考博英语范文35篇

考博英语范文35篇

博士生入学英语考试协作部分试题说明

根据教育部1992年颁布的《研究生英语教学大纲》（以下简称大纲《大纲》
的要求：“非英语专业博士研究生英语入学水平原则上应达到或高于硕士生的通过水平。”
《大纲》中对硕士生的写作要求是“掌握基本写作技能（如文章结构、段落展开和起承转合等），能按具体要求，在一小时内写出250词左右的短文，正确表达思想，语意连贯，无重大语言错误。”、

第一部分写作文的要求，评分标准及考试中普遍存在的问题
一考试要求
1．文章内容切题。审题准确,不跑题。
2．表达清楚。语言简洁、准确、说理清楚,读者能从作文内容清楚理解作者写作意图。
3．意义连贯。文字连贯、层次分明、意义表达完整。要使文章意义连贯必须具有一定的技能，包括较强的语感，遣词造句能力和文章谋篇布局的组织能力；
       4．语言规范。符合英语表达的习惯、语法错误较少、语言基本功扎实，最终避免中式英语。
二作文的评分标准及样卷介绍
        14 分: 内容符合要求, 包括了标题或提纲中的全部内容;语言流畅;层次分明,句式有变化。词汇丰富,句子结构和用词准确,文章长度符合要求。
        11分：内容符合要求，包括了标题或提纲中的全部内容；文字连贯，句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误，文章长度符合要求。
         8分：内容符合要求，包括了标题或提纲中多数内容；基本清楚表达的主题的内涵；句子结构和用词有少量错误，个别是大错。文章长度符合要求。
         5 分：内容基本切题，基本表达了标题或提纲中的内容；文字连贯，语言可以理解，但有较多的结构和用词错误，且大错较多。文章长度基本符合要求。
         2 分：基本切题，但语句支离破碎，只有少数句子可以理解。
         0 分：文不切题。只将预先背诵的某篇文章默写下来，或语句混乱，无法理解。

附：14 分样卷
Topic： With her entry into WTO, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, and in particular, for higher- level talents. To face this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate(postgraduate) education system. State your opinion aobut this reform, and give the solid supporting details to your viewpoint.

With China’s entry into WTO, she is facing a lot of chances and challenges in many aspects. As far as talents are concerned, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, especially for higher-level talents. In order to adapt this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate education system.

      In my opinion, we must make some reform and adjustment in graduate education system in many aspects as follows. First of all, from the view of the government, it must adjust its policy of using talents, especially higher-level talents. For example, it may provide many privileges for them.
Secondly, for the viewpoint of the universities, they should adjust their constructure of curriculum. They should pay more attention to the cultivation of graduate’s capability. They should take effective measures to direct their educational goal from exam-oriented education to education for all-round development. Finally, as far as personnel is concerned, a student should pay more attention to the learning of all kinds of knowledge to meet the needs of society.

     In a word, it is high time that we reformed the graduate education system. If we do not make some changes in the graduate education system, we may be failure in the international competition. So we must reform our graduate education system. (219 words)
点评：该文紧扣主题，结构严谨，内容充实，语言流畅，句式变化多样。虽有个别小错，但英语表达能力较强，长度符合要求。
万能框架
As is implied in the table (or cartoon) and well known to all of us, … Take … in the table(cartoon) for example, it’s … for the … to… But when…
      On the other hand, there do exist some… that… They are making all possible means to … and trying their best to… Compared with what those… , It’s a pity that… And what’s more, with the deepening and furthering of our country’s opening and reforming, more… are allowed to… With China entering the WTO, … are also permitted to … If still blind to this, the … is sure to … So, it’s urgent and essential for … to analyze… more rationally and macroscopically.It must keep in mind that … should never be unheard.
      Although the condition is unsatisfactory now, with the awareness of the …in the table (or cartoon) and all the society efforts, improvement and an even brighter future are not only possible but also inevitable.

  三历年考试中存在的典型问题分析
1．不会审题，偏离主题。
2．汉语思维，逐字翻译。常见考生用汉语构思文章，同时将汉语句子硬译成英语。
3．用词搭配不当。
4．词汇量小，表达困难，拼写错误。
5．句法逻辑关系混乱。例如：Our English class often told stories.正确的应是:
Stories are often told on our English class.
      6．不会用关联词转承上下句和段落。关联词即过渡词，使用过渡词，可使上下句子和段落合理衔接，承上启下，使表达合乎逻辑，常见过渡词如as far as, however, well, though, in spite of 。
7．语法错误。主要表现为：
（1）分不清及物与不及物动词，例如：rise， raise； hear, listen
（2）被动语态和主动语态的误用,例如: interesting和 interested
（3）词类混淆,将动词或形容词误用作名词,将名词或动词误用作形容词,例如:
benefit 和beneficial; difficult和 difficulty; pleasure 和pleased等。
（4）混淆可数名词和不可数名词，例如： help，practice等。
（5）冠词、情态动词、介词、代词等方面的错误，例如：
a English book, should did, must done 等。

