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nanafly 2016-08-30 00:03

2017考博英语语法考点小结

被分隔的定语从句   q*3keB;X  
  定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词;但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分,使它与先行词分隔开来,这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句,在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况,在阅读是要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。 2_+>a"8Y  
  一般说来,定语从句被分割开来大致有以下三种: b' y*\9Ru  
  ①在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语。 .'gm2  
  如:There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun. '2H?c<Y3  
  在太空中有成千上万的象太阳般的星星。 t'l4$}(  
  乍一看,that引导的定语从句在名词sky的后面,似乎应该是修饰sky的。但仔细一想,”不对啊,天空怎么能象太阳呢?“,原来that引导的定语从句被in the sky这个地点状语分隔开来,修饰中心词stars。 ]f0'YLG  
  ②在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语。 c{BAQZVc  
  如:Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace? =abcLrf2G  
  你还记得吗,十年前的一天下午,我来到你家,找你借了一条钻石项链? DfD >hf/  
  when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace 实际上是修饰afternoon而不是修饰 years。ten years ago 实际上是定语后置修饰afternoon。 E,}{iqAb  
  ③先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时,先行词通常是句子的主语,因定语从句较长,主句谓语较短,为使句子平衡,常将定语从句移至谓语之后 v{VF>qE P  
  如:A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. Gl1XRNy C  
  明天,新(男)老师将来交你德语。 =GPXuo  

nanafly 2016-08-30 00:04
以f(e)结尾名词的复数形式 m-vn5OX  
0\P5=hD)K  
  以f(e)结尾名词的复数形式  ?<EzILM  
IR6W'vA  
  英语中以f(e)结尾的可数名词有100多个.其中: / \w4k  
 vW1^  
  ①直接加s的有: dFy$w=  
p"ZvA^d\   
  serf uL`#@nI  
p Cs3-&rI3  
  belief ^l!SIu  
e= IdqkJ%  
  roof {dpC;jsW1  
mr\,"S-`  
  gulf i1vz{Tc  
MXaF q K<Y  
  chief &B{zS K$N  
]<;7ZNG"Y5  
  cliff jIubJQR~  
=!'9TS  
  proof IVNH.g'  
\sNgs#{7E7  
  safe 5Z>a}s_i  
a{kJ`fK   
  stuff ,1sbY!&ekL  
D S U`(`  
  ②须改f(e)为ves的有 "iSY;y o  
FK^xZ?G  
  calf ${Un#]g  
}Va((X w  
  life gi!_Nz  
wN[lC|1c  
  loaf JwSF}kNs}  
Cbff:IP  
  self z!g$#hmL>  
iB)\* )  
  sheaf vbid>$%  
qO>UN[Y  
  shelf ;M~,S^U  
05wkUo:9  
  thief ;J W ]b]  
vb>F)X?b_  
  wife JvAXLT  
)g@+ MR  
  wolf 2.^{4 1:  
+xYu@r%R  
  ③既可直接加s,又可改f为ves的有: ]9YA~n\  
'yiv.<4  
  dwarf SJiQg-+<Uf  
c,1  G+.  
  hoof v2x+_K}J  
!>9s  
  hankerchief 9nAP%MA`  
?'k_K:_  
  neckchief XM\\ Imw  
V lx.C~WYn  
  oaf <+*0{8?0  
T~3{$  
  scarf &{j!!LL  
i]MemM-  
  turf `KZV@t  
_$UJ'W})/  
  wharf ;.4y@?B  
w+6P x#  
  ④bee,staff的复数虽然有两种方式,但含义不同: kP`#zwp'Ci  
,7wYa&  
  staffs(工作人员) staves(五线谱) znrO~OK  
2Hd\>{*  
  beeves(菜牛) beefs(牢骚) sywuS  

nanafly 2016-08-30 00:04
besides,but,except,exept for,excepting,apart from的区别 &5 y  
gY7sf1\wX  
  (1) besides与except /phMrL=  
O+W<l:|$  
  前者表示"除...以外,还有...";后者表示"从整体中除去..." -*7i:mg  
Fv]6 a n.  
  这个大家都知道,就不举例子了. az ZtuDfv  
(G F}c\=T7  
  (2)except与except for mo^E8t.  
