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delvis 2008-09-01 10:48

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 1fo U  
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一、主句单一原则 +=]!P#  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 zCOgBT~p   
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 p|Q*5TO  
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. {q<03d~9|G  
   (A) They occur where they are Fe.t/amS/  
   (B) Occuring where bu=?N  
   (C) Where they occur w,O,W[C  
   (D) Where do they occur Qc[3Fq,f  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 !q-f9E4`  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 @q"m5  
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center = pI?A^  
   (A) Fort Wayne P7 PB t  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne =1 P6Vk  
   (C) For wayne is in Qfky_5R\  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in Wd0 [%`dq  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 dgDy5{_  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 9}c8Xt^&  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 _:+ KMR  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 DAwqo.m  
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” MWNPPYww  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with h(qQsxIOhS  
   social issues. yQ3OL#  
    (A) covers /t6X(*xoy  
    (B) covers it l<Q>N|1#k%  
    (C) which covers %+ FG,d  
    (D) which it covers Q#(GI2F2#  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 Zh NdB  
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused <* t4D-os  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on A:y.s;<L 0  
   the paper. AH4EtZC=W  
   (A) the impression is QRLJ_W^&u  
   (B) if the impression is tA$)cg+.  
   (C) impressions mR8W]'gl.L  
   (D) the impression 9'x)M?{8  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression f'q 28lVf  
三、平行结构 [ BT)l]  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 >/<:Q  &  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: qzFQEepso  
A and B, 5efxEt>U  
A , B, and C ;WT{|z  
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- Jdy <w&S  
   is known as accounting. 0)Rw|(Fpo]  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary 0W`LVue  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's sA9 &/p/  
     transactions aTGdmj!  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are nK3 k]gLc{  
     summarized )4xu^=N&as  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an JK#vkCkyM  
     enterprise 5FC4@Ms`  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 [oc~iDx%W  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 # x>ga  
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed Sx ] T/xq  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and kllQca|$4  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on 8_d -81Dd  
   human patients. %HtuR2#ca  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in Fk^3a'/4KJ  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures {OT:3SS7  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures 7.<^j[?  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull &jV_"_3n  
     fractures ^_p%Yv  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 %u p}p/?  
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四、宾语从句结构 F5gObIJtuY  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 W VkR56  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: Mo|wME#M  
     state(陈述,表明)+that % U`xu.  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that Q |i9aE  
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, m4ApHM2  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite 1M%S gV-#  
   units called quanta or photons.  W^g[L:s  
    (A) energy that F=@i6ERi  
    (B) that it is energy wpPn}[a  
    (C) it is energy ]]iO- }  
    (D) that energy ;Fl<v@9  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 }4c/YP"a'E  
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth 'Am-vhpm  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is 'u[ %}S38  
   placed on them. L&w.j0fq  
   (A) although its crust and mantle Wr|G:(kw\!  
   (B) its crust and mantle to ZykrQ\q9  
   (C) that its crust and mantle EZr6oO@Nc  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to zj M/M  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 ~a+NJ6e1  
五、介词+ which结构 )r!e2zc=Q  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 Px4/O~bLk  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, NCt~9xS.  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 CB}BQd  
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, a1x7~)z>zi  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 e6P[c=m #  
- z C]^Ho@  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is yFeeG3 n3  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees Gt^d;7x ]  
   for public office. M9"Sgb`g  
    (A) that J|j;g!fK  
    (B)by which xdF guV8  
    (C)is that ToU.mM?f^  
    (D)by those nm):SEkC  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 5#uO'<2$  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 b(T@~P/  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 xXOw:A'  
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players J:};n@<  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called ;X7i/D Q  
   wickers. >h7$v~nra  
   (A) when nLd~2qBuv  
   (B) which 5P\N"Yjx'  
   (C) is when 84Zgo=P}  
   (D) in which Tk+DPp^  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 ) >$^ wT  
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六、in that结构 csvO g[  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, FNJ!IkuR  
  because of +名词, 9HKf^+';n  
  consequently是副词 G+C} <S}  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 )k~1,  
@LC~*_y   
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals ~,Mr0  
   ---- it is a liquid. ;+9(;  
   (A) whereas =LqL@5Xr  
   (B) in that _#(s2.h~J  
   (C) because of #^; s<YZ`  
   (D) consequently `:3&@.{T(  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 C2 .W[T  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 F,.Q|.nN  
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual )-)pYRlO  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. L6kZ2-6  
   (A)they 4L11P  
   (B)in they ?q6Z's[  
   (C)that they ?"u'#f_  
   (D)in that they 26}u4W$  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 h,.fM}=H  
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 3F uCW  
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ HoV{Uzm  
   great inspiration for her poems. i.F8  
   (A) that she drew )*Vj3Jx  
   (B) by drawing her \d ui`F"Cc  
   (C) from which she drew |[DV\23{G  
   (D) drawn from which v10mDr  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。  U(P:Je  
七、what结构 )p h30B  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: K,G,di  
  what=the thing that gUu&Vy\  
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend (;C$gnr.C  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. A0UV+ -PP  
   (A) it grows T^d#hl.U  
   (B) what grows ,YQ=Zk)w  
   (C) does it grow 0c`sb+?  