四．如何写出漂亮的文章
     文章要内容切题，表达清楚，意思连贯，语言比较规范。这就要求考生在写作时，把握如下方面：
1．统一性（Unity）
内容切题，实际上就是要求文章统一性。所谓统一性，就是指短文必须围绕着主题扩展，不能多中心。统一性表现在句子、段落和篇章三个层次上。我们写汉语文章的要求是首先不能跑题，实际上就是对统一性的要求。
2．连贯性 (Coherence)
指句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间的衔接要自然通畅，主要体现在文章的逻辑发展顺序和过渡词语的运用上。
1）逻辑顺序
按照时间先后，或空间位置的相互关系，我们可以写出眉目清晰、符合逻辑的段落或文章。叙述文体多采用时间顺序，描写文体中空间顺序更常见。高潮形成系指按照其重要性或严重性安排各个发展点（指段落）或发展段（指文章）的顺序，这种语篇发展方法在描写、叙述、说明和议论文中均常出现。英语语篇的逻辑顺序安排一般是先谈最次要的内容，继而谈较为重要的内容，最后再谈最重要的内容，从而形成文章高潮。
2）过渡词语的运用—— 语篇的外在连贯手段
有时，单靠逻辑上的连贯对英语语篇来说是很不够的，因而过渡词语的运用必不可少。汉语的连贯属于“意合”，英语的连贯属“形合”，而借助过渡词语取得语篇的连贯是形合法最突出的特点。所以，在英语文章内，诸如等过渡词语特别多。它们的运用挑明了句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间的关系，使文章更加显得连贯。由于受汉语“意合”的影响，中国学生常忽略过渡词语的运用。所以中国学生在进行英语写作时必须对此给以足够的重视。
、
3．语言规范
语言的规范涉及面广。小至遣词造句，大到语篇结构，无不体现语言使用的质量。根据近年博士生入学英语考试的作文试卷统计，许多考生未熟练掌握造句技能甚至不能保证单词拼写正确、句子无重大语法错误。因此要多读多看英语报刊和原著，从中学习语言用法，没有仔细阅读过、理解过的东西千万不要在作文中使用，切忌中国式英语。、、

  第二部分 35 篇范文
1. Television Program and Their Effect on children
Television programs regularly entertain, educate, effect and even frighten the majority of our children. Most children are allowed to watch whatever program is on, with little thought on the effect that particular show will have on a child. Most programs can be classed as beneficial or harmful, according to what effect the program might have on a child.
The beneficial television programs are mainly thouse that educate the young. There are often specials on animal life. A few regular children’s programs develop the child’s interest in school-type learning by stressing numbers and the alphablt, and that encourages him or her to be creative. The beneficial commercials, such as those on anti-smoking, anti-litter, and health, should be included in this category.
On the opposite side are the shows, which are generally harmful to children. Many commercials, especially those sponsoring the children’s programs, are deliberately written to create a desire for an unnecessary product such as sugar coated cereals and candy. All adult programs that include violence or sex scenes can at best fill a child’s mind with confusing or misleading ideas, and could possib ly harden the child to violence.
Thoughtful parents will definitely not allow their children to view the bad programs. A child’s viewing time should be limited to watching educationlly benefical programs.

2. How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities
   With the development of modern industryu, more and more people are flowing into big cities. Accordingly, the housing problem in big cities is becoming more and more serious.
   People have offered many solutions to this problem. I think building satellite cities in the suburbs is more practical. The fresh air and beautiful secnery in the suburbs will be appealing to the city citizens, who suffer from air pollution, noises, etc. in the overcrowded city. With more people leaving the city, more space will be available for those remaining. The housinmg problem in big cities will thus be solved.

3. “The younger generaton knows best”
   Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were. The same comments is made from generation to generation and it is always true. It has never been truer than ti is today. The young are better educated. They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom. They grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents. They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideas of their elders. Events, which the older generation remembers vividly, are nothing more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is different from the one preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed.
The old always assume thaty they know best for the simple reason that they have been around a bit longer. They don’t like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this precisely what the young are doing. They are questioning the assumptions of their elders and disturbing their complacency. They take leave to doubt that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds. What they reject more than anything is conformity. Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery. Wouldn’t people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab grey suits and convict haircuts? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to solven their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can anything be right with the rat —race? Haven’t the old lost touch with all that is important in life?
There are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly. Their record over the past forty years or so hasn’t been exactly spotless. Traditionally, the young have turned to their elders for guilance. Today, the situation might reversed. The old—if they are prepared to admit it — could learn a thing or two from their children. One of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not “sinful”. Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life. It is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure to shed restricting inhibitions. It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future. This emphasis on the present is only to be expressed because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the constant threat of complete annihilation. This is their glorious heritage. Can we be surprised that they should so often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it ?