93*d:W8Vr  
  a.除去的和非除去的是同类事物,用except )B]s.w  
9`Qa/Y!  
  eg: Md4Q.8  
;~0q23{+;U  
  All the essays are well written except Nelson's. deAV:c  
W(]A^C=/  
  Nelson的文章(除去的)和All the essays(非除去的)是同类事物,所以用except. ;h1hz^Wq  
<P#BQt f  
  b.除去的和非除去的不是同类事物,用except for,并且从语气上通常表示遗憾. E#_/#J]UQn  
"_&ZRcd*  
  eg:His essay is well written except for a few spelling mistakes. <-.@,HQ+  
]r#b:W\  
  a few spelling mistakes(除去的)和His essay(非除去的)是不同类的事物. rG?5z"  
I8! .n  
  (3)apart from 具有多重意义:既可表示besides,也可以表示exept或exept for,还可以表示without的意思 gM&O dT+i  
IoL P*D  
  eg: 7C'@g)@^/  
wb9(aS4  
  Apart from the cost,it will take a lot of time.(=besides) 4L,wBce;,t  
)Wle CS_  
  The orphan had no one to take care of him apart from his uncle.(=except) kxKb}> =  
S!PG7hK2  
  He has done good work,apart from a few slight faults.(=except for) >TglX t+  
@U!&XZ]h  
  There can be no knowledge apart from practice.实践出真知.(=without) h[u@UGK%  
1n<4yfJ  
  (4)excepting =except,但一般用于句首或用于not,without,always等词之后 7HVENj_b+M  
<lR:^M[v5<  
  eg: 2OpA1$n6  
D7nK"]HG;l  
  Excepting his brother,they are all right. [_jw8`  
3\4e{3$  
  Everyone,not excepting myself,must share the blame. 2H w7V3q  
]d[e  
  All of us,without excepting those who know more about the subject,should study. Pk;/4jt4  
j^#p#`m  
  All my brothers com here every day,always excepting the youngest. _IdW5G  
Q9 AvNj>X  
  (5)but与except同义,但but多用在every,any,no等和由这些词构成的复合词如everything,anywhere,nobody等词以后及all,none之后 hBRi5&%  
;6 W[%{  
  eg: HI{q#  
m-$}'mEO  
  The children go to school everyday but Sunday. @5wc 3y  
|hj!NhBe  
  They are all gone but me. ,\i XZ5"R  
7b08Lo7b  
  You can get the book anywhere but here. ,9d]-CuP;  
cH*")o D  
  There is no one but me. i$%Bo/Y   
Ph]b6  
  Who but George would do such a thing? qJT/4 8lf_  

davidli3275 2016-08-30 13:59
会有那么详细么?

nanafly 2016-08-30 23:39
Lu 6g`O:['  
deaB_cjdI  
含义因有无冠词而迥异的短语 VQqBo~  
r!f UMDS  
  含义因有无冠词而迥异的短语 XxMZU(5  
gIz!~I_U  
  at play 在玩 UA*VqK)Y  
Jn=;gtD- *  
  at the play 在看戏 JMt*GFd  
oDu6W9+  
  behind time 迟到 }NyQ<,+mq&  
WN=0s  
  behind the times 落在时代后 Dh8'og)7  
p,8~)ic_  
  by day 在白天 +Mijio  
I[k"I(  
  by the day 按日计算 v =y 2  
DNq(\@x[!  
  by sea 乘船 u*Xp%vNe  
1}a4 AGAp  
  by the sea 在海边 t}_ #N'`  
3<W%z]k@M  
  in front of 在...(外面的)前面 LE<J<~2Z  
.+u b\  
  in the front of 在...(内部的前面) FiiDmhu  
ujxr/8mjV  
  in charge of 看护,负责 IyHbl_ P ^  
-:ucp2  
  in the charge of 由...看护,由...负责 $!>.h*np  
.c-a$39  
  in secret 秘密地(作状语) 0i_:J  
jj[6oNKE1  
  in the secret 知道内情(作表语) m@Yc&M~  
pc*)^S  
  in course of 在...过程中(作表语后置定语) hNN[djR  
*[]E 5U  
  in the course of 在...期间(作状语) k B> F(^  
|2q3spd  
  in red 穿着红衣服 f zo'9  
qazA,|L!  
  in the red 负债,赤字 2 DW @}[G  
b4_0XmL  
  of age 成年 Ax=HDW}  
!B3TLe h  
  of an age (岁数)同年 H\S)a FY[  
[7v|bd  
  on fire 着火 !y _{mE?V(  
Q6Gw!!Z5EA  
  on the fire 在考虑中 ;>?h/tS6  
7s(tAbPdB  
  on occasion 不时地;必要时 ss)x fG  
_nbr%PD,  
  on the occasion 在那时 lME>U_E  
lxL5Rit@Px  
  out of question 毫无疑问 ]Btkoad  
F[jE#M=k  
  out of the question 不可能 lgOAc,  
(9'^T .J  
  to death 十分 Tz]R}DKB&  
CFaY=Cy  
  to the death 到最后 @RoZd?  
