够说服我再回到过去那种凯茜所宣扬的、我也很享受的生活中去。那个时候，工作日每天工作 12 小时，有压力很大的的最后期限，压抑的的办公室的政治，以及连做母亲也得“高效率”。

　　在美国，摆脱忙碌，转而过一种简单、不再那么物质化的生活已成确定趋势。具有讽刺意味的是，“放慢生活节奏”——在美国也称“自愿简单”——甚至孕育了一个崭新的、可称之为反消费主义的生活方式。对于那些想简单生活的人来说，有许多很畅销的的自助书籍帮你轻松生活;有各种简讯，例如省钱简报，会给美国人提供成千上万条有用的点子去做事，从回收保鲜膜到自制肥皂;甚至还有一些帮助团体，帮人按 90 年代中期脱离传统社会的人的生活方式去生活。

　　在美国，这种趋势出现之初是对经济衰落所做出的一种反应——出现于 80 年代后期缩小经济规模所引起的大量人员冗余之后——在英国，至少在我所认识的中产阶级的简化生活者中，这种趋势仍被认为与节俭政治有关联，虽然如此，然而我们有着不同的缘由去寻求使自己的生活简单化。

　　对我们这一代女性来说，整个 80 年代我们曾被迫忙碌地生活， 90 年代中期的简化生活与其说是寻求神话般的好生活——自己种有机蔬菜以及冒险进入一个仙境——倒不如说我们都认识了自身的局限。

nanafly

2016-07-25 22:00

Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics — the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.

　　As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy — far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.

　　But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves — goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”

　　Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.

　　What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented — and human perception far more complicated — than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.

　　26. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in

　　[A]the use of machines to produce science fiction.

　　[B]the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.

　　[C]the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.

　　[D]the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.

　　27. The word “gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means

　　[A]programs. [B]experts. [C]devices. [D]creatures.

　　28. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can

　　[A]fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.

　　[B]interact with human beings verbally.

　　[C]have a little common sense.

　　[D]respond independently to a changing world.

　　29. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also

　　[A]make a few decisions for themselves.

　　[B]deal with some errors with human intervention.

　　[C]improve factory environments.

　　[D]cultivate human creativity.

　　30. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are

　　[A]expected to copy human brain in internal structure.

　　[B]able to perceive abnormalities immediately.

　　[C]far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.

　　[D]best used in a controlled environment.
名师解析

　　26. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in 人类的创造性最初表现在

　　[A]the use of machines to produce science fiction. 用机器来创作科幻小说。

　　[B]the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry. 制造业对机器的广泛使用。

　　[C]the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.

　　发明工具以处理困难和危险的工作。

　　[D]the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.

　　精英人士对危险和枯燥的工作的巧妙的处理。

　　【答案】 C

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】通过“ Human ingenuity ”和“ initially ”可以定位到第一段开始。“从人类产生智慧初期至今，人们一直在设计越来越巧妙的工具来应付那些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者直接就是肮脏的工作。”由于讲的是人类最初的创造力，因此可以排除 [A] 、 [B] 、 [D] 。

　　27. The word “gizmos" (Line 1, Paragraph 2) most probably means

　　单词“ gizmos ” ( 第二段第一行 ) 最有可能的意思是

　　[A]programs. 程序。 [B]experts. 专家。

　　[C]devices. 设备。 [D]creatures. 生物。

　　【答案】 C

　　【考点】词义题。

　　【分析】本题虽然考查的是词义，但是显然不是希望考生通过储备更大的词汇来回答，而是希望考生能够利用文中出现的细节来推断这个单词的意思。第二段第一句的意思说 “由此引起的结果是，现代世界已经充斥着越来越多的智能 ____ ，尽管我们几乎都注意不到它们，但它们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳力。”然后作者提及到了“工厂机械手”、“自动柜员机”以及“机器人驾驶员”等等。由此我们可以认定这些设施都是对“ gizmo ”的例举和解释。而这几样东西具有一个共同的特征，即它们都是“工具”。相比四个选项，只有 [C] 最合适。

　　28. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can

　　根据本文，现在超越人类能力范围的是设计一种能 ________ 的机器人。

　　[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.

　　完成诸如脑手术这样的精细的工作。

　　[B] interact with human beings verbally.

　　与人类进行口头交流。

　　[C] have a little common sense.

　　有一些常识。

　　[D] respond independently to a changing world.

　　对一个变化的世界独立应付。

　　【答案】 D

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】根据“超越人类能力”这个关键信息，我们可以定位到第三段中“ Dave Lavery ”的第二句话，即“ we can’t yet give a robot enough ‘ common sense ’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world ”。因为该句中的“ dynamic ”就是“动态的、变化的”意思，因此我们可以判定答案 [D] 是正确的。 [A] 文中已经提及。 [B] 的例子就是“自动柜员机”。 [C] 可以在第三段最后一句“我们不能给他足够的常识”中找到被排除的依据。

　　29. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also

　　除了减少人类劳动，机器人还能够

　　[A]make a few decisions for themselves. 为自己做几个决策。

　　[B]deal with some errors with human intervention. 通过人类干预处理一些错误。

　　[C]improve factory environments. 改善工厂环境。

　　[D]cultivate human creativity. 培养人的创造性。

　　【答案】 B

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】本题要求考生寻找机器人还能够从事什么工作，这就需要对四个选项进行比较。寻找答案。 [A] 提到机器人能够为自己做几个决策，通过“ decision ”这个单词可以定位到第三段第一句话“但是如果机器人要进入节省劳力的下一个阶段，他们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行，并且至少能够独立地做一些决定”，这句话表明，目前机器人还不能独立做一些决定。 [B] 的意思符合第三段第三句，“虽然我们知道如何让机器人去纠正一个特定的错误”。至于 [C] ，文中提到机器人是受环境控制的，而不是反之。 [D] 的说法也反了。

　　30. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are

　　作者使用猴子的例子，为的是说机器人

　　[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure.

　　被期望复制人脑内部结构。

　　[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately.

　　能够立即觉察到不正常情况。

　　[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.

　　在聚焦相关信息方面远远不如人类。

　　[D] best used in a controlled environment.

　　最适合在受控环境下使用。

　　【答案】 C

　　【考点】作者意图题。

　　【分析】作者最后一段提到“猴子”这个例子，是考查文章最后一段的理解。由于文章举这个例子就是为了说明计算机虽然功能强大，但是仍然无法和人脑的复杂性相比，因为人脑看一眼迅速变化的场景就能够迅速的排除不相干的信息，立即把注意力集中到蜿蜒的森林小路边的一只猴子，这一点计算机是做不到的。因此，可以判断 [C] 正确。

　　难句解析：

　　1. Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty.

　　【结构分析】本句前面是“ since ”引导的一个时间状语，后面主句中有一个“ that ”引导的定语从句“ that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty ”用来修饰“ work ”。

　　2. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.

　　【结构分析】本句的主句是“ the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos ”，后面是两个“ whose ”引导的定语从句，“ but ”连接了这两个定语从句。

　　3. There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy — far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.

　　【结构分析】本句是一个“ there be ”结构，“ robot systems ”后面有一个“ that ”引导的定语从句，而破折号引出一个补充说明部分来修饰“ submillimeter accuracy ”，其中包含一个比较级。

　　4. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.

　　【结构分析】本句的主语是“ the human mind ”，并列谓语“ can glimpse ”和“ disregard ”，逗号后面“ instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd ”是现在分词做状语。

　　全文翻译：

　　从人类产生智慧初期至今，人们一直在设计越来越巧妙的工具来应付那些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者直接就是肮脏的工作。这种动力产生了机器人科学——一门将人类的能力赋予机器的科学。如果科学家们还没有创造出科幻小说的机械版本，他们也已经很接近这个目标了。

　　由此引起的结果是，现代世界已经充斥着越来越多的智能装置，尽管我们几乎都注意不到他们，但他们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳力。我们的工厂里轰鸣着机器人生产线的节奏;我们的金融服务在自动柜员机上完成，它们还会机械地、礼貌地感谢我们使用业务;我们的地铁车辆由不知疲倦的机器人司机驾驶。多亏了电子和微观机械仪器的不断缩小，现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行脑部和骨髓手术，准确性精确到亚毫米，远远超过熟练的医生用他们的双手所能达到的水平。

　　但是如果机器人要进入节省劳力的下一个阶段，他们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行，并且至少能够独立地做一些决定。这些目标提出了一个真正的挑战。“虽然我们知道如何让机器人去纠正一个特定的错误，” NASA 的一个机器人项目经理戴维 · 拉维里说，“我们仍然不能赋予机器人以足够的‘常识’，使它们能够与动态的世界进行可靠的交流。”

　　实际上对真正的人工智能的探索已经产生了各种各样的结果。虽然刚开始在 20 世纪 60 和 70 年代有过一段乐观的时期，那时候看起来晶体管电路和微处理器的发展将使它们在 2010 年能够模仿人类大脑的活动——但是最近研究人员已经开始将这个预测延后了不是数百年至少也有数十年。

　　在试图建造思维模型的过程中，研究人员发现，人类大脑中的近 1,000 亿个神经细胞要比以前想象得更聪明，人类的感知也比以前想象得更复杂。他们建造出来的机器人在严格控制的工厂环境里，能够在仪表盘上识别一毫米以下的误差。但是人的大脑能够扫描一个快速变化的场景，迅速排除 98% 的不相干的物体，立即聚焦于森林中婉蜒道路旁的一只猴子，或者人群中的一张可疑的脸。地球上最先进的计算机系统也不能达到这种能力，并且神经学科学家仍然不知道我们是怎样做到这一点的。

nanafly

2016-07-25 22:01

A history of longand effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, itmay become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowingperiod after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight timeslarger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies ofscale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled.America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans andAsians whose economies the war had destroyed.

　　It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as othercountries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance provedpainful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over theirfading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such asconsumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreigncompetition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July。)Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market America'smachine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though themaking of semiconductors, which America had which sat at the heart of the newcomputer age, was going to be the next casualty。

　　All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped takingprosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing businesswas failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall aswell. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes ofAmerica's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filledwith warnings about the growing competition from overseas。

　　How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back onfive years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americansattribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or theturning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. “ Americanindustry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be morequick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard's KennedySchool of Government,“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businessesare improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank inWashington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believesthat people will look back on this period as “a golden age ofbusiness management in the United States。”

　　11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱbecause_____。

　　[A]it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal

　　[B]its domestic market was eight times larger than before

　　[C]the war had destroyed the economies of most potentialcompetitors

　　[D]the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus toits economy

　　12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980sis manifested in the fact that the American_____。

　　[A]TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market

　　[B]semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreignenterprises

　　[C]machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions

　　[D]auto industry had lost part of its domestic market

　　13. What can be inferred from the passage?

　　[A]It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride。

　　[B]Intense competition may contribute to economic progress。

　　[C]The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation。

　　[D]A long history of success may pave the way for furtherdevelopment。

　　14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy inthe 1990s can be attributed to the____。

　　[A]turning of the business cycle

　　[B]restructuring of industry

　　[C]improved business management

　　[D]success in education
名师解析

　　11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱbecause_____。

　　美国在二战后取得优势地位是因为_____。

　　[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal。

　　它为该目标付出了艰巨的努力。

　　[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before。

　　它的国内市场比以前大八倍。

　　[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potentialcompetitors。

　　战争摧毁了大多数潜在竞争对手的经济。

　　[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus toits economy。

　　它无与伦比的劳动力规模给了经济推动力。

　　【答案】 C

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】第一段指出，“二战后，美国就进入了这样的一个辉煌的历史时期。它拥有比任何竞争者大八倍的市场，这使其工业经济规模前所未有。它的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是技术最好的。美国及其民众的富庶是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧洲人和亚洲人连做梦也不敢想的”。因此利用排除法，确定答案是[A]。

　　12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980sis manifested in the fact that the American_____。

　　上个世纪80年代美国优势地位的丧失可以从美国_______事实中看出来。

　　[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market

　　电视工业已经退到国内市场

　　[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreignenterprises

　　半导体产业已经被外国公司接管

　　[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions

　　机床业已经自取灭亡

　　[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market

　　汽车工业已经丧失了部分国内市场

　　【答案】 D

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】 [A]选项错误，因为第二段中说“到1987年，美国只剩下Zenith这一家电视生产商。(现在这一家也没有了：Zenith于7月被韩国LG电器公司收购。)”说明它连国内市场也保不住了。[B]选项错误，文中第二段最后一句提到，“在一段时间内，半导体制造业似乎要成为下一个受害者”，可是事实上没有。[C]选项中谈到的机床业已经自取灭亡的说法错误，因为文中提到机床制造业“岌岌可危”(on the ropes)，但是还没有灭亡呢。[D]是合适的，因为第二段第六句提到，“进口车和纺织品横扫国内市场”。

　　13. What can be inferred from the passage?

　　从本文中可以推断出哪个选项?

　　[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride。

　　在自我怀疑和盲目骄傲之间摇摆是人的本性。

　　[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress。

　　激烈的竞争会导致经济的发展。

　　[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation。

　　经济的复苏依靠国际的合作。

　　[D] A long history of success may pave the way for furtherdevelopment。

　　一个长期成功的经历会为进一步的发展铺平道路。

　　【答案】 B

　　【考点】推断题。

　　【分析】第三段提到，“所有这一切导致了信心危机。美国人不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。他们开始怀疑自己的商业经营方式出了问题，也怀疑不久他们的收入就会下降。20世纪80年代中期对美国工业衰退的原因作了一次又一次的调查。那些有时耸人听闻的结果中充满着对来自国外的加剧的经济竞争的警告”。第四段提到了“90年代的经济复苏。其中的含义是：在竞争的压力下，美国人在80年代产业结构调整，美国的工业已经改变了结构，消除了滞胀，学会了急智，因此带来了90年代的经济复苏”。因此可以得出激烈的竞争会导致经济的发展。另外三个选项都不合适。

　　14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy inthe 1990s can be attributed to the____。

　　作者似乎相信美国经济在上个世纪90年代的复苏可以归结于____。

　　[A]turning of the business cycle 经济周期的转折

　　[B]restructuring of industry 行业重组

　　[C]improved business management 改善了的工商管理

　　[D]success in education 教育的成功

　　【答案】 A

　　【考点】作者观点题。

　　【分析】在第四段，作者指出，“1995年，美国可以对过去5年的稳步发展作一回顾，而日本还在奋力挣扎。很少有美国人将这一巨变单纯归因于美元贬值或商业周期循环这些显而易见的原因。如今，对自身的怀疑已被盲目乐观所取代”。这里作者实际上对当前美国人的盲目乐观情绪进行了批评，认为90年代的增长是由美元贬值或经济周期的转机等因素造成的。[B]是“Richard Cavanaugh”的看法。[C]是“Stephen Moore”的看法。[D]选项文中没有提及。

　　难句解析：

　　For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, whichAmerica had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, wasgoing to be the next casualty。

　　【结构分析】本句的主句是：“it looked as though the making of semiconductors was going to be thenext casualty”。有两个定语从句，分别是：“which America had invented”和“which sat at theheart of the new computer age”。

　　全文翻译：

　　长时间不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的障碍，但若处理得当，它也有可能转化为一种积极动力。二战后，美国就进入了这样的一个辉煌的历史时期。它拥有比任何竞争者大八倍的市场，这使其工业经济规模前所未有。它的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是技术最好的。美国及其民众的富庶是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧洲人和亚洲人连做梦也不敢想的。

　　当其他国家逐渐富有，美国从这一领先地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。同样不可避免的是其从领先地位上退出的痛苦。到了20世纪80年代中期，日益衰退的工业竞争力让美国人感到茫然不知所措。一些大型的美国工业，如消费电子产业，在国外竞争面前，已经萎缩或消失。到1987年，美国只剩下Zenith这一家电视生产商。(现在这一家也没有了：Zenith于当年7月被韩国LG电器公司收购。)外国制造的汽车和纺织品正横扫国内市场。美国的机床工业也岌岌可危。有一段时间，好像下一个在海外品牌面前全军覆没的似乎该轮到美国的半导体制造业了，而在新计算机时代有着核心作用的半导体正是美国人发明的。

　　所有这一切导致了信心危机。美国人不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。他们开始怀疑自己的商业经营方式出了问题，也怀疑不久他们的收入就会下降。20世纪80年代中期对美国工业衰退的原因作了一次又一次的调查。那些有时耸人听闻的结果中充满着对来自国外的加剧的经济竞争的警告。

　　情况的变化可真快啊!1995年，美国可以对过去5年的稳步发展作一回顾，而日本还在奋力挣扎。很少有美国人将这一巨变单纯归因于美元贬值或商业周期循环这些显而易见的原因。如今，对自身的怀疑已被盲目乐观所取代。“美国的工业已经改变了结构，消除了滞胀，学会了急智”，哈佛大学肯尼迪管理学院行政院长理查德·卡佛纳如是说。华盛顿特区的智囊团——卡托研究院的史蒂芬·莫尔说：“作为一个美国人我感到自豪，因为看到我们的企业正在提高自身的生产率。”哈佛商学院的威廉·萨尔曼相信人们将会把这一时期视为“美国企业管理的黄金时代”。

nanafly

2016-07-25 22:01

Being a man hasalways been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females,but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal ofmale mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girlsdo. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys inthose crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, anotherchance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of ababy(particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram toolight or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost nodifference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent ofevolution has gone。

　　There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive,but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except insome religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays thenumber of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us haveroughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and theopportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the greatcities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity oftoday―everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring meansthat natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class Indiacompared to the tribes。

　　For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopiahas arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No otherspecies fills so many places in nature. But in the past 100,000 years—even thepast 100 years—our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did notevolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase todescribe those ignorant of evolution: “they look at anorganic being as average looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond hiscomprehension。” No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyondcomprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be athow far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us。

　　15. What used to be the danger in being a man according to thefirst paragraph?

　　[A]A lack of mates。

　　[B]A fierce competition。

　　[C]A lower survival rate。

　　[D]A defective gene。

　　16. What does the example of India illustrate?

　　[A]Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people。

　　[B]Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor。

　　[C]The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of thetribes。

　　[D]India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate。

　　17. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because____。

　　[A]life has been improved by technological advance

　　[B]the number of female babies has been declining

　　[C]our species has reached the highest stage of evolution

　　[D]the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing

　　18. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

　　[A]Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution

　　[B]Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution

　　[C]The Evolutionary Future of Nature
名师解析

　　15. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the firstparagraph?

　　根据第一段，做男人以前有什么危险?

　　[A]A lack of mates. 缺少配偶。

　　[B]A fierce competition. 激烈竞争。

　　[C]A lower survival rate. 低存活率。

　　[D]A defective gene. 有缺陷的基因。

　　【答案】 C

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】文中第一段提到“做男人从来都充满危险，新生儿男女比例大约是105:100，但到了成年，这一比例基本持平，而在70岁的老人中女性是男性的两倍，但是男性死亡率高这种普遍情况正在改变，现在男婴存活率同女婴的基本一样高”这说明男人的存活率相对是比较低的。

　　16. What does the example of India illustrate?

　　印度的例子证明了什么?

　　[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people。

　　富人往往孩子比穷人少。

　　[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor。

　　自然选择在穷人和富人之间几乎不起作用。

　　[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of thetribes。

　　中产阶级的人口比部落人口少80%。

　　[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate。

　　印度是出生率很高的国家之一。

　　【答案】 B

　　【考点】推断题。

　　【分析】使用事例来证明是常见的逻辑思维模式。既然有事例，我们就需要看到它的论点是什么。本文中提到，“进化意义上的自杀还有一种方法：存活，但少生孩子”。首先“现在几乎没有人像过去那样多育。除了在一些宗教社区，几乎没有几名妇女会生15个孩子”表明了“当今出生的数量同死亡年龄一样变得平均化，我们大多数人的子女数量大致相当”，再一次，人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会降低了。其次，“印度证明了这种情况。这个国家给大城市里的少数人提供财富，而给其余的各部落居民造成了贫困。今天这种每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同的极其显著的平均化意味着与部落相比，自然选择在印度社会中、上层人群中，已经失去了80%的效力”是为了证明“人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会降低了”，换言之，“自然选择在穷人和富人之间几乎不起作用”。答案应该是[B]选项。

　　17. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolvingbecause____。

　　作者认为我们的身体已经停止进化，因为____。

　　[A] life has been improved by technological advance

　　技术进步改善了人的生活

　　[B] the number of female babies has been declining

　　女婴的数量一直在减少

　　[C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution

　　我们人种已经到达进化最高阶段

　　[D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing

　　贫富差距间的区别正在消失

　　【答案】 A

　　【考点】逻辑关系题。

　　【分析】文中提到停止进化是在第三段第一句“对我们来说，这意味着进化已经结束”。第三段中指出，“在过去的10万年——甚至过去的100年中，我们的生活发生了变化，但我们的身体却没变。我们没有进化。因为机器和社会替我们办了这一切”，“机器”代表的就是“技术”，因此我们可以判定[A]是正确答案。

　　18. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

　　以下哪一个最合适做本文标题?

　　[A]Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution 人类进化中的性别比例变化

　　[B]Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution 继续人类进化的方式

　　[C]The Evolutionary Future of Nature 自然进化的未来

　　[D]Human Evolution Going Nowhere 人类进化无路可走

　　【答案】 D

　　【考点】文章主旨题。

　　【分析】文章中在第一段结尾提到“由于大部分差异是由基因引起的，又一个进化的因素消失了。”第二段中说“再一次，人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会降低了。”第三段提到“但我们的身体却没变。我们没有进化，因为机器和社会替我们办了这一切。”这些都表明作者认为进化机制已不再起作用，认为自然进化机制已不能再左右人口的出生率。在总结全文的第三段时，作者直截了当地指出，进化已经结束。因此可以认为人类的进化是无路可走的。另外三个选项都不全面或者不对题。

　　[D]Human Evolution Going Nowhere

　　难句解析：

　　1. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but thisratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-oldsthere are twice as many women as men。

　　【结构分析】本句由三个分句构成。第一个分句是“There are about 105 males born for every 100 females”，一个“there be”句型;第二个分句“butthis ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity”是一个简单句;第三个分句是一个“therebe”结构。

　　2. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for naturalselection to take advantage of it have diminished。

　　【结构分析】本句要注意的是有两个主语，分别是“differences between people”和“the opportunityfor natural selection to take advantage of it”。

　　3. The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being thesame in survival and number of offspring—means that naturalselection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to thetribes。

　　【结构分析】本句的主干是“The grand mediocrity means that+宾语从句”。其中“compared tothe tribes”是分词结构作状语。破折号中间“everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring”是典型独立主格结构做插入语，其中“survival”和“number of offspring”都是介词“in”的宾语。

　　全文翻译：

　　做男人从来都充满危险，新生儿男女比例大约是105:100，但到了成年，这一比例基本持平，而在70岁的老人中女性是男性的两倍，但是男性死亡率高这种普遍情况正在改变，现在男婴存活率同女婴的基本一样高。这就意味着男孩到了寻找伴侣的关键年龄将首次出现男孩过剩。更重要的是，又一次自然选择的机会消失了。50年前，婴儿，尤其是男婴，存活的机会取决于体重，过轻一公斤或过重一公斤几乎意味着必死无疑。今日体重几乎没有什么区别。由于大部分差异是由基因引起的，又一个进化的因素消失了。

　　进化意义上的自杀还有一种方法：存活，但少生孩子。现在几乎没有人像过去那样多育。除了在一些宗教社区，几乎没有几名妇女会生15个孩子。当今出生的数量同死亡年龄一样变得平均化，我们大多数人的子女数量大致相当。再一次，人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会降低了。印度证明了这种情况。这个国家给大城市里的少数人提供财富，而给其余的各部落居民造成了贫困。今天这种每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同的极其显著的平均化意味着与部落相比，自然选择在印度社会中、上层中已经失去了80%的效力。

　　对我们来说，这意味着进化已经结束;生物学上的乌托邦已经形成。奇怪的是，这一过程几乎丝毫没有造成身体上的改变，而且没有其他物种充斥着自然中如此多的空间。但在过去的10万年——甚至过去的100年中，我们的生活发生了变化，但我们的身体却没变。我们没有进化。因为机器和社会替我们办了这一切。达尔文有一句话描述那些对进化一无所知的人，他们“看有机的生命如同野人看船，好像看某种完全不能理解的东西”。毫无疑问，我们将记住20世纪的生活方式，尽管对其丑陋之处不得其解，但是，不管我们的子孙后代对我们离乌托邦的理想境界还差多远，感到有多么惊讶，他们的样子会同我们差不了多少。

nanafly

2016-07-27 21:44

Investigators of monkey’s social behavior have always been struck by monkeys’ aggressive potential and the consequent need for social control of their aggressive behavior. Studies directed at describing aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it, as well as the social mechanisms that control it, were therefore among the first investigations of monkeys’ social behavior.

　　Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete for any resource in the environment: hungry monkeys would fight over food, thirsty monkeys would fight over water, and, in general, at time more than one monkey in a group sought the same incentive simultaneously, a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form of aggression. However, the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted when experiments like Southwick’s on the reduction of space or the withholding of food failed to produce more than temporary increases in intragroup aggression. Indeed, food deprivation not only failed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted in decreased frequencies of aggression.

　　Studies of animals in the wild under conditions of extreme food deprivation likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almost all available energy to foraging, with little energy remaining for aggressive interaction. Furthermore, accumulating evidence from later studies of a variety of primate groups, for example, the study conducted by Bernstein, indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group. Such introductions result in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition.

　　These studies of intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because, in the absence of a social order, one must be established to control interanimal relationships. When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization, the newcomer meets even more serious aggression. Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order, in the second case resident animals mob the intruder, thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit. The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect, if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets. If, however, the several animals introduced a group constitute their own social unit, each group may fight the opposing group as a unit; but, again, no individual is subjected to mass attack, and the very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged individual combat. The submission of the defeated group, rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group, reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack. Monkey groups therefore seem to be organized primarily to maintain their established social order rather than to engage in hostilities per se.

　　1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with

　　[A] advancing a new methodology for changing a monkey’s social behavior.

　　[B] comparing the methods of several research studies on aggression among monkeys.

　　[C] explaining the reasons for researcher’s interest in monkey’s social behavior.

　　[D] discussing the development of investigators’ theories about aggression among monkeys.

　　2. Which of the following best summarizes the findings reported in the text about the effects of food deprivation on monkeys’ behavior?

　　[A] Food deprivation has no effect on aggression among monkeys.

　　[B] Food deprivation increases aggression among monkeys because one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the competition for incentives.

　　[C] Food deprivation may increase long-term aggression among monkeys in a laboratory setting, but it produces only temporary increase among monkeys in the wild.

　　[D] Food deprivation may temporarily increase aggression among monkeys, but it also leads to a decrease in conflict.

　　3. The text suggests that investigators of monkeys’ social behavior have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because

　　[A] aggression is the most common social behavior among monkeys.

　　[B] successful competition for incentives determines the social order in a monkey group.

　　[C] situation that elicit aggressive behavior can be studied in a laboratory.

　　[D] most monkeys are potentially aggressive, yet they live in social units that could not function without control of their aggressive impulses.

　　4. The text supplies information to answer which of the following questions?

　　[A] How does the reduction of space affect intragroup aggression among monkeys in an experimental setting?

　　[B] Do family units within a monkey social group compete with other family units for food?