4. Public Transportation
   As part of domestic modernization, public transportation needs to be developed urgently in China. I can illustrate some examples.
There does not only exist serious traffic jams but also crowded buses, underground and railways. Commuters find it hard to get to work on time due to overcrowded buses or tubes. Travelers could hardly get on buses in big cities during weedends owing to fewer buses and more people. When Spring Festival is drawing near, there is much greater –ressure on public transportation since it has to deal with a large number of travelers rushing home. And travelers need special arrangements to go home. In a word, public transportation has become bottleneck to the advanc of Chinese economy.
To solve the above-mentioned problems, the departments concerned should carry out the following steps: to build more roads, highways or railways and to add buses or trains to the original lines. But ther funds have to be raised both from the government and the public.
There are three sources for fund raising. One is to raise the fares for all kinds of all transportation vehicles. Another is to increase the prices for various vehicles on sale. The third is to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oil in addtion to the governmental funds. If all this money to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oiil in addtion to the governmental funds. If all this money collected is used to improve transportation services, the situation will be bettered and favorable.
  The third step to take is to introduce new technology in order to raise the efficiency of vehicles. For instance, the speed of trains can be increased as much as two times so that two times as many people can be held. In this way, the pressure on public transportation can be dramatically alleviated. So in a word, we need to introduce new technology to raise the speed of vehicles while having built even wider roads and added more efficient trains and huses.

5. Human Education
  The other day, a professor from Peking University gave a lecture “Chinese Intellectuals and Written Cultural Text”. In his lecture, he held that Chinese intellectuals have lost the written cultural text since the May 4^th movement. His opinion set us thinking that the loss of traditional humane education resulted in a crisis of cultural education.
   With the rapid development of economy, the living standard of the Chinese people has improved a lot in terms of material wealth. In a period when economics take priority, people pay more aned more attention to profit. At present, moneymaking and pleasure seeking are becoming a popular fashion. On the other hand, there appears a barren field of spirit in today’s society. It has become unexpectedly hard to rebuild the paradise of traditional culture.Ideological confusion, moral decline and a chaotic cultural market, all this shows that it is the high time to have something done in order to tackle the problem of cultural orientation. Our times call for an ideal humane education.
It is unwise to discard traditional Chinese culture as a whole. Some of the elements of this culture can be made use of in the reconstruction of our spiritual civilizaiton directly or wit5h some adaptation. Our attitude towards tradition should be “discarding the dross and selecting the essence”. The humane education of the past can serve as a supplement to our Marxist education. It should start from primary school. In this way, our children will get educated so as to be possessed of a perfect personality. The national morale will be deeply rooted in people’s mind, and will help push forward the growth of economy.
To sum up, we can find it badly necessary to build up an ideal humane education. We should find an efficient way to develop our humane education and dig out5 more resources form traditional Chinese culture.

6. Criticism on Television
A lot of people believe that television has a harmful effect on chldren. A few years ago, the same criticisms were made of the cinema. But although child psychoilogists have spent a great deal of time studying his problem, there is not much evidence that television brings about teenager’s crimes.
For people in the modern worlds share the views of parents a hundred years ago. In those days, writers for children carefully avoided any reference to sex in their books, but had not inhibitions about including scenes of violence.
The evidence collected suggests, however, that neither the subject, nor the action in itself frightens children. The context in which cruely or violence occurs is much more important.
A good guide to what is psychologically healthy for a small child is therefore provided by a television series in which a boy and a girl are supposed to be exploring distant planets with their parents. In each story, they encounter strange monsters and find themselves in dangerous situations but the parents are reassuring and sensible, as a child’s paprents should be in real life. There is an adult character who is a coward and liar, but both the children are brave and , of course, every story ends happily.
In my view, children should be exposed to the problems of real life as soon as possible, but they cannont help seeing these through news programs. When they are being entertained, the healthiest atmosphere is one which the hero and heroine are children like themselves who behave naturally and confidently in any situation.

7. The ony thing people are interesed in today is earing more money
  Once upon a time there lived a beautiful young woman and a handsome young man. They were very poor, but as they were deeply in love, they wanted to get married. The young people’s parents shook their heads. “You can’t get married yet.” They said. Wait till you get a good job with good prospects. So the young people waited until they found good jobs with good prospects and they were able to get married. They were still poor, of course, they didn’t have a house to live in or any furniture, but that did’t matter. They young man had a good job with good prospects, so large organizations lent him the money he needed to buy a house, some furniture, all the latest electrical appliances and a car. The couple lived happily ever after paying off debts for the rest of their lves. And so ends another modern romantic fable.
We live in a materialistic society and are trained from our earlist years to be acquistive. Our possessions, yours and mine are clearly labeled from early childhood. When we grow old enough to earn a living, it does not surpise us to discover that success is measured in terms of the money you earn. We spend the whole of ourlives keeping up with our neighbors, the Joneses. If we buy a new television set , Jones is bound to buy a bigger and better one. If we buy a new car, we can be sure that Jones will go one better and get two new cars: one for his wife and one for himself. The most amusing thing about this game is that Joneses and all the neighbors who are struggling frantically to keep up with them are spending borrowed money kindly provided, at a suitable rate of interest, of course, by friendly banks, insurance companies, etc.
It is not only affluent societies that people are obsessed with the idea of making more money. Consumer goods are desirable everywhere and modern industry deliberately sets out to create new markets. Gone are the days when industrial goods were made to last forever. The wheels of industry must be kept turning. Built-in obsolescence provides the means; goods are made to be discarded. Cars get tinnier and tinnier. You no sooner acquire this year’s model than you are thinking about its replacement.
  This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced education. Fewer and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake. Every course of studies must lead somewhere. i.e. to a bigger wage packet. The demand for skilled personnel for exceeds the supply and big companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies. Tempting salaries and “fringe benefits” are offered to them. Recruiting tactics of this kind have led to the brain drain, the process by which highly skilled people offer their services to the highest bidder. The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens. While Mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richers and the poor, poorer.