~Bzzu % S  
  five of us 我们中的五人(部分) L!fTYX#K]  
'X?xn@?  
  the five of us 我们五个人(全部) _VrY7Mz:r  
g@`i7qN  
  a yellow and white cat 一只黄白相间的猫 Q7s@,c!m_  
+<7Oj s>o  
  a yellow and a white cat 一只黄猫和一只白猫 Gnkar[oa&  
(@1:1 K(   
  in a faimly way 象一家人一样 %=aKW[uq]  
S&-K!XyJ  
  in the family way 怀孕 #4^d#Gj  
Zwmuc Y%3  
  die of cold 冻死 ux;?WPyr  
WgtLKRZ\  
  die of a cold 感冒而死 {7NGfzwp;6  
S#/%#k103  
  have words with 与...争吵 }47h0 i  
d ]P~  
  have a word with 与...略谈 "s+4!,k  
;P@]7vkff  
  keep house 管理家务 >Fel) a  
>L7s[vKn  
  keep the house 守在家里 / ;]5X  
(` P\nnb  
  take rest 就寝 [0H0%z#tU&  
G.W !   
  take a reat 休息一下 9njwAKF?  
J!I)G&:  
  take place 发生 M+/xw8}a  
mB?x_6#d9  
  take the place of 代替 wKV4-uyr  

nanafly 2016-08-30 23:39
用to do还是of doing作后置定语 x]~TGzS  
S{@}ECla  
  不同的名词,对这两种后置定语的选择是有区别的,有的只能用to do,有的只可用of doing,有的两种都可以.现分述如下: +X}i%F'  
9Em#Ela  
  (1)will, willingness, suggestion, conclusion, decision, permission, agreement, refusal, determination, proposal, resolution等,一般用不定式作后置定语. A4K.,bZ   
|c_qq Bd  
  如: TJ|Jv8j<s  
}f}.>B0#  
  Mary has the will to win the first prize.(不用of winning) B /? L$m  
PnlI {d  
  玛丽有获得一等奖的决心. Cy/&KWLenf  
-N *L1Zj  
  He has drawn a conclusion to go abroad with his family.(不用of winning) em$pU*`P  
1<@SMcj>  
  他已作出了携家去国外的决定. ,$P,x  
1H)mJVIKkB  
  (2)hope, risk, possibility, impossibility, probability, intention, prospect, responsiblility, aim等,一般只能用of doing作后置定语. LF<&gC  
8`Ya7c>  
  如: !3v&+Jrf6  
tYS4"Nfb+  
  In fact,tere is no hope of their winning the game. +n3I\7G>  
v9$!v^U"D  
  事实上,他们没有希望赢得这场比赛.(不能说for them to win) >ZA=9v  
.8hI ad  
  He will run the risk of losing his life to save the child. C*9X;+S0J  
#el27"QP0  
  他将冒生命危险去救那个孩子. s?SspuV  
_GOSqu!3Y  
  ⑶way, chance, need, necessity, right, freedom, power, opportunity,ability等,既可用不定式短语,又可用of doing短语作后置定语. `]Bb0h1![  
'sNZFB#  
  如: kc,"w\ ai  
7>JYwU{  
  Their chance to go(of ging) abroad was lost. U=>S|>daR  
p!.~hw9  
  他们失去了出国的机会. PnsBDf%v  
GK?ual1  
  He has the right to do (of doing) that. 74s{b]jN'-  
KKeMi@N  
  他有权那样做. i`,FXF)  

nanafly 2016-08-30 23:39
 与-ly副词同义的介词短语 V\~.  
GW2\YU^{  
  in angry= angrily rk=D5E7  
AerU`^  
  in despair= desparingly 5/H,UL  
|dRVSVN  
  in admiration= admiringly  Et>#&Nw8  
Z\0Rw>#  
  in common = commonly @sXFu[!U  
XTol|a=  
  in fact = acrually *MF9_V)8V  
">uN= {Iy  
  in fear = fearfully [K{{P|(q  
gesbt  
  in fairness = fairly _0/unJl`  
%&ejO= r  
  in fun = funnily J8|MK.oD  
j50vPV8m  
  in grief = grievously _k84#E0  
r924!zdbR  
  in joke = jokingly U,<m%C"  
.ZXoRT  
  in line = lineally 7vRtTP  
1ni+)p>]  
  in mercy = mercifully WP<L9A  
1v@#b@NXM7  
  in public = publicly 8NN+Z<  
hA=uo e\  
  in silence =silently m$0W^u  
Y&2FH/(M  
  in spite =spitefully LF|0lAr  
h*w9{[L  
  in sorrow =sorrily/sorrowfully \aSP7DzqQ  
I{Du/"r#  
  in surprise =surprisedly .Rr^AGA4  
em Sq{A  
  with a smile =smilingly -L2.cN_  
$5nMD=   