　　[C] What are the mechanisms by which the social order of an established group of monkeys controls aggression within that group?

　　[D] How do monkeys engaged in aggression with other monkeys signal submission?

　　5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph?

　　[A] A hypothesis is explained and counter evidence is described.

　　[B] A theory is advanced and specific evidence supporting it is cited.

　　[C] Field observations are described and a conclusion about their significance is drawn.

　　[D] Two theories are explained and evidence supporting each of them is detailed.

　　[答案与考点解析]

　　1. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】本题是一道中心主旨题。全文从头至尾围绕着 “aggression”一词进行论述和讨论，故本题的正确答案中应含有“aggression”一词。第二段的第二句是本文论述和讨论中的一条分水岭，从该句往后叙述科学家们对“aggression”的新认识和发现;该句以前的部分叙述科学家们以往的认识。这就暗示了科学家有关“aggression”理论的进一步发展(development)。考生在阅读原文时应重视并且善于捕捉和理解有关对立对比对照的信息。

　　2. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道归纳推导题。根据题干中的 “food deprivation”这两个单词可以把本题的答案信息来源确定在第二段的倒数第一、二句和第三段的首句，从这三句中可直接归纳推导出本题的正确选项D。考生在解题时要善于利用题干中的词语确定正确答案信息在原文中的准确位置。

　　3. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位题型。考生可根据题干中的“have been especially interested in…”将本题的答案信息来源确定在第一段的第一句，因为第一句中的 “have always been struck by…”与之含义相同。 “strike”(过去分词是struck)的含义是“吸引”。第一句话中的 “the consequent need for social control of their aggressive behavior” 以及第二句话中的“the social mechanisms that control it”均暗示本题的正确答案是D。考生在解题时一定要首先具备审题定位的能力，其次还要善于理解原文的细节信息。

　　4. 【答案】A

　　【考点解析】这是一道主题句理解题型。从客观上讲，本题的题干没有提供任何可以利用的信息帮助我们去在原文中确定本题的信息来源。但是从另一方面讲，这道题难在表面，易在本质，因为每一个注意到本文重点关键句的同学都不会忽略本文第二段的第二句，正是这句话给出了我们本题的正确答案。考生在解题时，尤其在迷失解题思路时，一定要多想一想全文的中心主旨句以及每段的中心主旨句。这对于破解此类题型是非常重要的。

　　5. 【答案】A

　　【考点解析】这是一道段落结构以及句间关系识别题。第二段的第二句和第三句是对第二段第一句所提出的假设(hypothesis)的否定。第二段第二句利用 “Southwick” 的研究成果作为证据(evidence)来否定以前科学家的假设。故本题的正确答案应该是A。考生在解题时应重视每个段落中每句话之间的相互关系

nanafly

2016-07-27 21:45

　It is possible for students to obtain advanced degrees in English while knowing little or nothing about traditional scholarly methods. The consequences of this neglect of traditional scholarship are particularly unfortunate for the study of women writers. If the canon — the list of authors whose works are most widely taught — is ever to include more women, scholars must be well trained in historical scholarship and textual editing. Scholars who do not know how to read early manuscripts, locate rare books, establish a sequence of editions, and so on are bereft of crucial tools for revising the canon.

　　To address such concerns, an experimental version of the traditional scholarly methods course was designed to raise students’ consciousness about the usefulness of traditional learning for any modern critic or theorist. To minimize the artificial aspects of the conventional course, the usual procedure of assigning a large number of small problems drawn from the entire range of historical periods was abandoned, though this procedure has the obvious advantage of at least superficially familiarizing students with a wide range of reference sources. Instead students were engaged in a collective effort to do original work on a neglected eighteenth-century writer, Elizabeth Griffith, to give them an authentic experience of literary scholarship and to inspire them to take responsibility for the quality of their own work.

　　Griffith’s work presented a number of advantages for this particular pedagogical purpose. First, the body of extant scholarship on Griffith was so tiny that it could all be read in a day; thus students spent little time and effort mastering the literature and had a clear field for their own discoveries. Griffith’s play The platonic Wife exists in three versions, enough to provide illustrations of editorial issues but not too many for beginning students to manage. In addition, because Griffith was successful in the eighteenth century, as her continued productivity and favorable reviews demonstrate, her exclusion from the canon and virtual disappearance from literary history also helped raise issues concerning the current canon.

　　The range of Griffith’s work meant that each student could become the world’s leading authority on a particular Griffith text. For example, a student studying Griffith’s Wife in the Right obtained a first edition of the play and studied it for some weeks. This student was suitably shocked and outraged to find its title transformed into A wife in the Night in Watt’s Bibliotheca Britannica. Such experiences, inevitable and common in working on a writer to whom so little attention has been paid, serve to vaccinate the student — I hope for a lifetime — against credulous use of reference sources.

　　1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with

　　[A] revealing a commonly ignored deficiency.

　　[B] proposing a return to traditional terminology.

　　[C] describing an attempt to correct a shortcoming.

　　[D] assessing the success of a new pedagogical approach.

　　2. It can be inferred that the author of the text expects that the experience of the student mentioned as having studied Wife in the Right would have which of the following effects?

　　[A] It would lead the student to disregard information found in the Bibliotheca Britannica.

　　[B] It would teach the student to question the accuracy of certain kinds of information sources when studying neglected authors.

　　[C] It would teach the student to avoid the use of reference sources in studying neglected authors.

　　[D] It would help the student to understand the importance of first editions in establishing the authorship of plays.

　　3. Which of the following best states the “particular pedagogical purpose” mentioned in lines 1-2, paragraph 3?

　　[A] To assist scholars in revising the canon of authors.

　　[B] To minimize the trivial aspects of the traditional scholarly methods course.

　　[C] To provide students with information about Griffith’s work.

　　[D] To encourage scholarly rigor in students’ own research.

　　4. Which of the following best describes the function of the last paragraph in relation to the text as a whole?

　　[A] It summarizes the benefits that students can derive from the experimental scholarly methods course.

　　[B] It provides additional reasons why Griffith’s work raises issues having to do with the cannot of authors.

　　[C] It provides an illustration of the immediate nature of the experiences students can derive from the experimental scholarly methods course.

　　[D] It contrasts the experience of a student in the experimental scholarly methods course with the experience of a student in the traditional course.

　　5. It can be inferred that the author of the text considers traditional scholarly methods courses to be

　　[A] irrelevant to the work of most students.

　　[B] inconsequential because of their narrow focus.

　　[C] unconcerned about the accuracy of reference sources.

　　[D] too wide-ranging to approximate genuine scholarly activity.

　　[答案与考点解析]

　　1. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】本题是一道中心主旨题。如果抓住了本文第二段第一句与第一段和全文其它段落的关系就不难找出本题的正确答案C。考生在解题时一定要善于找出全文的中心主旨句，并且细致入微地理解中心主旨句在上下文中的作用和关系。当然考生在解题时一定要由表及里地体味和归纳中心主旨句的深层含义，例如：第二段首句中表示目的的不定式短语“address such concerns”就是正确选项C中的“attempt”。

　　2. 【答案】B

　　【考点解析】这是一道审题定位与细节推导题。考生可根据题干中的“Wife in the Right”将本题的答案信息迅速确定在本文的最后一段。又可根据题干中的“experience”一词将本题的正确答案信息具体确定在全文的最后一句。这样考生就可以寻找出本题的正确答案B，选项B中的“question the accuracy”体现了尾段最后一句的中心内容。考生在解题时应重视准确的审题定位能力。

　　3. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道指代词与并列平行结构题型。考生在破解此题时一定要注意指代词“this”的准确含义。它的确切含义在第二段的尾句，从这句话中可得出本题的正确答案是D。考生在解题时一定要注意指代词的出现，一定要搞清指代词的具体内容。

　　4. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】本题是一道例(举)证题型。通过本段中的“for example”以及斜体字不难发现本段是在用具体的例子来举例说明一个论点。正确选项C中的“illustration”一词体现了尾段在全文中的作用。考生在解题时一定要善于辨别抽象叙述和具体举例说明之间的关系。

　　5. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】本题是一道归纳推导题型。根据题干中的“traditional scholarly methods courses”可迅速将本题的答案信息确定在第二段。本题的具体答案信息在第二段第一、二、三句，尤其是第二、三句。从第二段第二、三句可以“infer”(推断)出本题的正确选是D。这是一道比较难的题目，需要考生在理解第二、三句的基础上进行推导，考生在破解这类题型时应注意由表及里地对原文进行归纳和推导。

nanafly

2016-07-27 21:45

Americans today don’t place avery high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, andentrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children toget a practical education—not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms ofpervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficultto find。

　　“Schools havealways been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,”sayseducation writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance。” Ravitch’s latestbock, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots ofanti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but acounterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits。

　　But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the lifeof the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without theability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas ofothers, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along thispath, says writer Earl Shorris,“We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civilsociety。”

　　“Intellect isresented as a form of power or privilege,”writes historian andprofessor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, aPulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in USpolitics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, saysHofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anythingthat smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligencehave been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from abook。

　　Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophersthought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints onchildren: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing。”Mark Twain’sHuckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoidsbeing civilized—going to school and learning to read—so he can preservehis innate goodness。

　　Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from nativeintelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical,creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp,manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders,theorizes, criticizes and imagines。

　　School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadtersays our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully andmilitantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness toidentify with children who show the least intellectual promise。”

　　36. What do American parents expect their children to acquire inschool?

　　[A] The habit of thinking independently。

　　[B] Profound knowledge of the world。

　　[C] Practical abilities for future career。

　　[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits。

　　37. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of

　　[A] undervaluing intellect。

　　[B] favoring intellectualism。

　　[C] supporting school reform。

　　[D] suppressing native intelligence。

　　38. The views of Ravish and Emerson on schooling are

　　[A] identical.

　　[B] similar.

　　[C] complementary.

　　[D] opposite。

　　39. Emerson, according to the text, is probably

　　[A] a pioneer of education reform.

　　[B] an opponent of intellectualism。

　　[C] a scholar in favor of intellect.

　　[D] an advocate of regular schooling。

　　40. What does the author think of intellect?

　　[A] It is second to intelligence.

　　[B] It evolves from common sense。

　　[C] It is to be pursued.

　　[D] It underlies power。
名师解析

　　36. What do American parents expect their children to acquire inschool?

　　美国的父母期望他们的孩子在学校里面学到什么?

　　[A] The habit of thinking independently. 独立思考的习惯。。

　　[B] Profound knowledge of the world. 深厚的世界知识。。

　　[C] Practical abilities for future career. 从事未来职业的实用技能。

　　[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits. 追求学识的信心。

　　【答案】 C

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】父母对孩子的期望这一点可以从第一段中找到“即使是学校也只是我们送孩子去接受实用教育的地方，而不是让他们为了知识而去追求知识的地方。”至此，答案选项[C]一目了然。而选项[B]显然错误。选项[A]这个干扰项是出题人故意拿出一个本身没有问题，但是不适合本处的说法来干扰考生。考生一定要警惕先入为主的思维模式，在做阅读理解的时候，不能按照自己的直觉和知识瞎猜，一定要以原文为根据。选项[D]显然也是不符合家长的期望的。

　　37. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of

　　从原文中我们可以得知美国的历史历来是

　　[A] undervaluing intellect. 贬低学识。

　　[B] favoring intellectualism. 赞成学识至上论。。

　　[C] supporting school reform. 支持学校改革。

　　[D] suppressing native intelligence. 压制天分。

　　【答案】 A

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】第四段“霍夫斯塔特说：自我们的历史之初，我们对民主化和大众化的渴望就驱使我们排斥任何带有精英优越论味道的东西。实用性、常识以及天分这些素质一直被视作比可以从书本里学得的任何东西都高贵。”在这里，我们可以把精英优越论味道的东西以及书本里面学到的东西等同于学识，而实用性、常识以及天分这些素质要比学识来得“高贵”，也就是说，正确答案是选项[A]。选项[B]是与原文意思相反，选项[C]“支持学校改革”在文中找不到出处，选项[D]与霍夫斯塔特的描述也截然相反。

　　38. The views of Ravish and Emerson on schooling are

　　Ravitch and Emerson 对学校的看法是

　　[A] identical. 相同的。

　　[B] similar. 类似的。

　　[C] complementary. 互补的。

　　[D] opposite. 相反的。

　　【答案】 D

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】我们需要在寻找到“Ravitchand Emerson”二人对学校的看法后再将二人的意见进行一番比较，然后得出二人意见的异同。“Ravitch”的意见我们从第二段中可以找到，“Diane Ravitch说：‘学校始终处于实用重于学识的社会之中。’”“学校本来可以是一种抵消的力量。”“Ravitch”最新著作《落后：失败的学校改革的一个世纪》探索学校里反学识至上论的根源，书中的结论是：“美国学校绝对没有抵制美国人对学识追求的厌恶。”从本段可以看出，“Ravitch”批评学校没有起到抵制美国人对学识追求的厌恶的作用，即认为学校应该追求学识。而“Emerson”的意见可以在第五段中找到，他和其他一些先验主义哲学家认为学校教育和严格的书本学习限制了孩子们的天性。“我们被关在中小学和大学的朗诵室里十年或十五年，最后出来满肚子墨水，却啥都不懂。”本段说明爱默生认为学校压制人的天性，追求学识的学校是不正确的。因此可以判定：二人意见刚好相反。

　　39. Emerson, according to the text, is probably

　　根据本文， Emerson可能是一位

　　[A] a pioneer of education reform. 教育改革的先驱。

　　[B] an opponent of intellectualism. 学识主义的反对者。

　　[C] a scholar in favor of intellect. 赞成学识的学者。

　　[D] an advocate of regular schooling. 正规学校教育的倡导者。

　　【答案】 B

　　【考点】推断题。

　　【分析】从某人的观点推断出某个人的立场是最常见的考题，上题中已经提到过爱默生的观点，即“学校教育和严格的书本学习限制了孩子们的天性”，也就是说，他是反对学识主义的，选择[B]也就否定了[C]。一个反对学识教育的人，不可能是正规学校教育的倡导者，所以选项[D]也是不正确的。而选项[A]教育改革的先驱这一点在文中都找不到依据。

　　40. What does the author think of intellect?

　　本文作者怎么看待才智?

　　[A] It is second to intelligence. 它没有智力重要。

　　[B] It evolves from common sense. 它从常识发展而来。

　　[C] It is to be pursued. 它是必须被人们追求的东西。

　　[D] It underlies power. 它是权利的基础。

　　【答案】 C

　　【考点】作者观点题。

　　【分析】作者观点题通常只有在通篇读完才能够得出。第一段作者说今天的美国人不很看重“intellect”，第二段引用教育学作家“Diane Ravitch”的观点来说明这一点，第三段作者表明自己的态度：“鼓励孩子们排斥精神生活使得他们极易被利用和控制。如果不能批判地思考、不能捍卫自己的思想、不能理解他人的思想，他们就不能充分地参与我们的民主”。而且引用作家“Earl Shorris”的话来说明如果不这么做，国家将“沦为二流国家”。至此，我们可以看出，作者是支持“intellect”的。作者本人并没有比较“intellect”和“intelligence”谁优谁劣，所以[A]可以被排除。至于常识和权利，文章中虽然提到了，但是并没有对它们进行探讨。

　　难句解析：

　　1. Even our schools are where we send our children to get apractical education—not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge。

　　【结构分析】本句是主系表结构。主语为“our schools”，表语从句为“where we send our children to get a practical education—not topursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge”，在表语从句中，破折号后面的内容是补充说明前面从句中的目的状语的。

　　2. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves themvulnerable to exploitation and control。

　　【结构分析】本句是简单句。主语由动名词短语“encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind”充当，“vulnerableto exploitation and control”是宾语“them”的补语。

　　3. Hofstadter says our country’s educational systemis in the grips of people who“joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect andtheir eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectualpromise。”

　　【结构分析】本句主句为“Hofstadter says”。宾语从句是主系表结构，其主语是“our country’s educational system”，在表语中存在一个定语从句修饰“people”。
全文翻译：

　　今天的美国人不很看重才智。我们的英雄不是学者，而是运动员、演艺名星和企业家。即使是学校也只是我们送孩子去接受实用教育的地方，而不是让他们为了知识而去追求知识的地方。学校里也不难发现盛行的反才智主义的表现。

　　“学校始终处于实用性重于才智性的社会之中，”教育学作家戴恩·瑞维兹说，“学校可以是一种抵消的力量。”瑞维兹最新著作《落后：学校改革失败的一世纪》探索学校里反才智主义倾向的根源，书中的结论是：美国学校绝对没有抵制美国人对才智追求的厌恶。

　　但学校是能够并应该做到这一点的。鼓励孩子们排斥精神生活使得他们极易被剥削和控制。不能批判地思考、捍卫自己的思想、理解他人的观点，他们就不能充分地参与我们的民主。沿着这条路线发展下去，作家厄尔·少瑞斯说，“我们将沦为二流国家。我们的社会将不再那么文明。”

　　历史学家兼教授理查德·霍夫斯塔特在《美国生活中的反学识主义》中写道：“才智被人们看作一种权利或特权而遭厌恶。”该书探讨美国政治、宗教和教育中的反才智主义的根源，曾获普利策奖。霍夫斯塔特说，自我们的历史之初，我们对民主化和大众化的渴望就驱使我们排斥任何带有精英优越论味道的东西。实用性、常识以及天分这些素质一直被视作比可以从书本里学得的任何东西都高贵。

　　拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生和其他一些先验主义哲学家认为学校教育和严格的书本学习限制了孩子们的天性。“我们被关在中小学和大学的朗诵室里十年或十五年，最后出来满肚子墨水，却啥都不懂。”马克·吐温的小说《哈克弗恩历险记》即是美国反才智主义的例证。该书的主人公逃避教化——不上学认字——因此他才得以保住善良的天性。

　　按照霍夫斯塔特的观点，才智不同于天分，天分是一种我们不太情愿去赞赏的品质。才智是精神世界中的批评性、创造性和沉思性的一面。天分寻求的是掌握、控制、重组和调节，而才智是审视、思考、质疑、归纳、批判和想象。

　　如今学校仍然是才智备受怀疑的地方。霍夫斯塔特说，掌握我们国家教育体系的人“沾沾自喜地、霸气十足地公然宣称敌视才智，迫不及待地认同那些才智发展最差的孩子。”

nanafly

2016-07-28 21:33

It is said that inEngland death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional.Small wonder. Americans’ life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failinghips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population aquality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. Butnot even a great health-care system can cure death—and ourfailure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours。

　　Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate andperish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yetas medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded bythird-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that canpossibly be done for us, even if it's useless. The most obvious example islate-stage cancer care. Physicians—frustrated by theirinability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient—too oftenoffer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified。

　　In 1950, the U.S. spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, thecost will be $1，540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet fewseem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a governmentwith finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustainslife beyond a certain age—say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quotedas saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to dieand get out of the way ” so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential。

　　I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely workthrough their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacomchairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice SandraDay O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairsan Internet start-up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that preventionworks and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age.As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have。

　　Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit.Ask a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may beineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countriesthat spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives thanwe have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures whileunderfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives。

　　36. What is implied in the first sentence?

　　[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people。

　　[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before。

　　[C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology。

　　[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy。

　　37. The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that

　　[A] medical resources are often wasted。

　　[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases。

　　[C] some treatments are too aggressive。

　　[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable。

　　38. The author's attitude to ward Richard Lamm's remark is one of

　　[A] strong disapproval。

　　[B] reserved consent。

　　[C] slight contempt。

　　[D] enthusiastic support。

　　39. In contras to the U.S. ,Japan and Sweden are funding theirmedical care

　　[A] more flexibly。

　　[B] more extravagantly。

　　[C] more cautiously。

　　[D] more reasonably。

　　40. The text intends to express the idea that

　　[A] medicine will further prolong people's lives。

　　[B] life beyond a certain limit is not worth living。

　　[C] death should be accepted as a fact of life。

　　[D] excessive demands increase the cost of health care。

　　名师解析

　　36. What is implied in the first sentence? 第一句话暗示什么?

　　[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people。

　　美国人对于死亡的准备超过其他人。

　　[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before。

　　美国人比先前享受更高的生活质量。

　　[C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology。

　　美国人对他们的医学技术过于自信。

　　[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy。

　　美国人对于他们的长寿有一种虚荣的自豪感。

　　【答案】 C

　　【考点】推断题。

　　【分析】该题问的是篇首第一句的含义。这句话说的是“据说，在英国死亡是迫在眉睫的，在加拿大死亡是不可避免的，在加利福尼亚死亡是可以选择的。”从这句话中，我们可以看出美国人自认为美国拥有先进医疗技术，死亡是可以控制的。所以[C]项是正确的。[A]项毫无道理，因为从文章中可以看出美国人还是害怕死亡的。[B]项是将美国人的现状与过去相比，与本句无关。[D]项说的是美国人对于他们的长寿有一种虚荣的自豪感，也是不正确的，因为分析第一段就发现，作者谈论的，或者说作者自己进行解释的是美国人对医疗技术的自信，所以[D]不正确。

　　37. The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that

　　作者用癌症病人的例子来说明

　　[A] medical resources are often wasted. 医疗资源常常被浪费。

　　[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases. 医生对于致命的疾病也无计可施。

　　[C] some treatments are too aggressive. 有一些治疗过去大胆。

　　[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable. 医疗费用越来越支付不起。

　　【答案】 A

　　【考点】作者意图题。

　　【分析】在第二段中，作者用晚期癌症患者为例，指出医生们往往采取一些激进的缺乏科学根据的治疗方法。结合文章来看，我们发现它的作用是为了说明人们通常浪费了医疗资源，过度地投入在已经没有用处的的事情上。因此我们可以推断出作者的意图，即不应该浪费医疗资源在那些无可救药的人身上。[B]、[C]选项都不能表达作者意图。文中提及第三方支付人支付很多费用，因此[D]项内容是错误的。

　　38. The author’s attitude toward Richard Lamm’s remark is one of

　　作者对待Richard Lamm所说的话的态度是

　　[A] strong disapproval. 强烈反对。

　　[B] reserved consent. 有保留的赞同。

　　[C] slight contempt. 略有蔑视。

　　[D] enthusiastic support. 热烈支持。

　　【答案】 B

　　【考点】作者态度题。

　　【分析】通过关键词“Lamm”可以定位到第三段“Lamm”所说的话，“老年人有义务死亡，以免挡住道路”。在第四段，作者对于“Lamm”的观点发表了看法，“I would not go that far。”(我不会走那么远。)接着，作者举出了许多例子，说明老年人可以活得很有价值。这很容易让人认为作者是反对“Lamm”的观点的。但是接下来的一段中，作者从另外一个角度发表了自己的看法。作者说，“最昂贵和最引人注目的医疗手段未必就是高效率的和无疼痛的”。作者举例日本和瑞士，老年医疗开支不高，但是寿命更长，更加健康。作者说“我们在那些无药可救的疾病方面，也许投入过大，但是在那些事关人民生活质量的研究上投入过低”。所以选[B]，作者对“Lamm”的观点基本同意，但有所保留。

　　39. In contrast to the U.S., Japan and Sweden are funding theirmedical care

　　与美国相比，日本和瑞典对医疗的资金投入的方式

　　[A] more flexibly. 更灵活。

　　[B] more extravagantly. 更奢侈。

　　[C] more cautiously. 更谨慎。

　　[D] more reasonably. 更合理。

　　【答案】 D

　　【考点】推断题。

　　【分析】定位到最后一段，作者举例说明了“虽然日本和瑞典在医疗保健上的花费比美国少，但寿命却比美国人长，身体也更健康”。接着作者提到“我们也许在那些无药可救的疾病方面，也许投入过大，但是在那些事关人民生活的研究上投入过低”。因此我们可以推断出，日本和瑞典在医疗保健上的投资比美国“更加合理”，因此选择[D]项，其它选项不能表达出这个意思。

　　40. The text intends to express the idea that 本文试图表达的观点是

　　[A] medicine will further prolong people’s lives.

　　医学将进一步延长人们的生命。

　　[B] life beyond a certain limit is not worth living.

　　超过了一定的(年龄)限度，生命就不值得延续。

　　[C] death should be accepted as a fact of life。

　　死亡应该被当成一种生命的事实来接受。

　　[D] excessive demands increase the cost of health care。

　　过多的要求增加了医疗的成本。

　　【答案】 C

　　【考点】文章主旨题。

　　【分析】本题要求考生判断文章主旨。这个时候需要通篇浏览。文章第一段说，“即使有一个伟大的医疗卫生体系，死亡也无法战胜，但是如果我们不能面对这样一个事实，就会影响到我们国家的伟大”。第二段又说，“死亡是正常的，但是我们却试图使用一切可能的方法来延缓自己的生命”。第三段作者提出“医疗资源不应该用在一些已经没有挽救意义的人身上”。第四段提到作者承认老年生活可能也是很有价值的。但是第五段作者提出“日本人”和“瑞典人”的例子，指出“生活的质量，寿命的长短，靠的不仅仅是医疗，还有其它办法”。既然如此，不如将有限的资源用于需要的地方上去。因此文章的中心思想应该是[C]选项。[A]项与作者观点相反。[B]项也不正确，因为作者已经提到老年人的晚年也同样可以很有价值，但是只是作者不同意将过多的医疗资源浪费在没有价值地延缓生命上。[D]项是事实，但却不是文章主要表达的思想。

nanafly

2016-07-28 21:34

Americans no longerexpect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the Englishlanguage with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. Inhis latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Why We Should,Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberaland conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture asresponsible for the decline of formal English。

　　Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yetanother criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academicspecialty is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearanceof “whom”， for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss ofthe case-endings of Old English。

　　But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing ourown thing”， has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music.While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen topaper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then hassought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highlypersonal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness.In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking,spontaneity over craft。

　　Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both highand low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But itis less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care.As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, includingnon-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there existsno language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is notarguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do nottalk proper。

　　Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry largechunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend toelaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English speakers. Mr.McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, andproposes no radical education reforms—he is reallygrieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take ourEnglish “on paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps,but probably an inevitable one。

　　36. According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English

　　[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms。

　　[B] is but all too natural in language development。

　　[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture。

　　[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s。

　　37. The word “talking” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) denotes

　　[A] modesty.

　　[B]personality.

　　[C]liveliness.

　　[D]informality。

　　38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter mostlikely agree?

　　[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk。

　　[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English。

　　[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just asentertaining。

　　[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complexideas。

　　39. The description of Russians’ love of memorizingpoetry shows the author’s

　　[A] interest in their language.

　　[B] appreciation of their efforts。

　　[C] admiration for their memory.

