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nanafly

2016-07-21 21:20

2017考博英语翻译模拟试题及答案

考博英语翻译部分看起来简单，其实很容易失分，英译汉是肯定不可以直译的需要直译意译互动原则;汉译英则需要意译法以求信、达和地道。freekaobo整理了2017考博英语翻译平日练习并给出了答案希望考生们根据译文揣摩练习。

As early as 100 years ago，studying abroad was seenas a strategy to strengthen the nationalpower.Now，more and more students crave forstudying abroad.Students nowadays are a bitaimless and casual when craving for studyingabroad, which leads to many problems like exhausting all the savings of their family,wastingtheir youths but ending up by giving up halfway and even becoming trouble-makingstudents”with many bad habits.It's better not follow the current craze of studying abroadblindly and it's most important to choose the direction fit for oneself,for“one can perform wellin any field”.

　　参考翻译：
　　早在100年前，出国留学就被视为一种强国之策。直至今日，越来越多的学生热衷于出国留学。但当下风行的留学热，掺杂着一定的盲目性和随意性，从而导致很多问题的发生，如许多留学生花掉家中积蓄，搭上个人青春，到头来却是半途而废，有的甚至成为恶习缠身的“问题学生。”最好不要盲目地跟随当前的这股出国留学热，选择适合自己的发展方向才是最重要的，因为“三百六十行，行行出状元”。
　　1.被视为:可译为be seen as或be regarded as,beconsidered as等。
　　2.越来越多的:除了用more and more翻译以外，还可以用an increasing number of。
3.留学热:可译为craze of studying abroad。其中craze意为“狂热”。
　　4.恶习缠身的“问题学生”:可译为“trouble-making students”with many bad habits。 5.最好不要盲目跟随„:可译为It's better not follow...blindly。

nanafly

2016-07-21 21:21

Before printing was invented，a scholar had to copy characters one by one if he wanted to publish a new book.During the Northern Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng invented the movable-type printing after many years of experimentation.He engraved the characters on small pieces of clay,and heated them until they became hard movable characters.When print in ga book，people placed the move able characters in order into a whole block and then ran off aprint.After printing, they took the block apart and reused the characters later.This method was both economical and time-saving.China's movable-type printing first spread eastward intoKorea and Japan,then westward into Persia and Egypt,and at last,around the world.The invention of movable-type printing greatly promoted the cultural exchanges among countriesall over the world.

参考翻译

　　印刷术发明之前，想出版新书的学者必须一字一字地抄写。北宋时期，经过多年的实验，毕昇发明了活字印刷术(movable-type printing)。他把汉字刻在一小块泥胚(pieces of clay)上，加热汉字直到其变成硬的活字。印书时,人们按顺序将活字摆在一起，印出印迹。印刷完后，他们把字分开，以后重复使用。这种方法既经济又省时。中国的活字印刷术首先向东传至朝鲜和日本，之后向西传至波斯(Persia)和埃及，最后传遍全球。活字印刷术的发明大大促进了世界各国的文化交流。

　　1.印刷术:可译为printing。

　　2.出版新书:可译为publish a new book。 3.刻:即“雕刻”，可译为engrave。

　　4.泥胚:可译为pieces of clay。clay意为“黏土，陶土”。 5.按顺序:可译为in order。

　　6.向东传至朝鲜和日本:可译为spread eastward into Korea and Japan。

Relativity theory has had a profound influence on our picture of matter by forcing us to modify our concept of a particle in an essential way. (1)(In classical physics, the mass of an object had always been associated with an indestructible material substance, with some “stuff” of which all things were thought to be made.)Relativity theory showed that mass has nothing to do with any substance, but is a form energy. Energy, however, is a dynamic quantity associated with activity, or with processes.(2)(The fact that the mass of a particle is equivalent to a certain of energy means that the particle can no longer be seen as a static object, but has to be conceived as a dynamic pattern, a process involving the energy which manifest itself as the particle’s mass.)

　　(3)(This new view of particles was initiated by Dirac when he formulated a relativistic equation describing the behavior of electrons.) Dirac’s theory was not only extremely successful in accounting for the fine details of atomic structure, but also revealed a fundamental symmetry between matter and anti-matter. It predicted the existence of an anti-matter with the same mass as the electron but with an opposite charge. This positively charged particle, now called the positron, was indeed discovered two years after Dirac had predicted it. The symmetry between matter and anti-matter implies that for every particle there exists an antiparticles with equal mass and opposite charge. Pairs of particles and antiparticles can be created if enough energy is available and can be made to turn into pure energy in the reverse process of destruction.(4)(These processes of particle creation and destruction had been predicted from Dirac’s theory before they were actually discovered in nature, and since then they have been observed millions of times.)

　　The creation of material particles from pure energy is certainly the most spectacular effect of relativity theory, and it can only be understood in terms of the view of particles outlined above.(5)(Before relativistic particle physics, the constituents of matter had always been considered as being either elementary units which were indestructible and unchangeable, or as composite objects which could be broken up into their constituent parts;)and the basic question was whether one could divide matter again and again, or whether one would finally arrive at some smallest indivisible units.

　　全文翻译指导

　　1.在古典物理中，某一物体的质量总是与一种不可毁灭的物质相关联。这是一种构成一切物质的“东西”。

　　2.某一粒子的质量相当于一定的能量，这一事实意味着该粒子不再被看作是一个静态的物体，而应该被看成是一种动态的形式，一种与能量表现为粒子质量相关的过程。

　　3.这一新的粒子观是由迪拉克首创的，他列出了描述电子运动行为的相对论方程。

　　4.粒子生成和毁灭的过程在真正被发现之前，迪拉克的理论已经对它们作出了预测，从那时起人们对此做过数百万次的观测。

　　5.在相对论粒子物理学诞生之前，人们一直以为物质的构成成分要么是不可毁灭和不可改变的基本单位，要么是可以分解为其构成部分的合成物。

　　总体分析

　　本文是一篇关于粒子物理理论的文章。

　　第一段：指出相对论改变了我们的粒子概念，从而影响了我们对物质的理解。

　　第二段：指出这一粒子观点是由迪拉克首创的，他的理论揭示了物质和反物质的基本对称。该理论已经得到了证实。

　　第三段：纯能量创造物质粒子是相对论最惊人的影响。相对论观点的粒子物理学改变了人们对于物质的看法和理解。

　　本文是一篇科普性说明文，属于正式文体。考生首要的任务是清楚地分析句子结构，并结合自己的物理常识准确把握生疏词汇，在此基础上完成翻译。本题考核的知识点：(一)被动语态。(二)定语，包括定语从句，分词作定语。(三)状语从句

nanafly

2016-07-21 21:21

There is no question that science-fiction writers have become more ambitious, stylistically and thematically, in recent years. (1) (But this may have less to do with the luring call of academic surroundings than with changing market conditions—a factor that academic critics rarely take into account.) Robert Silverberg, a former president of The Science Fiction Writers of America, is one of the most prolific professionals in a field dominated by people who actually write for a living. (Unlike mystery or Western writers, most science-fiction writers cannot expect to cash in on fat movie sales or TV tie-ins.) (2) (Still in his late thirties, Silverberg has published more than a hundred books, and he is disarmingly frank about the relationship between the quality of genuine prose and the quality of available outlet. )By his own account, he was “an annoyingly verbal young man” from Brooklyn who picked up his first science-fiction book at the age of ten, started writing seriously at the age of thirteen, and at seventeen nearly gave up in despair over his inability to break into the pulp magazines. (3)( At his parents’ urging, he enrolled in Columbia University, so that, if worst came to worst, he could always go to the School of Journalism and “get a nice steady job somewhere”.) During his sophomore year, he sold his first science-fiction story to a Scottish magazine named Nebula. By the end of his junior year, he had sold a novel and twenty more stories. (4) (By the end of his senior year, he was earning two hundred dollars a week writing science fiction, and his parents were reconciled to his pursuit of the literary life. )“I became very cynical very quickly,” he says. First I couldn’t sell anything, then I could sell everything. The market played to my worst characteristics. An editor of a schlock magazine would call up to tell me he had a ten-thousand-word hole to fill in his next issue. I’d fill it overnight for a hundred and fifty dollars. I found that rewriting made no difference. (5)( I knew I could not possibly write the kinds of things I admired as a reader—Joyce, Kafka, Mann—so I detached myself from my work.) I was a phenomenon among my friends in college, a published, selling author. But they always asked, “When are you going to do something serious?” —meaning something that wasn’t science fiction—and I kept telling them, “ When I’m financially secure.”

　　参考答案

　　1.但是这一点与其说是与学术环境具有诱惑力的召唤有关，还不如说是与变化的市场状况有关——一这是一个学术评论家很少考虑的因素。

　　2.还不到四十岁，西尔弗伯格就已出版了一百多本书籍，而他对真正散文的质量与应时之作的质量之间的关系十分坦诚，毫无掩饰。

　　3.在他双亲的敦促下，他报考了哥伦比亚大学，所以即便最糟他也能进入新闻学校，“将来总可以有一份稳定的好工作。”

　　4.到大四结束的时候，他每星期写科幻小说已经可以赚两百美元了，而他的双亲也接受了他对于文学生涯的追求。

　　5.我知道我写不出作为读者的我所喜欢的东西，就像乔伊斯、卡夫卡、曼恩的作品，所以我不再那么关注我所写的东西。

　　总体分析

　　本文介绍了科幻小说家罗伯特·西尔弗伯格。文章先指出科幻小说的繁荣与市场需求关系紧密，接着通过介绍多产的科幻小说家西尔弗伯格的创作经历予以说明。

　　本文考查的知识点：后置定语、插入语、比较结构、同位语、上下文中词义的选择，等。

Economics, as we know it, is the social science concerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. Economists focus on the way in which individuals, groups, business enterprises, and governments seek to achieve efficiently any economic objective they select. (1) Other fields of study also contribute to this knowledge: Psychology and ethics try to explain how objectives are formed, history records changes in human objectives, and sociology interprets human behavior in social contexts.

　　Standard economics can be divided into two major fields. (2) The first, price theory or microeconomics, explains how the interplay of supply and demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of individual prices, wage rates, profit margins, and rental changes. Microeconomics assumes that people behave rationally. Consumers try to spend their income in ways that give them as much pleasure as possible. As economists say, they maximize utility. For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract from their operations.

　　The second field, macroeconomics, deals with modern explanations of national income and employment. Macroeconomics dates from the book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1935), by the British economist John Maynard Keynes. His explanation of prosperity and depression centers on the total or aggregate demand for goods and services by consumers, business investors, and governments, (3) Because, according to Keynes, inadequate total demand increases unemployment, the indicated cure is either more investment by businesses or more spending and consequently larger budget deficits by government.

　　Economic issues have occupied people’s minds throughout the ages. (4) Aristotle and Plato in ancient Greece wrote about problems of wealth, property, and trade, both of whom were prejudiced against commerce, feeling that to live by trade was undesirable. The Romans borrowed their economic ideas from the Greeks and showed the same contempt for trade. (5) During the Middle Ages the economic ideas of the Roman Catholic church were expressed in the law of the church, which condemned the taking of interest for money loaned and regarded commerce as inferior to agriculture.

　　Economics as a subject of modern study, distinguishable from moral philosophy and politics, dates from the work, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), by the Scottish philosopher and economist Adam Smith. Mercantilism and physiocracy were precursors of the classical economics of Smith and his 19th-century successors.

　　答案解析

　　1.其他领域的研究也有助于对此的理解：心理学和伦理学试图解释目标是如何形成的，历史记录着人们所追求的目标的变化，社会学则从社会环境的角度来解释人们的行为。

　　2.第一个领域，价格理论或微观经济学，解释在竞争的市场中供需间的相互作用是怎样导致了大量的个别价格、工资率、利润空间和租金的变化。

　　3.因为，按照凯恩斯的理论，不充分的总体需求会增加失业，建议的解决方式是企业扩大投资或政府增加开支，继而增加预算赤字。

　　4.古希腊的亚里士多德和柏图都在著作中谈到财富、财产和贸易问题，两人都对商业持有偏见，认为靠生意来谋生是不足取的。

　　5.在中世纪，罗马天主教会的经济学思想表达在其教法中，教法谴责从借贷中获利的行为，并认为商业地位劣于农业。

　　总体分析

　　本文主要介绍了经济学的研究发展历史。

　　第一段：经济学的定义及研究对象。

　　第二、三段：经济学的两大领域：微观经济学和宏观经济学。

　　第四、五段：经济学研究的古代和现代理论。

nanafly

2016-07-21 21:21

　(1)(Any discussion of the American educational system would be less than complete if it did not mention the emphasis that many colleges and universities place upon the nonacademic, social,“extracurricular”aspect of education, often defined as personal growth.) Perhaps a useful way of viewing the notion of personal growth would be to picture the very large and general term“education” as being all-embracing, including as subsets within it academic and nonacademic components.

　　This may be one of the most difficult concepts to convey to someone who is not intimately familiar with American higher education. Few educational systems in other countries place the same emphasis on this blend of academic and personal education. The majority of colleges and universities in the United States make some attempt to integrate personal and intellectual growth in the undergraduate years. (2)( If the ultimate goal of undergraduate education in America were simply to convey a set body of knowledge, the term of studies could undoubtedly be reduced. )Yet the terms of studies are extended in order to give students a chance to grow and develop in other ways.

　　Numerous opportunities are made available to students to become involved in sports, student government, musical and dramatic organizations, and countless other organized and individual activities designed to enhance one’s personal growth and provide some recreation and enjoyment outside of the classroom. (3)(Experience with campus organizations and off-campus community involvement can be highly valuable in preparing international students for future leadership in their professional field upon their return home.)

　　The typical American college’s support for extracurricular activity is perhaps unique in the world, This special educational dimension, beyond the classroom and laboratory experience, does not mean that extracurricular participation is required to gain an American degree. It remains an entirely optional activity, but (4)(it is noted here because Americans have traditionally viewed success in one’s role as a citizen as closely linked to a “well-rounded”life that incorporates a variety of social, athletic, and cultural activities into a person’s experience.)

　　A great many American campuses and communities have organized special extracurricular activities for students from other countries. (5)(On most campuses, one can find an international club, which includes Americans,)where students can get to know and learn socially from students from other countries, as well as Americans. International students are almost always invited, through organized hospitality activities, into the homes of Americans living in or outside the academic community.