  with satisfaction = satisfactorily r@G*Fx8Z  
?sfqg gi  
  with attention =attentively Tigw+2  
|Xt G9A>  
  with care =carefully X[Y0r  
^[<BMk  
  with courage =courageously !do`OEQKR  
$8^Hk xy  
  with difficult =difficultly bY_'B5$.^2  
qqDg2,Yb  
  with emphasis = emphatically =v2 |QuS$  
2|pTw5z~  
  with fascination =fascinatingly ( /y8KG 3  
:a wt7lqv  
  with grace =gracefully _i_='dsyW/  
@ 9/I^Zk  
  with joy = joyfully .}faWzRH9  
P&`%VW3E  
  with pride =proudly Ejug2q  
Eq-+g1a  
  with pleasure =pleasantly }`R,C~-|^  
U>tR:)  
  with warmth =warmly ?(ORk|)kU  
zx@!8Z  
  out of breath =breathlessly $dfc@Fn^x  

nanafly 2016-08-31 23:14
需要用名词复数的短语 Q,?_;,I}  
[f+wP|NKL  
  需要用名词复数的短语 =O}I{dNKZV  
CPB{eQeDuv  
  英语中有些以名词为核心的短语,使用时需用该名词的复数形式。 6 Bq_<3P_  
yD"]:ts3  
  常见的主要有如下三类: _E '? U  
9NTNulD>P  
  ①表示“交往关系”的短语 /2Izj/Q  
y._'o7%  
  be friends with sb. (和某人是朋友) UL[,A+X8D  
!Z_+H<fi+I  
  keep friends with sb. (与某人保持友好关系) !wp1Df[  
suEK;Bk9  
  make friends with sb. (与某人交朋友) 7O1MC 8{  
] SJ#:7  
  be on good terms with sb. (与某人关系良好) } =OE.cf@  
y:)^*2GA-B  
  be on bad terms with sb. (与某人关系不好) ]:e_Y,@  
]bds~OY5 U  
  keep on good terms with sb. (与某人保持友好关系) B[8bkFS>]  
q7 PCMe  
  make terms with sb.(与某人达成协议) k;\gYb%L  
1L,L/sOwB&  
  have friendly relations with sb. (与某人有友好关系) >YI Vi4''  
um%_kX  
  break off all relations with sb. (与某人绝交) }y6)d.  
evZcoH3~  
  ②“交换、交流”之义的短语 mx^Ga=: ?  
T'pL&@,Q  
  shake hands with (与某人握手) I|rb"bG  
#*bmwb*i  
  exchange/change seats with sb (与某人交换座位) )$]lf }  
i#-v4g  
  exchange greetings with sb. (与某人相互问好) y,5qY}P+  
k[@P526  
  change trains (换火车) '3S~QN  
- rO34l  
  take turns (轮流) l!*_[r   
3en 9TB  
  ③有些约定俗成的短语 <>6j>w_|  
i}vJI}S.$  
  take pains (煞费苦心) c|/HX%Y  
N|DfE{,  
  at (the) pains (下苦功) BAQ-1kSz  
hC2Fup1@  
  make arrangements (安排) dk&e EDvfd  
:7K a4  
  make preparations for (为。。。作准备) ILm +o$o ~  
&Ym):pc  
  keep up one's spririts (振奋精神) V}V->j*  
*s4|'KS2o  
  in high spirits (情绪高昂) iaL@- dg  

nanafly 2016-08-31 23:14
集体名词的类与群 L"ho|v9:  
P}4&J ^  
  集体名词的类与群 h,{Q%sqO  
l\Ozy  
  表示一群人或物的名词叫集体(或集合)名词。为便于弄清其特点,我们不妨把它们分为表示无生命的物的“类”和表示主要是由人(有少数是低等动物)构成的“群”的集体名词。 OD)X7PU  
/V,xSK9.&  
  (1)表示“类”的集体名词,常见的有 vgeqH[:  
MT/jpx  
  clothing 58Ibje  
#}#m\=0  
  furniture |jIHgm  
3l=q@72  
  baggage/luggage Wx0i_HFR  
VgbNZ{qk@  
  jewelry ;7\Fx8"s[  
ZuGSRGX'  
  traffic cH&)Iz`f  
w Q[|D2;  
  infomation 0~U0s3  
s* GZOz  
  machinery xCZ_x$bk  
[#GBn0BG)  
  merchandise =G}a%)?As\  
jgE{JK\n4  
  produce 9(]_so24,  
CzV;{[?~;  
  scenery \hX,z =  
{v*4mT  
  它们指同一类的许多东西,其用法与不可数名词相当: P8c_GEna  
Z0&^(Fb  
  ①形式上总是单数,没有复数形式,作主语时,谓语用单数。 [6TI_U~  
ZSNbf|ldiE  
  如: 6 :4GI  
D G;u_6;JR  
  The old machinery is out of date. ftY&Q#[  
XI`_PQco  
  这些旧机器过时了。 I~l_ky|a !  
l]|&j`'O  
  ②不可直接与a(n)或数词连用。表数量时用much,little,some,a piece of,an article of等。 "dCIg{j   
v Z10Rb8  
  如: _A]jiPq  
Y#lAG@$  
  Each room has five pieces of furniture. Jha*BaD~N  
m@nGXl'!  