　　[D]contempt for their old-fashionedness。

　　40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as

　　[A] “temporary” is to “permanent”。

　　[B] “radical ”is to “conservative”。

　　[C] “functional ” is to “artistic”。

　　[D] “humble” is to “noble”。

　　名师解析

　　36. According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal English

　　根据麦克沃特所言，正式英语的衰退

　　[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms. 在激进的教育改革中是不可避免的。

　　[B] is but all too natural in language development. 在语言的发展中实属自然。

　　[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture. 造成了对反文化潮流的争议。

　　[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s. 带来了20世纪60年代公众态度的变化。

　　【答案】 B

　　【考点】事实细节题。

　　【分析】第二段的第二句中作者提到麦克沃特，诸如“he sees gradual disappearance of ‘whom’, forexample, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of thecase-endings of Old English，”就是要求考生能够理解出正式英语在语言发展中衰退的自然性。选项[A]中提到的激进的教育在文章的最后一段中可以找到“Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictlynecessary, and proposes no radical education reforms—he is reallygrieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful。”这句话具有很强的干扰，主要是因为一些考生喜欢直接阅读，而不是先看题目，看到后面反而重点不够突出，似是而非。出题人常用的一个方法就是将一些文章中出现但是实际上没有必然联系的内容揉杂在一起，起到很大的干扰。其实文章中根本没有提到二者有什么关系，只是顺带说他没有提议用激进的教育来改变正式英语衰退的趋势。选项[C]说对反文化有争议，从文中可以看出，将正式英语的衰退归咎于反文化并不会引起什么争议，没有人会认为反文化使得正式英语得到了发展。选项[D]说正式英语的衰退导致公众态度的变化，这样的说法属于典型的因果倒置。出题人意图利用考生临场考试时不稳定的心理状态来干扰考生，看其能否正确理解文章的大意。如果考生不能够养成良好的考试习惯，往往会花费很多额外的时间，因为很多时候，我们只需要知道正确答案是什么，而无需知道也没有时间来分析其他选项错在哪里。

　　37. The word“talking”(Line 6, Paragraph3) denotes “talking”(第三段第六行)一词表示

　　[A] modesty. 谦虚。

　　[B] personality. 个性。

　　[C] liveliness. 活泼。

　　[D] informality. 非正式。

　　【答案】 D

　　【考点】语义题。

　　【分析】考生必须利用上下文推测单词意思，在原文中首先找到这句话，然后仔细研读，最后才能够体会出这个单词的意思。第三段首先提到“做我们自己的事情”的结果是规范的演讲、作品、诗歌和音乐的死亡。然后提到在20世纪60年代以前那些受过一般教育的人在写作时都用比较高雅的语气，最后又说那些被认为是最重要的作品都试图表现出口语的特色，“talking”战胜了演讲，即兴战胜了技巧。而口语化的特点就是非正式。

　　38. To which of the following statements would Mc Whorter mostlikely agree?

　　下列哪一种说法麦克沃特最有可能会同意?

　　[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk。

　　逻辑思维并不必然与我们说话的方式相关。

　　[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English。

　　黑人所使用的英语可能比正式英语更有表现力。

　　[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining。

　　人类的各种各样非标准的语言一样有趣。

　　[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complexideas。

　　在英语的各种变体中，标准英语最能表达复杂的思想。

　　【答案】 A

　　【考点】推断题。

　　【分析】在第四段第四句话中，我们可以看到，麦克沃特认为所有人类语言，包括黑人的非标准英语，都具有很强的表现力。[B]选项中提到黑人使用的英语，但是说这种英语比正式英语更具有表现力是显然夸大了范围。[D]选项认为正式英语最能够表达复杂的思想，也犯了同样的错误。紧接着作者提到麦克沃特不认为因为我们不能很好地说话我们就不能正确地进行思考。这句话正好应了[A]选项，即正确的逻辑思维不一定与我们说话的方式有关。因此选项[A]是正确的。[C]的说法与原文完全不符合。

　　39. The description of Russians’ love of memorizingpoetry shows the author’s

　　就俄罗斯人喜欢记忆诗歌的描述显示出作者

　　[A] interest in their language. 对他们的语言感兴趣。

　　[B] appreciation of their efforts. 欣赏他们的努力。

　　[C] admiration for their memory. 对他们记忆力的仰慕。

　　[D] contempt for their old-fashionedness. 对他们的守旧表示蔑视。

　　【答案】 B

　　【考点】推断题。

　　【分析】文章最后一段第一句话提到“俄罗斯人对本国语言的热爱，能够记得很多诗歌，而意大利的政治家们常常发表在大多数英国人看来有点过时的经过精心准备的演讲。麦克沃特认为正式语言并非不可或缺，也没有提出要进行激进的教育改革——他其实只是为那些美好而不是实用品的消逝而感到遗憾。”结合文章主题可以看出这几句话中作者的言下之意：他欣赏俄罗斯人为保持自身语言的优美性所做的努力。但是这并不能够说明他对俄罗斯语感兴趣，或者赞赏他们的记忆力，更不可能是轻视他们。

　　40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as

　　根据最后一段，将“纸盘子”和“瓷器”相比就相当于

　　[A] “temporary”is to“permanent””. “暂时的”与“永久的”相比。

　　[B] “radical”is to“conservative”. “激进的”与“保守的”相比。

　　[C] “functional”is to“artistic”. “功能的”与“艺术的”相比。

　　[D] “humble”is to“noble”. “谦卑的”与“高贵的”相比。

　　【答案】 C

　　【考点】推断题。

　　【分析】纸盘子和瓷盘子的区别不止一个，但是最后一段中作者提到优美和实用这层意思，也就是说作者想要说明的不是暂时与永久，不是激进与保守，不是谦卑与高贵，而是能够反映纸盘子和瓷盘子背后的优美和实用这一对概念，也就是功能与艺术的比较。

nanafly

2016-07-28 21:37

The once radical notion that birds descended from dinosaurs——or may even be dinosaurs， the only living branch of the family that ruled the earth eons ago——has got stronger and stronger since paleontologists first started taking it seriously a couple of decades ago. Remarkable similarities in bone structure between dinos and birds were the first clue. Then came evidence， thanks to a series of astonishing discoveries in China's Liaoning province over the past five years， that some dinosaurs may have borne feathers. But a few scientists still argued that the link was weak; the bone similarities could be a coincidence， they said. And maybe those primitive structures visible in some fossils were feathers——but maybe not. You had to use your imagination to see them.

　　Not anymore. A spectacularly preserved fossil of a juvenile dinosaur， announced by a team of paleontologists from the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences and New York City's American Museum of Natural History in the latest issue of Nature， is about as good a missing link as anyone could want. “It has things that are undeniably feathers，” exults Richard Prum， of the University of Kansas Natural History Museum， an expert on the evolution of feathers. “But it is clearly a small， vicious theropod similar to the velociraptors that chased the kids around the kitchen in Jurassic Park.”

　　The find helps cement the dinosaur-bird connection， but it also casts new light on the mystery of why nature invented feathers in the first place. For the better part of a century， biologists have assumed that these specialized structures evolved for flight， but that's clearly not true. “The feathers on these dinosaurs aren't flight-worthy， and the animals couldn't fly，” says paleontologist Kevin Padian， of the University of California， Berkeley. “They're too big， and they don't have wings.” So what was the original purpose of feathers? Nobody knows for sure; they might have been useful for keeping dinos dry， distracting predators or attracting mates， as peacocks do today.

　　But many biologists suspect that feathers originally arose to keep dinosaurs warm. The bone structure of dinosaurs shows that， unlike modern reptiles， they grew as fast as birds and mammals——which dovetails with a growing body of evidence that dinos were， in fact， warm-blooded. Says Padian： “They must have had a high basal metabolic rate to grow that fast. And I wouldn't be surprised if they had some sort of skin covering for insulation when they were small.” Says Norell： “Even baby tyrannosaurs probably looked like this one.”

　　At the rate feathered dinosaurs are turning up， it shouldn't take long to solidify scientists' understanding of precisely how and why feathers first arose and when the first birdlike creature realized they were useful for flight. Meanwhile， kids had better get used to the idea that T. rex may have started life looking an awful lot like Tweety Bird.

　　1. We learn from the beginning of the passage that ________________.

　　[A] scientists are split as to whether birds descended from dinosaurs

　　[B] the bone similarities between birds and dinosaurs are a coincidence

　　[C] fossils have proven that birds evolved from dinosaurs

　　[D] the idea that birds are connected with dinosaurs has always been taken seriously

　　2. Speaking of the recently-announced fossil of a juvenile dinosaur， the author implies that ______.

　　[A] it shows vividly how dinosaur flies

　　[B] it brings new mystery to paleontologists

　　[C] it further proves the link between birds and dinosaurs

　　[D] it solves the puzzle of birds‘ evolution

　　3. In the view of Kevin Padian， the feathers on those dinosaurs ____________.

　　[A] were of no practical value

　　[B] were useful for flight

　　[C] could protect dinosaurs from their natural enemy

　　[D] were good for insulation

　　4. The original purpose of feather was___________.

　　[A] to help dinosaurs fly

　　[B] to keep dinosaurs warm

　　[C] to distract predators

　　[D] a mystery

　　5. We learn from the last paragraph that __________.

　　[A] a baby dinosaur looks like a bird

　　[B] T-rex is a kind of dinosaur figure familiar to kids

　　[C] living feathered dinosaurs can still be found in certain parts of the world

　　[D] scientists understand precisely how and why feathers first arose

　　答案：A C D D B

nanafly

2016-07-29 21:29

　Of a11 the characteristics that man has used to distinguish himself from“lower”animals，the desire to explore the unknown may be the most enduring.As the Norwegian polar explorer and oceanographer Fridtjof Nansen observed，“Man wants to know，and when he ceases to do so，he is no longer man.”

　　The annual migrations of wildfowl and many other animals certainly cannot be regarded as a form of exploration，because such movements are actually only shifts from one habitat to another for the purpose of avoiding seasonal climatic variations.4) Likewise，the gradual expansion by certain animals into new ranges is not exploratory but rather merely a shift to a 1ess crowded or more favourable environmental setting.To be sure，mankind also has been involved in movements of this sort when subjected to population and other pressures.Then，too，economic and military considerations have frequently been major driving factors in human expansion into new realms.5)Nonetheless，in numerous instances，man‘s attempts at exploration have been marked by imaginative leaps across hostile stretches，sometimes at great risks， to reach something undefined simply for its own sake.

　　Much of the history of exploration—certainly of modern geographical exploration—has been European.6) Such has been the case not because Europeans possessed superior curiosity or some other internal force but because whatever events channeled their societies toward an advanced level of technology allowed them to expend more energy on exploration.The rapid growth and consolidation of their kingdoms provided them with an opportunity to exploit new discoveries fully.By contrast，the great Asian kingdoms，though no less capable，turned inward and erected walls between themselves and the“barbarians”of the outside world.

　　The 20th century has witnessed the last stages of exploration of the Earth‘s surface and the initial attempts to explore the deep sea and space.Scientific attention today is primarily directed toward these new frontiers.In addition to this emphasis on undersea and space exploration，efforts are also being made to investigate the interior of the Earth，knowledge of which still remains relatively limited.

　　1. What Nansen said means that____.

　　[A]a man never stops exploring the unknown until he dies

　　[B]exploration of the unknown is a characteristic of man

　　[C]ignorant people are no more than “lower” animals

　　[D]a man is not a brave man unless he shows curiosity about the unknown

　　2. According to the author，true exploration is marked by____.

　　[A]migrating from a familiar area to a new one

　　[B]moving into a less crowded and favourable environmental setting

　　[C]venturing into an unknown，sometimes risky，world

　　[D]gradually expanding into new ranges

　　3. The Europeans were often the pioneers in exploration because____.

　　[A]they had daring spirits and were more curious about the unknown

　　[B]social development offered them the means to explore the world

　　[C]they had more internal driving forces to urge them in such attempts

　　[D]they were more capable of such activities than the Asians

　　4. In the last sentence of Paragraph 3，the word“barbarians”probably refers to____.

　　[A]the fiercest enemies

　　[B]savage and uncivilized people

　　[C]hostile neighboring countries

　　[D]ambitious Europeans powers

　　5. The 20th century explorers are similar to the earlier explorers in their curiosity about____.

　　[A]the deep sea [B]the space

　　[C]the interior of the Earth [D]the surface of the Earth

　　答案及解析

　　1. [B] 意为：对未知领域进行探索是人类的特性。在第一段，Nansen所说的意思是：人类总是想去认识事物，如果他们失去这种欲望，他们就无所谓人了。

　　2. [C] 意为：敢于冒险进人未知的——有时是危险的区域。参阅第二段最后一句，本句中stretches应理解为“区域(或地段)”，undefined应根据上下文理解为“未知的”。本段否定了几种做法，认为这些做法都称不上是探险;在作者看来，只有最后一句提到的情况才算得上是探险活动。

　　3. [B] 根据第三段第二句，探险者多为欧洲人，这并不是因为他们好奇心强或内在的动力大，而是因为历史将他们的社会推向了更高的技术水平，这使得他们可以花更多的精力来从事冒险活动。

　　4. [B] 意为：野蛮而未开化的人。该词意为“野蛮人”，是文明社会对未开化民族带有偏见的称呼。

　　5. [D] 第四段第一句提到，20世纪进入探索地球表面的最后阶段，而开始了对深海区域和太空的探索。由此可以看出，对地球表面的探索在20世纪还在继续。

nanafly

2016-07-29 21:29

　Looking beyond the 10-year period，the botanists estimate that some 3，000 native plant species may become extinct in the foreseeable future—more than 10 percent of the approximately 25，000 species of plants in the United States.

　　The situation is the same or worse in most other parts of the world.It is estimated that about 20 percent of Earth‘s approximately 300，000 plant species are in danger.Most of these plants are in the tropical rainforests that are being cut down，and many have not even been identified yet.

　　Why is extinction threatening so many U.S.species? The main reason is the destruction of habitats.This destruction is caused，especially in the Eastern United States，by land development，such as the construction of shopping centers and housing tracts.In the Western states，the poor management of public lands has been a critical factor.There，many habitats have been destroyed by the spread of exotic plant species.1)For example， June grass， which was introduced from Europe in the late 1800s， has invaded hundreds of square kilometers of Western lands，pushing out some native species of grass that are less able to compete for the usually scarce moisture.

　　Public indifference has also contributed to the problem.2) Americans have rallied to the cause of endangered animals such as whooping cranes and African elephants，but they seem unconcerned about endangered plants.Perhaps they consider wild animals to be public property，but plants are the property of the owner of the land on which they grow.

　　The consequences of habitat destruction are often most serious in the tropics and subtropics.Those regions have a much greater number of plant species than are found in cooler climates.And many species grow in only a small area，increasing the probability of their being wiped out.It is not surprising，therefore，that nearly 75 percent of the 680 species on the most-endangered list are located in just three states and Puerto Rico.Hawaii has 21 percent;Texas，12.2 percent;Florida，10.6 percent;and Puerto Rico，10.1 percent.But nearly all of the 50 states have at least a few native plants that are among those facing extinction.

　　Saving endangered plants is important for several reasons.Among those plants，there may be some that produce substances that could be of value in making medicines.Others might possess genetic traits that could be used to improve crop plants.We might also find that some plants are worth growing for their own sake—as food or perhaps for the oil in their seeds.But beyond such practical applications，there is a sense of loss when any species—a plant as much as an animal—disappears from the face of the Earth forever.

　　1. In another decade，it is estimated that____.

　　[A]more than 10 percent of the native plants in the United States may die out

　　[B]approximately 25，000 species of plants in the United States will be extinct

　　[C]20 percent of Earth‘s approximately 300，000 plant species will be extinct

　　[D]20 percent of Earth‘s approximately 300，000 plant species may become extinct

　　2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of plant species extinction?

　　[A]Careless introduction of foreign plant species.

　　[B]Over-development of 1and for commercial use.

　　[C]Public ignorance of the present situation.

　　[D]Inappropriate governmental land protection policies.

　　3. In what way are the public indifferent to the present situation?

　　[A]They are still unaware of the cause of land destruction.

　　[B]They pay too much attention to endangered animals.

　　[C]They do not give due attention to saving endangered plants.

　　[D]They are selfish enough to protect only their own properties.

　　4. Plant species in the tropics and subtropics are most vulnerable in that____.

　　[A]a greater number of plant species are found there than in cooler regions

　　[B]many plant species grow in only a small area in these regions

　　[C]these regions frequently become the first targets of deforestation

　　[D]countries within these regions have a worse sense of environmental protection

　　5. All of the following are practical considerations for protecting plant species EXCEPT____.

　　[A]medicinal use of plant species

　　[B]utilizing their genetic traits to develop better plant species

　　[C]a sense of loss that some species disappear even before they are identified

　　[D]production of food and oil for the dinner table out of them

答案解析

　　1. [A] 参阅第一段，这句话的意思是：在展望10年后的情况时植物学家们预计，在不久的将来，3 000种植物——占美国近25 000种植物的10%以上——将可能灭绝。[D]不对，第二段第二句只提到了这些植物受到了(灭绝的)威胁，而不是将会灭绝。

　　2. [D] 第三段第四句虽然提到了公地管理不善是造成植物生长地遭破坏的根本原因，但是，这里并未提到是政策本身不好，还是政策执行得不好。有关[A]参阅第三段第五、六句，第五句中exotic意为“外(国)来的”。有关[B]参阅第四段第二句。有关[C]参阅第四段：该段批评美国人对保护动物非常热心，但对濒临灭绝的植物似乎漠不关心。在作者看来，其中的原因是他们认为野生动物是公共财产，而植物是土地所有者的私有财产。

　　3. [C] 参阅第2题题解。

　　4. [B] 参阅第五段第三句。

　　5. [C] 意为：当意识到有些物种甚至还没来得及被鉴别出就消失了时而产生的一种失落感。参阅最后一段最后一句，请注意本句中的beyond such practical applications.有关[A]参阅最后一段第二句;有关[B]参阅最后一段第三句，这句的意思指借鉴其他植物的基因特性并利用基因工程的方法来改进作物。有关[D]参阅最后一段第四句。

nanafly

2016-07-29 21:30

Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was， however， largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was published. It was based on 22，000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.

　　The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent，and in most cases the dropouts，while not completing the Ph. D. requirement， went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially， but， according to the report， are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.

　　Discussing the study last week， Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated ‘because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable of competing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the Ph. D. level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph. D.’

　　“The results of our research” Dr. Tucker concluded， “did not support these opinions.”

　　1. Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.

　　2. Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialities.

　　3. Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.

　　Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision， but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination， uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph. D. program， lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent.

　　As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing， a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $ 20，000 and more annually while none of the Ph. D. ‘s with that background reached this figure. The Ph. D. ’s shone in the $ 7，500 to $ 15，000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields， where Ph. D. ‘s tend to rise to the highest salaries， are still lagging behind other fields.

　　As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus， the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25 % of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.

　　1.The author states that many educators feel that

　　[A] steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus.

　　[B] the dropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their study.

　　[C] the Ph. D. holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout.

　　[D] The high dropouts rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members.

　　2.Research has shown that

　　[A] Dropouts are substantially below Ph. D. ‘s in financial attainment.

　　[B] the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph. D. studies.

　　[C] The Ph. D. candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out.

　　[D] about one-third of those who start Ph. D. work do not complete the work to earn the degree.

　　3.Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph. D.

　　[A] is the most frequent reason for dropping out.

　　[B] is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate.

　　[C] is an essential part of many Ph. D. programs.

　　[D] does not vary in difficulty among universities.

　　4.After reading the article， one would refrain from concluding that

　　[A] optimism reigns in regard to getting Ph. D. dropouts to return to their pursuit of the degree.

　　[B] a Ph. D. dropout， by and large， does not have what it takes to learn the degree.

　　[C] colleges and universities employ a substantial number of Ph. D. dropouts.

　　[D] Ph. D. ‘s are not earning what they deserve in nonacademic positions.

　　5.It can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies in

　　[A] salary for Ph. D. too low.

　　[B] academic requirement too high.

　　[C] salary for dropouts too high.

　　[D] 1000 positions.

　　答案详解

　　1. A. 许多教育工作者感到应采取步骤让辍学者回校学习，特别是有些学科。这在第三段最后一句话：“有些人建议高级专家和大学教师短缺现象可以通过劝说辍学者返回校园完成博士学位来减少。”

　　B. 辍学者应回到稍第几的学校去完成学业。 C. 有博士学位的人一般比辍学者具有较好的适应性。 D. 高辍学率主要原因在于教师方面缺乏刺激鼓励。这三项文内没有提。

　　2. D.约三分之一开始就读博士学位的人没有完成学业取得学位。第二段第一句：“辍学率为31%。大多数情况下，辍学人不能完成博士学位学业，就去从事生产性工作”。

　　A. 辍学者的经济收入比博士生低许多。这是错的。见倒数第二段：“作为辍学者干得真不错的证明，统计图表说明2%人文学科的辍学者年收入为20000多没劲，没有一个同样背景的博士生达到这个数字。7000至15000美元年收入水平为博士生的78%，辍学者仅为50%。” B. 在博士学习中刺激因素较小。 C. 博士预备生如果中途退学很可能改变其专业领域。

　　3. C. 博士生应达到外语要求的水平是许多博士生课程的一个基本组成部分。这在第四段有所表示：“约75%的退学者说，他们决定退学并不是处于学术的原因，而处于学术原因的退学者提出：难以通过资格考试，难以完成研究，通不过外语考试”。这里看出外语是博士生课程的基本组成部分。

　　A. 它是退学最频繁的原因。 B. 它对理科博士生比文科博士应考生更难。 D. 它在大学中的难度并没有不同。

　　4. A. 读完这篇文章，人们不会有这种结论。这在第三段末和最后一段。第三段末：“我们研究的结果并不支持这些一件(包括返回校园之意见)：⑴缺乏动力是退学的主要原因。⑵大多数退学者在博士课程上已经达到和他们的能力水平和专业水平相一致的水平。⑶大多数退学者现在从事的工作和他们所受教育和动机相一致。”最后一段：“至于返回校园的可能性，前景不乐观。至少有25%的退学生可能考虑返回研究生院就读，条件是保证他们保留现有的收入水平，有些还要保留他们目前的工作。”

　　B. 博士生退学者，大体而论，并不具备得到学位所需要的一切。 C. 学院和大学雇佣了许多退学生。 D. 博士生在非学术岗位上没有挣到他们应得的钱。B.、C.两项文内没提。D.不对，参见难句译注4。

　　5. A. 博士生的工资太低。见第四题A.的译注和难句译注4。

　　B. 学术要求太高。这只是某些因学术原因辍学者之强调点。 C. 辍学者工资太高。不是太高而是有一部分高于博士生。见第二题D项注释。 D. 职位低。文内没有提。

nanafly

2016-08-03 11:39

Aptera is certainly not the sort of name an old-school carmaker would give to its newest creation. Biologists will recognise it as the term for scuttling wingless insects—silverfish and suchlike. But Steve Fambro, the boss of the eponymous Californian company that plans to make and sell electric vehicles under this name, hopes they will soon be swarming over the state's highways.

　　Unlike Tesla, another boutique electric-vehicle maker from the Golden State, Aptera is aiming for the bottom end of the market. A Tesla sports car will set you back $98,000 (or it would if you could get your hands on one: Tesla has delayed shipment of its first 50 cars until next year). An Aptera, by contrast, starts at $26,900, and should be available this time next year. And instead of a Ferrari knock-off, you get a space-age tricycle. But Aptera and Tesla have things in common. They are both small. They were both started by people with no experience in the motor industry. And they are both aiming to start by roping in the eco-fashionistas of California, and then work outwards to the mainstream.

　　The name Aptera was chosen because the vehicle resembles a small, wingless aircraft. Its three-wheel design exempts it from onerous federal testing regulations. The outer shell is made of a carbon-fibre composite, rather than metal. The lines are wind-tunnel aerodynamic. And protuberances are kept to a minimum. Wing mirrors, for example, are replaced by a rear-facing camera with a 180° field of view and the exhaust valves are recessed to minimise turbulence. In the pure plug-in version, those valves are for waste heat from the electronics. There is also a petrol-electric hybrid, with a single-cylinder generator that extends the range from 200km to 1,130km. Top speed is 150kph.

　　One reason for the emergence of firms such as Aptera is that designing a new vehicle has become as much an exercise in software simulation as in metal (or even carbon-fibre) bashing. That enables the firm's engineers to do extensive development work—even things like crash-testing—on a computer. This is much cheaper than building endless prototypes and driving lots of them into walls. Another reason is the widespread availability of previously specialised components such as lithium-ion batteries. That means that an upstart such as Aptera can focus on the electronic brains of the vehicle and its final assembly, rather than having to make everything from scratch. It can thus, it believes, turn a profit without having to produce large volumes.

　　Automotive history is littered with failed attempts to build electric cars, and sceptics might think the latest batch will be no different. That there is a fashion for such vehicles, though, is hard to deny. Besides Aptera and Tesla—which are, in their different ways, the most conspicuous examples—Venture Vehicles of Los Angeles is proposing an electric version of the Dutch Carver three-wheeled motorbike, while Phoenix Motorcars of Ontario, California, has produced a sports-utility truck. Meanwhile, REVA, an Indian firm, and Think Global, a Norwegian one, are making two-door hatchbacks. Indeed, according to the Venture Capital Journal, about $220m has been invested in such small firms over the past year and a half.

　　1.Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the common characterists of Tesla and Aptera?

　　[A] Both of them are envioroment-friendly.

　　[B] Both of them are from small companies of California and then expand outwards.

　　[C] Both of them are originated from the marginal status of the industry.

　　[D] Both of them are created by green hands of automobile business.

　　2. The petrol-electric hybrid version of Aptera is different from its other versions in that_____

　　[A] Top speed of the hybrid is higher than than of the other versions.

　　[B] The hybrid possesses a stronger capacity of long-distance drive with rapid speed.

　　[C] The hybrid has a special generator that is characterized by a sole cylinder.

　　[D] The hybrid generate more turbulence than the other versions.

　　3.The word “protuberance” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means_____

　　[A] protrusion.

　　[B] accessory.

　　[C] adjunct.

　　[D] impetus.

　　4. Firms such as Aptera are growing up because of the following reasons except_____

　　[A] Technologies of metal bashing simulation are well developped.

　　[B] The cost of making cars is greatly reduced.

　　[C] Some specialized parts are available to them.

　　[D] Large venture investment is devoted to such business.

　　5. Towards to the future of the electric cars, the author’s attitude can be said to be _____

　　[A] optimistic.

　　[B] lukewarm.

　　[C] wait-and-see.

　　[D] enthusiastic.
篇章剖析：

　　这篇文章讲述了一些新型汽车的情况。第一段讲述了Aptera在推出其最新产品;第二、三段讲述这一新产品的特点;第四段讲述Aptera公司目前的研发优势;第五段讲述许多公司现在都开始进军该领域。

　　词汇注释：

　　scuttle v. 仓皇奔逃;匆匆跑走 eponymous adj. 齐名的

　　swarm v. 挤满t ricycle n. 三轮车

　　onerous adj. 麻烦的 aerodynamic adj. 空气动力的

　　protuberance n. 凸起 valve n. 阀门

　　lithium n. 锂 litter v. 乱丢，弄乱

　　hatchback n. 有仓门式后背的车

　　难句突破：

　　(1) But Steve Fambro, the boss of the eponymous Californian company that plans to make and sell electric vehicles under this name, hopes they will soon be swarming over the state's highways.

　　[主体句式] But Steve Fambro hopes …

　　[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，the boss of…是做主语的同位语;该同位语中that引导的是定语从句，用来修饰company。

　　[句子译文] 但是计划用这个名字来制造并销售电动汽车的齐名的加利福尼亚公司老总Steve Fambro希望它们很快就能挤满加州的高速公路。

　　(1) Besides Aptera and Tesla—which are, in their different ways, the most conspicuous examples—Venture Vehicles of Los Angeles is proposing an electric version of the Dutch Carver three-wheeled motorbike, while Phoenix Motorcars of Ontario, California, has produced a sports-utility truck.