　　参考翻译

　　1.如果对美国教育体系的讨论未能涉及许多学院及大学教育中非学术性的、社会的及“课程外”的方面，即其对个性成长的重视，那么这种讨论就不全面。

　　2.假如美国本科教育的最终目的只是传授一定量的知识，那么学习的期限无疑就可以缩短。

　　3.参与校园内的各种组织活动和校外团体活动的经验在培养国际学生归国后在其专业领域发挥领导作用方面是极有价值的。

　　4.在这里特别提到的是因为美国人历来认为，一个人作为社会公民的成功是与包括各种各样的社会、体育和文化活动的个人经历的全方位的生活紧密相关的。

　　5.在大多数的校园里都有国际俱乐部，成员包括美国学生。在俱乐部里，学生(包括美国学生)通过与来自其他国家的学生的社会交往相互认识并学习。

　　总体分析

　　本文主要介绍了美国教育系统注重培养学生课外活动能力，促进学生个性发展的特点。

　　第一至二段：指出美国本科教育努力将个性发展和智力发展相结合。

　　第三至五段：这种教育特点与美国人关于成功的社会公民的观念相关，并有利于培养国际学生的领导和交际能力。

nanafly

2016-07-21 21:22

The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying： “Won‘t the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?”

参考翻译

　　世界正在经历一场前所未有的巨大的并购浪潮。这个浪潮从异常活跃的美国席卷到欧洲，并以不可比拟的威力影响到正在崛起的国家。这些国家的许多人面对这个浪潮开始忧虑：“企业合并的浪潮会不会变成一股不可控制的反竞争的力量?”

nanafly

2016-07-21 21:22

　There’s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina， for instance， after the reforms of the early 1990s， multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms， of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.

　　无疑，大企业正在变得更大、更强。跨国公司在1982年只占有国际贸易不到20%的份额。而现在，这个数字上升到25%强，并且还在迅速上升。在那些对外开放并鼓励外资的国家的经济中国际分公司在国民生产中成为一个快速增长的部门。比如，在阿根廷，经过90年代初的改革之后，跨国公司在200家大型企业的工业生产中从43%增加到几乎70%。这个现象造成了人们对小型企业和民族资本的作用以及世界经济的最终稳定的严重忧虑。

nanafly

2016-07-21 21:22

　I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process： falling transportation and communication costs， lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers‘ demands. All these are beneficial， not detrimental， to consumers. As productivity grows， the world’s wealth increases.

　　我认为，推动这股巨大的并购浪潮的最主要的力量，也是推动全球化进程的力量，包括日趋下降的运输与通讯费用，较低的贸易与投资壁垒，以及市场的扩大和为满足市场需求而进行的扩大生产。所有这些对消费者来说都有益而无害的。随着生产力的提高，世界的财富也在增长

nanafly

2016-07-22 21:17

Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the US， when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies， such as World Com， hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary， the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars， too， concentration is increasing — witness Daimler and Chrysler， Renault and Nissan — but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.

　　目前证明这股合并浪潮是带来利还是弊的实例并不多。但是很难想像当今的几个石油公司的合并是否会重新造成约100年前美国标准石油公司对竞争造成的同样的威胁，那时由于人们对该公司的这种担心而导致了它最终的解散。像世界通讯这样的通讯公司合并似乎没有给消费者带来更高的价格，或者降低技术进步的速度。相反，通信的价格在迅速下降。在汽车行业，合并也同样在增加——比如戴姆勒与克莱斯勒，雷诺与尼桑的合并——但消费者看起来并未受到伤害。

nanafly

2016-07-22 21:18

Theories of the value of art are of two kinds, which we may call extrinsic and intrinsic. The first regards art and the appreciation of art as means to some recognized moral good, while the second regards them as valuable not instrumentally but as objects unto themselves. It is characteristic of extrinsic theories to locate the value of art in its effects on the person who appreciates it. Art is held to be a form of education, perhaps an education of the emotions. In this case, it becomes an open question whether there might not be some more effective means to the same result. Alternatively, one may attribute a negative value to art, as Plato did in his Republic, arguing that art has a corrupting or diseducative effect on those exposed to it.

　　The extrinsic approach, adopted in modern times by Leo Tolstoy in What Is Art in 1896, has seldom seemed wholly satisfactory. Philosophers have constantly sought for a value in aesthetic experience that is unique to it and that, therefore, could not be obtained from any other source. The extreme version of this intrinsic approach is that associated with Walter Pater, Oscar Wilde, and the French Symbolists, and summarized in the slogan “art for art’s sake”. Such thinkers and writers believe that art is not only an end in itself but also a sufficient justification of itself. They also hold that in order to understand art as it should be understood, it is necessary to put aside all interests other than an interest in the work itself.

　　Between those two extreme views there lies, once again, a host of intermediate positions. We believe, for example, that works of art must be appreciated for their own sake, but that, in the act of appreciation, we gain from them something that is of independent value.(50)Thus a joke is laughed at for its own sake, even though there is an independent value in laughter, which lightens our lives by taking us momentarily outside ourselves. Why should not something similar be said of works of art, many of which aspire to be amusing in just the way that good jokes are?

　　答案

　　46.或者，人们可能会认为艺术具有负面的影响，像柏拉图在《理想国》一书中所认为的那样，艺术会影响那些接触它的人，使其堕落，或起不到教化作用。

　　47.哲学家们一直在不懈地探索审美体验中的价值。这种价值是独一无二的，因此不能从别处获得。

　　48.他们还相信，为了以理解艺术的方式去理解艺术，必须放弃对其他方面的关注而只关注艺术作品本身。

　　49.比如，我们认为艺术作品必须作为艺术品被人们欣赏，但是我们在欣赏艺术作品时也能从中获得一些具有独立价值的东西。

　　50.因此，笑话是因为其本身而可笑，尽管笑声中有一种独立的价值，这一价值通过使我们在片刻中脱离自己而燃亮了我们的生命。

　　总体分析

　　本文是一篇关于艺术的价值的文章。其中主要论述的是唯美主义的“为艺术而艺术”的观点。

　　第一段：提出了艺术价值的两种理论，即内在理论和外在理论。对这两种理论做了具体阐释，并引出了对艺术效果的疑问。

　　第二段：指出列夫·托尔斯泰的外在理论不能令人满意，哲学家们一直关注探索的是艺术自身的价值体验。在该段中，作者引用了奥斯卡·瓦尔德以及法国象征主义的观点。

　　第三段：在两种极端的观点之间，有一种居中的观点，即艺术作品必须作为他们本身而被体验，但是在体验的过程中，我们又确实得到了一些东西。该段作者用了例证法，以“玩笑”的价值为例来证明自己的观点。

　　文章学术性较强，属于正式文体，因此长句、复合句颇多，其中引入了一些学术界人士的观点，所以有很大难度。通过该文章的阅读，考生应懂得拓宽知识面的重要性。

　　文章考查的知识点主要有：被动语态。状语，包括现在分词做状语、方式状语从句、目的状语从句和让步状语从句。定语从句。it做形式主语。

　　试题精解

　　46.[精解] 本题考核知识点：现在分词做状语、as引导的方式状语从句、定语从句的翻译。

　　该句的主干成分是one may attribute a negative value to art，主语是泛指代词one，可译为“人们”。As引导的从句做方式状语，可译为“如同……，像……”。Arguing部分是现在分词做伴随状语，可以把它译成与主句并列的结构。句中的those 指代的是人，紧跟其后的exposed做后置定语修饰those，翻译时，按照汉语习惯，应该将定语提前。

　　词汇：Alternatively表示二者择一，可以译成“或者，要不”。Attribute ..to“认为……属于”，在这里可以转译为“认为……具有”。Diseducative是educative的反义词，dis-是否定前缀，因此可以译为“起不到教化作用的”。Exposed本意是“暴露的”，在这里引申译成“接触”。

　　47.[精解] 本题考核知识点：并列定语从句的翻译

　　句子主干是Philosophers have constantly sought for a value in aesthetic experience，其后是两个由that引导的并列的定语从句。需注意的是：这两个定语从句修饰的先行词是value而非aesthetic experience。在英语语言中，为了避免头重脚轻常将较长的定语后置;在译成汉语时，要么遵从汉语习惯还原到名词之前，要么为了避免冗长的定语影响阅读，可以采用拆译法，将它们译成独立的两个并列分句。这里采用第二种方法。

　　词汇：constantly“不变的，经常的”，在这里用来修饰“哲学家们的探索和寻找”，应该译成“一直或坚持不懈地”。aesthetic experience“审美体验”，unique“独一无二的”。Other source可直译为“其他来源”，也可意译为“别处”。

　　48.[精解] 本题考核知识点：目的状语从句、方式状语从句、it作形式主语的翻译。

　　该句的主干成分是they hold that…，that引导的宾语从句的主干是it is necessary to…。其中，it 做形式主语，真正的主语是to put aside…，翻译时应该直接译出真实主语的内容。在这里，将necessary一词的翻译提前更能突出“放弃”这一词的重要性。此外，宾语从句前面部分是一个目的状语从句in order to…，可以译成“为了……”。该目的状语中又包含了一个方式状语as it should be understood，as应译成“以……的方式”。

　　词汇：hold根据上下文译为“认为，坚信”。put aside原意是“忘记，不考虑，抛弃”，在文中和interests搭配应译为“放弃”。interest原意为“无趣，爱好”，根据上下文译为“关注”。

　　49.[精解] 本题考核知识点：并列宾语从句、定语从句、重点词组的翻译。

　　该句主干是we believe that…, but that…。其中but 连接两个并列分句，二者之间为转折关系，在后一分句中包含了一个定语从句，即that is of independent value修饰不定代词something。

　　词汇：For one’s own sake为了某人自己的利益，这里应根据上下文活译成“作为艺术”。of independent value在这里是介词短语做定语，直译为“具有独立价值的”。

　　50.[精解] 本题考核知识点：被动语态、让步状语从句、定语从句的翻译

　　该句的主干是a joke is laughed at for its own sake，even though 引导的是让步状语从句，译为“尽管……”，翻译时，为了突出强调状语部分，可根据汉语习惯将其前置至句首。Which引导定语从句修饰laughter，因为定语部分较长，所以应该将其拆译成独立的一部分。

　　词汇：lighten燃亮，照亮，该动词由形容词light转化而来。词性发生变化，词义有所保留。Momentarily片刻的。

　　全文翻译

　　艺术价值理论有两种，我们称之为外在理论和内在理论。前者将艺术和对艺术的欣赏看作是达到某种公认的道德利益的手段;而后者看到的不是它们工具性的价值而是投向自身物体的价值。将艺术价值定位于其对艺术欣赏者的影响上是外在理论的特点。艺术被认为是一种教育形式，也许是一种情感教育。在这种情况下，是否有一些达到同样效果的更有效的方法还没有定论。或者，人们也许认为艺术有负面价值，正如柏拉图在他的《理想国》一书里所认为的那样，艺术会影响那些接触它的人，使其堕落，或起不到教化作用。

　　现代社会中被列夫托尔斯泰吸收进1896年出版的《艺术论》一书中的外在理论，很少看起来完全令人满意。哲学家们一直在不懈地探索唯美体验中的价值。这种价值是独一无二的，因此不能从别处获得。这种内在理论的极端版本与华特·佩特、奥斯卡·王尔德及法国印象主义者联系在一起，并将这一理论概括成这样的口号：“为艺术而艺术”。这些思想家和作家相信：艺术不仅仅是它自身的终结也是对其自身的充分证明。他们还相信，为了以理解艺术的方式去相信理解艺术，必须放弃对其他方面的关注而只关注艺术作品本身。

　　在这两种极端的观点之间，有一些折中的观点。比如，我们认为艺术作品必须作为艺术而被人们欣赏，但是我们在欣赏艺术作品时也能从中获得一些独立的价值。因此，笑话是因为其本身而可笑，尽管笑声中有独立的价值，这一价值又通过使我们在片刻中脱离自己而燃亮了我们的生命。为什么不可以用相似的事情来说明艺术作品呢，许多艺术作品渴望着与好的笑话一样具有娱乐性。

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2016-08-08 23:34

The Englishman has been called a political animal, and he values what is political and practical so much that ideas easily become objects of dislike in his eyes, and thinkers, miscreants, because practice is everything, a free play of the mind is nothing.(46) The notion of the free play of the mind upon all subjects being a pleasure in itself, being an object of desire, being an essential provider of elements without which a nation’s spirit, whatever compensations it may have for them, must in the long run, die of emptiness, hardly enters into an Englishman’s thoughts. It is noticeable that the word curiosity, which in other languages is used in a good sense, to mean, as a high and fine quality of man’s nature, just this disinterested love of a free play of the mind on all subjects, for its own sake—it is noticeable, I say, that this word has in our language no sense of the kind, no sense but a rather bad and disparaging one. But criticism, real criticism, is essentially the exercise of this very quality. (47)It obeys an instinct prompting it to try to know the best that is known and thought in the world, irrespectively of practice, politics, and everything of the kind; and to value knowledge and thought as they approach this best, without the intrusion of any other considerations whatever. (48)This is an instinct for which there is, I think, little original sympathy in the practical English nature, and what there was of it has undergone a long benumbing period of blight and suppression in the epoch of Romanticism.

　　(49)It is of the last importance that English criticism should clearly discern what rule for its course, in order to avail itself of the field now opening to it, and to produce fruit for the future, it ought to take. The rule may be summed up in one word-disinterestedness. And how is criticism to show disinterestedness? By keeping aloof from what is called “the practical view of things”; by resolutely following the law of its own nature, which is to be a free play of the mind on all subjects which it touches. (50)By steadily refusing to lend itself to any of those concealed, political, practical considerations about ideas, which plenty of people will be sure to attach to them, but which criticism has really nothing to do with. Its business is, as I have said, simply to know the best that is known and thought in the world, and by in its turn making this known, to create a current of true and fresh ideas. Its business is to do this with inflexible honesty, with due ability; but its business is to do no more.

