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delvis 2008-09-01 10:39

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 fZ$2bI=  
一、代词 <lR8MqjM_  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 *en{pR'  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 kx[8#+P  
  主格、宾格、所有格 X;h~s:LM  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) whCv9)x  
:%{7Q$Xv<  
(二) 反身代词 4<|u~n*JF  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 DxHeZQ"LL  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) =%LS9e^7D  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) Ry C7  
STe;Sr&p  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  P6Ei!t,>  
    A                 B    Cb.Aw!  
  a series of indicators that could help YC~+r8ME$j  
             C       UWI5 /R  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. +dfSCs  
    D M4| L  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 S:gP\Atf>  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 zx27aZ[  
\;}dS SB1  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 o%:eYl  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 o&=m]hKpQl  
a^BD55d?  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies n):VuOjm  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the d=[ .   
     A   B      C          D Uu ,Re  
  Pacific. Z\x6  
5@Sb[ za  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 &A~1Q#4  
!T}`h'  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 @ B+];lr/-  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: tZJKB1#WbP  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 !*p lK6a  
{z w#My   
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined =3FXU{"Qi4  
                       A   OA+W$  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and FkH4|}1  
             B Mf?4 `LM  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. GE>& fG  
   C       D 7JbN WN  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 ,\VNs'j  
k7j;'6  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important kM.zX|_  
        A     EM"YjC)F  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John /gxwp:&lY  
   B        C      C3|M\[*fp  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  (u *-(  
      D VQ +Xh  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. nfc&.(6x<  
j &~OR6  
xR$xAcoSB  
(四) Who和which的区别 i),W1<A1  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 X[R/j*K  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 Uc.K6%iI  
 1D6iJ  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who YI|7a#*F  
              A            B tv5SQ+AI3  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. 90;[5c   
   C                  D WUKYwA/t  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 TeQpmhN  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 m+zzhv1  
/.P*%'g  
(五) that和which的区别 Q 1g@FsW&U  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 WJ8i, 7  
$`mxOcBmQ  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it sT|8a  
              A        B Fe}Dnv)}Z  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. rLtB^?A z  
      C              D (]>= y  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 1YL6:5n  
fYBmW')  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 LB1LQ 0M  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, {26/SY  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when Dk[m)]w\  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. V i V3Y  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which yY+)IU.  
cks53/Z  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly ya.!zGH  
              A         B   aNs~Uad1U  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. e)"] H*  
         C      D ,T& =*q  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 E{'{fo!#)  
Z<jio  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  3D|Y4OM  
  affected the way people in the United States----. iZm# "}VG  
   (A) living and working n@>h"(@i  
   (B) they live and work bS7rG$n [  
   (C) live and work lOB*M!8   
   (D) to live and to work "x~VXU%xU  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 !D#wSeJ  
s[<a(  
二、介词 "pUqYMB2i  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 17kh6(X  
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(一) 介词搭配 ]$Ud`<Xnx  
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those "wwAbU<  
    A         B   C      F3 uR:)4<M  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. X~+AaI :~K  
                D #WE"nh9f|z  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 (S<Z@y+d  
Qk`ykTS!  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. <;eXbO>Q  
A       B     C  D lSW6\jX  
分析:B错改为be rich in Q#gzk%jL@  
0 $Ygt0d  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the /xS4>@hn  
    A         B      C oY NIJXln  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. hKx*V"7/#\  
             D :2v^pg|  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 +F>9hA  
0;J#".(KQ  
1UHlA8w7 Q  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 -9D2aY_>  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 -=;V*;  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. }^b7x;O|  
          A      B  C     D Ire+r "am  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 :NCY6? [Dz  
(Ci{fY6`  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has DA9-F  
                 A  B     }Cs. Hm0P  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on b '9L}q2m  
      C n "J+? ~9  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. $T#yxx  
      D ezz;NH  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 dRhsnT+KX  
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2、介词by @nNhW  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by $ap6Vxjr  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing p?Rq  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States ^7p>p8  
    A         B       .dE2,9{Z  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. 1woBw>g  
   C     D 2a,l;o$2&  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 )@hG#KMK  
,suC`)R  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils +`(,1L1  
   A                      l2.L h<G  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to wI{ED  
     B    C       D \v,m r|  
   supply moccasins and field rations. A}h`%b  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 lYq/ n&@_1  
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with 7j//x Tr}a  
        A                9FKowF_8  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements [@4.<4Y  
        B          C   zEJZ,<  
  that are often represented at symbols. P_y8[Y]?  