　　[主体句式] Besides Aptera and Tesla, Venture Vehicles …is proposing… while…

　　[结构分析] 这是一个复合句。while引导的是句子的伴随状语。

　　[句子译文] 除了Aptera和Tesla这两个最有名的例子，洛杉矶的冒险汽车公司也在计划制造德国Carver三轮摩托车式的电动车，而加州安大略的凤凰汽车公司已经制造了一种运动型载重卡车。

　　题目分析：

　　1.Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the common characterists of Tesla and Aptera? 1. 关于Tesla 和Aptera共同的特点，下列哪项陈述是错误的?

　　[A] Both of them are envioroment-friendly. [A] 它们都是环保的。

　　[B] Both of them are from small companies of California and then expand outwards. [B] 它们都是从加州的小公司开始做起，后来向外扩张。

　　[C] Both of them are originated from the marginal status of the industry. [C] 它们原先都处于该产业的边缘地位。

　　[D] Both of them are created by green hands of automobile business. [D]它们都是由汽车行业中的新手制造的。

　　[答案] B

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析] 细节题。第一段中提到了它们之间的共同点有三个“But Aptera and Tesla have things in common. They are both small. They were both started by people with no experience in the motor industry. And they are both aiming to start by roping in the eco-fashionistas of California, and then work outwards to the mainstream”，体积小，创始人都是该行业的新手，环保;而且这两个公司都是小公司，后来渐渐向主流发展，可见原先是出于行业的边缘。选项中只有B不是共同点，因为不存在“expand outwards”。

　　2. The petrol-electric hybrid version of Aptera is different from its other versions in that_____ 2.Aptera的汽油电力混合版和它其他的版本区别在于_____

　　[A] Top speed of the hybrid is higher than than of the other versions. [A] 混合版的速度要比其他版本高。

　　[B] The hybrid possesses a stronger capacity of long-distance drive with rapid speed. [B] 混合版比其他版本的长途高速驾驶能力更强。

　　[C] The hybrid has a special generator that is characterized by a sole cylinder. [C] 混合版有一种独特的单气缸发动机。

　　[D] The hybrid generate more turbulence than the other versions. [D] 混合版比其他版本生产的动荡大。

　　[答案] B

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析] 细节题。根据第三段“There is also a petrol-electric hybrid, with a single-cylinder generator that extends the range from 200km to 1,130km. Top speed is 150kph”，可见混合版本可以将行程延长200到1130公里，这就是区别之处，因此答案为B选项。A、D选项都不是混合版的特征。C选项的表述虽然符合混合版的特征，但是却不是它区别于其他版本车的主要原因。

　　3.The word “protuberance” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means_____ 3. “protuberance” (第三段第四行)最有可能的意思是_____

　　[A] protrusion. [A] 突出。

　　[B] accessory. [B] 零件。

　　[C] adjunct. [C] 附件。

　　[D] impetus. [D] 推动力。

　　[答案] A

　　[难度系数] ☆

　　[分析] 猜词题。根据第三段“And protuberances are kept to a minimum. Wing mirrors, for example, are replaced by a rear-facing camera with a 180° field of view and the exhaust valves are recessed to minimise turbulence”，讲述该特征时举的例子——比如风镜由180度视角的朝后的摄像机代替，可以看出主要为了避免有突出的部分。选项中A最为符合。

　　4. Firms such as Aptera are growing up because of the following reasons except_____ 4. Aptera这样的公司成长起来是因为以下除了____之外的原因。

　　[A] Technologies of metal bashing simulation are well developped. [A] 金属撞击模拟的技术发展得很好

　　[B] The cost of making cars is greatly reduced. [B] 制造车的费用大大降低了

　　[C] Some specialized parts are available to them. [C] 他们可以拿到一些特别的部分

　　[D] Large venture investment is devoted to such business. [D]大型的投资活动被投入到了这样的商业中

　　[答案] D

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析] 细节题。根据第四段。这样的公司能成长起来是因为模拟演习已经发展起来，这样就可以节约试验成本;先前那些专门的配件随处都可以买到;选项中，A、C选项是正确的，B选项是A、C选项的结果;D选项在文章没有提到。因此，答案为D选项。

　　5. Towards to the future of the electric cars, the author’s attitude can be said to be _____ 5.对于电气汽车的未来，作者的态度是_____

　　[A] optimistic. [A] 乐观的。

　　[B] lukewarm. [B] 冷淡的。

　　[C] wait-and-see. [C] 观望的。

　　[D] enthusiastic. [D] 热心的。

　　[答案] A

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析] 态度题。根据最后一段，都是一些成功的案例，因此，作者对电气汽车的未来的态度是乐观的，因此正确答案为A选项。D选项有一定的干扰性，但是从文中可以看出作者的语气一直比较平淡客观，虽然持支持的态度但是没有表现出“热心”的层面，该选项过于夸张，因而是错误的。
参考译文：

　　Aptera 肯定不是传统汽车制造商会给新产品起的名字。生物学家会认为这是一种行色匆匆走路的无翼昆虫的名字，比如蠹虫等。但是计划用这个名字来制造并销售电动汽车的加利福尼亚公司老总Steve Fambro希望这种车很快就能挤满加州的高速公路。

　　Tesla 是金色之州(加州)的另一家流行电动汽车制造商，但Aptera与前者不同，其目标是低端市场。一辆Tesla运动跑车得花九万八千美元(或者说你如果能亲自开上一辆就得花这么多钱，因为Tesla第一批的50辆车推迟到明年才能到货)。而一辆Aptera起步价仅为两万六千九百美元，而且明年的这个时候应该就可以提货了。你拿到的并不是法拉利的缩版，而是太空时代的三轮车。但是Aptera和Tesla也有相似之处，两种车体积都很小，两家创始人都是这个行业的新手，目标都是要从环保理念盛行的加州起步，然后再逐渐扩展到主流市场。

　　起Aptera这个名字是因为这种汽车像小小的无翼飞机。三轮的造型使其免受繁琐的联邦检测法规的约束。车的外壳是碳类合成物，而不是金属。其设计为风道空气动力，且尽可能避免凸出部分，比如风镜由180度视角的向后摄像机代替，排气阀凹进去从而将气流减到最小。在插入式车型中，这些阀门是用来为电器散发出来的废热而设计的。还有一种汽油和电力混合汽车，只有一个气缸加速器，可以将行程延长200到1130公里，最高时速为150公里/小时。

　　像Aptera这样的公司之所以能够兴起，其中一个原因就是设计新型汽车的软件模拟演习几乎能与金属(甚至碳材料)撞击演习相媲美。这就使得公司的工程师可以在电脑上进行大量的研发工作，甚至是碰撞试验，要比制造无数个汽车模型再撞墙测试廉价得多。另外一个原因就是随着先前那些专门供应的部件、比如锂电池已随处可得，这意味着像Aptera这样的新秀可以将精力集中于汽车的电子脑和最终的装配上，而不是所有的东西都得从头来过。它相信这样一来，不用很大的制造量就可以获利了。

　　在汽车制造历史上有许多制造电动汽车失败的故事，一些怀疑论者可能认为这批最新汽车也差不多。但是现在制造这种汽车的风气正盛，这是无法否认的。除了Aptera和Tesla这两个最有名的例子，洛杉矶的冒险汽车公司也在计划制造德国Carver三轮摩托车式的电动车，而加州安大略的凤凰汽车公司已经制造了一种运动型载重卡车。同时，印度REVA公司和挪威的思想全球公司也在制造双门有仓门式后背的汽车。据《风险资本期刊》称，过去的一年半中有大约两亿两千万美元注入到了这样的小公司中。

nanafly

2016-08-03 11:40

When Archaeopteryx, a feathered skeleton that was seemingly half dinosaur and half bird, turned up in 1862—three years after the publication of “The Origin of Species”—the origin of birds became a subject of raging debate among palaeontologists. Suggestions that they were the direct descendants of theropod dinosaurs (a group of bipedal meat-eaters that include Allosaurus, Velociraptor and Tyrannosaurus) caused quite a flap. Today, most researchers agree that birds are, indeed, a branch of the Dinosauria. How they made the transition from the land to the sky, though, has yet to be agreed. But a paper in this week's Current Biology, by Christopher Glen and Michael Bennett of the University of Queensland, makes a strong case that they did it by jumping.

　　Considering the diversity of life on Earth, flight is surprisingly rare. It has evolved only four times: among the insects about 300m years ago, the pterosaurs (230m), the birds (150m) and the bats (50m). That suggests it is a hard trick to pull off. For birds, there is general agreement that feathers came before flight. Fossils from north-eastern China show animals that had feathers but clearly could not have flown, as well as ones that look like proper birds. The best guesses are that feathers evolved either for insulation (as fur did in mammals) or for display, and that natural selection took advantage by turning them into a means of transport.

　　There are two broad schools of thought about what happened next. One argues that birds' immediate ancestors lived in trees. Members of this school think that powered flight developed as a natural extension of gliding (such controlled falling is used as a way of travelling from tree to tree by several arboreal species today). Gliding itself developed because of the lift provided by feathered forearms.

　　The alternative is that flight evolved on the ground. Some researchers who belong to this school of thought suggest that the power provided by flapping protowings may have given their owners an edge in the pursuit of prey. Others hypothesise that feathery forearms helped animals steer and stabilise themselves.

　　Unfortunately, behaviour does not fossilise, so it looked as though the question might never be answered. But Dr Glen, a palaeobiologist, and Dr Bennett, a biomechanic, think they have worked out how to do so. Their crucial observation is that in modern birds the curvature of the third toe (which carries a lot of weight during walking and climbing) varies with species' lifestyles. Birds that spend lots of time climbing around on the trunks of trees have dramatically curved third toes. Those that hop around on branches have mildly curved ones. Those that forage mainly on the ground have the least curved of all.

　　The two researchers compared these observations with their findings for the bird-like dinosaurs and dinosaur-like birds of China. They noticed that the toes of both feathered dinosaurs and of the earliest flying birds were similar to those of modern birds that spend most of their time on the ground. Flight, in other words, came before birds took to the trees. They are not fallen angels, but risen reptiles.

　　1. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the current debate on the origin of birds?

　　[A] The opinion that birds were the direct descendants of dinosaurs gives the world a shock.

　　[B] Palaeontologists have get consensus on the specie’s transition from the land to the sky.

　　[C] Palaeontologists have different opinions on the process of the transition.

　　[D] The paper in this week's Current Biology demostrate that the specie moved by hopping before they flied.

　　2. The reason why flight is surprisingly rare is that _____

　　[A] life on earth is diversified.

　　[B] many species of this kind were eliminated during evolution.

　　[C] feathers evolved not for a means of transport.

　　[D] it is very hard to have such evolution.

　　3.The two schools of thought have different opinions on _____

　　[A] the functions of feathered forearams in transition from ground to sky.

　　[B] the location of living place before the animals’ evolution to birds.

　　[C] the development of powered flight.

　　[D] the power provided by either gliding or flapping.

　　4. The conclusion of the study carried out by Dr. Glen and Dr. Bennet is that_____

　　[A] powered flight developed as feathered forearms provided lift.

　　[B] flight evolved on the ground before they descend on the trees.

　　[C] earliest birds share similar toes with their modern counterparts.

　　[D] earliest flying birds evovled from feathered dinosaurs.

　　5.Which one of the following statements is NOT true of opinions of Dr. Glen and Dr. Bennet?

　　[A]Birds realized the transition from reptile to flight by jumping.

　　[B] Dinasaurs are, as a matter of fact, the direct ancester of birds.

　　[C]Feathers evolves not for the purpose of flight.

　　[D] Bird’s behaviors is indeed fossilised by their various shape of the third toe.
篇章剖析：

　　这篇文章讲述了关于鸟类进化的一些研究情况。第一段讲述研究者对于鸟类如何从陆地转到空中生活的进化史有一定的分歧;第二段讲述了鸟类羽毛出现的过程;第三、四段讲述了两派不同看法;第五、六段讲述研究者根据鸟类脚趾情况断定了上述转化是如何发生的。

　　词汇注释：

　　Archaeopteryx n. 始祖鸟 palaeontologists n. 古生物学家

　　theropod adj. 兽脚亚目的 bipedal adj. 两足动物的

　　Allosaurus n. 异龙 Velociraptor n.

　　Tyrannosaurus n. 暴龙 arboreal adj. 树栖的

　　biomechanic n. 生物力学家 curvature n. 弯曲

　　hop v.跳跃 forage v. 翻寻搜寻食物

　　难句突破：

　　(1) When Archaeopteryx, a feathered skeleton that was seemingly half dinosaur and half bird, turned up in 1862—three years after the publication of “The Origin of Species”—the origin of birds became a subject of raging debate among palaeontologists.

　　[主体句式] When Archaeopteryx turned up …, the origin of birds became…

　　[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，when引导的是时间状语从句。

　　[句子译文] 当始祖鸟——一种一半是恐龙一半是鸟类的羽毛动物——的骨架出现在1862年，也就是《物种起源》出版的三年后，鸟类的起源成为古生物学家激烈争论的主题。

　　(2) Fossils from north-eastern China show animals that had feathers but clearly could not have flown, as well as ones that look like proper birds.

　　[主体句式] Fossils …show animals … as well as ones …

　　[结构分析] 这是一个复合句。两个that引导的都是定语从句修饰前面的名词。

　　[句子译文] 华东发现的化石表明拥有羽毛的动物当时不一定能飞行，即使那些看起来完全像鸟类的也是这样。

　　题目分析：

　　1. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the current debate on the origin of birds? 1.关于鸟类起源的争论，下列哪个陈述是错误的?

　　[A] The opinion that birds were the direct descendants of dinosaurs gives the world a shock. [A]鸟类是恐龙直接后裔，这个观点让世界很震惊。

　　[B] Palaeontologists have get consensus on the specie’s transition from the land to the sky. [B]古生物学家就该物种从地上到空中的转化这个问题上达成了一致。

　　[C] Palaeontologists have different opinions on the process of the transition. [C]古生物学家对于转变的过程有不同的观点。

　　D] The paper in this week's Current Biology demostrate that the specie moved by hopping before they flied. [D]本周《当今生物》上的论文显示了它们在掌握飞行能力之前是靠跳跃来移动的。

　　[答案] D

　　[难度系数] ☆☆

　　[分析]细节题。A选项，第一段中有提到了这点;B选项，第一段提到许多研究者同意鸟类是恐龙的一个分支，与这点相符;C选项，第一段提到了他们在该问题上有争议;D选项，是靠跳跃实现由地到空的转变，不是移动。因此，答案为D选项。

　　2. The reason why flight is surprisingly rare is that _____ 2. 为什么飞行动物很少是因为_____

　　[A] life on earth is diversified. [A] 地球上的生物是多元化的。

　　[B] many species of this kind were eliminated during evolution. [B]飞行动物的许多物种在进化过程中都灭绝了。

　　[C] feathers evolved not for a means of transport. [C]鸟类并不是为了移动的方式才进化的。

　　[D] it is very hard to have such evolution. [D] 发生这样的进化很难。

　　[答案] D

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆

　　[分析] 细节题。根据第二段“Considering the diversity of life on Earth, flight is surprisingly rare. It has evolved only four times: among the insects about 300m years ago, the pterosaurs (230m), the birds (150m) and the bats (50m). That suggests it is a hard trick to pull off”，非行动物只进化了四次，进化是很艰难的过程，因此飞行动物品种少。答案为D选项。

　　3.The two schools of thought have different opinions on _____ 3. 两派在_____上有不同的观点。

　　[A] the functions of feathered forearams in transition from ground to sky. [A]长有羽毛的前臂在从地上到空中转变的作用

　　[B] the location of living place before the animals evolution to birds. [B] 这些动物进化为鸟类之前生活的地方

　　[C] the development of powered flight. [C] 动力飞行的发展过程

　　[D] the power provided by either gliding or flapping. [D]力量是由滑翔或者拍动翅膀提供的

　　[答案] C

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析]细节题。根据第三段和第四段，两派科学家在鸟类的飞行是靠滑行还是靠翅膀提供的升力形成的这一点上有分歧，选项C符合题意。此外B选项比较具有干扰性，文章中提到两种观点认为这些动物在进化为鸟类之前是分别住在地面上和树上，但这只是一个表面的原因，深层次的原因还在C选项。

　　4. The conclusion of the study carried out by Dr. Glen and Dr. Bennet is that_____ 4.Glen博士和Bennet博士在该研究中得到的最后结论是_____

　　[A] powered flight developed as feathered forearms provided lift. [A]长有羽毛的前臂提供了升力，从而使得动力飞行发展起来。

　　[B] flight evolved on the ground before they descend on the trees. [B] 飞行是从地上发展而来的，其发生在它们降落到树上之前。

　　[C] earliest birds share similar toes with their modern counterparts. [C]飞行是鸟类在到树上之前生活发生的。

　　[D] earliest flying birds evovled from feathered dinosaurs. [D]最早飞行的鸟类与现代鸟类有着相似的第三脚趾。

　　[答案] B

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析]细节题。根据第五段和第六段，他们通过研究鸟类脚趾得出结论，鸟类是一开始是在地上生活，后来在到树上生活之前就可以飞翔了，那么它们的飞翔是从地面发展而来的。答案为B选项。C选项具有一定的迷惑性，但是要注意的是“modern counterparts”范围过于广泛，而文中指的是“modern birds that spend most of their time on the ground”，因此该选项错误。

　　5.Which one of the following statements is NOT true of opinions of Dr. Glen and Dr. Bennet? 5.关于Glen博士和Bennet博士的观点，下列哪个陈述是错误的?

　　[A]Birds realized the transition from reptile to flight by jumping. [A] 鸟类依靠跳跃实现了从爬行动物到飞行动物的转变。

　　[B] Dinasaurs are, as a matter of fact, the direct ancestor of birds. [B] 恐龙实际上是鸟类直接的后裔。

　　[C]Feathers evolves not for the purpose of flight. [C] 鸟类的羽毛不是为了飞行而形成的。

　　[D] The bird’s behavior is indeed fossilised by their various shape of the third toe. [D] 最早飞行的鸟类的第三个脚趾是轻微弯曲的。

　　[答案] B

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析] 细节题。B选项，这一点不符合他们的观点，文章中的意思应该是鸟类是恐龙的直接后裔。A选项是正确的，这一点在第一段中就有所提及“But a paper in this week's Current Biology, by Christopher Glen and Michael Bennett of the University of Queensland, makes a strong case that they did it by jumping”。C选项的表述也是正确的，因为文章提到羽毛的出现甚至在鸟类掌握飞行能力之后，因此不是为了这个目的。D选项的表述是正确的，文章倒数第二段提到“Unfortunately, behaviour does not fossilise, so it looked as though the question might never be answered. But Dr Glen, a palaeobiologist, and Dr Bennett, a biomechanic, think they have worked out how to do so”，进而指出他们采用的方法就是研究鸟类的第三脚趾。因此答案为B选项。
参考译文：

　　当始祖鸟——一种一半是恐龙一半是鸟类的羽毛动物——的骨架出现在1862年，也就是《物种起源》出版的三年后，鸟类的起源成为古生物学家激烈争论的主题。有人提出它们是兽脚亚目的恐龙(一群两足食肉恐龙，包括异龙、…和暴龙)的直接后裔，这引起了一片哗然。现在，许多研究者同意鸟类实际上是恐龙的一个分支。但是，它们是如何从陆地转到空中生活，在这个问题上还有分歧存在。但是本周《当今生物》发表了昆士兰州Christopher Glen 和Michael Bennett的一篇文章，证明了正是靠跳跃实现了这种转变的。

　　鉴于陆地上生命的多样性，飞行动物的种类相对是比较少的。飞行动物只进化过四次：三亿年前昆虫类的进化，两亿三千万年前的翼龙，一亿五千万年前的鸟类和五千万年前的蝙蝠。这表明了进化是艰难的历程。大家普遍同意在能够飞行之前，这些动物先有了翅膀。华东发现的化石表明拥有羽毛的动物当时不一定能飞行，即使那些看起来完全像鸟类的也是这样。可能的情况就是羽毛的出现或者是充当隔离层(作用和动物的皮毛一样)，或者是为了好看，而自然选择又将它们转变成运动的工具。

　　对于接下来的进化，有两派不同看法。一派认为鸟类的直接祖先生长在树上，该派成员认为滑行(今天还有些树栖种类动物依靠这种有控制的坠落来从一棵树转移到另外一棵树上)自然会发展成为飞行。滑行自身也会发展，因为长了羽毛的前臂为其提供了升力。

　　另外一派的观点是飞行是从地面活动发展而来的。该派的一些研究者认为相当于翅膀的那个部分拍动起来产生的动力让这些动物在捕食时动起来。其他的一些假设还有长了羽毛的前臂有助于动物前行或保持平衡。

　　不幸的是，动作不能变成化石，因此看起来这个问题可能永远都没有答案了。但是古生物学家Glen博士和生物力学家Bennett博士认为他们已经找出了具体的方案。他们关键的观察报告是有关于现代鸟类第三个脚趾(在行走或爬行的时候这个脚趾承载许多重量)的弯曲度因鸟类生活方式的不同而各有差异。多数时候在树干上爬行鸟类的第三个脚趾非常弯曲，而在树上跳来跳去的鸟类第三个脚趾稍微弯曲，而那些在地上搜索食物的鸟类第三个脚趾是最不弯曲的。

　　这两位研究者将这些观察结果与中国的类鸟类恐龙和类恐龙鸟类的发现作了比较，他们发现有翅膀的恐龙和最早飞行的鸟类的脚趾与那些大多数时间在地上活动的鸟类相似。换句话说，鸟类在上树生活之前就可以飞翔了。它们不是坠落的天使，而是飞起来的爬行动物。

nanafly

2016-08-03 11:41

Everyone is interested in whether different foods or nutrients affect our odds of getting diseases like cancer or of developing risk factors for those diseases, such as too much weight or high blood pressure. But there are many barriers to studying dietary change, which is why we still have no easy answers to the question of what, exactly, we should eat to be at our healthiest. It's also why you can be forgiven for often feeling whipsawed by headlines: Is coffee good or bad? What about alcohol, garlic, or chocolate?

　　This week researchers reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association that breast cancer survivors who cram their diets with fruits and vegetables are no more likely to escape a recurrence than women who stick to the usual five-a-day recommendation. Does that mean fruits and vegetables don't protect against cancer? No—just that in this specific group of women with breast cancer, the extra greens and additional apples didn't seem to help.

　　We asked researchers to explain why studies involving dietary changes are so hard to do—and what consumers should keep in mind when they read about them. Here's what the experts said:

　　Most diet studies take place in the real world. That means study subjects are keeping diaries of what they eat as they go rather than having their intake strictly controlled by someone else. You can give them meal advice, counseling, and how-to books up to their ears, but at the end of the day, they are on their own when it comes to what they put in their mouths. It's easier to get people to add something—like garlic, in the form of tasty sandwich spreads, or dark chocolate—than to take something away; no wonder a recent study comparing low-fat and low-carb diet plans found that almost no one was sticking to them by the end.

　　In studies focusing on diet, including the recent study on breast cancer recurrence, the amount of calories subjects reported eating would have caused them to lose far more weight than they actually did lose. The misreporting isn't necessarily vicious, but the inaccuracies add up. Say you're phoned about your daily intake on a day when it was someone's birthday at work and you had a slice of cake. You may not report it, thinking that a typical day wouldn't include the cake...forgetting yesterday's "special occasion" piece of pizza, and the Big Gulp of the day before. Or, despite the portion size guides you get, you characterize your bagel from the deli as a 4-ounce standard serving when a 4-ounce bagel hasn't been sighted in any major city for a decade.

　　"You can't put a camera in everyone's belly and see exactly what they ate," says Christopher Gardner, a nutrition scientist at the Stanford Prevention Research Center who has recently published research on garlic and diet plans. You can get around this in some studies by taking objective measurements. Weight, for example, or if you're assessing intake of fruits and veggies, you can measure the level of pigments called carotenoids in the blood. In the breast cancer study, blood tests showed that the study subjects actually did eat more fruits and veggies (carotenoid concentration was 73 percent higher in those women after one year and 43 percent higher after four years). But objective measures can't definitively nail down whether someone is eating nutrients in certain proportions.

　　1. One can be forgiven for feeling whipsawed by feeling whipsawed by those headlines because_____

　　[A] there is no solid and convincing scientific hypothesis on these subjects.

　　[B] they question about what the healthiest food is has no answers.

　　[C] opinions on these subjects are quite contradictory.

　　[D] there is no authoritative answer to these questions.

　　2.Which one of the following statements is TURE of the conclusion of the study on breast cancer recurrence ?

　　[A] Women who stick to the five-a-day recommendation are less likely to have a recurrence.

　　[B] Women who eat extra greens and vegetables are less likely to escape a recurrence.

　　[C] Women could not depend on fruit diet to avoid the breast cancer recurrence.

　　[D] Fruits and vegetables are no good to women with breast cancer.

　　3.From the results of the studies focusing on diet, it can be inferred that_____

　　[A] the amount of calories set in diet could not help people to lose weight.

　　[B] people are reluctant to take part in such studies.

　　[C] it is difficult to get valuable conclusion from these studies.

　　[D] this kind of studies is not objective enough.

　　4.The fact that a 4-ounce bagel hasn't been sighted in any major city for a decade implies that _____

　　[A] you should re-examine the standard size of the food you intake.

　　[B] you tend to give an inaccurate report of your actual diet.

　　[C] you fail to cooperate with the doctor by false record of your daily food.

　　[D] you make a mistake in noting down the size of standard serving.

　　5.The limitation of the objective measurements mentioned in the last paragraph is that _____

　　[A] they could only assess the proportion of fruits and veggies study subjects have taken.

　　[B] they could not have the subjects follow exactly the food proportion of their diet.

　　[C] they could not identify the levels of all the nutrients in patients’ blood.

　　[D] they could not tell the exact proportions of nutrients study subjects have eaten.

　　篇章剖析：

　　这篇文章讲述了关于饮食的一些研究所存在的问题。第一段讲述了人们对于食物和营养的困惑;第二段讲述研究表明蔬菜和水果对于防止癌症复发没有改善作用;第三、四段讲述专家对这些问题的解释;第五段讲述饮食研究中存在的一些人们没有进行客观报告的问题;第六段讲述更加客观的测量方法。

　　词汇注释：

　　whipsaw v. 拉锯 calorie n. 卡路里

　　bagel n. 百吉饼 deli n. 熟食店

　　pigment n. 色素 carotenoid n. 类胡萝卜素

　　难句突破：

　　(1) But there are many barriers to studying dietary change, which is why we still have no easy answers to the question of what, exactly, we should eat to be at our healthiest.

　　[主体句式] But there are many barriers …, which is why…

　　[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，which引导的定语从句用来修饰整个主句;定语从句中，why引导的是表语从句，该从句中what引导的是宾语从句。

　　[句子译文] 但是要进行饮食变化的调查有太多的障碍，这就是我们为什么不能轻松地告诉人们什么食物是最健康的。

　　(2) You can give them meal advice, counseling, and how-to books up to their ears, but at the end of the day, they are on their own when it comes to what they put in their mouths.