　　答案

　　46.对所有事物的自由思考本身就是一种乐趣，一种愿望，为民族精神提供了赖以生存的重要因素。离开这些因素，不管有其他什么样的补偿，一个国家的民族精神终究将会由于空洞而消逝。但是这种认识很难进入英国人的思想。

　　47.它遵循一种本能，促使它不考虑实践、政治和所有类似的事物，汲取世界上知识和思想的精华;并且促使它在这个过程中不受任何其他考虑的侵扰，珍视知识和思想。

　　48.好奇是一种本能，但我认为，英国人讲究实际的本性中几乎找不到这一本能的痕迹;而且仅存的求知欲也在浪漫主义时代里，经历了长期的不良影响和压制而变得麻木了。

　　49.至关重要的是，英国的批评界若想利用向它敞开的领域，若想在将来有所收获，必须清楚应该为自己的发展道路选择什么样的原则。

　　50.方法便是：坚决不为那些隐秘的、政治的和功利的观点服务，尽管很多人肯定会依附于这些观点，但批评活动却与它们毫不相干。

　　总体分析

　　英国人素来看重政治和实际，而忽视自由思想和对事物的好奇心。然而对于批评界来说，他们的驱动力应该是对世界了解的欲望，而不是政治和实际。英国的批评界若想有所作为，必须清楚应该采取什么样的原则。按照作者的主张，英国的批评界应该以求知、传播和创新思想为己任，杜绝任何政治和功利因素的影响。

　　试题精解

　　46.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是：现在分词做定语、从句镶嵌的复杂结构、词义的选择。

　　该句的主要结构是：The notion … hardly enters into an Englishman’s thoughts。notion后面连用了三个being现在分词定语，可译为简单的主谓句。但是，第三个分词状语中出现了一个定语从句修饰限定elements，而这个从句中又镶嵌了由whatever引导的状语从句，因此需要拆译，让它们独立成句。由于主干的谓语部分放在了最后，与主语空间上分离较大，需要按照汉语习惯，把原句的主干分离出来单译。除此以外，少数地方需要意译，使译文更顺畅，如：the free play of the mind可意译为“自由思考”。

　　词汇方面：subject，“事物，对象”;provider意为“提供者”，该处可译为“源泉”;emptiness，“空洞，无意义”;固定短语in the long run表示“长远看来，久而久之”。

　　47.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是：较长后置定语、介词短语作状语

　　该句子的主干是It obeys an instict，现在分词结构prompting it to try to know… and to value knowledge and thought做后置定语。该分词结构中含有两个并列的不定式to try和to value，并且分别接有两个介词短语irrespectively of …和without …做状语。根据汉语习惯，将状语提前翻译。

　　词汇方面：prompt做动词，意为“促使，导致，激起”;irrespective of“不考虑，不管，不受……影响”;approach取其抽象含义，即“(思考问题的)方式、方法、态度”;inrusion“侵犯，侵扰”。

　　48.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是：代词指代、长串定语、词性变化。

　　该句子由and并列连接的两个分句组成。前一分句中，This指代上文中的curiosity，“好奇心、求知欲”。定语从句for which……修饰限定instinct，翻译时采用后置法。后一分句是个复合句，其结构比较简单，主要问题是一些结构和词义的灵活处理。what there was of it做主语，后面紧跟着谓语。宾语period前面有定语a long benumbing，后面也有定语 blight and suppression…，由于定语很长、名词中心语很短，而且这个名词中心语period比较特殊，它和定语的修饰限定关系是可逆的，因此翻译时可以把period作为定语，原文中的定语则译为中心名词。翻译定语benumbing时，词性发生转换，形容词译为动词“变得麻木”。

　　词汇方面：sympathy的英文释义是share the feelings of others; feeling of pity or sorrow for sth.，因此它不仅表示“同情”，还可以表示“认同，共鸣”，但是这些词义与原文搭配起来都不顺畅，因此可以弱化sympathy，而强化original含义中的origin，这句话可以译为“能够找到……的痕迹”。benumbing来自动词benumb，表示“使……变得麻木、迟钝”;blight，“不良影响”;suppression，“压抑、压制”;epoch，“时代、时期”。

　　49.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是：主语从句、宾语从句、词义选择。

　　it是形式主语，指代that引导的主语从句，可以有两种处理方法：1)……(主语从句)，这是极其重要的;2)极其重要的是……(主语从句中的内容)。在主语从句中，discern的宾语为what rule for its course …it ought to take，中间插入的是两个并列不定式做目的状语。

　　词汇方面： of the last importance“极端重要，极其重要”;动词词组avail oneself of sth.表示“利用、使用……”。

　　50.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是：定语从句。

　　这句话是一个介宾结构，和上一句都是由介词by引导，表示方法途径，回答And how is criticism to show the disinterestedness?介宾结构有两个并列的定语从句which … but which …，修饰ideas，翻译时可采用后置法，做两个单独的主谓句。

　　词汇方面：lend itself to sth.表示“适合于某物”，此处可活译为“被……利用，屈从于……”。

　　全文翻译

　　英国人历来被称为政治动物，他们如此重视政治和实际的东西，以至于在他们眼中思想会很容易成为他们眼中讨厌的对象，而思想家也会成恶人。因为实际就是一切，自由的思想一文不值。对所有事物的自由思考本身就是一种乐趣，一种愿望，为民族精神提供了赖以生存的重要因素。离开这些因素，不管有其他什么样的补偿，一个国家的民族精神终究将会由于空洞而消逝。但是这种认识很难进入英国人的思想。值得注意的是，“好奇”这个词在其他语言中被用作褒义，意思是人性中高尚和美好的品质，即出于对所有事物一律给予自由思考的热爱。我说值得注意，是指“好奇”这个词在我们的语言中没有这种含义，而且还是糟糕的和贬损的含义。但是批评，真正的批评，本质上却正是这种品质的运用。它遵循一种本能，促使它不考虑实践、政治和所有类似的事物，试图汲取世界上知识和思想的精华;并且促使它在这个过程中不受任何其他考虑的侵扰，珍视知识和思想。好奇是一种本能，但我认为，英国人讲究实际的本性中几乎找不到这一本能的痕迹。仅存的求知欲也在浪漫主义时代里，经历了长期的不良影响和压制而变得麻木了。

　　至关重要的是，英国的批评界若想利用向它敞开的领域，若想在将来有所收获，必须清楚应该为自己的发展道路选择什么样的原则。这种原则可以概括为一个词——客观。如何通过批评来表现客观呢?方法便是：远离所谓的“实际的观点”;坚决遵循自身的法则，即自由思考所有接触到的事物。坚决不为那些隐秘的、政治的和功利的观点服务，尽管很多人肯定会依附于这些观点，但批评活动却与它们毫不相干。正如我所提到的，好奇所要做的只是了解已知的和已经想到的最好的事物，接着将它公之于众，从而创造一股真实而新颖的思潮。它所要做的是用不变的诚实和应有的能力来完成上述行为，并且再无其他内容。

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2016-08-08 23:35

Theories of the value of art are of two kinds, which we may call extrinsic and intrinsic. The first regards art and the appreciation of art as means to some recognized moral good, while the second regards them as valuable not instrumentally but as objects unto themselves. It is characteristic of extrinsic theories to locate the value of art in its effects on the person who appreciates it. Art is held to be a form of education, perhaps an education of the emotions. In this case, it becomes an open question whether there might not be some more effective means to the same result. (46) Alternatively, one may attribute a negative value to art, as Plato did in his Republic, arguing that art has a corrupting or diseducative effect on those exposed to it.

　　The extrinsic approach, adopted in modern times by Leo Tolstoy in What Is Art in 1896, has seldom seemed wholly satisfactory. (47)Philosophers have constantly sought for a value in aesthetic experience that is unique to it and that, therefore, could not be obtained from any other source. The extreme version of this intrinsic approach is that associated with Walter Pater, Oscar Wilde, and the French Symbolists, and summarized in the slogan “art for art’s sake”. Such thinkers and writers believe that art is not only an end in itself but also a sufficient justification of itself. (48)They also hold that in order to understand art as it should be understood, it is necessary to put aside all interests other than an interest in the work itself.

　　Between those two extreme views there lies, once again, a host of intermediate positions. (49)We believe, for example, that works of art must be appreciated for their own sake, but that, in the act of appreciation, we gain from them something that is of independent value.(50)Thus a joke is laughed at for its own sake, even though there is an independent value in laughter, which lightens our lives by taking us momentarily outside ourselves. Why should not something similar be said of works of art, many of which aspire to be amusing in just the way that good jokes are?

　　答案

　　46.或者，人们可能会认为艺术具有负面的影响，像柏拉图在《理想国》一书中所认为的那样，艺术会影响那些接触它的人，使其堕落，或起不到教化作用。

　　47.哲学家们一直在不懈地探索审美体验中的价值。这种价值是独一无二的，因此不能从别处获得。

　　48.他们还相信，为了以理解艺术的方式去理解艺术，必须放弃对其他方面的关注而只关注艺术作品本身。

　　49.比如，我们认为艺术作品必须作为艺术品被人们欣赏，但是我们在欣赏艺术作品时也能从中获得一些具有独立价值的东西。

　　50.因此，笑话是因为其本身而可笑，尽管笑声中有一种独立的价值，这一价值通过使我们在片刻中脱离自己而燃亮了我们的生命。

　　总体分析

　　本文是一篇关于艺术的价值的文章。其中主要论述的是唯美主义的“为艺术而艺术”的观点。

　　第一段：提出了艺术价值的两种理论，即内在理论和外在理论。对这两种理论做了具体阐释，并引出了对艺术效果的疑问。

　　第二段：指出列夫·托尔斯泰的外在理论不能令人满意，哲学家们一直关注探索的是艺术自身的价值体验。在该段中，作者引用了奥斯卡·瓦尔德以及法国象征主义的观点。

　　第三段：在两种极端的观点之间，有一种居中的观点，即艺术作品必须作为他们本身而被体验，但是在体验的过程中，我们又确实得到了一些东西。该段作者用了例证法，以“玩笑”的价值为例来证明自己的观点。

　　文章学术性较强，属于正式文体，因此长句、复合句颇多，其中引入了一些学术界人士的观点，所以有很大难度。通过该文章的阅读，考生应懂得拓宽知识面的重要性。

　　文章考查的知识点主要有：(一)被动语态。(二)状语，包括现在分词做状语、方式状语从句、目的状语从句和让步状语从句。(三)定语从句。(四)it做形式主语。

　　试题精解

　　46.[精解] 本题考核知识点：现在分词做状语、as引导的方式状语从句、定语从句的翻译。

　　该句的主干成分是one may attribute a negative value to art，主语是泛指代词one，可译为“人们”。As引导的从句做方式状语，可译为“如同……，像……”。Arguing部分是现在分词做伴随状语，可以把它译成与主句并列的结构。句中的those 指代的是人，紧跟其后的exposed做后置定语修饰those，翻译时，按照汉语习惯，应该将定语提前。

　　词汇：Alternatively表示二者择一，可以译成“或者，要不”。Attribute ..to“认为……属于”，在这里可以转译为“认为……具有”。Diseducative是educative的反义词，dis-是否定前缀，因此可以译为“起不到教化作用的”。Exposed本意是“暴露的”，在这里引申译成“接触”。

　　47.[精解] 本题考核知识点：并列定语从句的翻译

　　句子主干是Philosophers have constantly sought for a value in aesthetic experience，其后是两个由that引导的并列的定语从句。需注意的是：这两个定语从句修饰的先行词是value而非aesthetic experience。在英语语言中，为了避免头重脚轻常将较长的定语后置;在译成汉语时，要么遵从汉语习惯还原到名词之前，要么为了避免冗长的定语影响阅读，可以采用拆译法，将它们译成独立的两个并列分句。这里采用第二种方法。

　　词汇：constantly“不变的，经常的”，在这里用来修饰“哲学家们的探索和寻找”，应该译成“一直或坚持不懈地”。aesthetic experience“审美体验”，unique“独一无二的”。Other source可直译为“其他来源”，也可意译为“别处”。

　　48.[精解] 本题考核知识点：目的状语从句、方式状语从句、it作形式主语的翻译。

　　该句的主干成分是they hold that…，that引导的宾语从句的主干是it is necessary to…。其中，it 做形式主语，真正的主语是to put aside…，翻译时应该直接译出真实主语的内容。在这里，将necessary一词的翻译提前更能突出“放弃”这一词的重要性。此外，宾语从句前面部分是一个目的状语从句in order to…，可以译成“为了……”。该目的状语中又包含了一个方式状语as it should be understood，as应译成“以……的方式”。

　　词汇：hold根据上下文译为“认为，坚信”。put aside原意是“忘记，不考虑，抛弃”，在文中和interests搭配应译为“放弃”。interest原意为“无趣，爱好”，根据上下文译为“关注”。

　　49.[精解] 本题考核知识点：并列宾语从句、定语从句、重点词组的翻译。

　　该句主干是we believe that…, but that…。其中but 连接两个并列分句，二者之间为转折关系，在后一分句中包含了一个定语从句，即that is of independent value修饰不定代词something。

　　词汇：For one’s own sake为了某人自己的利益，这里应根据上下文活译成“作为艺术”。of independent value在这里是介词短语做定语，直译为“具有独立价值的(东西)”。

　　50.[精解] 本题考核知识点：被动语态、让步状语从句、定语从句的翻译

　　该句的主干是a joke is laughed at for its own sake，even though 引导的是让步状语从句，译为“尽管……”，翻译时，为了突出强调状语部分，可根据汉语习惯将其前置至句首。Which引导定语从句修饰laughter，因为定语部分较长，所以应该将其拆译成独立的一部分。

　　词汇：lighten燃亮，照亮，该动词由形容词light转化而来。词性发生变化，词义有所保留。Momentarily片刻的。

　　全文翻译

　　艺术价值理论有两种，我们称之为外在理论和内在理论。前者将艺术和对艺术的欣赏看作是达到某种公认的道德利益的手段;而后者看到的不是它们工具性的价值而是投向自身物体的价值。将艺术价值定位于其对艺术欣赏者的影响上是外在理论的特点。艺术被认为是一种教育形式，也许是一种情感教育。在这种情况下，是否有一些达到同样效果的更有效的方法还没有定论。或者，人们也许认为艺术有负面价值，正如柏拉图在他的《理想国》一书里所认为的那样，艺术会影响那些接触它的人，使其堕落，或起不到教化作用。

　　现代社会中被列夫托尔斯泰吸收进1896年出版的《艺术论》一书中的外在理论，很少看起来完全令人满意。哲学家们一直在不懈地探索唯美体验中的价值。这种价值是独一无二的，因此不能从别处获得。这种内在理论的极端版本与华特·佩特、奥斯卡·王尔德及法国印象主义者联系在一起，并将这一理论概括成这样的口号：“为艺术而艺术”。这些思想家和作家相信：艺术不仅仅是它自身的终结也是对其自身的充分证明。他们还相信，为了以理解艺术的方式去相信理解艺术，必须放弃对其他方面的关注而只关注艺术作品本身。

　　在这两种极端的观点之间，有一些折中的观点。比如，我们认为艺术作品必须作为艺术而被人们欣赏，但是我们在欣赏艺术作品时也能从中获得一些独立的价值。因此，笑话是因为其本身而可笑，尽管笑声中有独立的价值，这一价值又通过使我们在片刻中脱离自己而燃亮了我们的生命。为什么不可以用相似的事情来说明艺术作品呢，许多艺术作品渴望着与好的笑话一样具有娱乐性。

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2016-08-08 23:35

The value which society places on work has traditionally been closely associated with the value of individualism and as a result it has had negative effects on the development of social security. (46)It has meant that in the first place the amount of benefits must be small lest people’s willingness to work and support themselves suffers. Even today with flat rate and earnings-related benefits, the total amount of the benefit must always be smaller than the person’s wages for fear of malingering. “The purpose of social security,” said Huntford referring to Sweden’s comparatively generous benefits, “is to dispel need without crossing the threshold of prosperity.” Second, social security benefits are granted under conditions designed to reduce the likelihood of even the boldest of spirits attempting to live on the State rather than work. Many of the rules surrounding the payment of unemployment or supplementary benefit are for this purpose. Third, the value placed on work is manifested in a more positive way as in the case of disability. (47) People suffering from accidents incurred at work or from occupational diseases receive preferential treatment by the social security service compared with those suffering from civil accidents and ordinary illnesses.