8. Communication and Language
  One of the first things we think about when we hear the word communication language. There are thousands of languages spoken around the world today. In fact, linguistis say that there may be as many as 10000.
  Speaking with others is an important means of communication, but we can also communicate without using words, that is by nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication includes voice quality, eyes movement, facial expression and body movements such as gestures and change in body position. But many people do not realize that everyone uses nonverbal communication. Sometimes, we “say” more with our face and gestures that we do with our voices.
   Books, magazines, newspapers, radio, television, are other means of communication. Today we can also communicate over long distance with the help of communications satellites. Some scientists say that soon machines will be developed for sending message through the earth. The technology necessary to build these machines is very complex. But the language we speak every day is much more complex than the most modern communication technology.

9. Cooperation Goes with Competition
   In our times, cooperation and competition spread over the world. Both of them speed up the wheel of economy and enrich the intelligence of mankind. It is possible to accomplish a complicated program by only one person now. As we know, the more cooperation a company depends on, the more efficient it will become in business.
Furthermore, we can’t avoid competition in our exchanges. From time to time, we compare ourselves with others, expecting to catch up with others. This is the spirit of competition, by which we pursue the highest goal. It is only by competition in the market that a company can raise its reputation. Were it not for competition, say, all of us would not enjoy what we have achieved.

10. The Rise of Intellectual Property Protection
   Intellectural property scarcely existed in the vocabularies of academic researchers and administrators even 15 years ago. Now it is an ever-present part of discussions on research policies and directions. This new importance of intellectual property in academia reflects a changing view on ther relationships of research at universities to the surrounding society. Until recently, research at universities has been relatively isolated from demands of economic utility,and education of graduate students has emphasized a career in academic research as the final goal.
Now almost all research universities in the United States have technology licensing operations. The number of U.S. patents granted to American universities in a year rose from about 300 in 1980 to almost 2000 in 1995. The direct economic impact of technology licensing on the universities themselves has been relatively small. In contrast, the impact of university technology transfer on the local and national economies has been substantial, and leads to the concusion that the Licensing Act () is one of the most successful pieces of economic development in recent history. It has been estimated that more than 200000 jobs have been created in the United States in product development and manufacturing of products from university licenses, with the number increasing fairly rapidly as the licenses mature.
  Intellectual property terms have become vitally important. The company wants to be assured that it can use the results of the research-and that these results will not be available to their competitors. But most universities insist that transfer of research results is key to their identity and mission and will not agree to keep the project results secret. The key to resolving this dilemman is to grant patents: the university will publish the results, but will first agree to file patents that will protect the company’s privilege in the commercial market place.

11. Generation Gap
  Despite various improvements in all aspects of social life, the generation gap between the grown-up and the young remains unbridged. Instead, it grows wider apart.
Nowadays, the youths do not blindly follow what their elder say. Owing to widespread edcuation, the influence of western civilization, to certain extent, gives them a new code of philosophy, which is completely different from that of their elders. An invisible cold wall thus appears between the two generations.
Modern youths are trying to be more revolutionary. They have their own interpretation fro different matters; they also have their own ideals. Their reluctance to learn old teaching and sayings becomes the constant friction between the two generations. They always introduce new changes. However, the old people, wedded to everything of the past, are hostile to changes and the generation gap becomes wider and wider.
  After all, the young generation, like the old one, is made of flesh and blood. The young also need respect and they also have skills and good ideas. In order to narrow the gap, both groups should try to understand each other. Most probably, these suggestions may help to solve the problem.

12. Should Men and Women Be Equal?
   Should men and women be equal? This is a question much talked about by many people. Some hold the opinion that men are superiro to women in many ways. For one thing, many a job men do can hardly be done by women, who are physically not strong enough; and for another, most of the word-famous scientists or statemen are found to be males. Moreover, the whole human society seems to have all along been dominated by men only. Isn’t it evident enough to show that men are a lot stronger than women? Hence, the former should enjoy more rights than the latter.
   Other people, however, think quite differently on this question. They firmly believe that men and women are born equal. And women are certainly as talented as men if they are given equal opportunities of education. Isn’t it a fact known to us all that women have been working side by side with men in China and elsewhere in the wordl? Like their men folks, they have been distinguishing themselves not only in research institutions, but in government bodies and other organizations as well.
Personally, I am firmly standing on the side of those women’s rights defenders. Since men and women are playing an equally important role in all human activities, why should not they be on an equal footing? Furthermore, from time immemorial, there have been two sex groups, namely, men and women. Our Human society could definitely not have existed or advanced without either of them. Is it wonder that men and women ought to be equal and enjoy equal rights accordingly?