   (D) what does it grow - *r [  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 $]nVr(OZ_  
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle 3Hy%SN(  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory 5 d>nIKW  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. E7k-pquvE  
   (A) there ; A x=]Q  
   (B) where D xe-XKNc.  
   (C) that KBd7|,j  
   (D) what zoR,RBU6  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 QjehDwt|  
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八、同位语结构 {bW"~_6}  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 UIO6|*ka  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) an-\k*w  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing _e;N'DZ  
   and swallowing . mipi]*ZfXE  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste /;z ZnF\ e  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly >|v=Ba6R0  
   (C) the chief organ of taste t^`<*H  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes We[<BJ o4  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 m]bL)]Z  
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 Z}]:x `fXd  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) l*~"5f03  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of U;x99Go:  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of zyIza@V(  
   Dishonor. Ej;Vr~Wi  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause $xKg }cO  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson 9itdRa==  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause ^hQ:A4@q  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. X7'h@>R   
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 v1`bDS?*Q  
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as e_fg s>o`(  
   hosts to many insect pests. 7H8GkuO  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than Y!K^-Y}  
     goldenrods 4<=eK7;XR  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods z6GL,wo#  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy 5#9`ROT9  
     plants VZ9e~){xA  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants }w|=c >'_}  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 Y/?DSo4G  
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 $6 Q2)^LJ  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 cOj +}Hz58  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to 0C4* F  
   Athens. baO&n  
   (A) the distance is BMtYM{S6  
   (B) that the distance is bKZAJLnd  
   (C) is that the distance 3RTB~K8:{  
   (D) the distance UC?2mdLt^  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 'xu7AKpU)  
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九、比较结构 O(c4iWm  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 cSHtl<UY  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less l1`c?Y  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. X~<>K/}u5  
    (A) does ] BP^.N=  
    (B) in |eVTxeq  
    (C) it does in +wPvQKVfI  
    (D) in it does 37za^n?SG  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 4^jZv$l5  
U`vt/#j 1  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. 9R t(G_'  
    (A) rays more than infrared g'l7Jr3  
    (B) rays are more infrared than vp9E}ga  
    (C) more than infrared rays ) Sh;UW  
    (D) more infrared rays than F0o18k_"  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 J3!k*"P  
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 )I0g&e^Tzy  
例3:The activities of the international marketing v*T@ <]f3j  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. h^3Vd K,  
   (A) the domestic marketer has &<; nl^  
   (B) the domestic marketer does 5tbiNm^X  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer LnACce ?b  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer t3h \.(mq  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 rt4|GVa  
~m"M#1,ln3  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing h: (l+jr  
   is greater than --. R|^t~ h-  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined ^<H#dkECG  
   (B) mining and farming combination c9TkIe  
   (C) that mining and farming combined s!zr>N"  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming r;s3(@[,@  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 WW Kr & )  
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十、定语从句省略结构 8CHf.SXh  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 "\P~Re"EH  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture sZ(Q4)r  
   and overpower. 7 5cr!+  
   (A) can   3_['[}  
   (B) they can 2LK*Cv[  
   (C) which can `[R:L.H1  
   (D) and Xv;ZAa  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 REe%>|   
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can QrRCsy70  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the v6(l#,  
   food they eat. )e$-B]>7z  
    (A) require EwJn1Mvq  
    (B) requires aIyY%QT  
    (C) requiring c; fyUi  
    (D)to require RAJ |#I1  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 ;bu;t#  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food eh# (}v  
i}12mjF  
xH .q  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 dtXJ<1:  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of )HiTYV)]'  
    A k.VOS 0  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around s%re>)=|  
   B          C      D rb4g<f|  
   the world. N>#P 1!eP  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to Cl){sP=8W  
246!\zf  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive eyp\h8!u_  
          A  B      C #8HXR3L5=!  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. Or~6t}f  
              D U-N/Z\QD  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more !q1^X% a  
-s84/E4Y*  
十一、状语从句省略结构 mh SsOmJ5  
Metals expand when they are heated. [~0q )  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: #GJh:#tt^  
%HS!^j3C%  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; M?CMN.Dw  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, tOVm~C,R  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 gx.]4 v  
Tj~#Xc  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of xL"o)]a=  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand M- A}(r +J  
   considerable impact. =&xoyF  
   (A) apparently Kt0Tuj@CY  
   (B) are apparently +E a X S  
   (C) apparently their q{(&:~M  
   (D) are they apparently d8I:F9  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 o\gQYi   
SHh(ujz,  
Hvk?(\x  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: < us{4 %  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; k"c_x*f  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) pP& M]'  
a"4 6_>  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the Puh&F< B  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly K@hUif|([  
   white. ,:{+ H  
   (A) when, pure which xnO lV  
   (B) when, which pure 9m!fW|4  
   (C) which, pure when m8' 1@1d|  
   (D) which, when pure h#nQd=H<g#  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, E]Q)pZ{Jb  
l"8YIsir  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine jyr#e  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing !HYqM(|{.  