　　Yet, the stranglehold which work has had on the social security service has been increasingly loosened over the years. The provision of family allowances, family income supplements, the slight liberalization of the wages stop are some of the manifestations of this trend. (48)Similarly, the preferential treatment given to occupational disability by the social security service has been increasingly questioned with the demands for the upgrading of benefits for the other types of disability.It is felt that in contemporary industrial societies the distinction between occupational and non-occupational disability is artificial for many non-occupational forms of disability have an industrial origin even if they do not occur directly in the workplace. (49) There is also the additional reason which we mentioned in the argument for one benefit for all one-parent families, that a modern social security service must concentrate on meeting needs irrespective of the cause behind such needs.

　　The relationship between social security and work is not all a one-way affair. (50) It is true that until very recently the general view was that social security “represented a type of luxury and was essentially anti-economic.” It was seen as merely government expenditure for the needy. As we saw, however, redundancy payments and earnings-related unemployment benefits have been used with some success by employers and the government to reduce workers’ opposition towards loss of their jobs.

　　总体分析

　　这是一篇关于社会保障的文章，主要论述社会赋予工作的价值这种观点所带来的后果，并指出虽然社会保障存在一些问题，但是仍有成效可见。

　　第一段：先提出社会赋予工作的价值在传统上一直与个人主义紧密联系在一起，因此对社会保障的发展产生了负面的影响。接着具体论述了三点影响。

　　第二段：转折指出，近年来工作对社会保障的束缚日益松解。接着作者又提到现代工业社会中工伤和非工伤的区别是虚假的，最后提到单亲家庭的救济理由，即一个现代的社会保障体系必须专注于满足需求，不管这些需求的背后有何原因。

　　第三段：综述社会保障和工作之间的关系。并指出看待社会保障的几种观点。

　　文章是有关社会生活的评论性文章，所用词汇绝大多数为书面用语，句子结构也比较复杂，长句较多。此外，这篇文章的主题“社会保障”是社会生活中比较常见的话题，所以考生可以结合常识理解。由此可见，考生平时应该注意一些有关社会文化生活的中英文报道，一方面熟悉常用词汇，一方面积累常识性知识。

　　文章考核的知识点：(一)状语，包括目的状语从句，分词作状语，介词短语作状语。(二)定语，包括定语从句，过去分词作定语等。(三)it为形式主语的主语从句。(四)同位语。

　　试题精解

　　46.[精解] 本题考核知识点：目的状语从句的翻译

　　该句是一个含有lest引导的目的状语从句的复合句。主句部分又包含了一个that引导的宾语从句。主句的主语为代词it，考生翻译时应联系上下文找出它所指代的对象，避免产生歧义。在此句中，it指代的是前文整个句子，可以译为“这种观念”。Mean字面含义是“表示...的意思”，在这里因为主语译成观念，所以可将mean活译成“认为”与之相搭配。连词lest引导目的状语从句，按字面意思直译是“以免人们的积极性受到损害”，但是考虑到要突出主语以及具体动作，可依照汉语习惯译成主动句。

　　词汇：benefit常见含义是“好处，利益”，因为整个文章谈论的是社会保障问题，所以应译成“救济金，保障金”。in the first place字面意思是“在第一的位置上”，一般译为“首先”。Willingness原意为“甘愿，自愿”，Suffer意为“受损害，受痛苦”，两个词搭配在一起，译为“积极性受到损害”或“损害积极性”。

　　47.[精解] 本题考核知识点：现在分词作定语、过去分词作定语、过去分词作状语的译法

　　该句的主干是people … receive preferential treatment。其中suffering from accidents …or from occupational diseases是现在分词作定语修饰主语people，考生在翻译时可以按照汉语的习惯，将定语放到名词前面。incurred at work是过去分词作定语，修饰这一词组前的accidents，可意译为“因工受伤”。compared with those suffering … 是过去分词结构作状语，翻译时，状语部分可放在句首，译为“与...相比”。此外，考生应将该部分中those一词所指代的对象译出，以免产生歧义。联系上下文可得，它是泛指代词，可译为“人们”。Those 后面的现在分词词组仍然充当定语。

　　词汇：Occupational diseases“职业病”;preferential treatment“优待”;incur“招致”;social security service社会保障服务;civil“市民的，公民的”，这里与work 相对，译为“个人的”。

　　48.[精解] 本题考核知识点：被动语态、过去分词作定语、介词短语作状语的译法

　　该句子的主句是被动语态结构the preferential treatment has been questioned。对被动语态的翻译，可以将其译为“遭受，受到”等。文章中given to occupational disability by the social security service部分是过去分词短语作定语的结构，修饰主语the treatment。With引导的介词短语作状语，翻译时既可以按照汉语习惯放到句首，也可以独立译成一个分句，突出强调这一事件。

　　词汇：increasingly字面意思是“渐渐地，逐渐地”，在文中译为“越来越多地”;question作动词时译为“质疑”。Upgrade“上升，上涨，提高”。

　　49.[精解] 本题考核知识点：同位语、定语从句的翻译

　　该句子的主干成分是there be 结构there is also the reason，可直接译为“还有一个理由”。that引导的句子为reason的同位语，翻译时可以直接用一个“即”字引导，紧跟在reason后面。which 引导定语从句，修饰reason一词，翻译时按照汉语习惯置于名词的前面。

　　词汇：additional“额外的，附加的”，one-parent family“单亲家庭”，concentrate on“集中于，专注于”，irrespective of“不顾……的;不考虑……的;不论……的”。

　　50.[精解] 本题考核知识点：主语从句的翻译

　　第一个句子的主干成分是it is true，其中it为形式主语，that引导的从句为真正的主语。由于主语太长，可以将谓语部分提前译为“诚然”。主语从句的主干是the general view was that…，until very recently突出强调了所述现象存在的时间，在翻译时，可以单独译成“直到最近”。主语从句中又包含了that引导的表语从句。后一句是一个简单的被动语态结构It was seen as …，考生注意翻译时应将主语代词it 指代的对象译出，在句中它指代的是“社会保障”。

　　词汇：represented“代表”;luxury“奢侈，享受”。Essentially“基本的，本质的”。Expenditure“开支，费用”。Needy“贫困的”，在句中与定冠词the搭配，特指一类人，可以译为“贫困群体”。

　　全文翻译

　　社会赋予工作的价值在传统上一直与个人主义价值紧密联系在一起，因此对社会保障的发展产生了负面的影响。首先，这种观念认为，救济金的数额必须小，以免损害人们主动工作，自食其力的积极性。尽管目前的救济金一直保持固定的比率，而且与收入挂钩，但是为了防止有人装病以逃避职责，救济金的总数额总是必须小于人们的周薪。在谈到瑞典相对较多的救济金时，亨特·福德说：“社会保障的目的是摆脱没有跨越富裕界限的需要。”第二，社会保障金的发放是有条件的，设计这些条件的目的是为了减少那些胆大妄为者企图依靠国家而不是依靠工作而生活的可能性。许多围绕失业付给或补充救济金的规则都是为了这一目的而设置的。第三，在伤残情况下，赋予工作的价值以更明确的方式体现出来。与那些遭受个人意外和普通疾病的人相比，因公受伤或者患有职业病的人在社会保障服务方面享有优待。”

　　然而，近年来工作对社会保障的束缚日益松解。在家庭补贴、家庭收入增补、对停薪限制宽松化等方面的规定都能体现出这种趋势。同样，社会保障服务给予职业伤残的优惠待遇越来越多地受到了质疑，人们要求提高对其他类型伤残的救济。可以感觉到的是，在当代工业社会中，职业伤残和非职业伤残的不同是虚假的，因为许多非职业伤残尽管不是直接发生在工作场所，仍然有着工业根源。此外，还有一个我们在讨论单亲家庭救济问题时所提及的理由，即一个现代的社会保障服务必须专注于满足需求，不管这些需求的背后有何原因。

　　社会保障和工作之间的关系，并不都是单方面的事情。直到最近，普遍的观点依然认为社会保障“体现的是一种享受，从本质上讲是反经济的”。它仅仅被看作是政府用于贫困群体的开支，但是雇主和政府仍然较为成功地运用了裁员支出和与收入相关的失业福利减少了工人对于失业的反对。

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2016-08-10 21:52

　Relativity theory has had a profound influence on our picture of matter by forcing us to modify our concept of a particle in an essential way. (47)In classical physics, the mass of an object had always been associated with an indestructible material substance, with some “stuff” of which all things were thought to be made.Relativity theory showed that mass has nothing to do with any substance, but is a form energy. Energy, however, is a dynamic quantity associated with activity, or with processes.(48)The fact that the mass of a particle is equivalent to a certain of energy means that the particle can no longer be seen as a static object, but has to be conceived as a dynamic pattern, a process involving the energy which manifest itself as the particle’s mass.

　　(49)This new view of particles was initiated by Dirac when he formulated a relativistic equation describing the behavior of electrons. Dirac’s theory was not only extremely successful in accounting for the fine details of atomic structure, but also revealed a fundamental symmetry between matter and anti-matter. It predicted the existence of an anti-matter with the same mass as the electron but with an opposite charge. This positively charged particle, now called the positron, was indeed discovered two years after Dirac had predicted it. The symmetry between matter and anti-matter implies that for every particle there exists an antiparticles with equal mass and opposite charge. Pairs of particles and antiparticles can be created if enough energy is available and can be made to turn into pure energy in the reverse process of destruction.(50)These processes of particle creation and destruction had been predicted from Dirac’s theory before they were actually discovered in nature, and since then they have been observed millions of times.

　　The creation of material particles from pure energy is certainly the most spectacular effect of relativity theory, and it can only be understood in terms of the view of particles outlined above.(51)Before relativistic particle physics, the constituents of matter had always been considered as being either elementary units which were indestructible and unchangeable, or as composite objects which could be broken up into their constituent parts; and the basic question was whether one could divide matter again and again, or whether one would finally arrive at some smallest indivisible units.

　　答案

　　47.在古典物理中，某一物体的质量总是与一种不可毁灭的物质相关联。这是一种构成一切物质的“东西”。

　　48.某一粒子的质量相当于一定的能量，这一事实意味着该粒子不再被看作是一个静态的物体，而应该被看成是一种动态的形式，一种与能量表现为粒子质量相关的过程。

　　49.这一新的粒子观是由迪拉克首创的，他列出了描述电子运动行为的相对论方程。

　　50.粒子生成和毁灭的过程在真正被发现之前，迪拉克的理论已经对它们作出了预测，从那时起人们对此做过数百万次的观测。

　　51.在相对论粒子物理学诞生之前，人们一直以为物质的构成成分要么是不可毁灭和不可改变的基本单位，要么是可以分解为其构成部分的合成物。

　　总体分析

　　本文是一篇关于粒子物理理论的文章。

　　第一段：指出相对论改变了我们的粒子概念，从而影响了我们对物质的理解。

　　第二段：指出这一粒子观点是由迪拉克首创的，他的理论揭示了物质和反物质的基本对称。该理论已经得到了证实。

　　第三段：纯能量创造物质粒子是相对论最惊人的影响。相对论观点的粒子物理学改变了人们对于物质的看法和理解。

　　本文是一篇科普性说明文，属于正式文体。考生首要的任务是清楚地分析句子结构，并结合自己的物理常识准确把握生疏词汇，在此基础上完成翻译。本题考核的知识点：(一)被动语态。(二)定语，包括定语从句，分词作定语。(三)状语从句。

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2016-08-10 21:52

Wisdom born of experience should tell us that war is obsolete.(46)There may have been a time when war served as a negative good by preventing the spread and growth of an evil force, but the destructive power of modern weapons eliminates even the possibility that war may serve any good at all. In a day when vehicles hurtle through outer space and guided ballistic missiles carve highways of death through the stratosphere, no nation can claim victory in war. A so-called limited war will leave little more than a calamitous legacy of human suffering, political and spiritual disillusionment. A world war will leave only smoldering ashes as mute testimony of a human race whose folly led inexorably to ultimate death. (47)If modern man continues to toy unhesitatingly with war, he will transform his earthly habitat into a hell such as even the mind of Dante (但丁) could not imagine.

　　(48)Therefore I suggest that the philosophy and strategy of nonviolence becomes immediately a subject for study and for serious experimentation in every field of human conflict, by no means excluding the relations between nations. It is, after all, nation states, which make war, which have produced the weapons that threaten the survival of mankind and which are both genocidal and suicidal in character.

　　We have ancient habits to deal with, vast structures of power, indescribably complicated problems to solve.(49)But unless we resign our humanity altogether and yield to fear and impotence in the presence of the weapons we have ourselves created, it is as possible and as urgent to put an end to war and violence between nations as it is to put an end to poverty and racial injustice.