  每个房间有五件家具。 M}jl \{  
0(&uH0x  
  ③若需用代词,用单数代词。 4`~OxL  
2h5T$[fV  
  如: \nOV2(FAT  
HV`u#hZ7C  
  Do you want to see my jewelry?It is in the box. G%gdI3h1Z  
yzpa\[^  
  你想看我的珠宝吗?它在我的箱子里。 M/V"Ke"N  
Q9y|1Wg1W  
  (2)表示“群”的集体名词常见的有 e7G>'K  
h<m>S,@g  
  (Ⅰ) Ct /6<  
FIn)O-<  
  peeple RW>F %P  
)P1NX"A  
  police }J5iY0  
ICoZ<;p  
  cattle avS9"e  
jbOzbxR?  
  poultry AF{ o=@  
P\c0Q;){h"  
  vermin bVRxGn @l  
0g#?'sD  
  clergy /7*qa G  
zJ0'KHF}o  
  militia nDC5/xB  
RDG,f/L2  
  (Ⅱ) XeBSHvO_  
Q~*3Z4)j  
  family CvTgtZ '  
FHH2  
  class 6 ud<B  
`V ++})5v  
  team _jb"@TY  
13{"sY:PT#  
  government Ll&5#q  
-ap;Ul?  
  vrowd >Q\H1|?  
J=]w$e ?.P  
  committee FkE CY  
~(0Y`+gC  
  crew <F.Ol/'h  
\ ZDT=?  
  jury .y[K =p3  
LveqG   
  party S(-=I!.G{  
s*#|EdD6@  
  firm i+cGw  
x!.VWGtb  
  couple (&hX8  
>a-+7{};  
  board ez5`B$$  
246lFx G.  
  group `Zi#rr|)L  
D\l.?<C  
  gang S+>]8ZY  
fY"28#   
  audience RK3/!C`  
`U1%d7[vY  
  public I~qiF%?d  
n)7icSc  
  mankind )?bb]hZg?O  
t(rU6miN  
  humanity 4F4u1r+  
F i/G, [q  
  youth # |I@`#O  
enzQ}^  
  ▲上述(Ⅰ)部分的词作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数。 B;~agr  
*pD;AU  
  如: @Kr)$F  
`s_TY%&_}g  
  The police are looking for him. a*[\edcHU  
X[~CLKH(  
  警察当局正在找他。 7 f*_  
V$%K=[  
  ▲▲上述(Ⅱ)部分的词把集体当作一个整体时,用作单数;若考虑构成这些集体的各个成员时,看作复数。 5l}h8So4  
Ma daxx  
  如: 7:<Ed"rdE  
'X,V  
  My family is a large one. EG.C2]Fi  
\IfgL$+  
  我家是个大家庭。 \8D~,$,``|  
~\G3 l,4  
  My family are all workers. 8!SiTOzR?  
\^4$}@*]  
  我的家人都是工人。 ( `+Z'Y  
<6~;-ZQY  
  ▲▲▲上述(Ⅰ)部分的词以及public,church,audience,mankind,humanity等通常只有单数形式,也不能直接加a(n)(audience除外);其中clergy,public,church,youth,police等的前面通常要加the。 |]cDz  
8Q -F  
  ▲▲▲▲把一个集体名词看作单数或复数,要注意前后一致。 Oha g%<1#  
y}HC\A77uD  
  如: p ri{vveN@  
V^+:U>$w  
  The team is famous for its(不能用their) long history. ~(/HgFLLu  
 0QqzS  
  该对以历史悠久而闻名。 =+S3S{\CK  
SYPMoE!U:  
  He has joined the football team who are (不可用whichi is) all famous footballers. \q'fB?bS^  
6ya87H'e@  
  他参加了一个队员全是著名足球选手的那个足球队。 f;H#TSJ  

nanafly 2016-08-31 23:15
名词作定语 ,GU/l)os`  
zN)\2  
  名词作定语的情况 oImgj4C2L  
)2Ru!l#  
  作定语的名词往往是说明其中名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。 qK vr*xlC  
uo'31V0  
  ⒈材料 /NX7Vev  
Guw|00w,Q$  
  a diamond necklace v#]v,C-*  
xf"5<PTW</  
  a bamboo pole A a} o*  
!FO^:V<|5  
  paper money 5YI/Ec  
9Jy2T/l  
  a stone bridge (S)E|;f%C  
.n& Cq+U;  
  ⒉用途 ~/jxB)t  
BT#=Xh  
  a meeting room }#HTO:r  
AOlt,MNpQ  
  the telephone poles j H.Ju|nO  
c\)&yGE  
  the railway staion PL9eUy  
s |gD  
  trade union nz(q)"A  
ke9QT#~p!-  
  water pipe :x""E5H  
?)mhJ/IT  
  welcome speech _h1 HuL  
..]*Ao2  
  eye drops A!ioji+{[  
/}nrF4S  
  ⒊时间 uqa4&2(I=j  
?H[5O+P[  
  a day bed  t$H':l0  
sArje(5Eo  
  the dinner party C,{F0-D  
)pjjW"C+  
  the Apring and Autum Period # 5y9L  
Z(Eke  
  evening suit A-a17}fta  
:T7 ?  