              D ?z/ )Hkw  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 ?E2$  
三、谓语动词 wVMR&R<t  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 up^D9(y\  
①、主谓分割原则 P)k!#*  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, xkPH_+4i8  
     A     ~L55l2u7  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. um}%<Cy[  
        B      C      D R>#BJ^>=  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 D>>?8a  
='U>P( R-  
②、与后者一致原则 <,\Op=$l3I  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, !$1'q~sO  
not only…but also ]Lz:oV^%  
hALg5.E{T  
%c`P`~sp  
③、与前者一致原则 'G>gNq  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, UifuRmn  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 67]kT%0  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and Kb icP<  
     A      B  C     4 >2g&);B  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. +"8-)'  
         D >$ok3- tuU  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is vk>EFm8l  
kE` V@F  
④、就近原则 C A 8N  
or, either…or, neither…nor, 6U!zc]>  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are E,EpzB$_dj  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is \fjr`t]  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 -Rcl(Q}LZ  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 y G~7Xo5  
t,4'\nv*  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are }(-2a*Z;Y  
        A      B        =E~)svl6g  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. S)L(~ N1  
    C              D >^|( AzS  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 S1&Df%Ra  
*v6 j7<H  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 vf-cx\y7  
There are five apples that are red. 2J0N]`|)  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 E3`&W 8  
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets 9 %MHIY5  
      A            g]a5%8*{  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. $ 1< ~J  
   B   C    D c*:H6(u  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 F?EAIL  
n)6mfoe  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 '"~ 2xiin  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. C;BC@OE  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 [L4s.l_#  
'$m uA\  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 KB6'sj  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: a-(OAzQ_  
a. there be 句型 v==]v2 -  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 $u-yw1FT  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 rM5{R}+;  
pipO ,n  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. t.YY?5 l  
   A     B      C    D    _Vl22'wl  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is s+RSAyU  
}US^GEs(  
xfsf   
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific "pLWJvj6-  
             A     B    1NI%J B  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 y^xEZD1X6-  
     C         u hJnDo  
  miles in width. 6r3.%V.&  
     D  q o^PS  
分析:倒装句,are改为is { !G  
/6@~XO) w  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and c"H59 jE  
   A    B       C         m?4L>'  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film _t'S<jTI  
                    D 34e> R?J  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. +T|M U  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 _RI!Z   
rz'A#-?'oG  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 %4 0uw3  
fifty percent of + 名词 3LK]VuZE  
one percent of + 名词 v vvH5NRm  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: +&j&es  
  one percent of my students + are q5D_bm7,3  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. _pZaVx  
gqCDF H  
这里要强调两个结构 yCt,-mz!z  
half of =fifty percent #;*0 Pwe`  
most of + 可数名词 + are `5$B"p&i  
most of + 不可数名词+ is 6&Al9+$  
6%nKrK  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been Uw:gJ 9  
   A       B         C   Y%"6  
  found in central and eastern Canada. N=hhuKt]  
           D ]`S35b  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 _Vj uQ  
k 6)ThIG  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized q)Uh_l.Cj  
                 A   B  p"lTZ7c:Y  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. -N4km5  
              C     D p~h)@  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 M:*^k  
a*fUMhIi  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 B"9/+Yj  
①、主要考察时间状语 bOKgR{i  
:^Ouv1!e1  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. <+%#xi/_  
   A        B  C     D G"~%[ k  
R"0fZENTG  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was YH%aPsi  
@&7|Laa  
%I&[:  
②、For和since的区别 @\_l%/z{  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 5V{ B,T  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 f Cq  
  I has been a teacher for three years. f-!A4eKe  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. \vU1*:3  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 _ zh>q4M  
x-Cy,d:YX  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became qBkI9H  
   A      B              &$!'Cw`,  
  the primary responsibility of the president. Fa!6*K\  
     C    D n<. T6  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 ;g0p`wV  
v@6TC1M,  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of x9c/;Q &m  
             A  B  C   D~< 3   