　　I do not minimize the complexity of the problems that need to be faced. (50)But I am convinced that we shall not have the will, the courage and the insight to deal with such matters unless in this field we are prepared to undergo a mental and spiritual re-evaluation, a change of focus which will enable us to see that the things that seem most real and powerful are indeed now unreal and have come under sentence of death. We need to make a supreme effort to generate the readiness, indeed the eagerness, to enter into the new world, which is now possible, “the city which hath foundation, whose Building and Maker is God”.

　　答案

　　46.也许曾经有一段时间，战争通过阻止邪恶势力的扩张和发展而成为负面的善举，但现代武器的巨大破坏力消除了战争成为善举的任何可能性。

　　47如果现代人继续毫无顾忌地玩弄战争，他将使现世的生存环境变成但丁的心灵都无法想像的地狱。

　　48.因此，我建议将非暴力的哲学和策略立即定为一个研究课题，并在人类冲突的各个领域，不排除在国与国的关系中，进行认真的实验。

　　49.但是除非我们完全丧失人性，并在自己制造的武器面前完全陷入恐惧和无能，那么结束国家之间的战争和暴力与结束贫穷和种族歧视同样具有可能性和紧迫性。

　　50.但是我坚信，除非我们在这方面准备进行一次精神和灵魂的重新评估，改变关注点，以使我们看到，表面上最现实、最强大的东西其实是最不现实、已经被宣判死刑的东西，我们将不会有意志、勇气和远见来处理这些事情。

　　总体分析

　　这是一篇关于战争的文章。文中谈到了战争的危害性，以及如何防御战争的问题。

　　第一段：首先指出战争是过时的，接着讲述随着现代科学技术的进步，战争的危害更大了，甚至会导致整个人类的死亡。

　　第二段：作者提出了建议性的解决办法，即将非暴力的哲学和策略定为研究课题。

　　第三段：指出终止国家之间的战争与暴力具有可能性和紧迫性。

　　第四段：重申了制止战争的可能性，即战争是最不现时、已经被宣判死刑的东西。
试题精解

　　46.[精解] 本题考核知识点：状语从句和定语从句、根据上下文确定词汇的译法

　　此句是but连接的并列句，前一分句的主干是there may have been a time，time后是when引导的时间状语从句。后一分句的主干是the destructive power ... eliminates the possibility，possibility后是that引导的定语从句，可用前置法译为“...的可能性”。

　　词汇：注意根据上下文确定词汇的译法。如a negative good。Good在这里是名词，意为“好处，好事”等。本句中译为“善举”有动作性，突出了战争的影响。negative是“消极的，负面的”，二者组合到一起，可以译成“负面的善举”。eliminates the possibility中eliminates一词译为“消除”，有否定的含义，它和even ... any good at all一起强调“消除了战争成为善举的任何可能性”。

　　47.[精解] 本题考核知识点：条件复合句、根据上下文确定词汇的译法

　　此句是一个含if条件句的复合句，译为“如果...(那么)...”。翻译的难点在于词汇的翻译。Toy一词在句中是动词，译为“玩弄”。Unhesitatingly原意为“不踌躇地，坚定地”，但由于句中是贬义的用法，应译为“毫无顾忌地”。Transform...into...“把...转变成...”。Earthly的意思有“现世的，可能的，地球的”等，但句中它和hell(地狱)形成对照，因此应译为“现世的”。Habitat意为“生活环境，产地，栖息地”等，由于句中指的是人类的居所，可译为“生存环境”。

　　48.[精解] 本题考核知识点：后置定语、名词转换为动词的译法

　　该句子的主干是I suggest that the philosophy and strategy ... becomes a subject for study and for experimentation，in every field和excluding ...语法上讲分别是介词短语和分词结构作experimentation的后置定语。本句的难点是对experimentation的翻译，它是名词，本意为“实验”，但在句中应该活译为动词，即“做实验”。这样它的后置定语成分也相应地转换成状语修饰成分。直译为“在人类冲突的各个领域的认真实验”，意译为“在人类冲突的各个领域进行认真的实验”。

　　49.[精解] 本题考核知识点：条件复合句、比较结构的译法

　　本句是含unless引导的条件句的复合句，其主干是unless ... it is as possible and as urgent to ... as it is to ... 。主句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式，因此it可以不译，直接译出后面的内容。比较结构As possible and urgent as...结构可译为“和...一样可能和紧迫”，也可突出书面语的特点用名词表达，译为“和...同样具有可能性和紧迫性”。we have ourselves created做定语修饰the weapons，翻译时采用前置法把定语提前，译为“我们自己创造的武器”。

　　词汇：resign作及物动词，原意为“辞去，放弃，抛弃”，在该句中接宾语our humanity，可译为“丧失”;yield to原意为“屈服于...”，在文中活译为“陷入”;impotence“无能”;in the presence of“在……的面前”。

　　50[精解] 本题考核知识点：多重复合句的译法

　　此句子较长，翻译的难点在于对多重复合句结构的把握。该句的主干成份I am convinced that，是结构的第一层。第二层是that 引导的宾语从句we shall not have the will, the courage and the insight to deal with such matters unless ... 。该从句中又包含了一个unless引导的条件状语从句，这是本句的第三层结构。它的主干是we are prepared to undergo a re-evaluation, a change of focus ... ，其中a change of focus是re-evaluation的同位语，起到解释说明的作用。由于后面的修饰成分还很长，可以从这里断句，重起一句。该句的第四层结构是which will enable us to see that...，这一定语从句修饰a change of focus。由于定语较长，采用拆译法，单独译出。其中that又引导了一个宾语从句 seem most real and powerful are indeed now unreal and have come under sentence of death。

　　词汇：re-evaluation“重新评估”;come under原意为“遭到，受到”，表被动含义，文中可译为“被”;sentence of death“死刑”。

　　全文翻译

　　来自经验积累的智慧告诉我们，战争是过时的。也许曾经有一段时间，战争通过阻止邪恶势力的扩张和发展而成为负面的善举，但现代武器的巨大破坏力消除了战争成为善举的任何可能性。在运载航天火箭穿越外太空，引导弹道导弹在大气同温层划上死亡轨迹的时代，没有任何一个民族可以宣称是战争的胜利者。所谓的有限战争给人们留下的只有灾难，政治上和精神上的理想幻灭。世界战争留下的只是硝烟，无言地证明了：人类的愚蠢将不可避免地导致最后的死亡。如果现代人继续毫无顾忌地玩弄战争，他将使现世的生存环境变成但丁的心灵都无法想像的地狱。

　　因此，我建议将非暴力哲学和策略立即定为一个研究课题，并在人类冲突的各个领域，当然不排除在国与国的关系中，进行认真的试验。毕竟，那些国家和民族就是制造战争、生产威胁人类生存的武器以及生来具有种族灭绝性和自杀性的元凶。

　　我们有一个古老的习惯，就是用巨大的力量组织解决无法描述的复杂的问题，但是除非我们完全丧失人性，并在自己制造的武器面前完全陷入恐惧和无能，否则终止国家之间的战争和暴力与结束贫穷和种族歧视同样具有可能性和紧迫性。

　　我并不是将需要面对的复杂的问题简单化，但是我相信，除非我们准备在这方面进行一次精神和灵魂的重新评估，改变关注点，以使我们看到，看起来最现实、最强大的东西其实是最不现实、已经被宣判死刑的东西，否则我们不会有意志、勇气和远见来处理这些事情。我们需要尽最大的努力准备着甚至是热切地进入一个崭新的世界，目前看这是可能的：那是上帝建造的城堡。

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2016-08-10 21:53

　Gandhi’s pacifism can be separated to some extent from his other teachings. (46)Its motive was religious, but he claimed also for it that it was a definite technique, a method, capable of producing desired political results. Gandhi’s attitude was not that of most Western pacifists. Satyagraha, (47)the method Gandhi proposed and practiced, first evolved in South Africa, was a sort of nonviolent warfare, a way of defeating the enemy without hurting him and without feeling or arousing hatred. It entailed such things as civil disobedience, strikes, lying down in front of railway trains, enduring police charges without running away and without hitting back, and the like. Gandhi objected to “passive resistance” as a translation of Satyagraha: in Gujuruti, it seems the word means “firmness in the truth.” (48)In his early days Gandhi served as a stretcher-bearer on the British side in the Boer War, and he was prepared to do the same again in the war of 1914-1918. Even after he had completely renounced violence he was honest enough to see that in war it is usually necessary to take sides. Since his whole political life centred round a struggle for national independence, he could not and, (49)indeed, he did not take the fruitless and dishonest line of pretending that in every war both sides are exactly the same and it makes no difference who wins. Nor did he, like most Western pacifists, specialize in avoiding awkward questions. In relation to the war, one question that every pacifist had a clear obligation to answer is: “What about the Jews? Are you prepared to see them exterminated?”(50)I must say that I have never heard, from any Western pacifist, an honest answer to this question, though I have heard plenty of evasions, usually of the “you’re another” type. But it so happens that Gandhi was asked a somewhat similar question in 1938 and his answer was on record in Mr. Louis Fisher’s Gandhi and Stalin. According to Mr. Fisher, Gandhi’s view was that the German Jews ought to commit collective suicide, which “would have aroused the world and the people of Germany to Hitler’s violence.”

　　答案

　　46.其动机是宗教性质的，但他也说这是一种明显的技巧，一种方法，它可以产生预期的政治效果。

　　47.这个由甘地提出并付诸实践的方法，最早起源于南非，是一种非暴力的斗争方式，用既不伤害对方又不会引发仇恨的手段打败敌人。

　　48.早年间，在布尔战争期间甘地曾经为英方抬过担架，而且在1914-1918年战争期间他又准备这么做。

　　49.而且也确实没有采取毫无意义的、不诚实的态度，假装说在所有战争中参战双方完全一样，因而谁获得胜利都无所谓。

　　50.我必须说，我从未从任何一个西方和平主义者那里听到过对该问题的诚实的答复，但是却听大了大量的躲闪之词，通常都是“你是另外一回事”之类的回答。

　　总体分析

　　本文是一篇介绍甘地的和平主义的文章。文章先介绍了甘地的和平主义的性质、来源、具体形式等。接着指出了甘地作为和平主义者的独特之处：首先，他虽然反对暴力，但并不否认战争的立场;其次，他不躲避回答棘手的问题。

　　本文考查的知识点：后置定语、插入语、it做形式主语的主语从句等。
　试题精解

　　46.[精解] 本题考核知识点：后置定语的翻译。

　　该句是由but连接的两个并列分句：前一分句是简单句，后一分句是主从复合句。后一分句的主干是he claimed that...，其中that引导宾语从句。从句中形容词短语capable of...做后置定语，修饰名词a technique, a method。该定语可以按照汉语习惯译为前置定语，即，“一种可以产生预期的政治效果的明显的技巧和方法”;也可以采用拆译法，译为一个句子，增译代词“它”做主语。

　　词汇：claim意为“宣称，声称，说”;definite意为“肯定的，确定的;清楚的，明显的”，它和technique搭配时取“明显的”含义;desired意为“渴望的，期望的”，当它和results/effect等词搭配时常常译为“预期的”。

　　47.[精解] 本题考核知识点：后置定语的翻译和词义的选择。

　　该句的主干结构是：the method... was a sort of warfare。主语the method后有两个后置定语：一个是省略关系代词的定语从句Gandhi proposed and practiced;另一个是过去分词短语first evolved in...。如果把它们都译为汉语的前置定语会很冗长，不符合汉语表达习惯。因此可把第一个定语前置，第二个定语转译为谓语。而真正的谓语前可加上“这”或“它”指代真正的主语。表语a sort of warfare后是一个较长的同位语a way of defeating...。其中介词短语of...做后置定语修饰名词a way，翻译时应前置。

　　词汇：practice意为“练习，训练;经常做;从事”等，在本句中与propose(提出)对应译为“付诸实践”。evolve意为“逐渐形成;进化”，但它在本句中不能将基本含义照搬，而应意译为“起源于(南非)”。warfare意为“作战，战争;斗争，冲突”等，根据上下文，该词应增译为“斗争的方式(方法)”。

　　48.[精解] 本题考核知识点：定语和状语的翻译

　　该句是and连接的并列句，其主干结构是：Gandhi served as a... and he was prepared...。前一分句中“in his early days”和“in the Boer War”都作时间状语，修饰谓语served，翻译时应放在句首。“on the British side”做后置定语，修饰stretcher-bearer，应译为前置定语，即，“英方的担架员”。

　　词汇：serve as sth.意为“(为……)工作，服务，履行义务，尽职责”;stretcher-bearer指“抬担架者”;on sb.’s side意为“站在某人一边，和某人观点一致”。

　　49.[精解] 本题考核知识点：后置定语、主语从句的翻译。

　　该句的主干是he did not take the... line，介词短语of...做后置定语修饰宾语the line。由于定语太长，应采取拆译法，另起一句。动名词pretending后接有that引导的宾语从句。该从句由两个并列的分句组成：both sides are... and it makes...，后一分句中it为形式主语，从句who wins为真正的主语，汉语中不存在这种语法形式，因此可以直接将从句内容译为主语。

　　词汇：line一词的含义较多，但在本句中的含义是“态度，看法”;fruitless意为“没有成果的，无成效的，徒然的”;pretend意为“假装”，本句中它后面跟有从句，应增译为“假装说”。

　　50.[精解] 本题考核知识点：插入语、后置定语的翻译

　　该句的主干是I must say，后面是that引导的宾语从句。宾语从句是一个主从复合句。主句是I have never heard an honest answer，其谓语和宾语之间插入了一个状语成分，翻译时可放在句首或谓语之前，译为“从任何一个西方和平主义者那里我从未听说过”或“我从未从任何一个西方和平主义者那里听说过”。though引导转折状语从句，其中介词短语of...做后置定语，修饰宾语evasions，可译为前置定语，也可另起一句。