13. Computer and Man
   It is believed that the computer can do almost every thing. At the time the computer was invented, scientists, carried away by its calculating speed, felt that they had created a miracle. It
Was gradually used not noly in mathematics,physics,chemisry and astronomy, but in places like the library, hospital and military army to replace the work of man. For the work of man. For this reason, the computer was entiled “Electronic Brain” in terms of appreciation.
  Can man be controlled by computers? The answer is negative. Although a computer works much faster and accurately than man , a fact is undeniable; it is designed, manufactured and programmed by man, and therefore by human beings. Of course, science fictions have made up many fascinating stories about a computer, or rather robot,who conquers man and the earth, even the whole universe; however, they are only unrealistic imaginatio. A horse helps man a lot runs much faster than we, but it is only a slave.
  The future for the computer is very promising. With the help of it, we can do things that could not be done before.Conquering the universe, discovering new things, explaining mysteruiys phenomena puzzling us at present are all made possible by computer.

14. what kind of life to live-realistic or romantic ?
  There has always been an argument between the young and the old about what kind of life to live-realistic or romantic. Young people tend to think real think that real lofe is as dramatic and fascimating as it is in the novels and movies while more experiened adults think this naïve daydream is certain to be broken by later experiences and everyone should learn to get used to the dull routine of his everydy life.
   However, there are some inadequacies in the opinions on the part of both sides. Life will be unimaginable if everything we do is only for realistic purpose, and the same is true if what we do everyday is just to enjoy ourselves. So it’s not difficult for us to see that neither way can ensure a happy life.
  In my opinion, a real happy lofe can never be separated from either of the two ways. On the one hand, let’s enjoy life-enjoy the excitement of sports. On the other, let’s not forget our work. Happy life can never go without hard work.

15. Fast Food
   Fast food is becoming more popular in China, especially among children and teenagers. Today, it's certainly difficult to think of any other single thing that represents the fast pace of modern society as powerfully as fast food.
There are several reasons for its popularity. First, it is very convenient and saves a lot of time. The trends of modern society seem to all point to one ultimate goal--saving time, and fast food well serves this purpose. You just go into a fast food restaurant, order your food, and your food is ready in no time. You can either eat it there or take it away. Second, its popularity is also attributed to the clean and comfortable environment of fast food restaurants, the excellent ervice, and the guaranteed quality of food.
   However, in terms of nutrition, fast food is far from satisfactory. It usually does not compose a balanced diet and is low in nutritional value. Thus, doctors suggest that people, especially children, eat fast food as little as possible. Although cooking at home is time-consuming and the following washing-up tiresome, it offers healthy and delicious meals your body likes and needs. Fast food is only a good choice when you are in a hurry and turn to it once in a while.

16. On the Attitude towards Fighting against Criminals
Today crime rate in our cities seems to be rising. Thefts, robberies, and murders are reported to take place even in the broad daylight.
Facing crime tide, people may take different attitudes. Some feel frightened and prefer to turn a blind eye to the criminals. Others are resolute and dare to run risk at the cost of their lives in fighting with the criminals. They take it as their duty to protect the social law and order. As for me, I take the attitude of the latter.
To ensure the social security and protect people’s safety, I may have some suggestions to make. First of all, the government should always keep a continuous law education among the people, especially, in the younger generations. Secondly, criminals should be punished severely. And finally, it is imperative to set up a public foundation system to award those who set merits in fighting criminals.

17. Parents are too permissive with their children nowadays
Few people would defend the Victorian attitude to children,but if you were a parent in those days, at least you knew where you stood: children were to be seen and not heard. Freud and company did away eith all that and patents have been bewildered ever since.The child’s happiness is all-important, the psychologist say, but what about the parents’ happiness?Parents suffer constantlu from fesar and guilt while their children gaily romp about pulling the place apsrt. A good old-fashioned spanking is out of the question: no modern childrearing manual would permit such barbarity. The trouble is you are not allowed even to shout. Who knows what deep psychological wounds you might inflict? The poor child may never recover from the dreadful traumatic experience. So it is that parents bend over backwards to avoid giving theie children complexes which a hundred years ago hadn’t evern been heard of. Certainlu a child needs love, and a lot of it. But the excessive permissiveness of modern parents is surely doing more harm than good.
Psychologists have succeeded in undermining parents’ confidence in their own authority. And it hasn’t taken children long to get wind of the fact. In addition to the great modern classic on chidcare, there countless articles in magazines and newspapers. With so much un solicited advice flying about, mum and dad just don’t know what to do any more. In the end, they do nothing at all. So, from ear;y childhood, the kids are in charge and parents’ lives are regulates according to the needs of their offspring. When the little dears develop into teenagers, they take complete control. Lax authority over the years makes adolescent rebellion against parents all the more violent. If the young people are going to have a party, for instance, parents are asked to leave the house. Their presence merely spoils the fun, what else can the poor parents do but obey?
Children are hardly creatures(far hardier than the psychologists would have us believe) and most of them survive the harmful influence of extreme permissiveness htat is the normal condition in the modern household. But a great many do not. The spread of juvenile delinquency in our won age is largely due to parental laxity. Mother, believing that little Johny cvan look after himself, is not at home when he returns from school; so little Johnny roams the streets. The dividing –line between permissiveness and sheer negligence is very fine indeed.
  The psychologists have much to answer for. They should keep their moths shut and let parents get on with the job. And if children are knocked about a little bit in the process, it may not really matter too much. At least this will help them to develop vigorous views of their own and give them something po9sitive to react against. Perhaps there’s some truth in the idea that children who’s had a surfeit of happiness in their childhood emerge like stodgy puddings and fail to make a success of life.