   infrequently D$;/ l}s?  
   (A) Even O/nS,Ux  
   (B) It is -%|I  
   (C) Even though l<?wB|1'  
   (D) There is *Yw6UCO  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 8b!_b2Za  
L8Q!6oO=<  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 (Bz(KyD[  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 3}+ \&[  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; `<q5RuU  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 \mloR '  
0sa EcJ-  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: [qB=OxH?  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 S8l+WF4q  
  The starring troops have to surrender. zAewE@N#_  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; V5+a[`]  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 `u-Y 5mY  
gN%R-e0  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is MZ'HMYed   
{YFru6$  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often 4.TG&IQ nN  
   called scapegoating. DNPK1e3a{  
   (A) Eliminate problems K9R[ oB]b  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) & BkNkb0  
   (C) Eliminating problems 4)_ [)MZ\j  
   (D) Problems are eliminated $)3/N&GXR  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 ?jbam! A  
kVY@q&p  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them jolCR-FDu  
   from damage due to weather. ]+AI:  
    (A) Painting H\T h4teE  
    (B) Painted @OpcS>:R  
    (C) The paint 8'y|cF%U  
    (D) By painting u8*0r{kOH  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 dn Xc- <  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 V47 Fp  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting WKG=d]5  
ep5aBrN]"  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to GCrN:+E0FJ  
   conserve water in the winter. x K/`XY  
   (A) when losing leaves 2.6,c$2tB  
   (B) leaves are lost x\*5A,w{c]  
   (C) that losing leaves =c|Bu^(Ctw  
   (D) the leaves losing I ?1E}bv  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 IAfYlS#<yD  
7cC$)  
十三、make结构 KksbhN{AB  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) <C&UD j  
共有三种形式: Ac|`5'/Tx  
   make it possible+to do }Eav@3h6  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 DT*/2TH*l  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) 5+U~ZW0|+  
:7R\"@V4  
做题技巧: U}UIbJD*=  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it (k[<>$hL*  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it @-hy:th#  
4EOu)#  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and 69_c,(M0  
   thus make--details that are otherwise C. Sb4i*  
   impossible to observe . >6@UjGj54  
   (A) it visible =/zQJzN  
   (B) visibly _8bqk\m+  
   (C) visible 5f1yszd  
   (D) they are visible rIu>JyC"p  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 oL<^m?-u  
QII>XJ9  
l!`m}$  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large uz% rWN`{  
   amount of information on a single map. nF7Ozxm#  
   (A) possible jML}{>Gy8S  
   (B) it possible ](%-5G1<  
   (C) it is possible ,#s}nJ4  
   (D) that possible grv 3aa@  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 $[IuEdc /  
+|^rz#X  
d~qDQ6!  