　　词汇：evasion意为“躲避，逃避;借口，托词”，根据上下文可活译为“躲闪之词”、“逃避的说法”等。

　　全文翻译

　　甘地的和平主义在某种程度上可以与他的其他教义区分开来。其动机是宗教性质的，但他也说这是一种明显的技巧，一种方法，它可以产生预期的政治效果。甘地的态度不同于大多数西方和平主义者的态度。Satyagraha——这个由甘地提出并付诸实践的方法，最早起源于南非，是一种非暴力的斗争方式，用既不伤害对方又不会引发仇恨的手段打败敌人。它包括诸如公民抗议、罢工、卧轨、忍受警方的指控既不逃跑也不还击等等。甘地反对把“Satyagraha”翻译为“消极抵抗”，在古吉拉特语中，这个词的意思好像是“真理的坚定性”。早年间，在布尔战争期间甘地曾经为英方抬过担架，而且在1914-1918年战争期间他又准备这么做。即使在他彻底放弃暴力之后，他仍然很诚实地认识到在战争中必须要有明确的立场。由于他的整个政治生涯都在为民族独立而斗争，因此他不能，而且也确实没有采取毫无意义的、不诚实的态度，假装说在所有战争中参战双方完全一样，因而谁获得胜利都无所谓。他也没有像大多数西方和平主义者一样，专门躲避棘手的问题。对于战争，每一个和平主义者都有明确义务去回答的一个问题是：“犹太人怎么办?你准备看到他们被灭绝吗?”我必须说，我从未从任何一个西方和平主义者那里听到过对该问题的诚实的答复，但是却听见了大量的躲闪之词，通常都是“你是另外一回事”之类的回答。甘地在1938年也被问到了类似的问题。他的回答被收录在路易斯·费舍尔先生所著的《甘地和斯大林》一书中。据费舍尔先生记载，甘地认为德国犹太人应该选择集体自杀，“以唤起世界和德国人对希特勒暴政的认识”。

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2016-08-11 22:42

There is no question that science-fiction writers have become more ambitious, stylistically and thematically, in recent years. (46) But this may have less to do with the luring call of academic surroundings than with changing market conditions—a factor that academic critics rarely take into account.Robert Silverberg, a former president of The Science Fiction Writers of America, is one of the most prolific professionals in a field dominated by people who actually write for a living. (Unlike mystery or Western writers, most science-fiction writers cannot expect to cash in on fat movie sales or TV tie-ins.) (47) Still in his late thirties, Silverberg has published more than a hundred books, and he is disarmingly frank about the relationship between the quality of genuine prose and the quality of available outlet. By his own account, he was “an annoyingly verbal young man” from Brooklyn who picked up his first science-fiction book at the age of ten, started writing seriously at the age of thirteen, and at seventeen nearly gave up in despair over his inability to break into the pulp magazines. (48) At his parents’ urging, he enrolled in Columbia University, so that, if worst came to worst, he could always go to the School of Journalism and “get a nice steady job somewhere”. During his sophomore year, he sold his first science-fiction story to a Scottish magazine named Nebula. By the end of his junior year, he had sold a novel and twenty more stories. (49) By the end of his senior year, he was earning two hundred dollars a week writing science fiction, and his parents were reconciled to his pursuit of the literary life. “I became very cynical very quickly,” he says. First I couldn’t sell anything, then I could sell everything. The market played to my worst characteristics. An editor of a schlock magazine would call up to tell me he had a ten-thousand-word hole to fill in his next issue. I’d fill it overnight for a hundred and fifty dollars. I found that rewriting made no difference. (50) I knew I could not possibly write the kinds of things I admired as a reader—Joyce, Kafka, Mann—so I detached myself from my work. I was a phenomenon among my friends in college, a published, selling author. But they always asked, “When are you going to do something serious?” —meaning something that wasn’t science fiction—and I kept telling them, “ When I’m financially secure.”

　　答案

　　46.但是这一点与其说是与学术环境具有诱惑力的召唤有关，还不如说是与变化的市场状况有关——一这是一个学术评论家很少考虑的因素。

　　47.还不到四十多岁，西尔弗伯格就已出版了一百多本书籍，而他对真正散文的质量与应时之作的质量之间的关系十分坦诚，毫无掩饰。

　　48.在他双亲的敦促下，他报考了哥伦比亚大学，所以即便最糟他也能进入新闻学校，“将来总可以有一份稳定的好工作。”

　　49.到大四结束的时候，他每星期写科幻小说已经可以赚两百美元了，而他的双亲也接受了他对于文学生涯的追求。

　　50.我知道我写不出作为读者的我所喜欢的东西，就像乔伊斯、卡夫卡、曼恩的作品，所以我不再那么关注我所写的东西。

　　总体分析

　　本文介绍了科幻小说家罗伯特·西尔弗伯格。文章先指出科幻小说的繁荣与市场需求关系紧密，接着通过介绍多产的科幻小说家西尔弗伯格的创作经历予以说明。

　　本文考查的知识点：后置定语、插入语、比较结构、同位语、上下文中词义的选择等。

　　试题精解

　　46.[精解] 本题考核知识点：比较结构、同位语的翻译。

　　该句的主干是this may have less to do with... than with...，其中含有一个比较结构less... than...，可译为“与其说…不如说…”。破折号后是名词短语a factor that... 做整个主句的同位语，其中that引导的定语从句做后置定语。由于是同位语，可单独译为一个句子，补译“这”为它的主语。

　　词汇：luring是lure的现在分词形式，可译为“具有诱惑力的”;factor意为“因素”;take into account意为“考虑”。

　　47.[精解] 本题考核知识点：词义的选择。

　　该句是and连接的两个并列分句，其主干是Silverberg has published... , and he is frank about...。

　　词汇：in one’s thirties意为“在(某人)三十几岁时”，由于本句中有late修饰，如果直译为“三十几岁晚期”不符合汉语表达习惯，应意译为“不到四十多岁”。disarmingly意为“使人消除敌意(或怀疑、怒气等)的”，与frank一起应译为“十分坦诚、直言不讳”。genuine意为“真正的;坦率的，真诚的”。available意为“可获得的，可找到的”，outlet意为“(思想、感情、精力发泄的)出路，表现机会”，available outlet不能直译，而应根据上文对应的genuine prose(真正的散文)意译为“应时之作”。

　　48.[精解] 本题考核知识点：顺译法。

　　该句是主从复合句，其主干是he enrolled... so that... he could go to...，翻译时可采用顺译的方法，保持原来句子的顺序。句首介词短语At his parents’ urging作状语。so that引导结果状语从句，其中插入语if worst came to worst做条件状语，应意译为“在最糟糕的情况下”。

　　词汇：urging为urge的动名词形式，译为“敦促”;

　　49.[精解] 本题考核知识点：顺译法和分词的翻译。

　　该句是and连接的并列句，其主干是he was earning... and his parents were...，可采用顺译的方法翻译。前一分句中，分词结构writing science fiction作方式状语，翻译时应置于谓语前面，译为“(通过)写科幻小说”。

　　词汇：be reconciled to意为“将就，妥协，接受”。

　　50.[精解] 本题考核知识点：插入语、后置定语的翻译

　　该句是个主从复合句，其主干是I knew... so I detached...。主从句之间是插入语，列举了几个作家的名字，根据上下文，这些名字实际上指代的是作家的作品，应补译为“乔伊斯、卡夫卡、曼恩的作品”。I knew后是省略了关系代词的宾语从句I could not write...，其中宾语the kind of things后又接有一个定语从句I admired as...，由于定语不长，可直接译为汉语的前置定语。

　　词汇：detach oneself from sth.意为“挣脱，摆脱，离开”，文中应意译为“不关注我写的东西”。

　　全文翻译

　　毫无疑问，近些年在文体和主题上科幻小说作者已经变得更加雄心勃勃了。但是这一点与其说是与学术环境具有诱惑力的召唤有关，还不如说是与变化的市场状况有关——一这是一个学术评论家很少考虑的因素。前美国科幻小说家协会主席罗伯特·西尔弗伯格是在一个以写作为生计的作家为主导的领域中最多产的作家之一。(不像推理作家或西部文学作家，大部分科幻小说作家都不能指望从电影的热销或相关产品的销售中牟利。)还不到四十多岁，西尔弗伯格就已出版了一百多本书籍，而他对真正散文的质量与应时之作的质量之间的关系十分坦诚，毫无掩饰。按照他自己的说法，“他是来自布鲁克林一个令人讨厌的舞文弄墨的年轻人”，他十岁的时候看了第一本科幻小说，十三岁时开始认真地写作，到了十七岁由于对不能进入庸俗杂志领域的绝望而差点放弃写作。在他双亲的敦促下，他报考了哥伦比亚大学，所以即便最糟他也能进入新闻学校，“将来总可以有一份稳定的好工作。”大二时，他将他的第一个科幻故事卖给了一家叫《星云》的苏格兰科幻杂志。到大三结束时，他卖掉了一本小说和二十多个故事。到大四结束的时候，他每星期写科幻小说已经可以赚两百美元了，而他的双亲也接受了他对于文学生涯的追求。“很快我变得非常愤世嫉俗。”他说，我先是什么也卖不出，然后什么都卖得出。市场使我不好的性格展现出来。一个下三滥杂志的编辑会打电话告诉我他下一期杂志中缺一万字的文稿，于是我为了150美元的稿酬连夜赶稿。我发现改写后没有什么不一样。我知道我写不出作为读者的我所喜欢的东西，就像乔伊斯、卡夫卡、曼恩的作品，所以我不再那么关注我所写的东西。在我的大学朋友中，我是一个成功的人，一个已出版了作品和正在销售书籍的作者。但他们总是问：“你什么时候写点严肃的作品?”——指的是科幻小说之外的东西——而我总是说，“当我经济上稳妥了以后。”

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2016-08-11 22:42

【南水北调】

　　In China water resources are unevenly distributed.Ingeneral, water resources are abundant in the southbut deficient in the north.With the increase ofpopulation and rapid economic development, theproblem of water shortage in the north is gettingmore and more serious.One solution is to divert water from one drainage area to another,also known as the South-to-North Water Diversion Project.There are three routes.The easternroute will transfer water from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River to north along theBeijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal and through a tunnel under the Yellow River, from where it canflow downhill to reservoirs near Tianjin.The central route is from Danjiangkou Reservoir on theHan river, a branch of the Yangtze River, to Beijing.The western route, also called the BigWestern Line, aims at diverting water from the headwaters of the Yangtze River into theheadwaters of the Yellow River.

　　参考翻译：

　　中国水资源地区分布不均匀。总体来讲，南方水资源丰富，北方则水资源匮乏。随着人口的增长和经济的快速发展，北方缺水的问题日益严重，解决办法之一就是跨流域(drainagearea)调水，也就是南水北调工程(South-to-North WaterDiversion Project)。南水北调工程包括东、中、西三条线路。东线从长江下游引水，沿京杭大运河(Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal)北送，穿过黄河下的管道，向下流入天津附近的水库(reservoir)。中线从长江的支流汉江的丹江口水库引水到北京。西线也被称作“大西线”，目的在于从长江上游引水到黄河上游。

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2016-08-11 22:42

　【天宫一号目标飞行器】

　　Tlangong-1 target spacecraft, launched onSeptember 29，2011, is China's first targetspacecraft and space laboratory. It fulfills theChinese people's dream of flying Apsaras andbecomes a landmark of the Chinese LunarExploration Program. The successful launch of Tiangong-1 indicates that after decades ofeconomic development, China's national strength has increased substantial which enables theChinese people to develop high-end aerospace science and technology. However, compared withRussia, America and other countries, China's space station technology is still in its initial stage.The lift-off of Tiangong-1 is the start of China's efforts to narrow the gap. The out space is thecommon wealth of mankind and China should make its own contribution to the exploration.

　　参考翻译:

　　天宫一号目标飞行器(Tiangong-1 target spacecraft)于2011年9月29日发射，是中国第一个目标飞行器和空间实验室。它使中国人的飞天(flying Apsaras)梦想得以实现，成为中国探月工程(Chinese Lunar Exploration Program)的里程碑。天宫一号的成功发射表明，中国经过几十年的经济发展，国家实力得到大幅提升，有能力发展高端航天科技。但是，与俄罗斯、美国等国家相比，中国的空间站技术仍处于起步阶段，“天宫一号”的发射是中国努力缩小差距的开始。太空是人类共同的财富，在探索太空的事业中，中国应当做出自己的贡献。

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2016-08-12 21:37

【中国传统婚礼】

　　Traditional Chinese wedding is the essence ofChinese culture. Chinese ancestors believed thatdusk was the luckiest time in a day, so they held thewedding at dusk. Chinese are fond of red color andregard red as the symbol of happiness, success,luck, loyalty and prosperity. Therefore, in traditional Chinese weddings, the main color isred. There are red candles, red ribbons, red flowers as well as the red dress and shoes worn bythe bride. The food the bride eats has cultural significance. The bride usually has red dates,peanuts, longans and melon seeds, the symbolic meaning of which is evident in the Chinesepronunciation of these four foods. When pronounced together, it sounds like "zao sheng guizi (Have a lovely baby soon)".

　　参考翻译:

　　中国传统婚礼是华夏文化的精粹。中国古人认为黄昏是一天中最吉利的时间，所以会在黄昏举行婚礼。中国人喜爱红，将红色看作是幸福、成功、好运、忠诚和繁荣的象征。因此在传统中国婚礼上，主色调是红色，有红色的蜡烛、红色的缎带(ribbon)、红花和新娘的红衣和红鞋。新娘吃的食物也是一种文化象征。新娘一般会吃红枣(red date)、花生、桂圆(longan)和瓜子(melon seed)，其中的象征意义可以从这四种食物的读音中看出。当这四种食物放在一起读时就是“早生贵子”。

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2016-08-12 21:38

【毛笔】

　　The brush pen is a traditional Chinese tool of writing and painting. Chinese people have used the brush pen to write or paint for thousands of years. There is a legend about Meng Tian's creation of the brush pen in Qin Dynasty. The nib of a brush pen is made of the hair of an animal, say, the rabbit, the sheep, the wolf, etc. The penholder is often made of bamboo. Because of the requirement of social economy and culture, the brush pen has been replaced by other writing tools, and has become an antique for collection and appreciation. Now it is still a hobby of many children and elderly people to write or paint with a brush pen, for it can make people calm, strong and healthy. The brush pen is an indispensable element in Chinese calligraphy and painting.