18. Adveriser Perform A Useful Service to The Community
   Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why thery’re always coming in for criticism. Their critics smm to resent them because they have a flair for self-promotion and because they have so much money to throw around. “It’s iniquitous,” they say, “that this entirely unproductive industry (if we can call it that ) should be absorb millions of pounds each year. It only goes to show much profit the big companies are making. Why don’t they stop advertising and reduce the price of their goods? After all, it’s the consumer who pays.”
The poor old consumer! He’d have to pay a great deal more if advertising didn’t create mass markets for products. It is precisely because of the heavy advertising that consumer goods are so cheap. But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose the knowledge we have about household goods derives largely from the advertisements we read. Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we already know about. Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding perfromance, price, etc., from an advertisement.
Lots of people pretend that they never read advetisments, but this claim may be seriously doubted, it is hardly possible not to read advertisments these days. And what fun they often are too ! Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements. Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway bye-laws while waiting for a train? Would you like to read only closely-printed columns of news in your daily paper? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to drab wall or a newspaper full of the daily reation to calamities.
We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little fro our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programmers is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price !
Another thing we mustn’t forget is the “small ads.” Which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine. What a tremendously useful service they perform for the community! Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns. For instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in what used to be called the “hatch, match and dispatch” columns; but by far the most fascinating section is the personal or agony column. No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nautre. It’s the best advertisement for advertising there is !

19. Only Stricter Traffic Laws Can Prevent Accidents
   From the health pointg of view we are living in a marvelous age. We are immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous diseases. A large number of once fatal illnesses can now be cured by modern drugs and surgery. It is almost certain that one day remedies will be found for the most stubborn remaining diseases. The expectation of life has increased enormously. But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before, every day we witness the incredible slaughter of men, women and children on the roads Men versus the motor-car! It is a never-ending battle which man is losing. Thousands of people the world over are killed or horribly mutilated each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen.
It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel, his car becomes the extension of his personlity. Ther is no doubt that the motor-car ofter brings out a man’s very worst qualities. People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind a steering wheel. They swear, they are ill-mannered and aggressive, willful as two-year olds and utterly selfish. All their hidden frustrations, disappointments and jeaslousies seem to be brought to the serface by the act of driving.
The surprising thing is that society smiles so benignly on the motorist and seems to condone his behavior. Everything, is done for his convenience. Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable because of heavy traffic; towns are made ugly by huge car parks; the countryside is desecrated by road networks; and the mass annual slaughter becomes nothing more than statistic, to be conveniently forgotten.
Is high time a world code were created to reduce this senseless waste fo human life. With regard to driving, the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough. A code which was universally accepted could only have a dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate. Her are a few examples of some of the things that might be done. The driving test should be stadardized and made far more difficult than it is; all drivers should be made to take a test every three years or so; the age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least 21; all vehicles should be put through stringent annual tests for safety. Even the smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can impair a person’s driving ability. Present drinking and driving laws (where they exist) should be made much stricter. Maximum and minimum speed limits should be imposed on all roads. Governments should lay down safety specifications for manufacturers, as has been done in the USA. All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned. These measures may sound inordinately harsh, but surely nothing should be considered as too severe if it results in reducing the annual toll of human life. After all, the world is for human beings, not motorcars.

20. Population Control
Progress in science and the improvement of living conditions have led to the rapid growth of world population. Modern medicine, for example, has made it possible for babies to grow up healthily and for people to live longer. With improved living conditions particularly in the countryside, people tend to have larger families. As a result, the world population has increased so rapidly that it has now exceeded 6 billion.
But the overgrowth of population presents a threat to the existence of food supplies and shelter space. However, the limited productivity and scarce world resources can hardly meet the needs of the ever-increasing population. Thus, in the long run, the overgrowth of the world population will only harm mankind.
To guarantee the steady development of human society, mankind must realize the consequences resulting from a fast population growth and carry out a family planning program. Only by adopting effective meausres, can human society develop steadily and have a bright future.

21．Part-time Jobs for College Students
Nowadays, many college boys and girls take part-time jobs in their spare time. Some are employed by the companies near the campus, working as office clerks or computer programmers. Others have become salespersons for the commercial businesses. Foreign language students may serve as interpreters or translators where international cooperation is carried out. Or they may become tour guides for travel agencies. Also, it is a common practice for girl students to become governesses helping children with their school work in their homes.
Many people, including some professors and parents, make no secret of their disapproval of this. On the one hand, they argue that academic pursuit is the main task for college students and that taking part-time jobs distracts their attention and consumes a lot of energy needed. On the other hand, professors and parents tend to believe that college boys and girls need to further cultivate their personality and develop their sense of responsibility before they can be ready for any serious jobs.
But in my opinion, every coin has two sides. It is true that the students’ major task is to study. It is also true that taking part-time jobs will take a lot of time and energy. However, if the students can learn to arrange their time properly, the professors and parents might as well be relieved from all their worries. As many students take jobs related to their fields of study, they can gain some first-hand experience instead of being distracted from their study. Moreover, treated as full adults on their part-time jobs, they will develop their sense of responsibility very soon. When they finally graduate, they will find themselves in a more agreeable social environment.(280w)