  midday lunch `!nJS|  
llHc=&y#  
  ⒋地点 S9HBr  
}z%OnP  
  London hotels +z:CZ(fb  
-XBKOybHBO  
  Beijing University Hs"% S  
oe(9mYWKa6  
  body temperature 5c: '>  
1m JbQ#5  
  the spaceship floor ZjU=~)O}H  
wv, GBZ-f  
  the kitchen window bKk CW  
SkiJ pMN  
  ⒌内容 1@A7h$ 1P  
#_.g2 Y  
  a story book (jM<T;4  
V~OUE]]Q  
  piano lessons { EA2   
~TYbP  
  the sports meet i{gDW+N  
`FUFK/7 w\  
  oxygen supply [J~aAB  
ZV!R#Xv  
  the air pressure  QT Va  
 d,)}+G  
  the grammar rules AK6=Ydu  
<u0*"  
  ⒍类别 c#=&!FRe  
D899gGe  
  children education +Dv7:x7  
vx'l> @]k  
  enemy soldiers mv{<'  
PmHd9^C  
  a bus driver Zw+=ng.q?  

nanafly 2016-09-01 22:36
no more(...)than与not more(...)than 的用法 }@wVW))6$  
jDkm:X}:  
  在阅读理解里面,我们经常会遇到自己认为熟悉短语,于是便按照字面意思去理解。 }7%9}2}Iw  
2SYKe$e  
  实际上,在英语里面有很多短语都有其约定俗成的用法和意思,不能按其字面意思去理解,象这样的短语有很多,这里先把大家觉得比较头疼的no more(...)than与not more(...)than 的用法先解释清楚,希望对大家有所帮助: F'1k<V?  
mB~~_]M N  
  (1)不用于比较,后接数词时,no more than意为“仅仅,只不过,只有”(=only),而not more than意为“至多,不超过”(=at the most). vHS2q >  
+s ULo  
  eg:There are no more than fifteen eggs in the basket. *#zS^b n  
CI^[I\$&  
  篮子里只有15个鸡蛋。(暗指15个鸡蛋太少) h(nj,X+  
R pYcD  
  eg:There are not more than fifteen eggs in the basket. ]w!0u2K<Q\  
> VP5vkv=  
  篮子里至多有15个鸡蛋。(暗指可能少于15个) dq(E&`SzK  
?pqU3-knH  
  (2)用语两者的比较时:“no+形容词或副词比较级+than”是对两者的否定,相当于neither...nor... w//omF'`  
->h5T%sn  
  eg:This story is no more interesting than that one.(=Neither this story nor that one is interesting.) J#''q"rZ  
9Sz7\W0  
  这个故事和那个故事一样没趣。 LL.x11 o3  
oR#Ob#&  
  “not+形容词或副词比较级+than"是普通的比较级结构,表示前者不如后者,相当于not so...as... <UT>PCNG  
9,scH65x  
  eg:This story is not more interesting than that one.(=This story is not so interesting as that one.) V&%C \ns4  
+Ofa#^5);K  
rather than,more...than,other than的用法 cI:-Z{M7z  
H:Y&OZ  
  (1)rather than 用来表示“是。。。而不是。。。”,通常连接两个并列成分 2)9r'ai?a  
G >K@AW #  
  eg:He is an artist rather than a philosopher. DW>ES/B8$(  
@PX\{6&  
  他是位艺术家而不是位哲学家。 id?E)Jy  
JNi=`X&A  
  (2)sb/sth is more A than B表示“与其说sb/sth是B,不如说是A” +rc SL8C  
i%F<AY\O)  
  eg:He is more an artist than a philosopher. n Q-mmY>#  
)R &,'`\  
  与其说他是位哲学家,不如说他是位艺术家。 <#*.}w~  
.3X Y&6  
  sb/sth is not more A than B表示“与其说sb/sth是A,不如说是B” d:rGyA]  
g`[$Xi R  
  eg:He is not more an artist than a philosopher. >{nH v)  
v0LGdX)/Y  
  与其说他是位艺术家,不如说他是位哲学家。 nB] Ia?  