　　参考翻译:

　　毛笔(brush pen)是中国传统的书写工具和绘画工具。中国人使用毛笔写字作画的历史已有数千年之久，历史上有秦代蒙恬造笔的传说。笔头(nib)多用动物毛发制成,比如兔毛、羊毛、狼毛等等，笔杆(penholder)多用竹子。由于社会经济文化的需求，毛笔已经逐渐被其他书写工具取代，成为收藏和鉴赏的古玩。现在，用毛笔写字和作画仍然是许多儿童和中老年人的爱好，因为它可以平静心情、强身健体。毛笔是中国书法(calligraphy)和绘画中必不可少的元素。

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2016-08-12 21:38

【大学生就业】

　　The employment of college students is in a dilemmacalled “unemployment upon graduation”,aphenomenon which was once far from collegestudents in China.With the development of societyand economy, the number of college studentsincreases continually, which makes employment ofthem more difficult.The problem of being hard to find a job and hard to live for college studentsbecomes the hot topic of media and all sectors of society.As the precious resource of talents ofa country,college students are the hope of a nation and determine the future of a country.Theemployment of college students not only influences the immediate interests of thousands offamilies,but even influences the economy and social stability of our country and theconstruction of a harmonious socialist society.

　　参考翻译：

　　大学生就业面临的困境是“毕业即失业”，这是离中国大学生曾经非常遥远的现象。随着社会经济的发展，大学生群体不断扩大，使得大学生就业愈加困难。大学生就业难、生活难等问题成了众多媒体和社会各界关注的热点问题。大学是国家宝贵的人才资源，是民族的希望、祖国的未来。大学生的就业问题，不仅关系到千家万户的切身利益，更关系到国家的经济建设和社会稳定，关系到社会主义和谐社会的构建。

nanafly

2016-08-16 23:08

　【《西游记》】

　　Journey to the West is one of the Four Great Classical Novels in China.Published first anonymously in the 1590s during the Ming Dynasty，and even though there is no direct evidence of its authorship, it has been said that the author is Wu Cheng'en since the 20th century.The novel is about the legends of the Buddhist monk Xuanzang's pilgrimage to India during the Tang dynasty in order to obtain Buddhist scriptures.Instructed by the Buddha, the Bodhisattva Guanyin assigns this task to the monk and his three protectors in the form of disciples, namely Sunwukong, Zhubajie, Shawujing,together with a dragon prince who acts as Xuanzang's horse.These four characters have agreed to help Xuanzang go to the West as confession for their past sins.

　　参考翻译:

　　《西游记》(Journey to the West)是中国四大名著之一。16世纪90年代，明朝时期，《西游记》匿名出版，虽然没有现存证据直接证明该书作者，但20世纪以来，人们一直认为作者是学者吴承恩。这部小说是关于唐朝佛教和尚玄奘，为取得佛教经书(Buddhist scriptures)，前往印度的朝圣之旅。观音菩萨(the Bodhisattva Guanyin)受佛祖指令，将西行取经的任务交给玄奘和三个负责保护玄奘的徒弟—孙悟空、猪八戒、沙悟净，还有一个龙太子变做玄奘的坐骑。这四人同意帮助玄奘西行，也是为他们犯下的罪行进行忏悔。

nanafly

2016-08-16 23:09

　【春运】

　　The Spring rush is due to the traditional idea of Chinese people and the massive flow of labor force in society.In China, the Spring Festival is the most important traditional festival.However far from the family，people will try their best' to go back home to spend the New Year's Eve with family members.Since opening-up and reform，flow of population has become more and more frequent.Many people going to cities to make money result in a great flow of labor force.Besides, winter holiday usually starts two or three weeks before the Spring Festival in most universities and ends on about January 15th on lunar calendar，the period of which coincides with the Spring Festival.Therefore，students who go back home constitute another main group of the Spring rush.

　　参考翻译：

　　春运(Spring rush)的产生主要来自中国人的传统观念及社会人力大量流动的情况。在中国，春节是一年中最重要的传统节日，无论离家有多远，人们都要尽量在除夕时与家人团聚，共度新春。自改革开放以来,人口流动开始日益频繁。有非常多的人进城打工，造成了人力的大量流动。此外，这段时间是大学放寒假时期，多数学校在春节前两到三周开始放假，在正月十五左右开学，因此返家的学生也构成了春运的另一主要人群。

nanafly

2016-08-16 23:09

【全球气候变暖】

　　Global warming, a natural phenomenon,has been aheated topic in recent years. Global warming willredistribute global rainfall, make glacier andpermafrost melt and sea level rise, which not onlydoes harm to the balance of natural ecosystem, butalso threats human's food supply and livingenvironment. It's interesting that global warming is bad for some places but good for otherregions. For example, because temperature in cold areas in Antarctic and Arctic goes up,glacier will melt, thus making the habitat of animals decrease. While in the northeast ofChina, becoming warm means being able to plant grains of winter, thus raising agriculturalrevenue.

　　参考翻译：

　　全球气候变暖是近年来全球一直热议的话题,是一种“自然现象”。全球变暧会使全球降水量重新分配，冰川(glacier)和冻土(permafrost)消融，海平面上升等，既危害自然生态系统的平衡，更威胁人类的食物供应和居住环境。有一个有趣的现象，就是全球变暧对有些地区是坏事，而对其他地区却是好事，比如，南北极的寒冷地区由于温度升高，导致冰川融化，动物栖息地减少。而在中国东北地区，天气变暖意味着可以种植冬季农作物，从而增加农业收入。

nanafly

2016-08-17 23:07

【出国留学热】

　　As early as 100 years ago，studying abroad was seenas a strategy to strengthen the nationalpower.Now，more and more students crave forstudying abroad.Students nowadays are a bitaimless and casual when craving for studyingabroad, which leads to many problems like exhausting all the savings of their family,wastingtheir youths but ending up by giving up halfway and even becoming trouble-makingstudents”with many bad habits.It's better not follow the current craze of studying abroadblindly and it's most important to choose the direction fit for oneself,for“one can perform wellin any field”.

　　参考翻译：

　　早在100年前，出国留学就被视为一种强国之策。直至今日，越来越多的学生热衷于出国留学。但当下风行的留学热，掺杂着一定的盲目性和随意性，从而导致很多问题的发生，如许多留学生花掉家中积蓄，搭上个人青春，到头来却是半途而废，有的甚至成为恶习缠身的“问题学生。”最好不要盲目地跟随当前的这股出国留学热，选择适合自己的发展方向才是最重要的，因为“三百六十行，行行出状元”。

nanafly

2016-08-17 23:07

【绿化空气】

　　Air quality not only matters to the living quality of mankind,but also influences other lives on the earth.Therefore, we should consciously protect the environment, keep improving the air quality and raise the living standard of mankind.With the continuous development of industry and transportation, plenty of harmful substances have been released to the air,which threats residents，health.Therefore, it is especially important to prevent and deal with air pollution and to control the release of pollutants.Plants，especially woods，can filter air pollutants out and purify the air.So afforestation is a comparatively cost-effective measure to prevent and deal with air pollution.

　　参考翻译：

　　空气质量不仅关乎人类的生存质量，而且也影响着地球上其他的生物。因此我们要自觉保护环境，不断改善空气质量，努力提高人类生活水平。随着工业及交通运输业的不断发展，大量的有害物质被排放到空气中，使人们的健康受到威胁。因此，防治大气污染、控制污染排放就显得尤为重要。植物能过滤掉(filter out)各种大气污染物和净化空气，森林尤为显著，所以绿化造林(afforestation)是防治大气污染的比较经济有效的措施。

nanafly

2016-08-17 23:07

【火车票实名制】

　　Name-based train ticket system can help protectcitizens'right to take trains and avoid inequality inselling train tickets currently.The railway is a publicresource.Name-based train ticket system hasstandardized tickets selling and checkingprocedure,which guarantees equal distribution of ticket resource and can help protectpassengers'rights.To some extent,the name-based system suppresses ticket scalpers and partlysolves the difficulty of buying a train ticket.The name-based system is originally aimed atsolving the problem of being hard to buy train tickets,thus sending train tickets to theneeded.So to speak，by making ticket resource more sufficient,the name-based train ticketsystem further safeguards passengers'rights.

　　参考翻译：

　　火车票实名制(name-based train ticket system)有利于维护公民乘坐火车的权利，改变当前火车票售卖过程中的不公平现象。铁路系统是公共资源，火车票实名制规范售票、检票程序，使资源得到公平分配，有利于维护乘客利益。实名制在一定程度上遏制了票贩子(ticket scalper)，缓解了购票难的问题。火车票实名制的初衷就是要解决买票难的问题，使火车票到达真正需要的人手里。可以说，火车票实名制使车票资源更加丰富，进一步保障了旅客的权益。

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2016-08-18 23:34

【十一黄金周】

　　The National Day Golden Week is one of the mostimportant and the longest holidays in China.It's agood opportunity to promote domestic demandfor tourism market.Actually,tourism can promotedomestic demand and stimulate consumption inthe rapidest way.As to the tourism revenue, the earning of tourism during the national holidayis on the rise every year.For the public,they have more and more ways to have fun.The migrantworkers can go back home to visit relatives and reunite with family members;office workers cantake advantage of the holiday to travel with family or go to party with friends,and students canhave a good sleep for a few days.

　　参考翻译：

　　十一黄金周(National Day Golden Week)是中国最重要的、也是假期时间最长的节日之一。对于旅游市场来说，这是一个拉动内需的好机遇。其实旅游对于扩大内需、刺激消费见效最快。从旅游收入方面看，黄金周期间的旅游收入呈逐年增长的趋势。对于大众来说，人们的休闲娱乐方式越来越丰富。在外打工者可回家探亲，和家人团聚;上班族可利用假期和家人外出旅游或与朋友聚会;学生们则可放松心情睡几天好觉。

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2016-08-18 23:34

【中国人的买房情结】

　　There has been an old maxim“Cultivate the mind,and then regulate the femily, state and world”sinceancient China.Regulating the family refers to gettingmarried and starting one's career.However, gettingmarried cannot come true without ahouse.Therefore,it is deeply rooted in Chinese people's mind that house is an important signalof home and gives them a sense of belonging.The importance attached to house makes houseboth a symbol of living environment and a symbol of individual status.The deeply rootedtraditional concept and strong sense of belonging attract many loyal and persistent people inthe city to join the group which struggles to buy a house.You could say the soaring price ofhouse in China is closely related to Chinese people's idea about house.

　　参考翻译：

　　中国自古就有“修身、齐家、治国、平天下”的古训(maxim)。齐家指的便是成家立业，成家不能没有自己的一套房子。因此，房子成为中国人有家、有归属感的重要标志，并深人人心。房子在人们观念中的重要地位，使得房子不仅仅是居住环境的体现，更是个人身份的体现。根深蒂固的传统观念和强烈的的家的归属感，吸引着都市生活中这样一群忠实而又执着的“买房族”。也可以说，中国的房价之所以一路飙升与中国人的购房观念是密不可分的。

nanafly

2016-08-18 23:34

　【中国盛行的西方节日】

　　Western festivals have been celebrated by more andmore Chinese people of different ages,especiallyyoung people.Globalization is the trend of modernworld.In addition to economic globalization,culturalglobalization is also a significant part of it and it isinevitable.Chinese festivals emphasize cultural implication and collective awareness,whileWestern festivals stress everyone's inner experience when staying alone or being together withothers.For example,Thanksgiving Day is a festival which arouses smooth social relationsamong people and evokes national awareness of continuous self-improvement.Suchfestivals are good supplement of Chinese festivals.This is just cultural difference betweenChinese festivals and Western festivals,and neither can be judged as good or bad.

　　参考翻译：

　　中国过西方节日的人越来越多了，不同年龄层次的人都有，以年轻人居多。目前，全球化是现代世界的趋势，不仅仅是经济全球化，文化全球化也是其中重要的一部分，也是无法避免的。中国节日强调的是文化意义，集体意识。西方节日强调人与人之间以及每个人内心的体验，例如感恩节(Thanksgiving Day)是唤起人与人之间良好的社会关系、唤起自强不息的民族意识的节日。这样的节日很好地补充了我们国家的节日。这是文化差异，没有好坏之分。

nanafly

2016-08-19 23:21

【留守儿童】

　　The problem of left-behind children is a prominentsocial problem.With the rapid development ofsocial economy and politics in China,more and moreyoung farmers go to cities.Consequently,a specialgroup of juveniles,left-behind children,appear inrural areas.Left-behind children are at the critical period of growth,but they have no access toparents,care,which will easily lead to psychological problems and is harmful to their futuredevelopment.Every family and the whole society should see this problem from the angle ofbuilding a harmonious society.We should take active and steady measures to solve thisproblem on the basis of existence and development of individuals.

　　参考翻译：

　　留守儿童(left-behind children)问题是一个突出的社会问题。随着中国社会政治、经济的快速发展，越来越多的青壮年农民走人城市，在广大农村也随之产生了一个特殊的未成年人群体—农村留守儿童。留守的少年儿童正处于成长发育的关键时期，他们无法得到父母的关心和呵护，容易产生心理问题，也不利于今后的成长。各个家庭、整个社会都应该站在构建和谐社会的高度来认识这一问题，以人的生存与发展为本，采取措施，积极稳妥地加以解决。

nanafly

2016-08-19 23:22

【微博】

　　The original intention of Twitter,microblog inforeign countries,is just like the literal sense of wordtwitter:tweet of birds.It grasps foreigners'feature ofcraving for communication,expression andinformation sharing.It's like a window filled withpeople's trivial thoughts and fragments of emotion.However,the cultural feature microbloggrasps in China is the nature of relation-driven society.Social identity of Chinese people isbased on a strong system of relations.The cultural core lies in group and association,namelythe so-called“Within the four seas all men are brothers”.The popularization of social media likemicroblog can greatly enhance interpersonal relationship.

　　参考翻译：

　　外国的微博(microblog)产品Twitter的初衷正如单词twitter的本义-鸟儿叽叽喳喳的叫声。它抓住了外国人热衷交流的个性、渴望表达和信息分享的特征，正如一个窗口，一个充斥了个人琐碎的思索、片段化的情感的窗口。中国的微博抓住的文化特征是关系社会这一本质属性，中国人社会认同的结构建立在一套强有力的关系体系之上，其文化核心是群体化的、联系化的，也就是所谓的“四海之内皆兄弟”。微博等社交媒体的流行，对人际关系的发展是一个很好的促进。

nanafly

2016-08-19 23:22

　【春晚】

　　CCTV's annual Spring Festival Gala is an importantpart of activities to celebrate the Spring Festival.It'sa large variety program combingsinging,dancing,sketch comedy,traditionalChinese opera and folk art,with harmony and get-together being its two main themes.In the past two decades,the audience rating of CCTV'sannual Spring Festival Gala has always been at the top of all live variety programs inChina.However, it is difficult to cater for all tastes.Every year,audience expect innovation ofthe Gala.The director and actors rack their brains to program.The Spring Festival Gala hasbecome a great challenge for CCTV and the staff team in charge.