　　[主体句式] You can give them…, but …

　　[结构分析] 这是一个并列句，后面分句中when引导的是时间状语从句。

　　[句子译文] 你可以告诉他们一些用餐建议，告诉他们应该买些什么，但是这一天里，他们究竟往自己嘴里塞些什么东西就是由不得别人了。

　　1. One can be forgiven for feeling whipsawed by those headlines because_____ 1. 人们看到那些新闻标题会觉得很迷茫，这很可以理解，因为_____

　　[A] there is no solid and convincing scientific hypothesis on these subjects. [A] 关于这些主题的研究还没有得出可靠和可信的假设。

　　[B] the question about what the healthiest food is has no answers. [B] 关于什么食物是最健康的这个话题是没有答案的。

　　[C] opinions on these subjects are quite contradictory. [C] 关于这些话题的观点分歧很大。

　　[D] there is no authoritative answer to these questions. [D] 这些问题不存在权威的答案。

　　[答案] D

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析] 推理题。根据第一段“But there are many barriers to studying dietary change, which is why we still have no easy answers to the question of what, exactly, we should eat to be at our healthiest”，因为要进行摄入食物变化调查的障碍很多，因此在该问题上并没有一定的答案，选项中D最为符合题意。

　　2.Which one of the following statements is TURE of the conclusion of the study on breast cancer recurrence ? 2.关于乳癌复发的研究得出的结论，下列哪项陈述是正确的?

　　[A] Women who stick to the five-a-day recommendation are less likely to have a recurrence. [A] 坚持一天五顿饭的妇女的复发几率要小一些。

　　[B] Women who eat extra greens and vegetables are less likely to escape a recurrence. [B] 多吃绿色蔬菜和水果的妇女并不能躲避过复发。

　　[C] Women could not depend on fruit diet to avoid the breast cancer recurrence. [C] 妇女可以依靠水果餐来避免乳癌复发。

　　[D] Fruits and vegetables are no good to women with breast cancer. [D] 水果和蔬菜对于有乳癌的妇女没有好处。

　　[答案] B

　　[难度系数] ☆

　　[分析] 细节题。根据第二段“breast cancer survivors who cram their diets with fruits and vegetables are no more likely to escape a recurrence than women who stick to the usual five-a-day recommendation”，该研究报道表明吃大量的蔬菜、水果并不能让患有乳癌的妇女避免复发，那么B选项是正确的。D选项，虽然蔬菜、水果不能帮助妇女避免癌症复发，但是还是对她们身体有好处的。

　　3.From the results of the studies focusing on diet, it can be inferred that_____ 3.从饮食研究的结果来看，可以推出_____

　　[A] the amount of calories set in diet could not help people to lose weight. [A] 食物中的卡路里数量并不能帮助人们减肥。

　　[B] people are reluctant to take part in such studies. [B] 人们不愿意参加这样的研究。

　　[C] it is difficult to get valuable conclusion from these studies. [C] 要从这些研究中得到有价值的结论很难。

　　[D] this kind of studies is not objective enough. [D] 这类的研究不够客观。

　　[答案] D

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析] 推理题。根据第五段“the amount of calories subjects reported eating would have caused them to lose far more weight than they actually did lose”，这种研究的结果表明，受实验者报告自己摄入的卡路里数量本来可以让他们体重降的幅度更大的，这和他们自己报告的情况不够切实有关。因此，这样的研究不够客观。答案为D选项。

　　4.The fact that a 4-ounce bagel hasn't been sighted in any major city for a decade implies that _____ 4.已经有十几年在任何一个大城市都没有出售这种4盎司的百吉饼了，这个事实说明了_____

　　[A] you should re-examine the standard size of the food you intake. [A] 你应该重新检查你摄入食物的标准量。

　　[B] you tend to give an inaccurate report of your actual diet. [B] 你更容易给出与你实际饮食情况相左的报告。

　　[C] you fail to cooperate with the doctor by false record of your daily food. [C] 你错误地报告了自己每日的饮食，不能和医生很好地合作。

　　[D] you make a mistake in noting down the size of standard serving. [D] 在记录标准尺寸时犯了一个错误。

　　[答案] B

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析] 推理题。根据第六段“Or, despite the portion size guides you get, you characterize your bagel from the deli as a 4-ounce standard serving when a 4-ounce bagel hasn't been sighted in any major city for a decade”，尽管吃了许多百吉饼，却报告说只吃了4盎司大的，那么可以看出报告有误。答案为D选项。C选项错误的原因在于尽管报告有误，但是没有说明这就是不与医生合作。

　　5.The limitation of the objective measurements mentioned in the last paragraph is that _____ 5.最后一段中提到的客观度量的局限性在于_____

　　[A] they could only assess the proportion of fruits and veggies study subjects have taken. [A] 它们只能估量被研究者的水果和蔬菜摄入量。

　　[B] they could not have the subjects follow exactly the food proportion of their diet. [B] 被研究者无法严格遵循这些度量规定的食物比例。

　　[C] they could not identify the levels of all the nutrients in patients’ blood. [C] 它们分辨不了被研究者血液中所有营养物质的水平。

　　[D] they could not tell the proportions of nutrients study subjects have eaten. [D] 它们提供不了被研究者已摄入营养品的数量。

　　[答案] D

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆

　　[分析] 细节题。根据最后一段“In the breast cancer study, blood tests showed that the study subjects actually did eat more fruits and veggies (carotenoid concentration was 73 percent higher in those women after one year and 43 percent higher after four years). But objective measures can't definitively nail down whether someone is eating nutrients in certain proportions”，这种血液测量可以测出试验者具体摄入的食物和蔬菜的量，但是却不能确定人们是否摄入了一定量的营养品。答案为D选项。
参考译文：

　　人们都很想知道到底不同的食物或营养物质是否会影响到我们患癌症等疾病的几率，或引发导致这些疾病的危险因子，如肥胖或高血压。但是要进行饮食变化的调查有太多的障碍，这就是我们为什么不能轻松地告诉人们什么食物是最健康的。这也就是为什么当人们经常被报纸头条弄得一头雾水：咖啡有利于还是有害健康?酒类、大蒜和巧克力呢?

　　本周《美国医学协会期刊》上的一篇报道称患乳癌而后康复的女性中，每天吃大量蔬菜、水果的人并不比坚持接受每天五顿饭建议的人们更可能避免复发。那么这是不是就意味着蔬菜、水果不能抗癌呢?是的，对患有乳癌的女性来说，额外的绿色蔬菜和苹果无济于事。

　　我们会问研究者为什么食物变化的研究这么难做呢，人们应该怎样对待媒体上的各种评价?专家是这样回答的：

　　大多数的食物研究是在现实生活中进行的，这就意味着研究主体只是每天记录下自己吃的食物，而不是由别的人严格控制他们的饮食。你可以告诉他们一些用餐建议，告诉他们应该买些什么，但是这一天里，他们究竟往自己嘴里塞些什么东西就是由不得别人了。让人们往食物里加上点什么——如夹在美味的三明治里面的大蒜，或是黑巧克力——要比让他们把这些食物拿开容易得多。最近的一项比较低脂和低碳食物的研究表明，到最后几乎没有人坚持这种食谱。

　　关于饮食的研究，包括最近关于乳癌复发的研究中，按照实验被试报告的卡路里摄入量，这本可以使他们体重下降更大的幅度。这种误报不一定是恶意的，但是确实有各种不精确因素。比如你某天打电话汇报自己吃的东西，而那天正好是一个人的生日，而你吃了一片蛋糕。但你可能不会提到这片蛋糕，觉得正常情况下你是不会吃蛋糕的，同样你忘记了昨天吃过“特殊节日”的比萨，前天吃了Big Gulp。或者是尽管你吃了很多，但你却说自己从熟食店买的百吉饼只有4盎司大，而实际上这十几年以来已经没有任何一个大城市还在出售4盎司的百吉饼了。

　　“你不可能在每个人的肚子里都安装一个摄像机，看看他们到底吃了什么。”斯坦福预防研究中心营养师Christopher Gardner说，他刚刚发表了关于大蒜和饮食计划的研究。在一些研究中你可以采用客观的测量法来避免以上情况发生。比如，如果在检测人们蔬菜和水果摄入量时，可以测量人们血液中叫做类胡萝卜素的色素水平。乳癌研究中，血液测量表明受试者确实吃了更多的食物和蔬菜(一年后类胡萝卜素浓度高了73%，四年后高了43%)。但是客观的方法不能确定人们是否摄入了一定比例的营养品。

nanafly

2016-08-03 21:03

　Citigroup's board was locked in debate over its new leader yesterday, with no clear consensus over who would be tapped. Vikram S. Pandit, the former Morgan Stanley investment banker who joined Citigroup in July, remains the leading candidate, according to people briefed on the situation. But the search committee is still discussing other possibilities, depending on whether or not Robert E. Rubin would agree to stay on as chairman. No final decisions have been made, and not all of the directors have been persuaded that Mr. Pandit is the right choice.

　　The formal search for Citigroup's next chief executive began more than a month ago, after Charles O. Prince III resigned. But as its complexities mount, the search is beginning to resemble a game of multilevel chess. Citigroup's board is weighing the pros and cons of various leadership options, including the question of whether Mr. Pandit, 50, has enough operating experience to be its next chief. No one doubts his intellect, but some are concerned that he may not bring enough charisma or consumer banking knowledge to the job.

　　Mr. Rubin has lobbied hard for Mr. Pandit, but other board members are less convinced. If Citigroup's board chooses Mr. Pandit, the directors recognize that he will need a strong chairman to help him make the leap to his new job. That would mean persuading Mr. Rubin, who took on the chairman role only reluctantly last month, to stay on longer -- or recruiting another seasoned leader for that job.

　　Robert B. Willumstad, Citigroup's former operations chief, might be one contender for the chairman role. He understands the internal workings of the financial empire and brings some consumer banking experience. Yet it was unclear whether he would accept being chairman without being named chief executive as well. Mr. Willumstad, 62, is currently the chairman of the American International Group and the head of Brysam Global Partners, a private equity firm backed by JPMorgan Chase. Leaving A.I.G. would be no real hardship. Extricating himself from Brysam would require some negotiation, although Mr. Willumstad's contract with JPMorgan does allow for his departure. But associates say that Mr. Willumstad, who left Citigroup in July 2005 after being passed over in favor of Mr. Prince, seems to be enjoying the cushy confines of private equity. Negotiating his return to Citigroup might require handing him the top job.

　　If Mr. Pandit does not get the job, there is growing concern that he will leave the company to save face. News reports have all but anointed him as Citigroup's next leader. Deciding on someone else would leave Citigroup's board in a double bind. Not only did they pay an estimated $800 million for an underperforming hedge fund to bring Mr. Pandit to Citigroup, but if he leaves they might also lose the best person to run its investment bank.

　　Citigroup's board could also choose an outside candidate, who could bring a fresh perspective to the beleaguered bank. Several names have surfaced, including Michael A. Neal, the vice chairman of General Electric Capital's big commercial arm. Experts suggest that any outsider would need six months to a year to get up to speed on Citigroup's sprawling operations and contentious politics. Between the current market turbulence and the growing frustration of investors, some doubt that the company can afford to give an outside candidate that much time.

　　1. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the candidates of Citigroup’s new leader?

　　[A] Vikram S. Pandit is the candidate who has won the trust of the majority of the search committee.

　　[B] Robert B. Willumstad will be the most competitive rival of Vikram S. Pandit.

　　[C] Michael A. Neal is also considered a powerful rival of Vikram S. Pandit.

　　[D] Robert B. Willumstad will only return to Citigroup when he is given the highest position.

　　2. The search for Citigroup’s next chief executive is compared to a game of multilevel chess because_____

　　[A] the search becomes very complex in the end.

　　[B] the search involves in different levels of the board.

　　[C] Citigroup’s board weighs the pros and cons of various leadership options.

　　[D] the search is conducted in several rounds of selection.

　　3. Robert B. Willumstad left Citigroup in July 2005 probably because_____

　　[A] he enjoyed the free environment of Brysam Global Partners.

　　[B] he resented the unequal competition with Mr. Prince by the Citigroup board.

　　[C] his lacked adequate strength in standing out of Citigroup’s contentious politics.

　　[D] he was defeated in the competition for the Citigroup leader.

　　4. The possible results of Mr. Pandit’s resignation if he loses this election are the following ones except_____

　　[A] Citigroup will have to pay a big sum to get Mr. Pandit back to Citigroup.

　　[B] Citigroup will suffer double losses.

　　[C] Citigroup will lose its potential best investment banker.

　　[D] Citigroup will play loose with its money.

　　5. According to the last paragraph, an outsider will not probably be an ideal candidate because_____

　　[A] an outsider is not familiar with the internal workings of Citigroup.

　　[B] an outsider could not be adapted to the complex environment of the Citigroup’s board.

　　[C] Citigroup has a deadline of making the final decision of the search.

　　[D] The present economic situation will not allow Citigroup to give much time to an outsider to familiarize the company.
篇章剖析：

　　这篇文章讲述了花旗银行董事会新领导人选拔所存在的问题。第一段讲述花旗银行董事会目前就选拔问题陷入僵局;第二、三段讲述大家对Pandit先生的看法;第四段讲述Robert B. Willumstad的情况;第五段讲述目前公司面临的尴尬境遇;第六段讲述如果选择局外人也存在一定问题。

　　词汇注释：

　　charisma n. 感召力 cushy adj. 轻松的，舒适的

　　anoint v. 选定，指定 beleaguer v. 围攻

　　sprawl v. 蔓延 contentious adj. 好辨的

　　难句突破：

　　(1)Vikram S. Pandit, the former Morgan Stanley investment banker who joined Citigroup in July, remains the leading candidate, according to people briefed on the situation.

　　[主体句式] Vikram S. Pandit remains the leading candidate.

　　[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，who引导的定语从句用来修饰banker, 而the former…是做主语的同位语;according to是句子的状语。

　　[句子译文] Vikram S. Pandit，这位前摩根斯坦利投资银行家于7月份加入花旗银行，据与会人员表示，他仍然是头号候选人。

　　(2)Citigroup's board is weighing the pros and cons of various leadership options, including the question of whether Mr. Pandit, 50, has enough operating experience to be its next chief.

　　[主体句式] Citigroup’s board is weighing the pros and cons…

　　[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，including…是现在分词结构作opinions的定语;whether…是of的宾语从句。

　　[句子译文] 花旗银行董事会衡量了各个领导层的反对和支持意见，包括现年50岁的Pandit先生是否有足够的经验可以担任下一届的领导人。

　　1. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the candidates of Citigroup’s new leader? 1.关于花旗银行新领导候选人，下列哪个陈述是正确的?

　　[A] Vikram S. Pandit is the candidate who has won the trust of the majority of the search committee. [A] Vikram S. Pandit获得了大部分遴选委员会成员的信任。

　　[B] Robert B. Willumstad will be the most competitive rival of Vikram S. Pandit. [B] Robert B. Willumstad是Vikram S. Pandit最有竞争力的对手。

　　[C] Michael A. Neal is also considered a powerful rival of Vikram S. Pandit. [C] Michael A. Neal也是Vikram S. Pandit的一个有力的竞争对手。

　　[D] Robert B. Willumstad will only return to Citigroup when he is given the highest position. [D] Robert B. Willumstad 只有在得到最高职位的时候才会回到Citigroup。

　　[答案] B

　　[难度系数] ☆☆

　　[分析] 细节题。A选项，第一段提到了他们还在讨论别的可能，可以看出该委员会成员并不是大部分人都愿意选他的。B选项，第四段提到了Robert B. Willumstad“Robert B. Willumstad, Citigroup's former operations chief, might be one contender for the chairman role”，从后文可以看出他是Vikram S. Pandit强有力的对手。C选项，最后一段提到的内容可以看出选一个公司外部的人并不大可能，因此该陈述错误。D选项，第四段提到了这一点“Negotiating his return to Citigroup might require handing him the top job”，但是文章中用了“might”这个词，而选项的表述则过于肯定，因此该选项不正确。因此，正确答案为B选项。

　　2. The search for Citigroup’s next chief executive is compared to a game of multilevel chess because_____ 2.把选拔花旗银行下任首席执行官比喻成多级别的国际象棋比赛，这是因为_____

　　[A] the search becomes very complex in the end. [A] 选拨到最后变得非常复杂。

　　[B] the search involves in different levels of the board. [B] 选拔涉及到董事会的各个阶层。

　　[C] Citigroup’s board weighs the pros and cons of various leadership options. [C] 花旗银行的董事会衡量了各个领导层的反对和支持意见。

　　[D] the search is conducted in several rounds of selection. [D] 该选拔要进行好多轮次。

　　[答案]A

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析] 推理题。根据第二段“But as its complexities mount, the search is beginning to resemble a game of multilevel chess”，由于事情变得越来越复杂，选拔也成为多级别的国际象棋比赛了，可以看出，这样的比喻也只是突出事情的复杂性而已。因此，答案为A选项。

　　3. Robert B. Willumstad left Citigroup in July 2005 probably because_____ 3. Robert B. Willumstad于2005年七月离开了花旗银行可能是因为_____

　　[A] he enjoyed the free environment of Brysam Global Partners. [A] 他喜欢Brysam Global Partners轻松的氛围。

　　[B] he resented the unequal competition with Mr. Prince by the Citigroup board. [B] 他怨恨花旗银行董事会没有公平地对待他和Prince先生。

　　[C] his lacked adequate strength in standing out of Citigroup’s contentious politics. [C] 他没有足够的能力在花旗银行复杂的政治斗争中脱颖而出。

　　[D] he was defeated in the competition for the Citigroup leader. [D] 在竞争花旗银行领导人的竞争中他被击败了。

　　[答案] D

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆

　　[分析] 推理题。根据第四段“But associates say that Mr. Willumstad, who left Citigroup in July 2005 after being passed over in favor of Mr. Prince, seems to be enjoying the cushy confines of private equity”，Willumstad先生是在Citigroup选取了Prince先生而没有考虑他的情况下于2005年7月份离开的，而结合到Prince是前任领导，可以推断出Willumstad先生是因为竞争失败才离开了公司的。因此，D选项为正确答案。

　　4. The possible results of Mr. Pandit’s resignation if he loses this election are the following ones except_____ 4. 如果Pandit先生没有当选，那么他肯能会辞职，辞职可能带来的后果是以下除了____外的选项。

　　[A] Citigroup will have to pay a big sum to get Mr. Pandit back to Citigroup. [A] 花旗银行可能得向Pandit先生支付一大笔钱才能让他重新回来

　　[B] Citigroup will suffer double loss. [B] 花旗银行会承受双重损失

　　[C] Citigroup will lose its potential best investment banker. [C] 花旗银行会失去可能的最好投资银行家

　　[D] Citigroup will play loose with its money. [D] 花旗银行的钱打了水漂

　　[答案] A

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析] 推理题。根据第五段，Pandit先生如果辞职就会让董事会陷入两重打击，一方面他们已经向一家运营不佳的保值基金支付了大约8亿美金将Pandit先生挖过来，一方面他们将失去运营投资银行的最佳人选。因此，B、C、D都是可能的后果，而A选项不是，因此是正确答案。

　　5. According to the last paragraph, an outsider will not probably be an ideal candidate because_____ 5. 根据最后一段，公司外的人员不可能是理想人选因为_____

　　[A] an outsider is not familiar with the internal workings of Citigroup. [A] 公司外的人员对花旗银行的内部运营不熟悉。

　　[B] an outsider could not be adapted to the complex environment of the Citigroup’s board. [B] 公司外的人员不能适应花旗银行董事会复杂的氛围。

　　[C] Citigroup has a deadline of making the final decision of the search. [C] 花旗银行选定领导人人选有限定日期。

　　[D] The present economic situation will not allow Citigroup to give much time to an outsider to make himself qualified. [D] 目前的经济形势不允许花旗银行给公司外的人员足够的时间来做到合格。

　　[答案]D

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析] 推理题。最后一段提到了“Experts suggest that any outsider would need six months to a year to get up to speed on Citigroup's sprawling operations and contentious politics. Between the current market turbulence and the growing frustration of investors, some doubt that the company can afford to give an outside candidate that much time”，即任何一个外来人员都需要六个月到一年来熟悉状况，但是目前经济形势不好，投资者很焦急，不可能给外来的人员那么多适应的时间。因此，答案为D选项。
参考译文：

　　花旗银行董事会昨天因讨论其新任领导人问题而陷入僵局，对于人选没有统一的意见。Vikram S. Pandit，这位前摩根斯坦利投资银行家于7月份加入花旗银行，据与会人员表示，他仍然是头号候选人。但是遴选委员会还在讨论其它人选，这主要取决于Robert E. Rubin是否同意继续担任一段时间的主席。现在尚无最后决定，而且并不是所有的董事都认为Pandit先生是最佳人选。

　　选拔花旗银行的新任领导人是从一个月前Charles O. Prince III辞职后开始的。但是由于事情变得越来越复杂，选拔也成为多级别的国际象棋比赛了。花旗银行董事会衡量了各个领导层的反对和支持意见，包括现年50岁的Pandit先生是否有足够的经验可以担任下一届的领导人。对于他的睿智没有人怀疑，但是有人担心他的个人号召力不够或没有足够的消费者银行知识，因此不能胜任这份工作。

　　Rubin先生努力为Pandit先生四处游说，但是其他董事会成员却不太相信。如果花旗银行的董事会选择了Pandit先生，那么董事认为他需要有一位强有力的主席来帮助他顺利接受新的工作。那也就意味着要说服Rubin先生呆更长一段时间，而他上个月勉强接受了主席一职，或者就得聘请另外一位有经验的领导人来担任这项工作。

　　Robert B. Willumstad是花旗银行前任业务部主管，也可能是主席职位的候选人。他了解这个金融帝国的内部运作，而且也可以带来一些客户银行经验。但是还不能确定他是否在不被任命为首席执行官的情况下愿意接受主席一职。Willumstad先生今年62岁，现任美国国际集团主席和JPMorgan Chase资助的私募基金公司Brysam 全球合作伙伴公司的经理。离开美国国际集团可能不会很难，但是让他从Brysam脱身则需要一些斡旋，尽管Willumstad先生与JPMorgan签订的合同允许他离开。但是会员们称Willumstad先生是在花旗银行选取了Prince先生而没有考虑他的情况下于2005年7月份离开的，他好像很喜欢私募基金轻松的环境。要让他回到花旗银行，可能就得把最高职务交给他。

　　如果Pandit先生不能当选，那么他非常有可能要离开公司以挽回自己的面子。新闻报道称已经指定他为花旗银行下任领导人了。选择其他人会让花旗银行董事会处于双重约束中。他们不仅向一家运营不佳的保值基金支付了大约8亿美金将Pandit先生挖过来，而且如果Pandit先生要离开公司，那么公司将失去运营投资银行的最佳人选。

　　花旗银行董事会也可以选取一个外部候选人，从而会给这家遭受围攻的银行带来新气象。这些人选如通用电气资金的商业分部部长Michael A. Neal。专家认为任何一个外来人员都可能需要六个月到一年的时间来与花旗银行的扩张运营以及复杂的政治氛围和上拍。但现在一边是市场动荡，一边是投资者不断的失败，一些人怀疑公司是否能给一个外来的候选人那么多的适应时间

nanafly

2016-08-03 21:04

　Proponents of different jazz styles have always argued that their predecessor’s musical style did not include essential characteristics that define jazz as jazz. Thus, 1940’s swing was belittled by beboppers of the 1950’s who were themselves attacked by free jazzes of the 1960’s. The neoboppers of the 1980’s and 1990’s attacked almost everybody else. The titanic figure of Black saxophonist John Coltrane has complicated the arguments made by proponents of styles from bebop through neobop because in his own musical journey he drew from all those styles. His influence on all types of jazz was immeasurable. At the height of his popularity, Coltrane largely abandoned playing bebop, the style that had brought him fame, to explore the outer reaches of jazz.

　　Coltrane himself probably believed that the only essential characteristic of jazz was improvisation, the one constant in his journey from bebop to open-ended improvisations on modal, Indian, and African melodies. On the other hand, this dogged student and prodigious technician — who insisted on spending hours each day practicing scales from theory books — was never able to jettison completely the influence of bebop, with its fast and elaborate chains of notes and ornaments on melody.

　　Two stylistic characteristics shaped the way Coltrane played the tenor saxophone: he favored playing fast runs of notes built on a melody and depended on heavy, regularly accented beats. The first led Coltrane to “sheets of sound” where he raced faster and faster, pile-driving notes into each other to suggest stacked harmonies. The second meant that his sense of rhythm was almost as close to rock as to bebop.

　　Three recordings illustrate Coltrane’s energizing explorations. Recording Kind of Blue with Miles Davis, Coltrane found himself outside bop, exploring modal melodies. Here he played surging, lengthy solos built largely around repeated motifs — an organizing principle unlike that of free jazz saxophone player Ornette Coleman, who modulated or altered melodies in his solos. On Giant Steps, Coltrane debuted as leader, introducing his own compositions. Here the sheets of sound, downbeat accents, repetitions, and great speed are part of each solo, and the variety of the shapes of his phrases is unique. Coltrane’s searching explorations produced solid achievement. My Favorite Things was another kind of watershed. Here Coltrane played the soprano saxophone, an instrument seldom used by jazz musicians. Musically, the results were astounding. With the soprano’s piping sound, ideas that had sounded dark and brooding acquired a feeling of giddy fantasy.

　　When Coltrane began recording for the Impulse! Label, he was still searching. His music became raucous, physical. His influence on rockers was enormous, including Jimi Hendrix, the rock guitarist, who, following Coltrane, raised the extended guitar solo using repeated motifs to a kind of rock art form.

　　1. The primary purpose of the text is to

　　[A] discuss the place of Coltrane in the world of jazz and describe his musical explorations.

　　[B] examine the nature of bebop and contrast it with improvisational jazz.

　　[C] analyze the musical sources of Coltrane’s style and their influence on his work.

　　[D] acknowledge the influence of Coltrane’s music on rock music and rock musicians.

　　2. Which of the following best describes the organization of the fourth paragraph?

　　[A] A thesis referred to earlier in the text is mentioned and illustrated with three specific examples.

　　[B] A thesis is stated and three examples are given each suggesting that a correction needs to be made to a thesis referred to earlier in the text.

　　[C] A thesis referred to earlier in the text is mentioned, and three examples are presented and ranked in order of their support of the thesis.

　　[D] A thesis is stated, three seemingly opposing examples are presented, and their underlying correspondence is explained.

　　3. According to the text, John Coltrane did all of the following during his career EXCEPT

　　[A] improvise on melodies from a number of different cultures.

　　[B] perform as leader as well as soloist.

　　[C] spend time improving his technical skills.

　　[D] eliminate the influence of bebop on his own music.

　　4. According to the text a major difference between Coltrane and other jazz musicians was the

　　[A] degree to which Coltrane’s music encompassed all of jazz.

　　[B] repetition of motifs that Coltrane used in his solos.

　　[C] number of his own compositions that Coltrane recorded.

　　[D] indifference Coltrane maintained to musical technique.

　　5. In terms of its tone and form, the text can best be characterized as

　　[A] dogmatic explanation.

　　[B] indignant denial.

　　[C] enthusiastic praise.

　　[D] speculative study.

