bai7510 |
2019-09-19 15:33 |
2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法
(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 thK4@C|X4 (3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 DT#F?@LG( 2)基本用法 ;@$v_i (1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 w6&p4Jw/H? 间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , R.P|gk seldom等。例如: +b_o2'' The sun rises in the east. }>$3B5} He usually goes to work by bus. !}I+)@~\w The Jones always go to church on Sunday. He)vl. (2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 /w
"h'u 如:
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C'<* The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. khe.+Qfgj The project starts early this year. dh
K<5E There is a conference tonight. wrm
ReT? (3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: Vqp3'=No When you see him, please say hello to him for me. 7
V3r!y If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. OKV/=]GS 2 、一般过去时 T%O2=h\} E 1)构成:动词过去式 bvF-F$n%F 2)基本用法 R
q9(<'F 用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: Zonr/sA ~ yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 cH6<'W{* when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: ^{g('BQx He died five years ago. *o6hDhg In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. rcUJOI He has given up smoking, but a year ago he ?.Lq
`~T` smoked 100 cigarettes a week. A;Av0@w When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. ):Pzsz7 3 、一般将来时 H6Q!~o\"H 1)构成 XOT|: will +动词原形 i%n9RuULh 2)基本用法 sUz,F8G 用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 o]TKL
'gW 例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. o:PdPuZVR 3)表示将来时的其他形式 ub9,Wd"^ (1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表
&Y jUoe 明即将发生的事。例如: B\\M%!a> The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. MuF{STE>-> (2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 dhV6r 可能性。例如: W.nr&yiQ The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. |-`-zo4z (3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 eOZ"kw"uHu 置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: f0 "_ {\ We're leaving on Friday.
[7Liken They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. 'J8Ga<s7C (4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: =y0h\<[ He is about to retire. 85vyt/.,k 4 、现在进行时 [z,6 K= 1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 yX%NFXD 2)基本用法 t/J|<Ooj? (1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: t#2szr+ What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. o[aIQ|G Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. ^?S lM (2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 8iC9xSH[% (赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: ."j=s#OC( He is constantly complaining about his job. DHVfb(H5e She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. i QvqifDmh 5 、现在完成时 AQD`
cG 1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 x.>&|Ej 2)基本用法 Ws:+P~8 表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 MCTTm^8O 去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since ^C~t)U 引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: j`QXl We’ve just back. :nS p
We have studied English for more than ten years. /! M%9gu He has lived here since 1995. l} W">
yQ0 I have played the piano since 1 came to England. }[: i!t.m Have you booked your hotel yet V3$zlzSm, 注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 , RU (1)过去与现在的关系 4okZ 这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 {cmV{ 4Yx 响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 OQ+kOE& 造成的影响。 smPZ%P}P+c (2)时间状语不同 K<p)-q 一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, u(~( +1W ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till KP
CZiu7 now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: QURpg/<U I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) %8l
WJwb7u I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 }*VRj;
ff 开着的。) sM@1Qyv&0 6 、过去进行时 }VqCyJu&{ 1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 b"eG8 2)基本用法 MZ_dI"J, 表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: 89ab?H}/ I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. h!
wd/jR They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. 'e8O
\FOf 7 、过去完成时 \'+P5, 1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 oA4<AJ2 2)基本用法 JxQGL{)
> 表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 `
FmRoMW9+ 时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: 6,(S}x
YDZ I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning l:j>d^V*&x The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. gNSsT]) The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. yAu.=Eo7 8 、过去将来时 p;)@R$* 1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 vO8C
T-) 2)基本用法 EB8<!c ? 表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 Q;=3vUN 时的宾语从句中。例如: 3 H`ES_JL He said he would stop smoking next month. 2 P9{?Y We wanted to know when the English class would begin. wcW}Sv[r 9 、将来完成时 vzZ"T
SP 1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 0|FQIhVuY 2)基本用法 E*83N@i 表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: /}=cv>S5V By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. #<yKG \X? Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. TlJ'pG 4^ 10 、现在完成进行时
^2uT!<2 1)构成 @WP%kX.? 2)基本用法 .>@]Im 表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 >RXDuCVi 到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 / a$B8, 状语连用。例如: Y{
w9D`} I have been reading this novel the whole morning. 0-8'.C1v He has been studying English for years. 47^7S= He has been playing computer games since early morning. P;ovPyoO 注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 JvM:x y9 1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: MzIn~[\ They have been building a ship.(在进行中) r8Z}
mvLM They have built a ship.(已完成) Kj*$'(' I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) z=Khbh 2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! V)cL=4G (表达不满情绪) \(ju0qFqH II. 动词的语态 hmJa1fw= 英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 D@yu2}F{IY 现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: }&LLo 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 VH
x:3G 现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called rIJd(= 过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called aaFt=7(K 将来 shall/will be VZr AZV^c called <>fT_ ------ shall/will have been called w>6cc#>q 应注意的事项: 2Z*^)ZQB 1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 6>F]Z)]} He was beat severely by the gunman. N3?hu} The cup was broken by Tom. 7/6%92T/B 2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 JI|MR#_u 或副词。例如: 2q%vd=T The child will be taken good care of when you are away. ZGQz@H5 The meeting has been put off till June 1st. vXeI)vFK 3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 _#TbOfu 主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: Q ;$NDYV1 I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) [PL]!\NJ He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) aX|LEZ;D> A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) yPVK>em5 4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 a_o99lP 常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: K1
m'20U We were made to work twelve hours a day. $Ce;}sM The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. {Zrf>ST 5) 表示被动的其他形式: e6uVUzP4 A)“get +过去分词”。例如:
8 J;\Z She got her purse stolen. Kp%:\s,lO I must get my hair cut. v}BXH4 &Y B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 ]TIBy "3 词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: pEX|zee My electric fan needs fixing immediately. do=s=&T My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. >PONu]^ C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, *e
*V%w~75 lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: P%Tffsl
The book sells very well. GKa_6X_ The parachute opens easily. oO][X 6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: 41NVF_R6J It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; = `oGH It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。
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