　　参考翻译

　　央视(CCTV)“春晚”(Spring Festival Gala)—直被视为农历新年庆祝活动中一个重要的组成部分。它是一个集歌舞、喜剧小品(sketch comedy)、戏曲、民间艺术表演为一体的大型综艺节目(large variety program)。和谐、团聚是晚会的两大主题。在过去的30年中，“春晚”一直位居全国直播类综艺节目收视率(audience rating)之首。然而，众口难调。每年观众们都希望“春晚”能够有所创新，导演和演员们绞尽脑汁地进行节目的编排。“春晚”已成为央视以及节目主创人员所面临的一个巨大挑战。

nanafly

2016-08-30 00:01

【乐善好施的美德】

　　Doing good is also known as “doing good deeds” inChina. Being glad to do good deeds is closelyassociated with excellent qualities such as tolerance,justice and kindness, etc., and it is a traditionalChinese virtue. Chinese people have alwaysconsidered it a happy deed to help others, and offer to help those in trouble with full-heartedenthusiasm. This kind of help is very selfless no matter the relationship between the helpedand the helper is intimate or not, and it requires nothing from others. People consider helpingothers as a noble obligation, and in the process of doing this they improve and perfect theirown soul and morals. This good virtue has taken root in the hearts of the Chinese peoplenowadays. It has become commonplace in China that if one person or one place is in trouble,people from all quarters will offer to help.

　　参考翻译：

　　做好事，在中国被称为“行善”，乐于做好事与宽容、正义、善良等优秀品质紧密联系在一起，是华夏民族的传统美德。中国人民历来把帮助别人当做一件快乐的事，以满腔热情，主动去帮助那些身处困境的人们。这种帮助大公无私，不分亲疏远近，不为索取。人们认为帮助别人是高尚的义务，在帮助别人的过程中提升和完善了自己的灵魂和道德品质。如今，这个优秀的品德在中国人民心中深深扎根了。一方有难，八方支援在中国很常见。

nanafly

2016-08-30 00:01

【尊老爱幼的美德】

　　It is a fine tradition in China to respect the old andlove the young.As early as the Han Dynasty, thegovernment issued laws many times to advocateand reward behavior relating to treating the old withrespect.The Chinese people treat their offspringwith love and education, with kindness and strictness, embodying a strong sense of moralresponsibility.The tradition of respecting the old and taking care of the young has been carriedforward in modern times.At present, the old and the young in China have their own legalholidays—Elders' Day and Children's Day.Besides, the government has issued specific laws toprotect women and children; and some laws also stipulate in explicit terms that Chinesecitizens have obligations to take care of parents and raise children.

　　参考翻译：

　　在中国，尊老爱幼是中华民族的优秀传统。早在汉朝时期(the Han Dynasty), 政府就曾多次颁布法令，提倡并奖励孝敬老人的行为。中国人以爱、教育、友善和严格的方式对待子孙后代，体现了强烈的道德责任感。尊老爱幼的传统在现代社会得以发扬光大。现在，中国的老人和儿童都有法定的假期—老人节(Elders'Day)和儿童节。除此之外，政府还颁布特定的法律保护妇女儿童，法律也明确规定中国公民有义务赡养父母、抚养子女。

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2016-08-30 00:01

【诚实守信的美德】

　　Honesty is to be sincere and upright,and matchone's words with his/her action.Being trustworthy isto keep one's word and not to be false anddeceitful.Confucius taught his disciples to behonest.In study,if you know a thing,say you knowit;if you don't,say you don't.He thought it was the correct attitude towards study.In ancienttimes,the doors of Chinese shops had on it an inscription“genuine goods at a fair price for allcustomers.”This shows that since old times China has advocated the ethics of fairtrade,honesty towards customers,no deception and no falsification.In modern China,thevirtue of being honest and trustworthy has been carried forward.It is to be single-minded andresponsible at work and in learning,and it is to be honest to friends and one should practicewhat he/she says.

　　参考翻译：

　　诚实是指真诚正直、言行一致。守信是指遵守承诺、不虚伪、不欺骗。孔子教导弟子要诚实。在学习上，知之为知之，不知为不知。孔子认为这才是对待学习的正确态度。古时候，中国商铺的大门上写着“货真价实，童叟无欺”。这表明从古时候起，中国就已推行公平交易、以诚待客、不欺骗、不造假的道德标准。现代中国将诚实守信的美德加以发扬光大。诚实守信就是工作学习时专心负责;对朋友坦诚、言出必行。

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2016-08-30 23:37

【思乡】

　　Homesickness is an eternal topic for Chinesepeople.Since ancient times, home has been apermanent harbor for both men and women, andhomesickness is their ever-young complex.It issuch kind of complex that becomes the importanttheme of Chinese literati in all dynasties; they expressed this theme in various ways andform various angles.It is home that arouses the best memories in their hearts.Thanks to thosememories, they feel like going back to the pure and innocent childhood and returning tomothers arms.The wounds in body and mind will get healed temporarily and spiritualemptiness will be enriched for a while.Home has become their ultimate destination.

　　参考翻译：

　　思乡(homesickness)是中国人的一个永恒的话题。从古至今，无论男女，家是他们永久的港湾，思乡是他们不老的情结(complex)。正是这样的情结成为中国历代文人重要的创作题材，并以各种方式，从各种角度加以体现。是故乡，唤起了他们心灵深处最美好的回忆，在对故乡的思念中，他们又仿佛回到了那单纯无邪的童年时代，回到了母亲的怀抱，身心的创伤得到了暂时的平复，精神的空虚得到了刹那的充实,故乡成了他们终极的归宿地(ultimate destination)。

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2016-08-30 23:38

【网络游戏】

　　With the popularity of computers and theInternet,there is a wide range of games that peoplecan choose from.Young people like online gamesmost.However,this phenomenon troubles manyparents and teachers.Many students are addicted togames,leading to a decline in their health condition and academic performance.On thecontrary,some say that playing online games can train the players,reaction ability,which is ofgreat help in forming quick reaction and fast thinking.Moreover,when playing computergames,players can temporarily release great pressure from their work and study.As long aswe are not addicted to online games,we can enjoy the joy it brings us heartily.

　　参考翻译：

　　随着电脑和互联网的普及,人们能玩的游戏很多。年轻人尤其喜欢网络游戏。然而,这一现象给许多家长和老师带来了很多的困扰,很多学生沉迷于游戏,导致健康状况和学习成绩的下降。相反地,有些人指出玩网络游戏可以帮助玩家练习他们的反应能力,这对形成敏捷的反应和思维很有帮助。而且,在玩电脑游戏的时候玩家可以暂时释放在工作和学习上的巨大压力。只要我们不沉迷于网络游戏,就能尽情享受它给我们带来的快乐。

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2016-08-30 23:38

【月光族】

　　The moonlight clan refers to those who tend to use up their earnings every month without any savings. Members of the moonlight clan are mostly young people, and they can barely make ends meet with a slim income or they don't need saving thanks to less stressful life. There are a good many members of the moonlight clan who pursue fashion and a high-quality life, regarding spending as the motivation to make money. Most of them are not capable not making proper control of their own expenses for lack of the right concept of money management. Although enjoying life is important, it is also necessary to develop a good habit of saving money. Members of the moonlight clan should try to avoid impulse purchase, learn to make budgets, and build a rational consumption concept.

　　参考翻译:

　　月光族(the moonlight clan)是指那些不储蓄、将每月赚的钱都用光的人。月光族主要是年轻的一代，他们可能是收入微薄，仅够维持生活;或是生活压力不大，不需要储蓄。还有相当多的月光族追求时尚和高质量生活，把花钱当作是赚钱的动力。大多数月光族则缺乏正确的理财观念，不会合理地控制自己的开支。虽然享受生活很重要，但是养成良好的节约习惯也十分必要。月光族应该尽量避免冲动购物，学会做预算，树立理性的消费观。

nanafly

2016-08-31 23:15

　【低碳生活】

　　As a lifestyle with low energy, low consumption andlow expenditure, low-carbon life advocates thatpeople should reduce the emission of carbon dioxidein daily life. It requires that the activities betweenman and nature should be conducted in a healthier,safer and more natural manner. Nowadays, the fashion prevails gradually in some large cities ofChina, altering people's life before they realize it. To practice low-carbon life, people shouldchange some details of their life, for example, saving electricity, not using plastic bags anddisposable products, as well as taking public transport and so on. Being energy efficient andenvironment friendly, the low-carbon life contributes tremendously to slowing down the speedof global warming and environment deterioration.

　　参考翻译:

　　低碳生活(low-carbon life)倡导人们在生活中减少二氧化碳的排放，是一种低能量、低消耗和低开支的生活方式。它要求人们以更健康、更安全和更自然的方式进行人与自然的活动。如今，这股风潮逐渐在中国一些大城市兴起，不知不觉地改变着人们的生活。为了实行低碳生活，人们需要改变一些生活细节，如节约用电、不使用塑料袋和一次性产品、乘坐公共交通工具(Public transport)等。低碳生活节能环保，大大有利于减缓全球气候变暖和环境恶化的速度。

nanafly

2016-08-31 23:15

【汉语热】

　　Chinese language craze refers to the phenomenonthat a growing number of foreigners start to learnChinese. The number of Chinese learners increasesrapidly in many countries. According to statistics,more than 3000 institutions of higher education in109 countries are offering courses on Chinese language. A survey indicates that they learnChinese for the main purposes of traveling in China, engaging in trade activities and knowingChina and the Chinese culture. The underlying reasons for this craze lie in the rapiddevelopment of China's economy, which enhances the international status and the influence ofChina. This global Chinese language craze conveys a message that people around the world areeager to know the Chinese culture.

　　参考翻译:

　　汉语热指近年来越来越多的外国人开始学习汉语的现象。在很多国家，学汉语的人数在迅速增长。据统计，全世界已有109个国家、3000多所高等学校开设了汉语课程。一项调查显示,他们学习汉语的主要目的是去中国旅游、从事贸易活动、了解中国和中国文化。汉语热背后的原因是中国经济的飞速发展，它使中国的国际地位和影响力得到了提升。全球“汉语热”传达了世界各国人民渴望了解中国文化的信息。

nanafly

2016-08-31 23:16

【杜绝"到此一游】

　　Dao ci yi you means someone once visited aplace.Recently,a photo on the Internet drew people'sclose attention which showed“Ding Jinhao dao ci yiyou”in Chinese characters carved on a relic inEgypt.The incident attracted wide spread attentionvia social media and stimulated public anger at the shameful behavior of this Chinesetourist.Besides Ding,there are many other tourists who have defaced historical interests, ormisbehaved by cutting in line,littering and making loud noises at tourist attractions.TheChinese National Tourism Administration calls on tourists to pay attention to their behavior.Butcriticizing bad behavior and promoting good norms should not be just lip service.To raisetourists'civilization to a higher level requires long-term efforts devoted to public and familyeducation and also legislation.

　　参考翻译

　　“到此一游(dao ci yi you)”是指有人到过某地(游玩)。近期，网上的—张图片引起了人们的密切关注，图片显示，埃及的一处遗迹(relic)被刻上了“丁锦昊到此一游”。这一事件在社交媒体上受到广泛关注，该中国游客的可耻行为一时激起了公愤。此外，还有很多其他游客或损坏历史遗迹表面，或在旅游景点插队、乱丢垃圾、大声喧哗。中国国家旅游局(The Chinese National Tourism Administration)呼吁游客注意自己的行为。但是批评不良行为、推行良好规范不应该只是说说而已。提髙游客的文明程度需要长期的努力，开展公共教育、家庭教育并推进立法。

　　1.到此一游:音译为Dao ci yi you是合理的，因为整篇文章讲述的都是出现在中国人中的一种现象，所以最好保留汉语拼音。

　　2.引起了人们的密切关注:可译为draw people's closeattention。

　　3.该中国游客的可耻行为一时激起了公愤:“可耻行为”可译为shameful behaviour;“激起了公愤”可译为stimulatepublic anger。

　　3.损坏历史遗迹表面:可译为deface historical interests。deface意为“损坏…的外表”。

　　4.插队、乱丢垃圾、大声喧哗:可译为misbehaved by cutting in line,littering and making loudnoises。此处用misbehaved处理显得很灵活，因为这三种都是不良行为，增添这个词使得逻辑更为清晰。cutin line意为“插队，加塞”，litter 意为“乱丢，乱扔”。

　　6.不应该只是说说而已:可译为should not be just lip service。其中lip service意为“空口应酬的话”。

nanafly

2016-09-01 22:35

　【政府改革】

　　We are also keenly aware that there are still quite afew shortcomings in the government's work.Self-reform and transfromation of government arebehind schedule,there are still too many itemsrequiring administrative approval,and socialmanagement and public services are inadequate.Theresponsibilities of some departments are not clearly defined,making effective coordinationdifficult;some management practices are backward;and productivity is low.Some problemsaffecting the vital interests of the people have still not been fundamentally solved.Somegovernment employees are not conscientious enough about performing their duties inaccordance with the law.The problems of formalism,bureaucracy,dishonesty,extravaganceand waste are relatively severe.Corruption is serious in some localities,departments andorganizations.

　　参考翻译

　　主要是：就业压力巨大;经济结构不合理，产业技术水平低，第三产业发展滞后;投资率持续偏高，消费率偏低;经济增长方式粗放，资源约束和环境压力加大。特别是制约经济社会健康发展的体制性机制性问题仍很突出。我们也清醒地看到，政府工作还存在不少的缺点。政府自身改革和职能转变滞后，行政审批事项仍然过多，社会管理和公共服务的职能比较薄弱。一些部门之间职责不清、协调不力、管理方式落后、办事效率不高。有些关系群众利益的问题还没有得到根本解决。有些政府工作人员依法行政的观念不强，形式主义、官僚主义、弄虚作假和奢侈浪费的问题比较突出。腐败现象在一些地方、部门和单位比较严重。

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