　　[答案与考点解析]

　　1. 【答案】A

　　【考点解析】本题是一道中心主旨题。第一段的倒数第一、二句是全文的中心主旨句，全文就是根据这两句话展开论述的。抓住这两句话就可以找出本题的正确选项A。考生在解题时，尤其是破解中心主旨题时，一定要先找出全文的中心主旨句。

　　2. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】这是一道例(举)证与细节理解题。第四段第一句明确指出“三张唱片为科尔特兰尼富有活力的探索提供了证明”。这说明第四段将讲述三个例子用来说明在前一段即第三段所提出的论点。另外这三个例子是按着先后顺序给出的，因此本题的正确选项是C。考生在解题时要注意段落之间的相互关系，更要注意句子之间的相互关系。

　　3. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道细节理解题型。本题属于比较难的题型，因为本题的涉及面比较广。本题A、B、C选项的内容分别在第二段第一句、第四段第三四句和第二段第二句提到过。故本题的正确选项应该是D。其实这道题表面上非常难，但是对于善于捕捉全文中心主旨句的同学来讲确比较容易，因为从第一段第四句的原因状语从句中就可以推导出本题的正确答案D。考生在解题时应时时牢记全文的中心主旨句。

　　4. 【答案】A

　　【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位题型。根据本题题干中的“other jazz musicians”可将本题的答案信息来源定位在第一段的第一至四句，因为在这四句话中提到了其它的爵士音乐家。第一段第四句的状语从句明确指出了“Coltrane”与其它音乐家的不同在于他吸收了各种风格的爵士音乐。故本题的正确答案应该是A。考生在解题时应重视审题定位。

　　5. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】本题是一道归纳推导题型。细心的同学可从本文作者在论述时使用的词语中推导出本题的正确答案C。例如作者在第一段第四句的主语上使用了“titanic figure”;在第五句使用了“his influence…was immeasurable”;在最后一段的第三句使用了“his influence… was enormous”，这都反映了作者的“enthusiastic praise”。考生在解题时要重视原文作者在表达观点时的遣词造句。

　　[参考译文]

　　不同的爵士乐风格的支持者一贯认为他们前辈的音乐风格没有包括那些使爵士乐之所以成为爵士乐的本质特征。这样，二十世纪五十年代的比波普派轻视二十世纪四十年代的摇摆音乐派，而他们自己又受到二十世纪六十年代的自由爵士派的抨击。二十世纪八十至九十年代的新比波普派几乎对任何其他人都进行抨击。而黑人萨克斯管巨匠约翰·科尔特兰尼使这些从比波普派到新比波普派的支持者所提出的主张更加复杂化，因为在他自己的音乐例程中，他经历了所有这些风格。他对所有爵士音乐的风格的影响是不可估量的。在他最受欢迎的时期，科尔特兰尼基本上放弃了比波普风格的演奏以便探索爵士乐更深的处延，然而正是比波普风格的演奏使得他成名。

　　科尔特兰尼自己可能认为爵士乐的唯一本质特征就是即兴创作，这是他从比波普风格到对形式音乐、印度音乐、非洲音乐的自由即兴演奏的历程中一直没有改变的。另一方面，这个顽强的学生和异常的技巧家每天花几个小时用以练习理论书籍上的曲谱，从未能完全抛弃比波普的影响，在他的旋律中可以找到带有比波普特点的快速和精细的音符以及修饰效果。

　　有两种风格特征影响了科尔特兰尼演奏男高音萨克斯管的方式：他喜欢对建立于一种旋律上的音符进行快速的演奏，同时也依赖于强有力的、有规律的重音节奏。前者引导科尔特兰尼走向“片状声响”的境界，在那里科尔特兰尼的演奏越来越快，将音符成堆互相累放起来以表达一种堆叠起来的和谐感。而后者意味着，他的节奏感之接近于摇滚乐几乎就像其接近于比波普风格一样。

　　三张唱片为科尔特兰尼富有活力的探索提供了证明。和马尔斯·戴维斯合作录制《有几分忧伤》时，科尔特兰尼发现他已离开了波普风格，对形式音乐进行探索。在这中间，他演奏那些跌宕起伏的冗长的独奏，而这些独奏基本上是围绕着一个重复主题展开的。该种主题是用以组织其音乐的原则，它和自由派爵士乐萨克斯管演奏家奥尼迪·科尔曼采用的组织方式不同。后面这位音乐家在他的独奏中会对其旋律进行调节改变。在《大踏步》中，科尔特兰尼初次以领导者角色出现，对他自己的作品进行了介绍。在这中间，“片状声响”、强拍重音、重复回旋和极快的速度组成了每一段独奏的各个部分，各乐章的形式的多样性是独一无二的。科尔特兰尼深刻的探索获得了稳固的成就。《我的钟爱之物》是另一种意义上的分水岭。在这里，科尔特兰尼演奏了爵士乐演奏家很少使用的女高音萨克斯管，所产生的音乐上的效果是惊人的。伴随着女高音萨克斯管的尖音，那些显得昏暗及带有沉思意味的主题获得了一种令人眼花缭乱的梦幻感觉。

　　当科尔特兰尼开始为冲动唱片公司进行音乐录制时，他仍然在探索。他的音乐变得沙哑而感性。摇滚乐手受到他的巨大影响，其中包括吉米·亨德瑞克斯这位吉它手。后者仿效科尔特兰尼，使基于重复主题的大段吉他独奏上升成为一种摇滚艺术形式。

nanafly

2016-08-03 21:04

nanafly

2016-08-05 18:48

Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities — as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.

　　Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980’s is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade.

　　Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company’s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.

　　A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts” with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.

　　Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often run the danger of becoming- and remaining-dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.

　　1. The primary purpose of the text is to

　　[A] present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies.

　　[B] describe a situation and its potential drawbacks.

　　[C] propose a temporary solution to a problem.

　　[D] analyze a frequent source of disagreement.

　　2. The text suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might causes it to

　　[A] experience frustration but not serious financial harm.

　　[B] face potentially crippling fixed expenses.

　　[C] have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government.

　　[D] increase its spending with minority subcontractors.

　　3. It can be inferred from the text that, compared with the requirements of law, the percentage goals set by “some federal and local agencies” (line 9, paragraph 1) are

　　[A] more popular with large corporations.

　　[B] more concrete.

　　[C] less controversial.

　　[D] less expensive to enforce.

　　4. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s assertion that, in the 1970’s, corporate response to federal requirements (line 1, paragraph 2) was substantial?

　　[A] Corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses totaled $2 billion in 1979.

　　[B] Between 1970 and 1972, corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses declined by 25 percent.

　　[C] The figures collected in 1977 underrepresented the extent of corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses.

　　[D] The $1.1 billion represented the same percentage of total corporate spending in 1977 as did $77 million in 1972.

　　5. The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors?

　　[A] Annoyed by the proliferation of “front” organizations, corporations are likely to reduce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.

　　[B] Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970’s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.

　　[C] The significant response of corporations in the 1970’s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s.

　　[D] Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned businesses, a shortage of capital in the 1970’s made substantial response impossible.

　　[答案与考点解析]

　　1. 【答案】B

　　【考点解析】本题是一道中心主旨题。破解本题的关键在于考生是否完全理解本文第一段首句的内容，尤其是第一句中破折号后面的内容。破折号后面的内容和选项B中的 “its potential drawbacks”是相互吻合的。望考生注意培养捕捉全文中心主旨句的能力。

　　2. 【答案】A

　　【考点解析】这是一道逻辑思维上的反推题，也可以说是逆向思维题。本题反推即逆向思维的信息依据在第三段的最后一句。该句在谈论小的企业，大概内容是“……一个小企业的投资要马上在定货中反映出效果，否则其士气和财政前景都将深受影响”。根据小的企业的状况，我们可以推导出大的企业所面临的处境。希望考生加强逆向思维即反推的解题能力。

　　3. 【答案】B

　　【考点解析】本题是一道关键词语的理解题目，其答案信息来源在第一段的尾句，原文当中的 “specific”一词是本题的答案所在。考生要加强对原文中重点形容词和副词的理解。

　　4. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道反论题。这种题的关键在于利用原文的信息否定原文所要表达的观点。原文讲“少数民族企业签订的合同金额由1972年的7700万美元升至1977年的11亿美元”。原文所要表达的观点是合同金额的增长。选项D正是利用原文的信息否定了原文所要表达的观点。选项D所表达的信息是变化增长数字背后的不变。这种题属于较难的题型，希望考生加以重视。

　　5. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】这是一道关键词语理解题。本题的答案信息在第二段的尾句，句中 “letup”一词决定了本题的正确答案是C，因为该词的含义是“停顿，减弱”。考生在备考过程中要尽力扩大自己的词汇量。

　　[参考译文]

　　最近几年美国少数民族所有的企业可以说是空前的机会和重大风险并存。****活动家早就指出过：黑人，拉美裔美国人，以及其他少数民族难以在生意场中立足的主要原因是他们缺少能得到有规模的订货或与大公司分合同的机会。现在议会以一致意见通过法律，要求企业获得价值50万美元以上的联邦合同后要尽最大可能来寻找少数民族合作者，并且需将他们在此点上的成效如何在政府中存档立案。实际上，一些联邦和地方机构走得更远，它们甚至规定了公共合同有多少比例要分给少数民族公司。

　　企业对此的反应是强烈的。从1977年统计的数据看，与少数民族企业签订的合同金额由1972年的7700万美元升至1977年的11亿美元。预计此金额要在80年代前期达到每年30亿美元以上，在下一个10年中看来也不会停止。

　　尽管这对少数民族企业来说前途光明，这种增加的财源也给它们带来了危险。首先，少数民族企业冒着过快膨胀和财政上力不从心的危险，因为它们大部分是小企业，和大企业不同之外在于它们为履行合同常需要在厂房、人员、设备(以及诸如此类)等上做一大笔投资。如果其后由于某种原因其合同量减少，它们将会遇到潜在的财政危机。对于被要求做正式评估和投标的小企业来说，市场供求情况有可能令人非常沮丧。评估和投标都消耗时间、资源，而且一个小企业的投资要马上在定货中反映出效果，否则其士气和财政前景都将深受影响。

　　第二个危险是有些白人企业想通过和少数民族企业合资也能享受更好的待遇。当然，在许多时候，合资是有正当理由的;显然，白人和少数民族企业可以联合起来做成任何一方都无法单独完成的事业。但是****组织和少数民族企业主已经向议会报怨：少数民族企业常在合资中成为白人操纵者的前台傀儡，而不是平等的合作伙伴。

　　第三，已获得一个大客户的生意的少数民族企业常会有陷入依赖性的危险。即使在最好的环境下，来自更大、更完备的对手的竞争常使一个小企业很难扩展自己的客户;当这样的企业已拥有来自一个客户的近乎稳定的定货时，它们确实需要和眼前的胜利所滋生出的自满做斗争。

nanafly

2016-08-05 18:48

The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs, have intrigued paleontologists for more than two centuries. How such large creatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider and had wingspans from 8 to 12 meters, solved the problems of powered flight, and exactly what these creatures were — reptiles or birds — are among the questions scientists have puzzled over.

　　Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles. Their skulls, pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. The anatomy of their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a winglike membrane. The other fingers were short and reptilian, with sharpclaws. In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing, which consists primarily of feathers. If the pterosaurs walked on all fours, the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping. When a pterosaur walked or remained stationary, the fourth finger, and with it the wing, could only turn upward in an extended inverted V shape along each side of the animal’s body.

　　The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structure and proportions. This is not surprising because the design of any flying vertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints. Both the pterosaurs and the birds have hollow bones, a feature that represents a savings in weight. In the birds, however, these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.

　　Although scales typically cover reptiles, the pterosaurs probably had hairy coats. T. H. Huxley reasoned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of metabolism, which in turn implies a high internal temperature. Huxley speculated that a coat of hair would insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline the body to reduce drag in flight. The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered in long, dense, and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clear evidence that his reasoning was correct.

　　Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became airborne have led to suggestions that they launched themselves by jumping from cliffs, by dropping from trees, or even by rising into light winds from the crests of waves. Each hypothesis has its difficulties. The first wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs’ hind feet resembled a bat’s and could serve as hooks by which the animal could hang in preparation for flight. The second hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurs could not have landed in trees without damaging their wings. The third calls for high waves to channel updrafts. The wind that made such waves however, might have been too strong for the pterosaurs to control their flight once airborne.

　　1. It can be inferred from the text that scientist now generally agree that the

　　[A] enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled them to fly great distances.

　　[B] structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a close evolutionary relationship to bats.

　　[C] fossil remains of the pterosaurs reveal how they solved the problem of powered flight.

　　[D] pterosaurs were reptiles.

　　2. The author views the idea that the pterosaurs became airborne by rising into light winds created by waves as

　　[A] revolutionary.

　　[B] unlikely.

　　[C] unassailable.

　　[D] probable.

　　3. According to the text, the skeleton of a pterosaur can be distinguished from that of a bird by the

　　[A] size of its wingspan.

　　[B] presence of hollow spaces in its bones.

　　[C] anatomic origin of its wing strut.

　　[D] presence of hooklike projections on its hind feet.

　　4. The ideas attributed to T. H. Huxley in the text suggest that he would most likely agree with which of the following statements?

　　[A] An animal’s brain size has little bearing on its ability to master complex behaviors.

　　[B] An animal’s appearance is often influenced by environmental requirements and physical capabilities.

　　[C] Animals within a given family group are unlikely to change their appearance dramatically over a period of time.

　　[D] The origin of flight in vertebrates was an accidental development rather than the outcome of specialization or adaptation.

　　5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the text?

　　[A] New evidence is introduced to support a traditional point of view.

　　[B] Three explanations for a phenomenon are presented and each is disputed by means of specific information.

　　[C] Three hypotheses are outlined and evidence supporting each is given.

　　[D] Recent discoveries are described and their implications for future study are projected.

　　[答案与考点解析]

　　1. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题型。该题的答案信息在第二段的第一句，根据本句的内容即可得出本题的正确答案是D。考生要加强对题干的理解和认识，并且要善于找到原文和题干相吻合之处，否则就会失去解题思路。

　　2. 【答案】B

　　【考点解析】本题是一道句间关系题型。本题的答案信息在尾段的第一、二句和尾段的倒数第一、二句。从尾段的第二句 “Each hypothesis has its difficulties” (每种假设都有缺陷)可以判断：作者认为“从浪尖上伴轻风飞起”是不可能的。考生要加强对句子之间语意关系的理解。

　　3. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位题。其答案信息在第三段。题干中问翼龙和鸟类骨骼方面的“不同”。原文第三段中涉及两者相同与不同。第三段的尾句暗示本题的正确答案是C。考生在解题时应加强审题定位的能力。

　　4. 【答案】B

　　【考点解析】这是一道归纳推导题。本题的正确答案在第四段的第一、二、三句。这三句话的内容暗示本题的正确答案是B，即动物的外型通常受环境要求和生理能力的影响。考生在解题时应注意提高对原文信息的归纳推导能力。

　　5. 【答案】B

　　【考点解析】本题是一道段落结构识别题。尾段的第一句对所谈现象提出了三种解释，然后针对每一种解释进行科学上的否定。可见本题的正确答案是B。考生在复习中应该加强对段落结构的识别能力。

　　[参考译文]

　　第一批会飞的脊椎动物——翼龙的化石，已经让古生物学家感兴趣达两个多世纪了。这种有时和大型滑翔机一样重，而且翅膀展开达8—12米宽的庞然大物是如何克服飞行时的重力，以及这种生物到底是属于鸟类还是爬行动物，对科学家们来讲仍旧是个谜。

　　可能，最少引起争论的意见就是翼龙是爬行动物。它们的头盖骨、骨盆以及后腿都是爬行动物类型。对它们翅膀的解剖学研究证明它们尚未进化为鸟。翼龙每个前肢的大大延长的第四指支撑一个翅膀状的薄膜，其它指头小，而且是典型的爬行动物式，有尖爪。而鸟类的第二指进化成为翅膀的主要支架，翅膀也主要是羽毛构成的。当翼龙四肢爬行时，其它指可以用来抓取。而当它行走或不动时，第四指，连同翅膀，只能向上伸展，在身体两侧呈倒转的V字型。

　　翼龙和鸟类以及蝙蝠在总体结构及比例上很相似。这并不奇怪，因为任何飞翔脊椎动物都要受空气动力的约束。翼龙和鸟都有中空的骨头，这是为了节省重量。不过在鸟类中，这种骨头受内部支柱影响，重量大大增加。

　　尽管爬行动物通常全身鳞片，翼龙却可能拥有毛发。赫胥黎对此解释说，飞翔脊椎动物肯定已经是热血动物，因为飞翔要求一个高新陈代谢率，后者要求一个较高的体温。赫氏设想一层毛发覆盖物可以隔绝身体热量的损失，从而使身体在减轻飞行重量方面更为有效。最近一些有又长又密且厚的毛发的翼龙化石的发现，终于明白无误地证明赫氏的观点是对的。

　　解释翼龙怎样起飞的努力产生以下设想：它们从悬崖上起跳，或从树上起跳或者甚至从浪尖上伴轻风飞起。每种假设都有缺陷。第一种错误地设想翼龙的后爪象蝙蝠一样，钩子似的挂着为飞行做准备。第二种看来也不可能，因为大型翼龙不可能降在树上而不伤害它们的翅膀。第三种假设必须要有高浪来形成上升气流才能实现。然而，能产生此种大浪的风可能对翼龙来说过于猛烈，以至于它一旦升空，就无法控制自己。

nanafly

2016-08-05 18:48

Between the eighth and eleventh centuries A. D., the Byzantine Empire staged an almost unparalleled economic and cultural revival, a recovery that is all the more striking because it followed a long period of severe internal decline. By the early eighth century, the empire had lost roughly two-thirds of the territory it had possessed in the year 600, and its remaining area was being raided by Arabs and Bulgarians, who at times threatened to take Constantinople and extinguished the empire altogether. The wealth of the state and its subjects was greatly diminished, and artistic and literary production had virtually ceased. By the early eleventh century, however, the empire had regained almost half of its lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure, and its influence extended far beyond its borders. The economy had recovered, the treasury was full, and art and scholarship had advanced.

　　To consider the Byzantine military, cultural, and economic advances as differentiated aspects of a single phenomenon is reasonable. After all, these three forms of progress have gone together in a number of states and civilizations. Rome under Augustus and fifth-century Athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity. Moreover, an examination of the apparent sequential connections among military, economic, and cultural forms of progress might help explain the dynamics of historical change.

　　The common explanation of these apparent connections in the case of Byzantium would run like this: when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy territory, Byzantine resources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize art and literature. Therefore, Byzantine military achievements led to economic advances, which in turn led to cultural revival.

　　No doubt this hypothetical pattern did apply at times during the course of the recovery. Yet it is not clear that military advances invariably came first. Economic advances second, and intellectual advances third. In the 860’s the Byzantine Empire began to recover from Arab incursions so that by 872 the military balance with the Abbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered in the empire’s favor. The beginning of the empire’s economic revival, however, can be placed between 810 and 830. Finally, the Byzantine revival of learning appears to have begun even earlier. A number of notable scholars and writers appeared by 788 and, by the last decade of the eighth century, a cultural revival was in full bloom, a revival that lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Thus the commonly expected order of military revival followed by economic and then by cultural recovery was reversed in Byzantium. In fact, the revival of Byzantine learning may itself have influenced the subsequent economic and military expansion.

　　1. Which of the following best states the central idea of the text?

　　[A] The Byzantine Empire was a unique case in which the usual order of military and economic revival preceding cultural revival was reversed.

　　[B] The economic, cultural, and military revival in the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries was similar in its order to the sequence of revival in Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens.

　　[C] After 810 Byzantine economic recovery spurred a military and, later, cultural expansion that lasted until 1453.

　　[D] The revival of the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries shows cultural rebirth preceding economic and military revival, the reverse of the generally accepted sequence of progress.

　　2. It can be inferred from the text that the Byzantine Empire sustained significant territorial losses

　　[A] in 600.

　　[B] during the seventh century.

　　[C] a century after the cultural achievements of the Byzantine Empire had been lost.

　　[D] soon after the revival of Byzantine learning.

　　3. In the third paragraph, the author most probably provides an explanation of the apparent connections among economic, military, and cultural development in order to

　　[A] suggest that the process of revival in Byzantium accords with this model.

　　[B] set up an order of events that is then shown to be not generally applicable to the case of Byzantium.

　　[C] cast aspersions on traditional historical scholarship about Byzantium.

　　[D] suggest that Byzantium represents a case for which no historical precedent exists.

　　4. Which of the following does the author mention as crucial evidence concerning the manner in which the Byzantine revival began?

　　[A] The Byzantine military revival of the 860’s led to economic and cultural advances.

　　[B] The Byzantine cultural revival lasted until 1453.

　　[C] The Byzantine economic recovery began in the 900’s.

　　[D] The revival of Byzantine learning began toward the end of the eighth century.

　　5. According to the author, “The common explanation” (line 1, paragraph 3) of connections between economic, military, and cultural development is

　　[A] revolutionary and too new to have been applied to the history of the Byzantine Empire.

　　[B] reasonable, but an antiquated theory of the nature of progress.

　　[C] not applicable to the Byzantine revival as a whole, but does perhaps accurately describe limited periods during the revival.

　　[D] equally applicable to the Byzantine case as a whole and to the history of military, economic, and cultural advances in ancient Greece and Rome.

　　[答案与考点解析]

　　1. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。本文的中心主旨句在尾段的倒数第二句。如果考生能够识别出本文的中心主旨句，就会迅速地推导出本题的正确答案D。考生在解题时应首先寻找出全文的中心主旨句。

　　2. 【答案】B

　　【考点解析】这是一道细节推导题。从题干中的“territorial losses”可迅速确定本题答案信息的来源在第一段的第二句。通过仔细阅读本句的内容并且进行深入的推导就可得出本题的正确选项B。考生在解题时应该善于依据原文的内容进行深入地推导。

　　3. 【答案】B

　　【考点解析】本题是一道段落之间的关系题型。旨在考察学生的语言基本功，尤其是考察学生对段落之间相互关系理解和掌握的能力，这是一道比较难的题。本文第三段主要向我们介绍一种“common explanation”(通常的解释)。根据一般的行文规律，介绍“common”(通常的)是为了文章接下来阐述“不通常的”内容做一个铺垫，也是为了进行鲜明的对照和对比。这是考生在解答阅读题时需要掌握的一个规律。如果考生懂得这个规律并且把第三段和第四联系起来加以阅读和理解就不难得出本文的正确选项B。考生在解题时一定要牢记平时所积累的解题技巧和方法，尤其是要注意一些规律性的解题技巧和方法。

　　4. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题。根据题干中的“concerning the manner in which the Byzantine revival began”可将本题的答案信息迅速确定在本文的尾段。本题具体的答案信息在尾段的倒数第三句。因为尾段的倒数第二句是全文的中心主旨句，所以支持全文中心主旨句的最主要证据本应在该句之前。由于本题的题干涉及“Byzantine revival began”，故本题的答案应该是强调“拜占庭帝国文化复兴开始时间”的选项D。考生在解题时一定要对段落的行文发展和结构有所把握，这样才能迅速地审题定位。

　　5. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】这是一道段落间关系与指代词题型。题干中的“common explanation”将我们带到了本文的第三段。但是本文提到“common explanation”的目的是要讲这种“common explanation”不能完全应用到拜占庭帝国的复兴。第四段的前三句是作者对这种“common explanation”的具体态度和观点。尾段首句中的指代词“this”和“at times”对我们推导本题的正确选项C起了重要的作用。考生在解题时一定要牢记原文作者的写作意图，要十分重视段落之间的相互关系。

　　[参考译文]

　　在8—11世纪之间，拜占庭帝国出现了一次无与伦比的经济和文化复兴，这次复兴之所以引人注目是因为它出现在一次严重的内部衰落之后。8世纪时，帝国失去了它600年时所拥有领土的大约2/3。仅存的部分也受到阿拉伯人和保加利亚人的侵袭，这些国家经常威胁说要攻占首都君士坦丁堡，把拜占庭彻底消灭掉。帝国的财富和臣民大幅减少，文学艺术也实际上陷于停顿。不过，到了11世纪初期，帝国重新收回了沦陷领土的几乎一半，新的边界是安定的，其影响远及疆土之外。经济也恢复了，国库充实，文学艺术也向前发展。

　　把拜占庭军事、文艺以及经济上的复兴理解为同一现象的不同表现是合理的。毕竟，这三者在相当多的同家中是一同出现的。奥古斯都统治下的罗马和公元前五世纪的雅典就是古代社会最好的例证。而且，对三者之间次第出现的联系做一番考察也有助于解释历史变化的原因。

　　通常，对于拜占庭帝国中三者复兴的联系会这样解释：当帝国已击退敌人的进攻并反攻到敌国疆土之时，拜占庭的财富自然就会增长，从而有更多的金钱可用来投资于文化艺术事业。因此，帝国军事成就促进经济昌盛，后者又引起了文化繁荣。

　　毫无疑问，这种假设能够解释复兴中的一些现象。但是我们不能明确地认为军事成就一定最先出现，经济其次，文化最后。(事实上)860年左右拜占庭帝国开始收复阿拉伯人占领的失地，直到872年，和哈里发阿拉伯国家的军事对比才有利于帝国。而经济的复兴在810—830年间就已开始。文化的复兴更早，早在788年，一批有名的学者、作家就出现了，8世纪最后十年，文化复兴已达极盛，并一直延续到1453年君士坦丁堡的陷落。因此，通常所认为的军事、经济、文化复兴三者次第出现的顺序在拜占庭是完全颠倒的。实际上，拜占庭文化的复兴可能反而影响了后来的经济、军事进步。

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2016-08-08 23:31

Islamic terrorism may be a distant threat for Shearer Lumber Products, a timber company based in Idaho. But eco-terrorism is a very real one. In November, the Earth Liberation Front (ELF), an underground organization, gave warning that it had“spiked”trees in the Nez Perce national forest to protest against logging. Spiking involves hiding metal bars in tree trunks, thereby potentially crippling chain saws and hurting people. More such attacks are expected. How do they fit into America’s war on terrorism?

　　The nation’s forests have seen a sharp increase in violent incidents—equipment vandalized, people intimidated—over the past ten years. Shearer now carefully inspects every tree before cutting and has been using metal detectors to check every trunk being processed. Yet Ihor Mereszczak, of the Nez Perce Forest Service, says it has been hard to get the FBI’s attention, and investigations have got nowhere.

　　The ELF is only one thread in a web of underground radical environmentalists. Its aim is to inflict as much financial pain as possible on organizations or people who, by its lights, are exploiting the environment. The ELF, though made up of anonymous cells, nonetheless operates a website offering tips on how to cause fires with electric timers. Until recently, it also had a public spokesman.

　　Together with the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), which operates along the same lines, the ELF is estimated to be responsible for over $45m-worth of damage in North America over the past few years. In 1998, it caused fires that did $12m-worth of damage in Vail, Colorado, to make the point that the ski resort’s expansion was threatening places where lynxes live. Earlier this year, the ELF burned down the offices of a lumber company in Oregon. Since September 11th, the ALF and ELF have claimed responsibility for starting a fire at a primate research center in New Mexico, releasing mink from an Iowa fur farm, and firebombing a federal corral for wild horses in California.

　　Are they terrorists? The two groups reject the label, claiming to take all precautions against harming “animals, whether humans or not”. But earlier this year Louis Freeh, the FBI’s boss, listed both organizations among the most active domestic terrorist groups. Scott McInnis, the Republican congressman whose district includes Vail, argues it is only a matter of time before somebody gets hurt, and he now expects the FBI to put in more resources.

