英语写作的几种修辞手法

一、比喻(the figures of speech)

　　比喻是语言艺术的升华。英语中常见的比喻方法有三种：明喻、隐喻和借喻。

1.明喻(the simile)

格式：本体 + 显著比喻词(like/as/as if---) + 喻体

　　常用介词like 、连词as，as if，as---so、动词seem等以及句型A---to B as C---to D等等表示“好像”意思的比喻说法就叫明喻。

例如：

　　（1）Teacher, you are like the sun, but more magnificent, and more brillant. 老师，您像太阳，又比太阳更灿烂更辉煌。freekaobo.com

　　（2）Your soul is as pure as snow, your personality is as noble as pine trees! All praise to you, our beloved teacher. 您的心灵像雪一样纯净，您的人格像青松一般高洁！赞美您，敬爱的老师。

　　英语中除上述的用介词、连词或句型等的明喻表达方式外，还有许多常用的明喻习语。例如：

　　(1)as clear as crystal清如水晶

　　(2)as weak as water软弱无力

　　这类利用类似汉语的押韵和叠声增加语言的美感。与此同时，又可以使语言短小精悍，表达生动、形象。　　

　　2.隐喻(the metaphor)

　　格是：本体 + is/are + 喻体

　　例如：

　　（1）Time is a river, of which memory is the water. Oh my friend, what I scoop up from the river is all yearning of you. 时间是河、记忆如水，朋友，我从河里捧起来的都是对你的思念。

　　（2）Time is money. 时间就是金钱。

　　注意：英语中存在着许多数词习语和俚语，用作隐喻（也有个别用作明喻）。例如：

　　(1)You are one in a million.你真是人见人爱。

　　(2)He has one over the eight.他酩酊大醉。

　（3）This film star is a nine days' wonder; I doubt whether anyone will remember her in a year's time.这位电影明星现在红极一时（也指昙花一现），但我认为一年以后人们不见得还记得她。

　　注意：英语中还有许多隐喻成语。例如：

　　（1）to teach fish to swim 班门弄斧

　　（2）to plough the sand 白费力气

　　（3）up the tree骑虎难下；lame duck强弩之末；above board光明正大
　　3.借喻(the metonymy)

　　格式：直接用比喻事物代替本体事物

　　例如：

　　(1)The buses in America are on strike now.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工（这里buses 喻指司机drivers)。

　　(2)The pen is mightier than the sword.文人胜于武士（以pen，sword喻指使用这物的人）。

英语中一些鸟兽鱼虫的名字，除本义外，常可转借喻人，形象生动，意味隽永。例如：

　　(1)She is a social butterfly.她是一个交际花（以虫喻人）。

二、借代(the synecdoche)

　　借用一个名称来代替另一事物。替代的方式可以是人、物互代，部分和全体互代，单数代复数，描象代替具体或具体代替抽象等等。例如：

　　(1)Uncle Sam will not help us.美国人不会帮助我们。（用Uncle Sam代替船美国人本身）

　　(2)You can depend on him for help whenever you're in tourble. He's a true blue.你遇到麻烦时尽管去找他帮忙，他是一个靠得住的忠实朋友。（用true blue代替真金烈火，忠诚可靠的---）

　　使用借代修辞方式要选用最突出最明显的事物特征来代替事物名称。借代运用得好，能使语言表达简洁明快、具体、形象，以避免重复、累赘，并给人以新鲜感。

　　三、夸张(the exaggeration)

　　把事物的特征，有意地加以夸大或缩小，就叫夸张。

　　例如：

　　(1)Thank you a thousand.千恩万谢。

　　英语中夸张修辞格，应用极为频繁。夸张的功能是突出事物的本质特征，因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发。

　　四、拟人(the personifjcation)

　　就是把无生命的事物人格化。

　　例如：

　　(1)Books are a guide in youth and an entertainment for age. They support us under solitude, and keep us from being a burden to ourselves.书籍是青年人的指南、老年人的娱乐。孤寂时，书籍给我们力量，使我们摆脱精神负担。