+~ 35G:&:  
  注意:这里的not more...than 与疑难短语(一)中所讲的不同,疑难短语(一)中所讲的not more...than所作比较的是主语和than后面的词语,而这里所讲的not more...than 所作比较的是than前和than后的词语,要注意区分。 5k$vlC#[H  
.<YcSG  
:NE/Ddgc'  
alive、live、living和lively的用法 x?sI;kUw8  
2*AG 7  
  ⑴ lively 有“活泼的、快活的、生动的”等意思,可以指人或物,可作定语或标语;但它没有“活着的”意思,而其他三个都有。 Ow/@Z7~  
i zwUS!5e  
  eg: #ekM"p  
DNP@A4~  
  Young children are usually lively. Apfnx7Fv  
[po "To  
  小孩子们通常是活泼的。 2?DRLF]  
xDjV `E]  
  He told a very lively story. NX,-;v  
Jp~zX lu  
  他讲了一个生动的故事。 >*1}1~uU`'  
n7! H:{L  
  ⑵alive、live、living都有“活的、有生命的”意思,与dead意义相反。但live通常只作前置定语,且一般用于动物;alive、living不仅可作定语(alive只能置于名词后;living一般置于名词前,也可置于名词后),也可以作表语。 'jfRt-_-  
&c%Y<1e`%  
  eg: n}nEcXb  
jndGiMA  
  This is a live(=living) fish.(=This is a fish alive.) ]A+o>#n}x  
',=g;  
  这是一条活鱼。(指动物,且作定语时,三者均可用) S Xr%kndS  
#Dy?GB08  
  Who's the greatest man alive(=living man)? TqAPAHg  
PK2~fJB  
  谁是当今最伟大的人物?(指人,不能用live) (z7+|JE.  
B[o`k]]  
  The fish is still alive(=living) !0}\&<8/m  
LKF/u` 0dP  
  那条鱼还活着。(指动物作表语时不能用live)。 zI;0&  
rf K8q'@  
  ⑶living主要指在某个时候是活着的,而alive指本来有死的可能,但仍活着的。而且,作主语补足语或宾语补足语时,只能用alive;作比喻义(如“活像...”、“活生生的”等)解时,要用living。 nsuX*C7  
#JW+~FU`  
  eg: Ud(`V:d  
svhI3"r  
  The enemy officer was caught alive.(作主语补足语,不用living) Y%aWK~O  
-ysn&d\rV  
  那位敌方军官被活捉了。 XNH4vG |  
!{%:qQiA  
  We found the snake alive.(作宾语补足语,不用living) hZ$t$3  
0 p uY"[c  
  He is the living image of his father.(比喻义,不用alive) j}JZ  
MgM D\  
  他活象他父亲。 <i. a pBH  
V"KS[>>f  
  ⑷只有living前加the方可表示“活着的人”,作主语时,视作复数。 a[!%L d  
b1?xeG#  
  eg: GZ#aj|  
 :$r ^_  
  The living are more important to us than the dead. KLWDo%%u  
)xU-;z0"~  
  活着的人对我们来说比死去的人更重要。 fxQN+6;  

nanafly 2016-09-02 22:26
 too...to 结构表示肯定含义的情况 #s5N [uK^m  
R W/z1  
  【too...to 结构表示肯定含义的情况】 JCniN";r[  
V A^l+Z,d  
  我们知道too...to结构一般表示否定含义,意为"太...以致于不能"eg:He is too old to work. es:2M |#O  
qCQ./"8  
  但too...to在下列情况下却表示肯定含义: !  NV#U  
z_|oCT!6  
  (1)当too前或to前有否定词构成双重否定时. i'/m4 !>h  
y(jg#7)  
  eg:English is not too difficult to learn.  英语并不太难学. cQN sL  
/B3R1kNf|  
  He is too wise not to see that.   他很聪明,不会不懂这一点. a}yXC<}$  
>pL2*O^{9  
  (2)当too后是glad, pleased, happy, delighted, satisfied, ready, willing, kind, apt, good, true, easy, near, careful, well, early, delicious, eager, anxious等形容词或副词时. lEjwgk {  
F'RUel_%  
  eg:They are too anxious to leave. 7E$&2U^Js  
iPG0o %  
  他们急于离开. )$%Z:  
_u0$,Y?&|  
  He is too ready to help others. xb2?lL]  
El_Qk[X|A  
  他总是乐于助人. x[_=#8~.1x  
s54nF\3V  
  与这些词连用时,too前还常加上only,all,but,just,simply等副词,意思不变,因为这些词加上too后与very同义. ZfAzc6J?\  
U%<rn(xWXD  
  eg:I'm only too glad to see you . alMYk  
lJ;J~>  
  见到你非常高兴. Z4TL6 ]^R  
zk_Eb?mhwV  
  They are but too pleased to hear the news. R9vT[{!i  
NR%Y+8^M  
  他们听到这个消息,非常高兴. &jA\hg#9  
/hWd/H]  
  (3)与cannot连用时. ,Dmc2D  
+]xFoH  
  eg:You cannot be too careful(=You can never be careful enough) to do your homework. y8Xv~4qQW  
>B -q@D  
  你做作业越仔细越好(=无论怎样仔细也不过分). \5 pu|2u  
83~ i:+;  
  (4)当不定式在句中作定语或真正的主语时. BbOu/i|  
Et2JxbD  
  eg:There are too many problems to be solved. :t$aN|>y  
9v )%dO.  