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. gx*rxid  
            D LHt{y3l]  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 -RSPYQjz  
#..-!>lY  
e2SU)Tr%b  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  UP@a ?w  
   A       B        C     D | CC(`<\R  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live ae)0Yu`*G7  
k#4%d1O}  
(三) 谓语的语态 NbD"O8dL~E  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 m]1= o7  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: T@n-^B!Xq  
①、prove nbnbG0r:  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 &IQp&  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; !Cm<K*c"&E  
'wo[iNy[  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming zS @"ITy  
                      A   ,1\nd{  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be YH VJg?H3  
    B                  C T;eA<,H  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. ?G5 JAG`  
                  D kAbkhZ1^  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 p < fKj  
>H@ zP8  
wff&ci28  
②、Locate,Situate k,L,  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 \dyJ=tg  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 C043 h?x  
这两个词也可以用作被动 IT,TSs/Y  
  My school was located near the river. zMfr`&%e  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 ^A8'YTl  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. 5!ll #/ {`  
   (A)locates +Y!9)~f}7X  
   (B)locating 360V  
   (C)to locate v535LwFW  
   (D)is located |-N\?N9"  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 XEF|B--,  
aU]A#g   
③、表示需要概念的动词 $_-f}E  
need, want, require等 QE&rpF7l{  
.6%-Il  
My watch needed repairing 7|6uY  
My watch needed to be repaired. }2Y:#{m  
uBLI!N-G  
④、表示人的情感的动词 L]L-000D(  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 8\m_.e  
?5e:w?&g@  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 /,'D4s:Gg  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 'c 0]8Y 4  
c>~"Z-VtX  
主动和被动技巧总结: 7aVQp3<  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 cq`v8  
^PIU A'  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the  4l+"J:,  
                 A      / %}Xiqlrd  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, x J>U_Gd  
                 B Zr,:i MPZ  
  power structures, and flood-control works along 59:Xu%Hp  
                    C UD`bK a`E  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. ~=~|@K  
                D !6hUTjhW7z  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 nZe2bai  
M<oIo 036  
四、非谓语动词 MG<kvx~2  
I!?-lI@(  
(一) 分词 }p 0 \  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 J ylav:  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 25%[nkO4  
iIFM 5CT  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then VWqmqR%  
   A zKB$n.H  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. XlP q>@4p  
     B      C            D - Te+{  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning {\3ZmF  
7}>7@W8  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 T$[50~  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in y/57 >.3  
      A               B   8UiRirw  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. D? ojxHe  
               C         D |P!7T.  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living JB.f7-  
+?r,Nn  
J:g4ES-/   
一些动词后面必须用doing }pqnF53  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 _p0@1 s(U  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, zf+jQ  
 advocate, suggest MYyV{W*T>  
 delay, quit GH ] c  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, 9Z, K  
 avoid, escape(逃避) Sep/N"7~t  
 spend+名词+doing;  !4Q0   
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing _Sa7+d(  
t!^ j0q  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their pjG/`  
   A     B    C              D 7dxTyn=  
  crops. rjk{9u1a"  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 +% E)]*Ym  
05 56#U&>  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks,  mE1m  
               A        B [%?ViKW  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. 4v[Zhf4JM  
        C          D 6l Suzu  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing y}5:CZ  
^&[Z@*A8#  
(二) 不定式 * I)F5M  
A. 动词不定式的省略 /Py1Q  
①、help后面可以省略to kH4xP3. i  
  help do v?6g. [;?  
  help sb. to do 58]C``u@Y  
CpGy' Ia  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid :<QmG3F  
              A      B   AQ)DiH  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. !_i;6UVG  
         C     D Bjc<d,]  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 Crg@05Z  
yiO/0nMp  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 _48@o^{  
  make, OyG#  
  let, xq@_' 3X  
  have sb. do sth W ])Lc3X  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. qmy3pnL  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians ^l8&y;-T  
        A               B A6S|pO1)3  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. -hU1wX%U  
   C     D %=*nJvYS  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know Of gmJ(%  
~q,Wj!>Ob  
③、感官动词 ZNUSHxA  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe T*1`MIkv  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 7=`_UqCV  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 0 zn }l6OS  
h8 !(WO!  