22. Private Cars
A few years ago, having a private car might be a wild dream to many Chinese families. But today, you can see the number of private cars running along the road and street is increasing rapidly. Statistics show that one in every six families in big cities has a car. Some people say that it is good because the number of car ownerships indicates a country’s auto industry, which in turn shows the country’s general economic development. The fact that more and more people can afford a car demonstrates that people in China enjoy a higher standard of living than they did before. Besides, a private car also adds a new dimension to a family’s work, daily life and leisure activities.
Other people think differently. They argue that having private cars may not necessarily mean a more advanced society. It may bring about more stress, instead. More cars would consume more petroleum, produce more air pollution, and thus aggravate the already serious environmental problems. What’s more, another problem remains yet to be solved. Road conditions being what they are esp. in urban areas, accidents become a common occurrence, resulting in thousands of deaths per year. No wonder cars have been considered as the number one deadly weapon in the modern world.
I find some truth in both of the arguments mentioned above. I feel it a personal choice to buy a private car. If you can afford it and you really need it to get around, having a car is fine. But remember, try to use environment-friendly type of gasoline and take special care while driving. If you don’t have much need for cars in your work and life, there is no need to follow fashion or keep up with the Jones. Remember, when you cycle, you are living a healthy life and at the same time contributing to our environment protection.

23．What Have We Learned from SARS?
In the spring of the year 2003, China has been afflicted with and successfully withstood SARS. The epidemic is now ebbing away. But we should never forget what we have gone through. What’s more important, we should learn a great deal from this experience.
First, we understand that in the face of danger, we should fight bravely instead of shrinking away from responsibilities. Doctors and nurses have set shining examples for us. They plunged into their work without considering their own safety.
Second, we have realized that diseases will yield not only to medical treatment but also to people’s will power. We are so determined in our final success that nothing can stop us from our effort. SARS has no way to go because everyone in the country is guarding against it.
Third, we should try to get rid of unhealthy habits. Such behaviors as spitting on the ground and throwing rubbish everywhere are something we should be ashamed of. It’s important that everyone in society develop a good awareness of public sanitation. We should keep our living surroundings clean and healthy just as we do with our own homes.
Fourth, we should enforce strict laws to punish those who capture, smuggle and eat rare wild animals. These people not only endanger the animal world by killing but also endanger the human society by bringing in odd diseases.
Most important is that we should have an efficient and effective system to deal with outbreak of epidemics. It is a promising sign that our government has already come up with some laws and regulations in this respect.
The lesson from SARS epidemic has gradually sunk in. To China, it means much more than the loss of over 1000 precious lives. How we respond to it sends a message to the world: China has been actively and effectively combating SARS and China will still be a safe place to live in and an attractive place for travelers and investors.

24. Fast Food
   Fast food is becoming more popular in China, especially among children and teenagers. Today, it's
certainly difficult to think of any other single thing that represents the fast pace of modern society as powerfully as fast food.
There are several reasons for its popularity. First, it is very convenient and saves a lot of time. The trends of modern society seem to all point to one ultimate goal--saving time, and fast food well serves this purpose. You just go into a fast food restaurant, order your food, and your food is ready in no time. You can either eat it there or take it away. Second, its popularity is also attributed to the clean and comfortable environment of fast food restaurants, the excellent ervice, and the guaranteed quality of food.
   However, in terms of nutrition, fast food is far from satisfactory. It usually does not compose a
balanced diet and is low in nutritional value. Thus, doctors suggest that people, especially children, eat fast food as little as possible. Although cooking at home is time-consuming and the following washing-up tiresome, it offers healthy and delicious meals your body likes and needs. Fast food is only a good choice when you are in a hurry and turn to it once in a while

25. My Idea on How for Beijing to Prepare the 2008 World Olympic Games
As a young student (cadre, engineer, technician), I am an active citizen in greeting the 2008 World Olympic Games. As its host, Beijing is now busy in propagating for its advent.
Since it is the first time for Beijing to host such a world gathering, we are naturally short of experience. And since it involves so many aspects, the whole nation should be mobilized to participate in actively.
In facing the task, I have got some suggestions for its success: 1. Tours should be organized to go over the places such games have been held before to learn their positive experience; 2. Architectural qualities and financial contributions should be stressed to promote its success; 3. Careful calculations of costs and expenditures has to be done so as to avoid waste. Though I am just a small potato, I wish my suggestion would win t due attention from the authorities concerned .

26. On University Tuition System a in China
Tuition system has become one of the hottest topics in China since it was put into effect. Different people have different opinions on it.
Some people think that there is no university in the world which is open to students without tuition. As far as China is concerned, it is a developing country with the largest population in the world. The government is unable to allocate enough funds to pay for various teaching facilities and many different kinds of expenses. One of the ways to relieve the problem is for students to pay tuition. The money raised in this way can be used to improve the conditions for running schools.
     Others, however, are opposed to the tuition system. They argue that the living standard of the Chinese people, especially of those in the poor rural areas, is still low, compared with that in the Western World. The university tuition will certainly add to the already heavy burden of the parents, who live on their salaries or wages. Moreover, tuition may become an obstacle to the development of China's higher education. This is because it hinders some talented people from entering the university just on account of their poverty.