  有很多问题有待解决. D>L2o88  
WKM)*@#,  
  It is too much to say that he is a fool. bUy,5gk-  
every表示”每隔“的用法 E|EgB33S  
l3o#@sz:  
  (1)“every other+单数名词” p0p4Xh1 e  
8iQ[9  
  意思是“每隔一。。。” _W!p8cB  
f&@BKx  
  如:every other day 每隔一天 every other tree 每隔一棵树 a~L C+8|JW  
E:E4ulak  
  (2)“every+基数词+复数名词”或“every+序数词+单数名词” &NZfJs  
"VxWj}+]  
  意思是“每隔。。。”(较英语数词少一个) h&@R| N  
4\5uY  
  如:every three days=every third day 每隔两天(或者译为每三天) gIEl.  
zzGYiF ?  
  因此every two days=every other day 每隔一天(或者译为每两天) <3X7T6_:@  
T5Eseesp  
  (3)“every few+复数名词” 1t[j"CG(o  
{NM+Oj,~'  
  意思是“每隔几。。。”  如:every few days(每隔几天) ,SlN zR  
非谓语动词(1) 1 M3% fW  
5 LP?Ij  
  非谓语动词 cp Ear  
xvLn'8H.  
  非谓语动词主要包括不定式、的动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义,我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、的宾语、的宾语补足语、的定语、的状语、的表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。 I8   
N6oq90G  
  1.不定式和动名词作主语的区别 ~vdkFc(8B  
wRNroQ  
  (1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 lt'I,Xt  
Mq%,lJA\  
  Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) HHk)ZfWRo  
6X g]/FD  
  It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体) 2Nc>6  
:B *}^g  
  (2)动名词作主语时,通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。 M<?Q4a'Q  
uv{P,]lK  
  不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 cX!Pz.C  
YOyX[&oi  
  Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验) sPAg)6&M  
H/F+X?t$0  
  Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验) f6<g3Q7Mu  
TTNk r`  
  (3)不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的不定式短语后置。 3.  WF}8  
VU|dV\>  
  It took me only five minutes to finish the job. (n( fI f  
)(Iy<Y?#  
  2.不定式、的动名词和分词作表语的区别 yTM{|D]$(  
.?C%1a&_l  
  (1)不定式作表语 ]J1S#Q 5'  
lw%?z/HDf  
  1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。 e>'H IO  
9e!NOl\_;.  
  To do two things at a time is to do neither.--次做两件事等于未做。 Y L^=t^ !4  
w6|9|f/  
  What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。 K5Wg"^AHY/  
u}hF8eD  
  2)如果主语是不定式(表示条件),表语也是不定式(表示结果)。 <M?:  
-OZ 5vH0  
  To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。 RH0>ZZR  
_hf4A8ak  
  To work means to earn a living.工作就是为了生活。 y2HxP_s?P?  
Eq% @"-m o  
  3)如果主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等为中心的名词,或以what引导的名词性从句,不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。 $L4/I!Yf  
E&$_`m;  
  His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。 4\t1mocCSN  
=%)+%[wv  
  The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. EC&@I+'8Q  
n#Dv2 E=6  
  The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant. S&nxo k`e^  
8cx=#Me  
  (2)动名词作表语:动名词作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。 mwv(j_  
wbyE;W  
  Our work is serving the people.我们的工作是为人民服务。 ^(}58 5b  
]Hj<IvG  
  His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。 %b.UPS@I  
T70QJ=,  
  (注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同,但其所属结构迥异,进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语,说明主语的性质或情况。 6Z?j AXGSq  
aMARZ)V  
  People cannot but feel puzzled,for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake. W) j|rz.  
.V9e=yW!*  
  His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected. V+-$ jOh  
PALl sGlf  
  (3)分词作表语 NBh%:tu7M  
xynw8;Y ,  
  分词做表语有两种情况,一种是现在分词做表语,一种是过去分词做表语,这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如excite,interest等都是及物动词,汉语意思不是“激动”,“高兴”,而是“使激动”、的“使高兴”,因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、的“令人高兴的”,过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说,若人对……感兴趣,就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时,就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有: :A46~UA!$  
@(``:)Z<b  
  interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的 =! Vf  
9n]|PEoAB  
  exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的 qJ!Z~-hS  
+ eQ e%U  
  delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的 >e5 *prx+  
%ugHhS!  
  disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的 ~pk(L[G  
:H6FPV78  
  encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的 +^aFs S  
B(k=oXDF  
  pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的 Yw3oJf&  
`i ,_aFB|  
  puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的 v4Zb? Yb  
P47V:E%  
  satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的  9DQ)cy  
DVZdClAL  
  surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的 05Fz@31~  
?[TfpAtQ`  
  worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的 9A,Z|q/z5  
h[KvhbD3   
  Traveling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲劳。 cxeghy:;U  
xVB;s.'!  
  The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要学生学得太多,他们会感到糊涂的。 Agh`]XQ2  
)O+}T5c=  
  The argument is very convincing.他的论点很令人信服。 -F&U  
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  They were very excited at the news.听到这个消息,他们非常激动。 h+.{2^x  


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