　　The House subcommittee on forests, which Mr McInnis heads, will hold a hearing on eco-terrorism in February. But he has annoyed some mainstream green groups by asking them to denounce the ELF’s and ALF’s methods. Greenpeace, for instance, says that its disapproval is self-evident, and resents being asked to express it. Mr. McInnis still wants their answer by December 1st, but the war on eco-terrorism is off to a rocky start.

　　1. What did the ELF do to Shearer Lumber Products?

　　[A] Hurt its employees. [B] Crippled its equipments. [C] Hid metals in its trees. [D] Protested against its spiking.

　　2. We can infer from the passage that_____.

　　[A] Shearer has experienced many violent incidents [B] new tools have been used to investigate terrorists

　　[C] FBI has been active in the war on eco-terrorism [D] ELF openly declares its beliefs and ends

　　3. According to ELF, all of the following are environmentally harmful except_____.

　　[A] causing fire in the houses [B] expanding ski resort [C] doing research on animals [D] invading into animal habitats

　　4. It is true of radical environmentalists that they_____.

　　[A] aim at causing damage to companies [B] resort to violence to achieve their purpose

　　[C] will do no harm to real people [D] are divided on opinions about terrorism

　　5.The best title for the text may be_____ .

　　[A] The Green Threat [B] Protecting Forests [C] Earth’s Liberation [D] Terrorism Defeated

　　答案：1.C 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.A

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2016-08-08 23:32

BBC ‘s Casualty programme on Saturday evening gave viewers a vote as to which of two patients should benefit from a donation. But it failed to tell us that we would not need to make so many life-and-death decisions if we got to grip with the chronic organ shortage. Being pussyfooting around in its approach to dead bodies, the Government is giving a kicking to some of the most vulnerable in our society. One depressing consequence of this is that a significant number of those on the waiting list take off to foreign countries to purchase an organ from a living third-world donor, something that is forbidden in the United Kingdom. The poor have no option but to wait in vain.

　　The Human Tissue Authority’s position on the retention of body parts for medical research after a post-mortem examination is equally flawed. The new consent forms could have been drafted by some evil person seeking to stop the precious flow of human tissue into the pathological laboratory. The forms are so lengthy that doctors rarely have time to complete them and, even if they try, the wording is so graphic that relatives tend to leg it before signing. In consequence, the number of post mortems has fallen quickly.

　　The wider worry is that the moral shortsightedness evident in the Human Tissue Act seems to infect every facet of the contemporary debate on medical ethics. Take the timid approach to embryonic stem cell research. The United States, for example, refuses government funding to scientists who wish to carry out potentially ground-breaking research on the surplus embryos created by IVF treatment.

　　Senators profess to be worried that embryonic research fails to respect the dignity of “potential persons”. Rarely can such a vacuous concept have found its way into a debate claming to provide enlightenment. When is this “potential” supposed to kick in? In case you were wondering, these supposedly precious embryos are at the same stage of development as those that are routinely terminated by the Pill without anyone crying. Thankfully, the British Government has refused the position of the United States and operates one of the most liberal regimes in Europe, in which licences have been awarded to researchers to create embryos for medical research. It is possible that, in years to come, scientists will be able to grow organs in the lab and find cures for a range of debilitating diseases.

　　The fundamental problem with our approach to ethics is our inability to separate emotion from policy. The only factor that should enter our moral and legal deliberations is that of welfare, a concept that is meaningless when applied to entities that lack self-consciousness. Never forget that the research that we are so reluctant to conduct upon embryos and dead bodies is routinely carried out on living, pain-sensitive animals.

　　1. What has caused the chronic organ shortage?

　　[A] a decrease in donation rates. [B] inefficient governmental policy.

　　[C] illegal trade in human organs. [D] news media’s indifference.

　　2. The expression “pussyfooting around” (Line 3, Paragraph 1) might mean______.

　　[A] unfair [B] hesitant [C] secret [D] strict

　　3. The moral shortsightedness is revealed in the fact that _____.

　　[A] the government has stopped the experiment on human tissue

　　[B] the donation consent forms are difficult to understand

　　[C] the Human Tissues Act is an obstacle to important medical research

　　[D] embryonic research shows disregard for human life

　　4. To which of the following is the author most likely to agree?

　　[A] the rich and the poor are equal in the face of death. [B] more scientists are needed for the medical advancement.

　　[C] there is a double standard in medical ethics. [D] the dead deserve the same attention as the living.

　　5. The author is most critical of_____.

　　[A] the media [B] doctors [C] U. S. Legislators [D] the British government

　　答案:1.B 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.C

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2016-08-08 23:32

　In the late 1980s, Akio Morita, the co-founder of Sony Corp. , embarked on the most costly shopping expedition of his long career. A visionary who believed that Sony’s future lay in the convergence of hardware and “content” such as music and film, Morita eventually set his sights on Columbia Pictures Entertainment, with its two studios and a vast library of movie titles and television series. In September, 1989, after months of on-again, off-again negotiations, Sony agreed to pay the inflated asking price of $3.2 billion and assume $1.6 billion in debt.

　　What was the rationale for such a decision? According to John Nathan’s Sony: The Private Life, it was motivated only by senior executives’ desire to please the company patriarch. Even Morita, then Sony’s chairman and CEO, believed that Columbia’s price tag, originally $35 per share, was exorbitant. In a closed-door meeting in August, 1989, details of which have never been fully revealed, he told his seven top aides, who made up the decision-making executive committee, that he was abandoning the idea of the acquisition.

　　That would have been the end of it had Morita not voiced regret over dinner that evening with the committee members. “It’s too bad,” he lamented, “I’ve always dreamed of owning a Hollywood studio.” The next day, the group reconvened and promptly decided that Sony would purchase Columbia after all. In the weeks that followed, Sony upped its bid from an initial $15 to $27 a share and, by late September, made a deal that was ridiculed by industry experts. In 1994, mismanagement forced Sony to write off $2.7 billion and assume a loss of $510 million for its Hollywood experiment.

　　Sony: The Private Life is filled with such insiders’ tales, making it the most vivid and detailed account in English of the personalities who built the $50 billion-plus consumer-electronics giant. Nathan, a professor of Japanese cultural studies at the University of California, got access to dozens of executives who had contributed to or witnessed Sony’s development since its 1946 founding in war-devastated Tokyo. Nathan offers, however, only limited analysis of Sony, the corporation. And he tends to go over well-trodden ground: how Sony established itself in the U.S. and how it developed famous products or devices. Much of this has appeared before in articles and, to a lesser extent, in books.

　　This is not to say that Nathan’s book has no point of view. The company’s underlying problem, as illustrated in the Columbia case, is that the environment in which the Sony Corporation has historically conducted its affairs is less public than personal, less rational than sentimental. In conclusion, Nathan says that, under the current leadership of President Nobuyuki Idei, Sony is emerging as a rational company. Moreover, Idei and his practical-minded managers are intent on reinventing Sony as an Internet company. From now on, says Nathan, “personal relationships are not likely again to figure decisively.” But how will this Sony fare? Nathan admits that a dazzling future is far from guaranteed.

　　1. Which of the following is true of Sony’s acquisition of Columbia Pictures?

　　[A] It was motivated by Morita’s desire to project an image of success.

　　[B] Sony’s top executives were quite convinced of its benefits for the company.

　　[C] Entertainment industry insiders believed it was the failure of Hollywood.

　　[D] It was the expensive expansion from electronics into entertainment.

　　2. The word “patriarch” (line 2, paragraph 2) most probably means_____.

　　[A] founder [B] monarch [C] elder [D] forerunner

　　3. It can be inferred from the last two paragraphs that_____.

　　[A] Sony: The Private Life is the biography of Akio Morita

　　[B] Sony’s Japanese leaders have been too practical-minded

　　[C] this management problem of Sony cannot be rectified overnight

　　[D] Nathan did not write about how Sony established itself as the electronics giant

　　4. Nathan’s attitude towards Morita seems to be of_____.

　　[A] strong distaste [B] implicit criticism [C] enthusiastic support [D] reserved consent

　　5. The best title for the passage may be_____.

　　[A] Sony’s Shopping Expedition　　 [B] Sony: the Private Life

　　[C] Who Drove Sony to Ground　　 [D] Sony: Management by Impulse

　　答案:1.D 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.D

词汇解析

　　(1)embark (v.) 上船，装船;~ on/upon sth.从事，着手，开始(新的或艰难的事情)

　　(2)expedition(n.)远征，探险;探险队;发出，派遣

　　(3)visionary(n.)空想家，梦想者，好幻想的人　vision(n.)幻想，幻影

　　(4)convergence(n.)集中，收敛converge(v.)聚合，集中于一点

　　(5)library(n.)系列丛书(或磁带等)，文库，如a ~ of children’s classics儿童文学名著系列丛书

　　(6)on-again, off-again一上一下，遭遇到种种波折

　　(7)asking price卖主的开叫价，卖出价

　　(8)rationale(n)(解释某个特别决定、行动、信仰的)基本原理，根本原因，理论依据

　　(9)exorbitant(a.)过度的，过高的，昂贵的

　　(10)lament(v.)悔恨，悲叹，哀悼

　　(11)reconvene(v.)重新集合，重新召集convene(v.)召集, 集合

　　(12)tread(v.)trod trodden踩，践踏;行走

　　(13)ground(n.)(兴趣、知识和思想的)范围、领域，如We have to go over the same~(我们得讨论同样的话题)。

　　(14)fare(n.)费用，旅客，食物(v.)过日子，遭遇，受招待How did you~in London?(你在伦敦过得怎样?)

　　全文翻译

　　在20世纪80年代后期，索尼公司的联合创始人盛田昭夫开始了他长期事业生涯中最昂贵的购物旅行。梦想家盛田昭夫相信索尼公司的未来在于硬件和音乐、电影这样的“内容”相结合，于是最终将目光投向哥伦比亚电影公司及其两个工作室和大量电影字母和电视剧集的文库。1989年9月，经过几个月几经波折的谈判，索尼公司同意支付飞涨的卖出价32亿美元从而承担16亿美元的债务。

　　这个决定的理论依据是什么?根据约翰内森所著《索尼公司的私人生活》，这个决定是出于高级行政人员要取悦公司创始人的愿望。甚至那时担任索尼公司主席和首席执行管的盛田昭夫也认为哥伦比亚的标价(开始是35美元一股)太昂贵。在1989年8月召开的一次从未完全公开的闭门会议中，他告诉组成具有决策权的执行委员会的七位高级助手，他将放弃收购的想法。

　　那天晚上用餐时如果盛田昭夫没有向委员会成员表示遗憾的话这件事情本应就这么结束了。他哀叹，“太糟了，我一直想拥有一个好莱坞工作室”。第二天，这个团队重新召开会议并仓促决定索尼公司将最终购买哥伦比亚。在接下来的几周内，索尼公司将其标价从开始的15美元一股上升到27美元。到了九月末，成交了一笔为业界专家嘲笑的交易。1994年，管理不善迫使索尼公司为它的好莱坞实验注销掉27亿美元资产和5.1亿美元的损失。

　　《索尼公司的私人生活》充满了这样的内幕故事，因此成为对建立价值500亿美元的消费者电子产品巨头的名人们最生动详细的描述。内森是加利福尼亚大学日本文化研究的教授，接触到很多作过贡献或目睹索尼公司自1946年在受战争破坏的东京建立以来的发展的行政人员。然而，内森只提供了对索尼公司的有限的分析，他总是重复老掉牙的话题：索尼公司如何在美国建立起来的，如何发展著名的产品和设备。这些内容很多以前在文章中出现，但较少出现在书中。

　　这并不是说内森的书没有观点。正如哥伦比亚事件所说明的，公司的潜在问题是“索尼公司历史事件发生的环境较个人化而非公开化，较感性而非理性”。总之，内森说，在现任主席出井伸之的领导下，索尼公司正成为一个理性的公司。而且，出井伸之和他追求实际的经理们专心把索尼公司重新改造为一家因特网公司。内森说，“从现在开始，个人关系不可能再起决定作用”。但是这个索尼公司将经营得如何?内森承认，美好的未来远不能得到保证。

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2016-08-10 21:54

　Not long after the telephone was invented, I assume, a call was placed. The caller was a parent saying, “Your child is bullying my child, and I want it stopped!” the bully’s parent replied, “You must have the wrong number. My child is a little angel.”

　　A trillion phone calls later, the conversation is the same. When children are teased or tyrannized, the parental impulse is to grab the phone and rant. But these days, as studies in the U.S.show bullying on the rise and parental supervision on the decline, researchers who study bullying say that calling moms and dads is more futile than ever. Such calls often lead to playground recriminations and don’t really teach our kids any lessons about how to navigate the world and resolve conflicts.

　　When you call parents, you want them to “extract the cruelty” from their bullying children, says Laura Kavesh, a child psychologist in Evanston, Illinois. “But many parents are blown away by the idea of their child being cruel. They won’t believe it.” In a recent police-department survey in Oak Harbor, Washington, 89% of local high school students said they had engaged in bullying behavior. Yet only 18% of parents thought their children would act as bullies.

　　In a new U.S.PTA survey, 5% of parents support contacting other parents to deal with bullying. But many educators warn that those conversations can be misinterpreted, causing tempers to flare. Instead, they say, parents should get objective outsiders, like principals, to mediate.

　　Meanwhile, if you get a call from a parent who is angry about your child’s bullying, listen without getting defensive. That’s what Laura McHugh of Castro Valley, California, did when a caller told her that her then 13-year-old son had spit in another boy’s food. Her son had confessed, but the victim’s mom “wanted to make sure my son hadn’t given her son a nasty disease,” says McHugh, who apologized and promised to get her son tested for AIDS and other diseases. She knew the chance of contracting any disease this way was remote, but her promise calmed the mother and showed McHugh’s son that his bad behaviour was being taken seriously. McHugh, founder of Parents Coach Kids, a group that teaches parenting skills, sent the mom the test results. All were negative.

　　Remember: once you make a call, you might not like what you hear. If you have an itchy dialing finger, resist temptation. Put it in your pocket.

　　1.The word “bullying” probably means _____.

　　[A] frightening and hurting [B] teasing [C] behaving like a tyrant [D] laughing at

　　2. Calling to a bully’s parent _____.

　　[A] has long existed but changed its content [B] is often done with careful thinking

　　[C] often leads to blaming and misunderstanding [D] is used to warn the child not to do it again

　　3. According to the surveys in the U. S., _____.

　　[A] bullying among adults is also rising [B] parents are not supervising their children well

　　[C] parents seldom believe bullies [D] most parents resort to calling to deal with bullying

　　4. When bullying occurs, parents should _____.

　　[A] help the bulling child get rid of cruelty [B] resort to the mediator

　　[C] avoid getting too protective [D] resist the temptation of calling

　　5.Laura McHugh promised to get the bullied boy tested for diseases because _____.

　　[A] her son confessed to being wrong [B] she was afraid to annoy the boy’s parent

　　[C] he was likely to be affected by these diseases [D] she wanted to teach her own son a lesson

　　答案:1.A 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.D

　　词汇解析

　　(1)bully(n.)仗势欺人者，横行霸道者;(v.)恐吓，伤害，胁迫

　　(2)tease(v./n.)取笑，戏弄，揶揄;招惹，逗弄(动物);(n.)爱戏弄人的人，取笑者

　　(3)tyrannize(v.)对……施行暴政;专横地对待;tyranny(n.)暴虐，专横，苛政;暴君统治;tyrant(n.)暴君

　　(4)impulse(n.)冲动，一时的念头;推动力，刺激

　　(5)rant(n./v.)怒吼，咆哮，大声抱怨

　　(6)navigate(v.)导航，确定位置和方向;航行，航海，横渡;找到正确方法(对付困难复杂的情况)

　　(7)blow away意思是To affect intensely; overwhelm(强烈影响，征服)，如：That concert blew me away(音乐会震撼了我)。

　　(8)itchy(a.)使人发痒的;itch(n./v.)发痒，渴望

　　全文翻译

　　我认为，电话发明后不久，就有人就打这样的电话。打电话的是一位家长，他(她)说：“你的孩子在欺负我的孩子，我希望这样的事情不要再发生!”而这位仗势欺人的孩子的家长却回答到：“你一定拨错号码了，我的孩子是个小天使。”

　　在以后的岁月中，这样的电话不计其数，但电话内容却没有改变。当孩子遭到取笑或被专横地对待时，冲动的父母抓起电话，大声抱怨。但是最近，当美国的研究表明以强凌弱现象在增多而父母的管教在减少时，以强凌弱现象的研究者们说给父母打电话毫无用处。这样的电话常常只导致责备，并不能真正教育孩子如何在世界上生存和解决冲突。

　　伊利诺斯州伊文斯顿市区的儿童心理学家劳拉·卡维许说，“当你打电话给仗势欺人的孩子的父母时，是想让对方改掉他们孩子的残忍行为。但是许多父母对自己孩子有这样的残忍行为感到非常震惊，他们不愿意不相信”。最近警察部门在华盛顿橡木港口进行的调查显示，当地89%的高中生承认有过仗势欺人的行为。但只有18%的家长认为他们的孩子会成为仗势欺人者。

　　在美国家长——教师联合会新的调查中，5%的家长支持和其他家长联系来解决以强凌弱问题。但是很多专家警告说这样的对话可能会被误解，使对方勃然大怒。相反，他们认为父母应该找较客观的旁观者如学校校长等来进行调解。

　　同时，如果接到了一位对你的孩子仗势欺人的行为感到愤怒的家长的电话，你应该倾听，不要把自己保护起来。当加里福尼亚卡斯楚谷市的劳拉·麦休接到电话，被告知她13岁的儿子朝另外一个孩子的食物中吐吐沫时，她就这样做了。她儿子已经承认了。麦休说，“但受害者的母亲想确保我儿子没有传染给她儿子什么严重的疾病”。她道歉并并许诺让这个男孩做艾滋和其他严重疾病的测试。她知道通过那种方式传染疾病的几率非常小，但她的许诺使对方母亲平静了下来，并且也让自己的儿子知道父母是非常严肃地对待他的恶劣行为。麦休是教授父母技能的“父母教导孩子”组织的创始人。她将测试结果送给那位母亲，所有项目都显示阴性。

　　记住：一旦打电话，你可能会听到不想听的话。如果你手指发痒，忍住。把手放在口袋里。

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2016-08-10 21:54

One of the silliest things in our recent history was the use of “Victorian” as a term of contempt or abuse. It had been made fashionable by Lytton Strachey with his clever, superficial and ultimately empty book Eminent Victorians, in which he damned with faint praise such Victorian heroes as General Gordon and Florence Nightingale. Strachey’s demolition job was clever because it ridiculed the Victorians for exactly those qualities on which they prided themselves—their high mindedness, their marked moral intensity, their desire to improve the human condition and their confidence that they had done so.

　　Yet one saw, even before the 100th anniversary of the death of Queen Victoria this year, that there were signs these sneering attitudes were beginning to change. Programmes on radio and television about Victoria and the age that was named after her managed to humble themselves only about half the time. People were beginning to realize that there was something heroic about that epoch and, perhaps, to fear that the Victorian age was the last age of greatness for this country.

　　Now a new book, What The Victorians Did For Us, aims further to redress the balance and remind us that, in most essentials, our own age is really an extension of what the Victorians created. You can start with the list of Victorian inventions. They were great lovers of gadgets from the smallest domestic ones to new ways of propelling ships throughout the far-flung Empire. In medicine, anaesthesia (developed both here and in America) allowed surgeons much greater time in which to operate—and hence to work on the inner organs of the body—not to mention reducing the level of pain and fear of patients.

　　To the Victorians we also owe lawn tennis, a nationwide football association under the modern rules, powered funfair rides, and theatres offering mass entertainment. And, of course, the modern seaside is almost entirely a Victorian invention. There is, of course, a darker side to the Victorian period. Everyone knows about it mostly because the Victorians catalogued it themselves. Henry Mayhew’s wonderful set of volumes on the lives of the London poor, and official reports on prostitution, on the workhouses and on child labour—reports and their statistics that were used by Marx when he wrote Das Kapital—testify to the social conscience that was at the center of “Victorian values”.

　　But now, surely, we can appreciate the Victorian achievement for what it was—the creation of the modern world. And when we compare the age of Tennyson and Darwin, of John Henry Newman and Carlyle, with our own, the only sensible reaction is one of humility: “We are our father’s shadows cast at noon”.

　　1.According to the author, Lytton Strachey’s book Eminent Victorians _____.

　　[A] accurately described the qualities of the people of the age

　　[B] superficially praised the heroic deeds of the Victorians

　　[C] was highly critical of the contemporary people and institutions

　　[D] was guilty of spreading prejudices against the Victorians

　　2. The change in the attidues towards the Vcitorians is revealed in the fact that _____.

　　[A] the 100th anniversary of the death of Queen Victoria is celebrated

　　[B] the media publicizes events or people about the Victorian age

　　[C] people begin to highly praise Victorian heroes

　　[D] a new book regards Victorians as creators of the modern world

　　3. What is the meaning of the word “gadgets” (Paragraph 4)?

　　[A] devices [B] tools [C] appliances [D] engines

　　4. According to the text, the Victorians invented _____.

　　[A] surgery [B] seaside holiday [C] funfair [D] mass entertainment

　　5. The author talks about the darker side of the Victorian period to _____.

　　[A] disclose the social injustices and evils

　　[B] give proof to Karl Marx’s Das Kapital

　　[C] manifest the Victorians’ good sense of right and wrong

　　[D] show the age’s strengths outweigh its weaknesses

　　答案:1.D 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.C

　　词汇解析

　　(1)damn sb./sth. with faint praise名褒实贬，用冷漠的赞扬贬低，如She damned Reynolds with faint praise, calling him one of the best imitators in the world.

　　(2)demolition(n.)破坏，毁坏

　　(3)sneer(n./v.)冷笑，讥笑，嘲笑

　　(4)epoch(n.)新纪元，时代，时期

　　(5)redress(v)纠正，矫正;重新穿衣，重新调整

　　(6)essential(a.)本质的，基本的;必不可少的;精华的(n.)基本必要的东西;本质，实质要素，要点

　　(7)far-flung(a.)蔓延的，广泛的，广泛传播的，辽阔的

　　(8)anaesthesia(n.)感觉缺乏，麻木，麻醉(法);esthe词根表示“感觉”，如esthetic感觉的

　　(9)catalogue(n.)目录;一连串(糟糕)事，如a ~ of disasters接二连三的灾难(v.)列入目录;记载，登记(某人某事的详情)

　　(10)testify(v.)(出庭)作证;证实，证明;~ to sth.作为某事的证明，说明，如The film testifies to the courage of ordinary people during the war(这部电影表明老百姓在战争时期的英勇行为)

　　(11)humility(n.)谦卑[恭，逊]，[pl. ]谦让的行为

　　全文翻译

　　我们近代历史上最愚蠢的事之一就是把“Victorian”作为鄙视和漫骂的名称。而使这一说法得以流传开来的是莱顿·斯传策斯那本言辞巧妙但肤浅空洞的《维多利亚时代的俊杰》，在这本书中他讽刺了如戈登将军和弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔这样的维多利亚时代的英雄。斯传策斯破坏性的工作是巧妙的，因为它嘲笑的正是维多利亚人引以自豪的品质：清高、特别的道德强度、想改善人类条件的愿望以及他们认为自己已经做到了的信心。

　　然而，即使是今年维多利亚女王逝世一百周年纪念日到来之前，人们已看到这种嘲笑的态度正在开始转变。广播和电视中只有半数有关维多利亚及以她的名字命名的时代的节目设法进行自我贬低。人们开始意识到那个时代有些英雄的意味，又或许是开始害怕维多利亚时代是这个国家最后一个伟大的时代。

　　现在的一本新书《维多利亚时代的人为我们作了什么?》旨在进一步恢复平衡并提醒我们：在大多数基本方面，我们自己的时代实际上是维多利亚时代创造的东西的延伸。可以从列举维多利亚时代的发明开始。他们对设备十分痴迷——小到家用设备，大到为远航整个帝国的船只提供动力的新途径。在医学方面，(在本国和美国都有发展的)麻醉法使外科大夫有更多的时间，从而可以对身体的内部器官进行手术，更不用说减少病人的疼痛和恐惧了。

　　也因为有了维多利亚人，我们才有了草地网球、在现代规则下的全国足球协会、露天游乐场的动力旋转木马和提供大众娱乐的剧院。当然，现代海边渡假几乎完全就是维多利亚时代的发明。不过，维多利亚时期也有阴暗的一面。大家之所以都知道这一点，主要是因为维多利亚人自己已经将它记录下来了。亨利·梅休描写伦敦贫苦人生活的精彩卷集，官方有关卖淫、济穷院和儿童劳工的报道(马克思写《资本论》时引用的这些方面的数据)都表明了社会良知是“维多利亚价值观”的核心内容。

　　但是如今，我们应该感激维多利亚创造现代世界所取得的成就。当我们拿丁尼生、达尔文、约翰·亨利·纽曼和卡莱尔的时代与我们自己的时代相比较时，唯一明智的反应就是谦卑：“我们只是父辈在正午投射的影子”。

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2016-08-10 21:54

One great benefit of the Web is that it allows us to move information online that now resides in paper form. Several states in America are using the Web in a profound way. You can apply for various permits or submit applications for business licences. Some states are putting up listings of jobs—not just state government jobs, but all the jobs available in the state. I believe, over time, that all the information that governments print, and all those paper forms they now have, will be moved on to the Internet.

　　Electronic commerce notches up month-by-month too. It is difficult to measure, because a lot of electronic commerce involves existing buyers and sellers who are simply moving paperbased transactions to the Web. That is not new business. Microsoft, for example, purchases millions of dollars of PCs online instead of by paper. However, that is not a fundamental change; it has just improved the efficiency of an existing process. The biggest impact has occurred where electronic commerce matches buyers and sellers who would not previously have found each other. When you go to a book site and find an obscure book that you never would have found in a physical bookstore, that is a new type of commerce.

　　Today, about half of all PCs are still not connected to the Web. Getting communications costs down and making all the software simpler will bring in those people. And that, in turn, will move us closer to the critical mass that will make the Web lifestyle everyone’s lifestyle. One element that people underestimate is the degree to which the hardware and software will improve. Just take one aspect: screen technology. I do my e-mail on a 20-inch liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor. It is not available at a reasonable price yet, but in two years it will be. In ten years, a 20-inch LCD with much higher resolution will be commonplace. The boundary between a television set and a PC will be blurred because even the set-top box that you connect up to your cable or satellite will have a processor more powerful than what we have today in the most expensive PC. This will, in effect, make your television a computer.

　　Interaction with the Web also will improve, making it much easier for people to be involved. Today the keywords we use to search the Web often return to too many articles to sort through, many of them out of context. If you want to learn about the fastest computer chip available, you might end up getting responses instead about potato chips being delivered in fast trucks. In the future, we shall be either speaking or typing sentences into the computer. If you ask about the speed of chips, the result will be about computers, not potatoes. Speech recognition also means that you will be able to call in on a phone and ask if you have any new messages, or check on a flight, or check on the weather.

　　To predict that it will take over ten years for these changes to happen is probably pessimistic. We usually overestimate what we can do in two years and underestimate what we can do in ten. The Web will be as much a way of life as the car by 2008. Probably before.