　　（2）Love is the master key that opens the gates of happiness.爱是开启幸福之门的万能钥匙。

　　拟人用法在英语写作中运用得好，不仅使语言表达得生动、有力，而且给人以亲切、实在、耳目一新的感受。

　　五、排比

　　把结构相同或相似、语气一致、意思密切相关联的句子或句子成分排列起来，使句式得到增强，感情得到加深，这种修辞叫排比。

　　例如：

　　（1）You are overwhelming jade, as white as snow, as smooth and moist as grease, as brilliant as candles, and as firm as rock.你洁白如雪，润泽如脂，你光辉如烛，坚贞如磐，你是令人倾心的美玉。

　　（2）You are in my mind and in my heart. You are in the very air I breathe. You are part of me. Forever.你占据了我整个思绪和心灵；你在我呼吸的空气里；你永远是我的一部分。

　　此外，在英语的具体写作过程当中，我们可以运用恰当的抒情手法来进行写作，达到以情动人的效果。下面就以2005年6月份四级考试作文为例，进行写作。

　　提纲要求：

　　In honor of teachers on the occasion of Teacher’s Day

　　向老师致以节日祝贺

　　从一件难忘的事回忆老师的教诲和无私的奉献

　　我如何回报老师的关爱

　　范文：

Dear Miss Zhang,

I’m not the best student of yours, but you’re the most respected teacher of mine. On this special occasion for you, what I can dedicate is my highest consideration and earnest blessings. May you be happy; may all of your life be full of happiness, joy as well as sweetness.

I still remembered clearly that the day I was crying with a heavy heart because I failed to pass the examination. I didn’t know what to do and where to go, just like a bird lost its way. Teacher, it was you who lighted the beacon of hope in my heart in the dark night. Your warm words, affectionate eyes, which dispelled the cold winter from my heart and kindled the flame of hope as well. And I still remembered that the platform, the desks, the springs and autumns, all witness the flower petals of your heart. The buds, the seedlings, the spring flowers and fall fruits, all owe to your sincere devotion.

In my view, all I want to do is to make the best of every day, and come a little closer to what I dream of. Furthermore, I must not relax my efforts to be the best I can be and do the best I can do.

Best wishes,
Andy 一、比喻(the figures of speech)

　　比喻是语言艺术的升华。英语中常见的比喻方法有三种：明喻、隐喻和借喻。

1.明喻(the simile)

格式：本体 + 显著比喻词(like/as/as if---) + 喻体

　　常用介词like 、连词as，as if，as---so、动词seem等以及句型A---to B as C---to D等等表示“好像”意思的比喻说法就叫明喻。

例如：

　　（1）Teacher, you are like the sun, but more magnificent, and more brillant. 老师，您像太阳，又比太阳更灿烂更辉煌。

　　（2）Your soul is as pure as snow, your personality is as noble as pine trees! All praise to you, our beloved teacher. 您的心灵像雪一样纯净，您的人格像青松一般高洁！赞美您，敬爱的老师。

　　英语中除上述的用介词、连词或句型等的明喻表达方式外，还有许多常用的明喻习语。例如：

　　(1)as clear as crystal清如水晶

　　(2)as weak as water软弱无力

　　这类利用类似汉语的押韵和叠声增加语言的美感。与此同时，又可以使语言短小精悍，表达生动、形象。　　

　　2.隐喻(the metaphor)

　　格是：本体 + is/are + 喻体

　　例如：

　　（1）Time is a river, of which memory is the water. Oh my friend, what I scoop up from the river is all yearning of you. 时间是河、记忆如水，朋友，我从河里捧起来的都是对你的思念。

　　（2）Time is money. 时间就是金钱。

　　注意：英语中存在着许多数词习语和俚语，用作隐喻（也有个别用作明喻）。例如：

　　(1)You are one in a million.你真是人见人爱。

　　(2)He has one over the eight.他酩酊大醉。

　（3）This film star is a nine days' wonder; I doubt whether anyone will remember her in a year's time.这位电影明星现在红极一时（也指昙花一现），但我认为一年以后人们不见得还记得她。

　　注意：英语中还有许多隐喻成语。例如：

　　（1）to teach fish to swim 班门弄斧

　　（2）to plough the sand 白费力气

　　（3）up the tree骑虎难下；lame duck强弩之末；above board光明正大
　　3.借喻(the metonymy)

　　格式：直接用比喻事物代替本体事物

　　例如：

　　(1)The buses in America are on strike now.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工（这里buses 喻指司机drivers)。