{8e4TD9E0  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 fN_Ilg)t?5  
(1)表示第一人 kE[Hq-J=N  
the first woman to do sth. c[zGWF#1>  
{^A,){uX]  
(2)表示迫使的动词 ?Zh,W(7W  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do IfzW%UL  
c4 bo  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis }!^`%\ %\  
     A                 B    B!AJ*  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. ["BD,mB  
       C           D h { M=V  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 fl+dL#]  
%T,cR>lw  
&pFP=|Pq  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 PL*1-t?#  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 V2o1~R~  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 hOR1R B  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 n_eN|m?@  
  be apt to do !)HB+yr  
0NMmN_Lr  
(4)表示目的的名词, / TAza9a  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 4;)aGN{e  
固定的句式: W/G75o~6  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. @WnW @'*F  
the objective 目标 i'MpS  
aim &H:2TL!  
goal v O@7o  
reason理由 qrkJ:  
function功能 UUR` m  
intension意图 bq"dKN`  
IP+.L]S  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing u$ a7  
                       A  @ !,W]?{  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. d#u*Nw Y}  
           B          C     D NflRNu:-  
分析:the function to provide, A错 0xzS9  
YjzGF=g#  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure P|rreSv*  
                  A       \PM5B"MDZ  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds nrJW.F]S8[  
     B  25/M2u?  
  that make up various components of a living cell. 4rH:`494  
    C    D B<!WAw+  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 :nn(Ndlz9  
Fg^Z g\X3  
(5) 其他同根名词 "q3W& @  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 Km!~zG7<  
 attempt to do 企图 6&[rA TU+  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 l]F)]>AE  
 ambition, %%^by  
 be ambitious to do  ;\rKkH"K8n  
 effort /<)kI(gf  
k*!f@ M  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation QRlrcauM  
  A                    B   VD+y4t' ^  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. 5sguv^;C5  
          C       D 1wt(pkNk  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 f<Xi/ (  
);1UbqVPD  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great k?qd -_sC  
  A                   B   7cly{U"  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. @{o3NR_  
       C            D ,]Q i/m  
分析:efforts to register, C错 /=~o|-n8@  
Iv51,0A  
OE5JA8/H  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 IT0 [;eqR  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 mH5[(?   
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. !y-,r4\@`  
"t:9jU  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 Is#w=s}2  
I am glad to see you. zj UT:#(k  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. 9P\R?~3  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. DY?;Z98P?  
YLFM3IaP  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 =`fz#Mfd  
It is difficult to decide. 6}^6+@LG  
Fv2U@n6'v  
)&wJ_ (z  
五、句子的结构 0) nY- f0  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 t+%tN^87:  
,'^^OLez  
(一) 主语的重复 .|x" '3#  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 #Oq~ZV|<l  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any P h/!a6y  
          A      B      5`O af\S  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the 0="U'|J_  
          C          D aW@J]slg  
  League of Nations. w;8VD`>[|  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 ~Lf>/w  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson 9w08)2$ Na  
,BuEX#ZaBl  
NkL>ru!b9  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are v*VId l>  
        A        B  Mr u  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. jO+#$=C  
    C         D YpwMfl4  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 r8Pdk/CW^  
U5pg<xI  
(二)谓语的重复 fkW TO"f-  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 F` "bMS  
'D<84|w:1  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  "j] r   
    A            B    |6y(7Ha  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. g_2EH  
         C   D dlB?/J<  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 YKWts y  
$9m>(b/;n  
(三)谓语的缺少 .GH#`j  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body R7 j'XU  
          A     B    [S#QGB19  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. Wi3S t`$  
         C               D 6nP-IKL  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 ;0 No@G;z  
qsTB)RdjP%  
(四)主句的重复 }6#u}^gy  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 6Lhfb\2?  