　　1. Electronic commerce becomes a new type of commerce when_____.

　　[A] paperbased transactions are moved on to the Web [B] the efficiency of the existing process is improved by Internet

　　[C] new buyers and sellers find each other on the Internet [D] a book site offers the books several bookstores have altogether

　　2. The use of computer will be as common as the use of cars when_____.

　　[A] governments begin to move administration on-line [B] electronic commerce causes a fundamental change

　　[C] computer and communication become simpler and cheaper [D] the boundary between the computer and the TV disappears

　　3. What is the current problem with the Web according to the passage?

　　[A] Too much information. [B] Lack of response. [C] Ineffective interaction. [D] Slowness of speed.

　　4. The example of potato chips is used to illustrate_____.

　　[A] the defect of computers at the present stage of development [B] the similarity between a computer chip and a potato chip

　　[C] the richness of information available on the web [D] the irrelevant responses the web sometimes offers

　　5. The passage is mainly trying to show that_____.

　　[A] the web is becoming a way of conveying information [B] the web will bring about a new way of life

　　[C] electronic commerce develops with the Internet [D] interaction with the Web will become easier

　　答案：1.C 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.B

　　词汇解析

　　(1)notch(n.)等级，档次;(表面或边缘的)V形刻痕，圆形切口;(v.)(up)赢得，获得;刻V形痕，刻下切口

　　(2)measure(v.)测量，度量;估量，判定(重要性、价值或影响等)

　　(3)obscure(a.)无名的，鲜为人知的;费解的，难以理解的;(v.)使模糊，使晦涩，使费解

　　(4)physical(a.)身体的，肉体的，躯体的;物质的，现实的;根据自然规律的;物理学的;肉欲的;使用武力的

　　(5)bring in(sb.)让……参与;逮捕，带到警察局询问;(sth.)提出(新法案);吸引,引入

　　(6)resolution(n.)正式决定;(问题、纷争的)解决;决定;清晰度;分辨率

　　(7)commonplace(a.)平凡的，普通的，普遍的;(n.)常见的事;平常的事;老生常谈

　　(8)article(n.)文章，论文，报道;条款，项;物件，物品

　　全文翻译

　　网络的一个很大的好处是它允许我们把如今停留在纸上的信息转移到网上。美国几个州正在以一种意义深远的方式使用网络。人们能申请各种用于营业执照的申请表。一些州正在公布一系列工作，不仅包括州政府的工作，而且包括州内所有的工作。我认为，随着时间的推移，所有政府打印的信息以及所有他们现有的纸的形式，都会转移到网络上。

　　电子商务也越来越成功。但它很难估量，因为许多电子商务仅仅是现有的买家和卖家把以纸张为基础的交易移到网上进行。这不是一种新的贸易形式。比如，微软每年通过在线购买数百万美元的电脑，而不是通过纸张进行。然而，这不是根本的变化，只是提高了现有交易的效率。当电子商务把以前不可能找到对方的买方和卖方匹配起来时，网络的最大影响力才出现。当你去购书网站找到一本在有形的书店不能找到的晦涩难懂的书，那就是新形式的商务。

　　如今，几乎一半的个人电脑仍然没有与网络连接。通讯费用的降低以及所有软件的简易化可以使这些人和网络连接起来。而这又将使我们更接近让网络生活方式成为所有人的生活方式的临界点。人们低估了的一个因素是硬件和软件将得到改善的程度。比如，屏幕技术方面。现在我在20英寸的液晶显示器上发电子邮件。虽然它现在还不能以合理的价格购买，但是两年后将可以。十年后，更高清晰度的20英寸液晶显示器将成为普通的事物。电视和个人电脑之间的界限将变得模糊，因为甚至是连着有线或卫星的电视机上的盒子中都会有比如今最昂贵的个人电脑更强大的的处理器。实际上，你的电视将成为一台电脑。

　　与网络的交流也将得到改善，这使人们更容易参与其中。如今，搜索网络时输入的关键词总会搜出太多的选项让你选择，而其中很多项与你所找的内容无关。当你想知道现有的最快的计算机芯片时，却得到在快速通道上运送的薯片的信息。将来，我们可以对着电脑讲话或者往电脑中输入句子。如果问芯片的速度，结果将是电脑，而不是土豆。声音的识别也意味着你将能够打电话给电脑询问是否有新的信息，或者查询航班和天气。

　　预计这些变化要花上十多年时间才会发生可能太悲观了。我们经常高估两年内能做的事情，而低估十年之内能做的事情。到了2008年，或者在这之前，网络会像汽车一样成为生活的一种方式。

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2016-08-11 22:43

The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers’ claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation.

　　Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop. The refrigerant, starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor driven by an electric motor. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air. Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled. It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing the temperature of this second body of air. Of the two heat exchangers, one is located inside, and the other one outside the house, so each is in contact with a different body of air: room air and outside air, respectively.

　　The flow direction of refrigerant through a heat pump is controlled by valves. When the refrigerant flow is reversed, the heat exchangers switch function. This flow-reversal capability allows heat pumps either to heat or cool room air.

　　Now, if under certain conditions a heat pump puts out more thermal energy than it consumes in electrical energy, has the law of energy conservation been challenged? No, not even remotely: the additional input of thermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts for the difference in the energy equation.

　　Unfortunately there is one real problem. The heating capacity of a heat pump decreases as the outdoor temperature falls. The drop in capacity is caused by the lessening amount of refrigerant mass moved through the compressor at one time. The heating capacity is proportional to this mass flow rate: the less the mass of refrigerant being compressed, the less the thermal load it can transfer through the heat-pump cycle. The volume flow rate of refrigerant vapor through the single-speed rotary compressor used in heat pumps is approximately constant. But cold refrigerant vapor entering a compressor is at lower pressure than warmer vapor. Therefore, the mass of cold refrigerant — and thus the thermal energy it carries — is less than if the refrigerant vapor were warmer before compression.

　　Here, then, lies a genuine drawback of heat pumps: in extremely cold climates — where the most heat is needed — heat pumps are least able to supply enough heat.

　　1. The primary purpose of the text is to

　　[A] explain the differences in the working of a heat pump when the outdoor temperature changes.

　　[B] contrast the heating and the cooling modes of heat pumps.

　　[C] describe heat pumps, their use, and factors affecting their use.

　　[D] advocate the more widespread use of heat pumps.

　　2. The author resolves the question of whether heat pumps run counter to the principle of energy conservation by

　　[A] carefully qualifying the meaning of that principle.

　　[B] pointing out a factual effort in the statement that gives rise to this question.

　　[C] supplying additional relevant facts.

　　[D] denying the relevance of that principle to heat pumps.

　　3. It can be inferred from the text that, in the course of a heating season, the heating capacity of a heat pump is greatest when

　　[A] heating is least essential.

　　[B] electricity rates are lowest.

　　[C] its compressor runs the fastest.

　　[D] outdoor temperatures hold steady.

　　4. If the author’s assessment of the use of heat pumps (lines 1-4) is correct, which of the following best expresses the lesson that advertisers should learn from this case?

　　[A] Do not make exaggerated claims about the products you are trying to promote.

　　[B] Focus your advertising campaign on vague analogies and veiled implications instead of on facts.

　　[C] Do not use facts in your advertising that will strain the prospective client’s ability to believe.

　　[D] Do not assume in your advertising that the prospective clients know even the most elementary scientific principles.

　　5. The text suggests that heat pumps would be used more widely if

　　[A] they could also be used as air conditioners.

　　[B] they could be moved around to supply heat where it is most needed.

　　[C] their heat output could be thermostatically controlled.

　　[D] people appreciated the role of the evaporator in the energy equation.

　　[答案与考点解析]

　　1. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。本文的第二、三、四段描述了“heat pumps”的相关物理原理，第一、五、六段谈到了影响“heat pumps”应用的原因。由此可见本题的正确选项应该是C。考生在解题时一定要对全文的整体结构有所认识，并将各段的主题句联系起来加以理解。

　　2. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】这是一道段落间关系题。通过题干中的“the question of whether heat pumps run counter to the principle of energy conservation”可迅速确定本题的答案信息来源应该在第二段，因为第一段就是本题的题干。通过仔细阅读原文可发现本题的答案信息来源在第二、三、四段，在这三段中本文作者为解决相关问题给出了“relevant facts”(相关事实)。可见本题的正确选项应该是C。考生在解题时一定要注意段落之间的相互关系。

　　3. 【答案】A

　　【考点解析】这是一道审题定位与反推题。通过本题题干中的“heating season”可迅速将本题的答案信息来源确定在尾段，因为尾段中的“extremely cold climates”暗示出“heating season”。通过仔细阅读和理解尾段并且进行相应的推导就可得出本题的正确选项A。考生在解题时首先要具备审题定位的能力，另外在解题时不能仅仅停留于字面含义，要多动脑子进行合理的推导。

　　4. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】这是一道归纳推导题。题干把本题所涉及的问题确定在第一段，而本文作者对于该问题的解释和说明确在第四段。通过对这两段的综合归纳推导，可得出本题的正确选项是C。由于作者在第四段的深刻解释帮助解决了人们心中的疑惑，但是这两段的深层含义暗示我们：人们在做广告时要避免使用超出消费者可信度的信息。考生在解题时要注意段落之间的联系，更要注意作者所要传递的深层含义。

　　5. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道审题定位与段落间关系题。通过题干中的“heat pumps would be used more widely”可迅速确定本题的题干来自于首段，在首段中我们也可以得知阻碍“heat pumps”被大家广泛接受的原因是“contradicting the principle of energy conservation”。在本文的第四段作者对第一段中所涉及的问题给出了合理的解释，指出“heat pumps”并没有“contradicting the principle of energy conservation”。问题出在人们对于“evaporator”缺乏了解。综合这两段的内容我们可得知：如果人们对“evaporator”有所认识，他们对“heat pumps”就不会心存疑虑，同时他们就会接受“heat pumps”，从而“heat pumps”就会得到广泛的利用。可见本题的正确选项应该中D。考生在解题时一定要注意段落之间的联系，更要注意反推即逆向思维的应用。

　　[参考译文]

　　热泵使用受到阻碍，主要是人们怀疑广告上所宣称的，热泵能够提供两倍于其所消耗电能的热能，这显然与能量守恒定理相悖。

　　热泵循环使用的是液体制冷剂，这个循环使得制冷剂在一个封闭环路内从液体到气体交替变化。循环开始时，制冷剂以低温低压的蒸气，进入一个电机驱动的压缩机。出了压缩机后，制冷剂变为高温稠密的气体，流经一个被称为冷凝器的热交换器，这个冷凝器把制冷剂的热量传送到一个气团。制冷剂就变成了高压冷却的液态，然后经过一个节流器，节流器使其压力下降。压力下降时，制冷剂就会膨胀并且使部分液体气化，制冷剂变冷。然后经过第二个热交换器即蒸发器，蒸发器把热量从空气中传到制冷剂中，使得第二个气团温度降低。这两个热交换器，一个在室内工作，另外一个位于室外，所以每个热交换器接触各自不同的气团：室内空气和室外空气。

　　制冷剂在热泵内的流动方向受阀门控制。当制冷剂逆向流动时，两个交换器就交换它们的功能。这个逆向流动的能力使得热泵对室内空气加温或冷却。

　　现在，如果在某些条件下一个热泵输出的热能多于其消耗的电能，则能量守恒法则受到挑战了么?不，丝毫没有：通过蒸发器进入了制冷剂循环的额外热能，可以说明能量平衡上的差异。

　　不幸的是，这里有一个现实的问题。热泵的加热能力随着室外温度的下降而减少，其减少是由于在固定时间内流经压缩机的制冷剂数量上的减少而造成的。热容量和制冷剂质量流动速率成比例：被压缩的制冷剂越少，加载到热机循环中传输的热量越少。在使用单速旋转式压缩机的热泵中，制冷剂气体的体积流动速率近似一个常数。但进入压缩机的制冷剂气体，其冷却的气体压力比热气压力要小。因此，冷的制冷剂气体质量，也就是它携带的热能小于在压缩之前比较热的制冷剂气体的质量。

　　这样，那么热泵存在的真正障碍在于：在极端寒冷气候地区，那里最需要热量，热泵却最不能够提供充足的热量。

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2016-08-11 22:44

Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points — periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one’s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.

　　Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions “What happened?” and “How did it happen?” have given way to the question “Why did it happen?” Prominent among the methods used to answer the question “Why” is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.

　　Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its “facts” not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic tenet of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the “deepest” explanation of any event, that other explanations fall short of the truth.

　　Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history (in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past); it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.

　　1. Which of the following best states the main point of the text?

　　[A] The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.

　　[B] Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.

　　[C] Areas of sociological study such as childhood and work are of little interest to traditional historians.

　　[D] The psychological assessment of an individual’s behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.

　　2. The author mentions which of the following as a characteristic of the practice of psychohistorians?

　　[A] The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic rather than narrative form.

　　[B] Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material are not accessible to other scholars.

　　[C] Past and current events are all placed within the same deterministic diagram.

　　[D] Events in the adult life of a historical figure are seen to be more consequential than are those in the childhood of the figure.

　　3. The author of the text suggests that psychohistorians view history primarily as

　　[A] a report of events, causes, and effects that is generally accepted by historians but which is, for the most part, unverifiable.

　　[B] an episodic account that lacks cohesion because records of the role of childhood, work, and leisure in the lives of historical figures are rare.

　　[C] an uncharted sea of seemingly unexplainable events that have meaning only when examined as discrete units.

　　[D] a record the way in which a closed set of immutable psychological laws seems to have shaped events.

　　4. The author of the text puts the word “deepest” (line 14, paragraph 3) in quotation marks most probably in order to

　　[A] signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistorians’ claims for their work.

　　[B] draw attention to a contradiction in the psychohistorians’ method.

　　[C] emphasize the major difference between the traditional historians’ method and that of psychohistorians.

　　[D] disassociate her opinion of the psychohistorians’ claims from her opinion of their method.

　　5. In presenting her analysis, the author does all of the following EXCEPT.

　　[A] Make general statements without reference to specific examples.

　　[B] Describe some of the criteria employed by traditional historians.

　　[C] Question the adequacy of the psychohistorians’ interpretation of events.

　　[D] Point out inconsistencies in the psychohistorians’ application of their methods.

　　[答案与考点解析]

　　1. 【答案】A

　　【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。从第二段开始出现全文的主要谈论内容，第二段的最后一句出现了全文所谈论的中心“psychohistory”，在第二段中谈到了“psychohistory”的流行性，在第二段和第三段中作者谈到了“psychohistory”缺乏历史科学研究的“严密性和可考证性”。由此分析可见本题的正确选项应该是包含“psychohistory”和“history”概念的选项A。考生在解题时要善于首先捕捉全文的中心主旨句，并通过阅读和理解去把握原文所表达的思想。

　　2. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题。通过题干中的“psychohistorians”可将本题的答案信息确定在第三、四段，但是题干并没有明确指出本题准确的信息来源。但是题干中的“practice”(实践)一词暗示考生本题的答案信息可能在尾段，因为人们一般阐述问题的规律是：从理论谈到实践。如果不出万一本文的尾段应该谈到“psychohistorians”的实践问题。通过阅读尾段，尤其是尾段尾句，我们可得出本题的正确选项应该是C。这道题的难点在于审题定位。审题定位不是一个简单的问题，需要考生对文章的叙述结构和人类的表达习惯有所认识。

　　3. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题。通过题干中的“psychohistorians view history primarily as”可判断本题是要考生找出“psychohistorians”如何看待(view…as)历史(history)，即要考生找出“psychohistorians”对历史的看法和态度。根据行文和表达规律，这道题的答案信息应该在第三段，准确地说在第三段的第五句话，因为这句话包含“history”一词。通过阅读和理解第三段的第四、五、六句话，我们可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是突出“psychological”含义的选项D。考生在解题时一定要注意英语行文和表达的规则。

　　4. 【答案】A

　　【考点解析】这是一道标点符号题。本题题干已将本题的答案信息确定在第三段的倒数第二行。此处引号所表达的含义是“所谓最深刻的”，即实际上是“不深刻的”。故本题的正确选项应该是含有“reservations”(有保留)一词的选项A。考生在破解阅读理解题型时一定要注意标点符号的应用，以及它们所产生的相应的含义。

　　5. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】本题是一道写作手法题型。这是一道比较难的题，旨在考察考生的语言基本功，尤其是写作手法和文章结构方面的知识。本题A、B、C中所涉及的内容可分别在第三段第六、七、八句、第一段第一、二句以及第三段的尾句找到。本文并没有谈到“psychohistorians”在应用自己方法方面的前后矛盾不一致性，故本题的正确选项应该是选项D。考生在解题时应注意原文中常用的写作手法。

　　[参考译文]

　　传统上，历史研究具有固定的界限和焦点——时期、国家、引人注目的事件，和伟大的领袖。在学术过程上的观念也非常清晰和坚定：研究者是如何探究历史问题的，他们是如何展示他们的发现并归纳成文档的，有什么令人信服的足够的证据。

　　凡是注意最近的历史文献的人都能证明在历史研究上正在发生一场革命。目前最流行的题材直接来源于社会学领域：儿童时代，工作，休闲。伴随着新的题材的是新的研究方法。过去的历史主要是叙述性的，现在则完全变成分析性的了。过去的问题是“发生了什么?”和“怎么发生的?”，现在它们则让位给了“为什么会发生?”。在用来回答“为什么”这一问题的方法中，最突出的是心理分析，而对这种方法的使用则导致了心理历史学的兴起。

　　心理历史学并不仅仅在历史环境下使用心理解释。过去，历史学家也总是在适当并有足够证据支持的时候使用这样的解释。但这种对心理学的实用主义的应用并不是心理历史学家所希望的。他们通常不只局限于心理学，而是要使用弗洛伊德的心理分析。这样，就同过去历史学家所理解的历史大相径庭了。心理历史学不是从历史，从事件的详细记录和它们的前因后果中来获取“事实”，而是对造成历史的个人进行心理分析，从中获取“事实”;不是从这些创造历史的人物一生的这个或那个实例中演绎出理论，而是从超越历史的人类本性的角度来推导理论。它否定关于历史证据的基本标准，即：这些证据应该是公众能够了解的，因此，也就是所有历史学家都能够了解的。它还违反了历史学方法的基本原则：历史学家要警惕能够驳倒他们的论题的反面事例。心理历史学家，则相信他们的理论绝对正确，而且确信他们的理论是对任何事件的“最深刻”的解释，而其它的解释都远离真实。

　　心理历史学家并不满足于破坏历史学的规范(在正确研究和书写过去的意义上);它还要破坏过去本身。它否定过去是一个整体并有自身的发展规律，人们在这个整体中出于各种不同的动机行事，事件的发生是由多种原因和影响共同造成的。它把决定当前情况的决定论强加给过去，这就剥夺了人和事件的独特性和复杂性。它不是尊重过去的特殊性，而是把过去和现在的所有事件都吸收到一个单一的决定论模式中，假设这个模式在任意时间和任意环境中都是正确的。

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2016-08-11 22:44

Flatfish, such as the flounder, are among the few vertebrates that lack approximate bilateral symmetry (symmetry in which structures to the left and right of the body’smidline are mirror images). Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement: before maturity one eye migrates, so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. While in most species with asymmetries virtually all adults share the same asymmetry, members of the starry flounder species can be either left-eyed (both eyes on the left side of head) or right-eyed. In the waters between the United States and Japan, the starry flounder populations vary from about 50 percent left-eyed off the United States West Coast, through about 70 percent left-eyed halfway between the United States and Japan, to nearly 100 percent left-eyed off the Japanese coast.

　　Biologists call this kind of gradual variation over a certain geographic range a “cline” and interpret clines as strong indications that the variation is adaptive, a response to environmental differences. For the starry flounder this interpretation implies that a geometric difference (between fish that are mirror images of one another) is adaptive, that left-eyedness in the Japanese starry flounder has been selected for, which provokes a perplexing question: what is the selective advantage in having both eyes on one side rather than on the other?

　　The ease with which a fish can reverse the effect of the sidedness of its eye asymmetry simply by turning around has caused biologists to study internal anatomy, especially the optic nerves, for the answer. In all flatfish the optic nerves cross, so that the right optic nerve is joined to the brain’s left side and vice versa. This crossing introduces an asymmetry, as one optic nerve must cross above or below the other. G. H. Parker reasoned that if, for example, a flatfish’s left eye migrated when the right optic nerve was on top, there would be a twisting of nerves, which might be mechanically disadvantageous. For starry flounders, then, the left-eyed variety would be selected against, since in a starry flounder the left optic nerve is uppermost.

　　The problem with the above explanation is that the Japanese starry flounder population is almost exclusively left-eyed, and natural selection never promotes a purely less advantageous variation. As other explanations proved equally untenable, biologists concluded that there is no important adaptive difference between left-eyedness and right-eyedness, and that the two characteristics are genetically associated with some other adaptively significant characteristic. This situation is one commonly encountered by evolutionary biologists, who must often decide whether a characteristic is adaptive or selectively neutral. As for the left-eyed and right-eyed flatfish, their difference, however striking, appears to be an evolutionary red herring.

　　1. According to the text, starry flounder differ form most other species of flatfish in that starry flounder

　　[A] are not basically bilaterally symmetric.

　　[B] do not become asymmetric until adulthood.

　　[C] do not all share the same asymmetry.

　　[D] have both eyes on the same side of the head.

　　2. Which of the following best describes the organization of the text as a whole?

　　[A] A phenomenon is described and an interpretation presented and rejected.

　　[B] A generalization is made and supporting evidence is supplied and weighed.

　　[C] A contradiction is noted and a resolution is suggested and then modified.

　　[D] A series of observations is presented and explained in terms of the dominant theory.

　　3. The text supplies information for answering which of the following questions?

　　[A] Why are Japanese starry flounder mostly left-eyed?

　　[B] Why should the eye-sidedness in starry flounder be considered selectively neutral?

　　[C] Why have biologists recently become interested in whether a characteristic is adaptive or selectively neutral?

　　[D] How do the eyes in flatfish migrate?

　　4. Which of the following is most clearly similar to a cline as it is described in the second paragraph of the text?

　　[A] A vegetable market in which the various items are grouped according to place of origin.

　　[B] A wheat field in which different varieties of wheat are planted to yield a crop that will bring the maximum profit.

　　[C] A flower stall in which the various species of flowers are arranged according to their price.

　　[D] A housing development in which the length of the front struts supporting the porch of each house increases as houses are built up the hill.

　　5. Which of the following phrases from the text best expresses the author’s conclusion about the meaning of the difference between left-eyed and right-eyed flatfish?

　　[A] “Most striking” (line 3, paragraph 1)

　　[B] “variation is adaptive” (line 2, paragraph 2)

　　[C] “mechanically disadvantageous” (line 7, paragraph 3)

　　[D] “evolutionary red herring” (line 9, paragraph 4)

　　[答案与考点解析]

　　1. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】这是一道细节推导题。根据本题题干中的“most other species”可以把本题的答案信息来源确定在第一段的第三句，从第三句的主从句中可以归纳推导出本题的正确答案C。本句中的“while”一词的含义是“虽然、尽管”，用来表达事物之间的对照对比。考生在解题时一定要首先学会审题定位的基本功。

　　2. 【答案】A

　　【考点解析】这是一道文章具体写作手法题。这是一道比较难的题型，需要考生对文章的叙述结构有深刻的理解。本文第一段介绍了一种现象，第二段和第三段是生物学家对这种现象的解释，第四段是本文作者对生物学家的解释提出否定。可见本题的正确选项是A。考生在解题时一定要注意文章的发展脉络。

　　3. 【答案】B

　　【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位题型。本题的题干没有具体给出寻找答案信息的任何线索。在这种情况下考生一定要牢记原文作者的主要意图。具体来说，本文作者的主要意图是要否定一些生物学家对某种生物现象的解释。相关的内容出现在原文第四段的首句。如果考生能够认识到原文第四段首句在全文中的重要性，就找到了破解本题的方法，再把第三段的尾句和第四段的第二、三句通读并且仔细理解就会找出本题的正确答案B。当然这是一道比较难的题目，需要考生良好的答题素质。希望考生在迷失答题思路的时候，一定要多想一想从原文的中心主旨句和每段的段首句设法破解难题。

　　4. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道词汇理解题。根据原文中的“cline”一词可迅速把本题的答案信息确定在第二段第一句。第二段第一句中的“gradual”、“geographic”、“adaptive”和“environmental differences”等词提供了本题的正确答案D。考生在阅读原文回答问题时，一定要学会识读原文中的相关重要词语。

　　5. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题。根据题干中的“the author’s conclusion”可将本题的答案信息迅速确定在尾段，确切地说就是尾段的最后一句。考生一定要清楚原文作者的结论一般会出现在全文的尾段。本题的正确答案应该是涉及到尾段的选项D。

　　[参考译文]

　　鲆鱼，例如比目鱼，freekaobo.com是少数左右两侧不太对称的脊椎动物之一(左右两侧对称指的是身体中线左右两边的结构为镜象反射)。在成年的比目鱼所具有的众多明显的不对称现象中，最令人震惊的是它的眼睛的位置：在成熟以前，一只眼睛会移动，结果是成年比目鱼的两只眼睛都移动到头部的同一侧。在大多数非对称的物种中，成年个体的非对称性看起来都是相同的，但星形比目鱼种的成员则既可以是眼在左侧的(两只眼都在头部的左侧)，也可以是眼在右侧的。在美国和日本之间的水域中，星形比目鱼的群体组成不断变化，在美国西海岸附近，50%是眼在左侧的，在美国和日本之间的中间位置，70%是眼在左侧的，而到了靠近日本海岸的地方，则几乎百分之百都是眼在左侧的了。

　　生物学家将这种在特定地理区域范围内的逐渐变化称为“渐变群”，并针对渐变群解释说，它强烈地表明这种变化是适应性的，是对环境差异所作出的反应。对于星形比目鱼来说，这种说法暗示形状上的差异(同左右两侧对称的鱼相比)是适应性的，日本的星形比目鱼之所以眼在左侧，是选择的结果，但这又引起了一个令人困惑的问题：两只眼睛都在一侧比两只眼睛分在两侧具有什么选择性的优势呢?

　　鱼只要简单地转个身，就可以使它的眼睛在一侧的不对称性所带来的影响逆转，这是非常容易的，所以生物学家只好去研究内部解剖学，特别是研究视觉神经，以寻求答案。在所有的比目鱼中，视觉神经都是交叉的，右边的视觉神经连接到大脑的左半部，左边的视觉神经连接到大脑的右半部。这种交叉会引起不对称性，因为一条视觉神经必须会在另一条视觉神经的上面，要不就在下面。G·H·帕克对此解释说，举例来说，如果一条比目鱼的右视觉神经在上面而左眼发生了移动，那么两条视觉神经就会扭曲纠缠在一起，这在结构上可能是不利的。于是对于星形比目鱼来说，就不应该选择眼在左侧，因为在星形比目鱼中，左侧的视觉神经是在上面的。

　　上面这种解释的问题是日本的星形比目鱼种群几乎全是眼在左侧的，而大自然的选择则从不推动完全没有有利条件的种属发展。由于其它的解释被证明同样也是站不住脚的，所以生物学家得出了结论，认为眼是在左侧还是在右侧并没有什么重要的适应性差异，这两种特征在遗传上与别的一些有意义的适应性特征相关。研究进化的生物学家经常会遇到这样的情况，他们经常必须判断一个特征究竟是适应性的，还是在选择上中性的。对于眼在左侧的比目鱼和眼在右侧的比目鱼来说，它们的差异虽然很惊人，但这似乎是进化过程中的一个分散人们注意力的不相干的现象。

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