　　(2)The pen is mightier than the sword.文人胜于武士（以pen，sword喻指使用这物的人）。

英语中一些鸟兽鱼虫的名字，除本义外，常可转借喻人，形象生动，意味隽永。例如：

　　(1)She is a social butterfly.她是一个交际花（以虫喻人）。

二、借代(the synecdoche)

　　借用一个名称来代替另一事物。替代的方式可以是人、物互代，部分和全体互代，单数代复数，描象代替具体或具体代替抽象等等。例如：

　　(1)Uncle Sam will not help us.美国人不会帮助我们。（用Uncle Sam代替船美国人本身）

　　(2)You can depend on him for help whenever you're in tourble. He's a true blue.你遇到麻烦时尽管去找他帮忙，他是一个靠得住的忠实朋友。（用true blue代替真金烈火，忠诚可靠的---）

　　使用借代修辞方式要选用最突出最明显的事物特征来代替事物名称。借代运用得好，能使语言表达简洁明快、具体、形象，以避免重复、累赘，并给人以新鲜感。

　　三、夸张(the exaggeration)

　　把事物的特征，有意地加以夸大或缩小，就叫夸张。

　　例如：

　　(1)Thank you a thousand.千恩万谢。

　　英语中夸张修辞格，应用极为频繁。夸张的功能是突出事物的本质特征，因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发。

　　四、拟人(the personifjcation)

　　就是把无生命的事物人格化。

　　例如：

　　(1)Books are a guide in youth and an entertainment for age. They support us under solitude, and keep us from being a burden to ourselves.书籍是青年人的指南、老年人的娱乐。孤寂时，书籍给我们力量，使我们摆脱精神负担。

　　（2）Love is the master key that opens the gates of happiness.爱是开启幸福之门的万能钥匙。

　　拟人用法在英语写作中运用得好，不仅使语言表达得生动、有力，而且给人以亲切、实在、耳目一新的感受。

　　五、排比

　　把结构相同或相似、语气一致、意思密切相关联的句子或句子成分排列起来，使句式得到增强，感情得到加深，这种修辞叫排比。

　　例如：

　　（1）You are overwhelming jade, as white as snow, as smooth and moist as grease, as brilliant as candles, and as firm as rock.你洁白如雪，润泽如脂，你光辉如烛，坚贞如磐，你是令人倾心的美玉。

　　（2）You are in my mind and in my heart. You are in the very air I breathe. You are part of me. Forever.你占据了我整个思绪和心灵；你在我呼吸的空气里；你永远是我的一部分。

　　此外，在英语的具体写作过程当中，我们可以运用恰当的抒情手法来进行写作，达到以情动人的效果。下面就以2005年6月份四级考试作文为例，进行写作。

　　提纲要求：

　　In honor of teachers on the occasion of Teacher’s Day

　　向老师致以节日祝贺

　　从一件难忘的事回忆老师的教诲和无私的奉献

　　我如何回报老师的关爱

　　范文：

Dear Miss Zhang,

I’m not the best student of yours, but you’re the most respected teacher of mine. On this special occasion for you, what I can dedicate is my highest consideration and earnest blessings. May you be happy; may all of your life be full of happiness, joy as well as sweetness.hello.nana

I still remembered clearly that the day I was crying with a heavy heart because I failed to pass the examination. I didn’t know what to do and where to go, just like a bird lost its way. Teacher, it was you who lighted the beacon of hope in my heart in the dark night. Your warm words, affectionate eyes, which dispelled the cold winter from my heart and kindled the flame of hope as well. And I still remembered that the platform, the desks, the springs and autumns, all witness the flower petals of your heart. The buds, the seedlings, the spring flowers and fall fruits, all owe to your sincere devotion.

In my view, all I want to do is to make the best of every day, and come a little closer to what I dream of. Furthermore, I must not relax my efforts to be the best I can be and do the best I can do.

Best wishes,
Andy.
.

kubin	2007-04-03 21:08
引用 *引用第0楼nanafly于2006-12-01 00:18发表的“英语写作的几种修辞手法”*: 12'(MAP 一、比喻(the figures of speech) @`8 B} C uW'4 Kt 　　比喻是语言艺术的升华。英语中常见的比喻方法有三种：明喻、隐喻和借喻。 m7eIhmP <Jrb"H[T" 1.明喻(the simile) 5Zm_^IS .......

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