27.What Would Happen if No Attention Paid to The Environmental Protection
With the development of our society, people want more convenience and comfort. Some European countries such as Switzerland and Sweden can be taken as good examples.
However, our environment has been seriously polluted. Many factories or farmlands not only polluted themselves but also bring about pollution to the whole society. Sewage water, poisonous gases and waste mineral material are now destroying our environment.
Facing the situation, I think, we must be aware of the long-lasting consequences of our actions. Strict laws must be imposed to punish those who pollute the environment. What is more important is for everybody to realize that only when we have a clean environment can we develop our economy in a healthy and sustainable manner for the future generations.

28.Women Should Be Let To Play A More Important Role In Our State Affairs

Women's social status has greatly changed since liberation. In spite of this, there still exists inequality between men and women in many ways. For example, we have many more men leaders in our government organs, factories and schools. No real equality can also be seen in the family. It is still often heard, "after all, women are women, they are not comparable to men".
To win real equality, we should do at least the following: First, let all girls go to school and receive regular education. Second, equal pay for equal work must be made a law and principle to obey. Third, up-bringing children should be regarded as a contribution to the whole society. Last of all women scholars and political leaders should be let to play more decisive roles ..

29. The Role of Migrant Workers
   Migrant workers have made a great contribution to the prosperity of cities. They leave their home-land for better chances. Some want to change their destiny, some want to make a fortune. Whatever the purposes they cherished when millions of them streamed into big cities, they have promoted the development of cities.
   Most of the migrant workers are hard working and unafraid of hardships. They take up the dirtiest, the most strenuous or dangerous jobs which city laborers are unwilling to do. With lots of building they have set up and streets they have kept clean, they have helped modernize and beautify cities. Not only have they become the main work force in the construction sector, they also have helped liberate city women from heavy housework chores by taking care of the babies, cleaning houses or providing any other services citizens need.
   Although some of the citizens complain about the increasing number of the problems such as theft, robbery a few of migrant workers have committed, most of the citizens agree that their contribution is obvious, and with better management, their role in the construction of cities will definitely be greater.

30. The Effect of Decoding the Human Body
The Human Genome Project will revolutionize the detection, prevention and treatment of conditions of certain diseases. Genes help early detection of diseases and fix health problems, not just to predict them. Genetic medicines will be aimed at the causes of disease rather than the symptoms and doctors will start prescribing different treatments for different patients, depending on their genetic profiles. Many potential diseases will be cured before they arise.
But decoding the book of life poses moral dilemmas. It threatens to undermine privacy and bring on genetic discrimination in marriage, insurance and employment. With knowledge of our genetic code, those who have got certain undesirable genes may be discriminated when choosing their spouses. If genetic tests predict mental dullness, short stature or other undesirable traits before babies are born, the society may look down upon children whose parents let them be born , the society may look down upon children whose parents let them be born with those traits. Employers may take your genetic profile before they offer you a job.
In my opinion, the completion of the Human Genome Project is a great breakthrough in human history. It will change the way we live and even the way we think about who we are to prevent genetic discrimination, in insurance and in employment based on genetic tests.

31. The Orientation of China's Cross-Century Economic Reform
The economic reform in the past 20 years has brought us tremendous changes in every way. China ranks No 9^th according to its GNP in the world.
Nevertheless, we are still facing serious challenges. A too large population and lower educational level still prevent us from more successful development. So, we should ask ourselves what we should do to promote our reform more fruitfully.
   To this problem, my answer is to strengthen the reform of our education and economic management to improve the qualities of our young people and our material products after joining WTO. At the same time we have to establish better laws of labor or distribution systems to arouse people's working enthusiasm.

32.The Information Age and the Best Way to Use Information
It is often said that ours is the information age.
'Computers are playing a more and more important role in modern society. They are already widely used in industry and in universities to do extremely comp1icated work in all branches of learning. They can solve the most complex mathematical problems or put thousands of unrelated facts in order. Because they work accurately and at high speeds, they save research workers years of hard work. They play a key role in automation. Besides, they have found applications in business, transportation, education and other fields. Computers have brought important social consequences.
Computers are also entering ordinary families. As computers are being made small, cheap , and at the same time easy to use, more people buy computers for their homes. We
use computers to control the work of washing machines, TV sets, electrical cookers and other electrical appliances. We use computers to process and store all kinds of information. We also use computers to entertain ourselves by playing games on them. There is no limit to the application of computers in our lives. Despite all the advantages t computers can never take the place of human brains. Although computers work much faster and much more accurately than human beings, they can not “think". They need detailed instructions from human beings in order to be ab1e to operate. They can never lead independent lives, or “rule the world” or "rule the would "by making decisions of their own. No matter how capable they are, they are our servants, not our masters.

33. Why Governmental Workers also Have to Go abroad?
More and more people want to go abroad for academic advancement or business exchanges. So do the government leaders and middle-level governmental workers to improve their public services.
Some people, however, keep an critical eye in this problem, saying this is "a kind of making a tour on public money". Others say it is a kind of extra pay for their over-service. I don't agree with them because they fail to see the importance to be open and progressive in running governmental affairs by exchanging and learning experience from the outside world. "Seeing is believing" can be very useful for the governmental workers to improve their own work. And in many cases, it can even bring about a major change in their working style.

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