9Vh>ty1|_  
U9:w^t[Pp  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite  #:st>V_h  
      A         B        C   ;*=MI/"N  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. LA%t'n h  
     D iD-,C`  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 QYj8c]8f  
L4?)N&V  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow ~D$?.,=l  
        A   B       8R;A5o,  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. tP ;^;nw  
      C    D y %4G[Dz  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 9;B6<`e/U  
m\O|BMHn  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided r s?"pGz;  
   A                     B  c 6"hk_  
  names for towns, only George Washington knU=#  
      C FsdxLMwk1  
  is remembered in the name of a state. \R ff3$  
          D asQXl#4r  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 RHOEyXhOA  
六、比较级和最高级 Y::I_6[eV  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 pf'-(W+  
yu>DVD  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 eJv_`#R&Of  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which z%cpV{Nu  
      A               vUa&9Y  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. DL:wiQ  
     B       C           D ^Cm9[1p  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 ?%Pd:~4D  
-(Y(K!n  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 6AW{qU6  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. ~VqDh*0  
     A      B     C  D L9G  xqw  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 & 1:_+  
>%o\Ue  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere Qq.ht  
     A       B     C   D !N@d51T=N  
  is the grizzly bear. 9O.okU  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 v9t26>{~  
#J,?oe=<4  
S3G9/  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 &H`AS6  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 g2&%bNQ-5  
z!<X{& e  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with "GTlJqhk  
   A           B  H:d@@/  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. v%=@_`Ht  
   C                 D /ehmy (zL  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 ey~5DY7  
xxsa x/h  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 DLWG0$#!  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as >+ P5Zm(_  
^Pq4 n%x  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 j!It1B  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 m=hlim;P,  
the taller boy <yw6Om:n<  
w6RB|^  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 $E j;CN59  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed r\+0J`  
          A            B /3VSO"kcZ  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is gyz#:z$p^  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. cL]vJ`?Ih  
    C          D *Va;ra(V2  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they a+U^mPe  
ZCT\4Llv#  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 zmw <y2`  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, xksd&X:  
  A  B         C     Q1A_hW2x  
  the Navajos form largest group. |8bqn^@$t  
         D \I@hDMqv  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 W7F1o[  
=02$Dwr  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, VP7g::Ab  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language T uk:: .jD  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the /tG0"1{  
/#lqv)s'  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many y.xyr"-Q  
            A      B         C hLv~N}  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. ""; Bq*Y#  
            D sRMz[n 5k  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 u . xUM  
u6B,V  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the kK,Ne%}a2K  
例如:my best friends XY_zF F  
R2e":`0I  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial a_GnN\kX^Z  
            A    B     C KF%tF4^+|  
  and banking center. LA837P  
        D } xy>uT  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 A =PJg!  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 ma gZmY~  
7K5D,"D;1  
Qf>$'C(7!a  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary j& H4L  
                 A         N4xC Zb  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. `<"@&N^d  
    B   C     D &2P+9j>  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 `hVi!Q]*P  
J [k,S(Y  
七、平行结构 Z]QpH<Z  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 n&n WY+GEo  
'#oNOU  
_oILZ,  
(一) 对等连接词 ^5GyW`a}  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 r=J+  
单一式: and, or ,but !bq3c(d  
相关式: both…and, not … but, sU=7)*$  
     either …or, neither…nor HkL:3 E.  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as 'bb *$T0=  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, P&=H<^yd  
没有so...as... )&") J}@  
between…and, Cd7imj  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also jR_o!n~5  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, y"L7.B  
Po1/_# mu  
短语式: as well as mH,L,3R;R  
     rather than (而不是) v\3 \n3[u  
     other than (除…之外) TS Ev^ u)3  
     instead of (代替) "8#EA<lsS  
u(Kof 'p7  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 {@7xOOAw  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  /7CV7=^d,  
       A     B   )s~szmJoVD  
  but he is now living in Detroit. u==`]\_@  
       C   D 5@-[[ $dk  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 51Q m2,P1^  
?lPyapA]  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics ?glK~G!i  
       A         B wV\.NQtS  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford Py~1xf/  
  remained active in city and regional planning. !x$6wzKa  
          C    D  t[4V1:  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 /_D_W,#P  
(二)平行的内容 Kk\TW1w3  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 _C 54l  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of \n>7T*iM&  
             A         B   ]k# iA9I  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, 4G3u8)b=  
         C            D BA6(Owb  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. WI6h G  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 ^:u-wr8?{  
_zK ~9/5  
1'YUK"i  
第二、名词单复数的平行 E;rS"'D:  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 qORL 7?{  
vI20G89E  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, rcAPp  
  A     B          C   FI"KJk'  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. cb5T-'hY  
                 D   < # zd]t  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 f=IF_|@^S  
& d_2WQ}  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, ix_&os]L_  
                   A         B f7b6!R;z_  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. `d}t?qWS;F  
      C          D <8ih >s(C  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have kD me>E=  
B8~bx %)3T  
第三、时态的平行 D]twid~OS  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated M=54xTh0Y  
                A     W1JvLU5L*r  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops v, !`A!{D  
                   B Zg9VkL6Z6  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. fRjp(m  
          C    D VA  @  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 QIfP%,LT  
/*(&Dmt>  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- zeD=-3  
  spread from its home in Central America and b%].D(qBy  
  now grows throughout the tropics. SB`xr!~A]  
   (A) to be    (B) it   8Oa+,?<0x  
   (C) the     (D) its .I]EP-  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? uFuP%f!yY  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow a4 mRu|x  
^O& y ;5  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- aTkMg  
  commercially for their meat and eggs.  &\ K  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised Oq:$GME  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised fg/hUUl  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 "jf_xZ$H-  
l=L(pS3 ~  
第四、排列位置的平行 o1k+dJUd  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. G[=;519  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode 8\G"I  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  [<sN "  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes bc;?O`I<  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes kG5Uc8 3#G  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 7d/I"?=|rA  
iu$Y0.H@  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: g9Ty%|Q7(  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 q. j$]?PQ  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 %r&36d'  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 DPCQqV| 7  
z /nW; ow  
八、词序的颠倒 03_M+lv  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 GiKhdy  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 0<##8m@F8  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage DcG=u24Xy!  
              A    B        79I"F'  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. a5&[O  
      C       D    WO6+r?0M2  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 P76gJ@#m  
aimf,(+  
ff=RKKnN  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 A|GsbRuy  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only ]:m4~0^#-(  
          A      B     l<'}`  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. F~~9/#  
    C         D #B q|^:nj  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 uo*lW2&U  
s>[Oe|`  
RRzLQ7J  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 B*P;*re  
&Aym@G|k?  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were nFe  
          A   B     C   kBY#= e).  
  in what is now the United States. SpOSUpl%  
    D prB: E[1  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 y)TBg8Q  
,d F Y]  
所有的系动词分为三大类: |CK/-UG}  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, B B^81{A  
    is, remain, keep, stay, (a~V<v"  
    lie, exit(表示位于) Ih;D-^RQ  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 ju4wU; Nu  
    become, turn, grow, Ri}JM3\J  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) VTi; y{  
T b*Q4:r"  
第三种,感官动词 LmUR@ /V Q  
    seem(好像是) A5O;C  
    look(看起来好像是) U.<ad  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste u/wWD@,  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 Ie8SPNY-H  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe 1KJ[&jS ]  
    A               B     ZB5NTNf>  
   to cause numerous deaths. RhE|0N=  
        C   D  Lo" s12fr  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 6c}nP[6|  
s5X51#J#~  
九、词性的混用 clM6R  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 0.1?hb|p5T  
t3!~=U  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 uiWo<}t}{  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词;  AZ-JaE  
fOk(i vYy  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high }q?q)cG  
          A        B      Su'l &]  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and B;Co`o2  
              C %B| Ca&  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. vQ{mEaH  
          D 5L\Im ^  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) }IKU^0M9<T  
l585L3i  
j fZ)  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 Qaiqx"x3  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 jYW-}2L  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds !'=< uU-  
         A       B      rwAycW7  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to hP jL  
          C        ; VQ:\f G  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. e ,A9N%M  
            D ?C_Y2JY  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 1c$c e+n~  
kX:8sbZ##4  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, CW~c<,"  
            A       uecjR8\e  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of @u8kNXT;h  
      B      C [Y6ZcO/-i  
   urban Black people in the United States. /tqe:*  
   D WhDNt+uk)  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 =5g|7grQ:`  
{)- 3g~  
/qXP\ a  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 Ewo6Q){X  
表示时间有两种可能, A*? Qm  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 `W4Is~VVv  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, <;NxmO<%\  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 F=$U.K~1?  
.Kk'N  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence a.SxMF  
       A     B     V"|j Dnn5  
  were made while the American Civil War. mB*;>   
   C    D 6am<V]Hw0F  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 `AhTER  
us^J! s7  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the {7 nz:f  
   A      B           C    1zY" Uxp  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. /U"3LX  
          D 2Xp?O+b#"O  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 [u/Wh+  
(Bu-o((N@0  
&fgfCZz'  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 Q E*`#r#e  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 MH_3nN  
oF(|NS^  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social rs:a^W5t  
                   A     hSSFmEpr  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. ~.8p8\H  
     B   C    D O. OSLezTQ  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 R}\n @X*  
& 13#/  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples EnXTL]=0S  
   A        B   C      z<n&P7k5j  
  easily under the stress of compression. hdx"/.s  
   D {~eVZVv  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 hIMD2  
x)^t5"F  
Fs;_z9ej-u  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 MbjMO"}  
}`$Sr&n 1  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine d@_|  
    A         B ma(E}s  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. jsnk*>j  
          C            D \Dr?}D  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 h;2n2.Q  
@F0+t;  
x6B_5eF  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, 2/V9Or 52  
         A ) v^;"q"  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. [DO UIR9  
   B      C      D dUL3UY3  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 Id;YIycXe  
?:XbZ"25pJ  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 o$+"{3svw?  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; x7 l3&;yDv  
two hundred diligent students


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