十四、the more …the more…结构 La9dFe-uu{  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: X.g1 312~  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 {AJs pLcG  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 x H\5T!  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 " MlY G6  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 >i=mw5`D]  
yY8q{\G  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the ao Y "uT+  
   number of lines of magnetic force. !5pnl0DK*  
   (A) of gR%fv  
   (B) the -fYgTst2  
   (C) is the cu.f]'  
   (D) is of the xoPpu  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B 98G>I(Cw%  
L= hPu#&/  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the <!R~G-D#_T  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  nCJ)=P.d  
   (A) the stress it is greater A@+pvC&  
   (B) greater is the stress ?~hC.5  
   (C) greater stress is u1(`^^Ml  
   (D) the greater the stress eA4@)6WP(  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 ~[t%g9  
p8frSrcU  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 ;i@,TU  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 iO~3rWQ  
??Q'| r  
~sx?aiO  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , _f8Wa u# "  
             A     B \x5b=~/   
   thus making it possible the gentle Cj#$WZga%  
       C            4f:B2x{  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall.  v=R=K  
         D Vf:/Kokq  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 fucG 9B  
\] 1qAFB5  
#`?B:  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more DD{-xCCR  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, t2uX+1F  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the D,b'1=  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” [T<nTB# w  
    (A) however 38#BINhBt  
    (B) thus )7jjfD\  
    (C) and Au~l O  
    (D) moreover p8,Rr{  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 %? -E)n[  
$P rji  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the @K  .{o'  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. UEHJ? }  
    (A) to save the seeds X?whyD)vE@  
    (B) saving the seeds XT+V> H I  
    (C)which saves the seeds VZF;  
    (D) the seeds saved a8nqzuI  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B W cOyOv  
{02$pO  
;\a?xtIy  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 cH>@ZFTF  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. e7tp4M9!%  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. iF,%^95=  
BV;dV6`z  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. (-S\%,hO  
   (A) the tallest |Yb]@9 >vn  
   (B) the tallest that is cPunMHD  
   (C) which is the tallest O1+OE!w  
   (D) which the tallest is R ?62g H  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 c o 8bnH  
 GY`mF1b  
(}B3df  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of okm }%#|  
       A  B       C Q Uy7Q$W  
   domestic animals. ~cv322N   
    D !(gMr1}w  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 (jmF7XfU  
\^oI3K0`  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 <>v=jH|L  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: l"zwH  
  program, programmed, programmed v`r![QpYf  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: u_HCXpP!Q  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动  L}=DC =E  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be 'vwu^u?  
j DkBe-`  
P(%^J6[>  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona p!o-+@ava  
   features structures built of red sandstone by Y 'y yrn}  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. nV:RL|p2jw  
   (A) That the w2H^q3*  
   (B) In the 8kLHQ0pmu  
   (C) Around the "c.@4#/_  
   (D) The WES$B7y  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 RkZyqt @+  
~ <36vsk  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called WF_ v>g:g  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. !bIE%cq  
   (A) to be made JU#m?4g  
   (B) making _WR/]1R  
   (C) made UHgW-N"  
   (D) are made U7''; w  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 2>[xe  
E!RlH3})  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given ix hF,F  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of ]!]B7|JFJ  
   human beings. *xjP^y":  
   (A) without aoQ$"PF9  
   (B) lack ;F_P<b 2  
   (C) minus 1Va=.#<  
   (D) not having erKi*GssZ  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 + 9I|F m  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 S,EL=3},=  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 ^/VnRpU  
 `-JVz{z  
- ~4na{6x  
十八、逻辑主语结构 ~{$c|  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 *+XiBho  
Yw yMC d  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. l3*GQ~m7  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members ##%&*v h  
    of the committee Dlpmm2  
   (B) the committee members discussed the ,!,tU7-H  
    problem ~<-mxOe  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee B &7NF}CF2  
    members the problem EDuH+/:n  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by ]28j$)6  
    the members of the committee t\h4-dJn  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B 4AKr.a0q  
4l{$dtKbI  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until c%WO#}r|  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. ,"KfZf;?  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch LF @_|o I  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn ^^zj4 }On?  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch e(N},s:_  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn {F2Rv  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 Te[v+jgLY,  
1C<d^D_!p  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her L N Fe7<y  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her a5R. \a<q  
   first article in print. h _{f_GQ"  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane ?wv^X`Q*~  
    Hawes had qH5nw}]  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane nGe4IY\-w  
    Hawe's first E N%{ $  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first .ARM~{q6)@  
    teaching position j dLu\=@z  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching 1 z~|SmP1  
    position LSA6*Q51  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 H8I)D& cw  
"?F[]8F.b  
例4: Even at low levels, --. 2J{vfF  
   (A) the nervous system has produced 6)ibXbH  
     detrimental effects by lead Sh1$AGm  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the `kxC# &HO  
    nervous system i+qg*o$  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the bL`\l!qQx;  
    nervous system 7%EIn9P  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on M9A1 8d|  
    the nervous system <Vk}U   
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 Y,v9o  
T0")Ryu  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking K= HLMDs  
            A   B     C $x`HmL3Sb  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. >;1w-n  
       D HEbL'fw^s  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 p<H_]|7$7U  
?k4Hk$V  
gJr)z7W'8  
十九、复合宾语结构 __xmn{{L6P  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 lY"l6 .c  
We played soccer. j@(S7=^C6%  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 NZv8#  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 ;"0bVs`.^e  
>QvqH 2  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 Cip|eM&l  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, L`K)mCr  
例:We appoint him monitor. D((/fT)eD  
  We elected him president. nVWU\$Ft  
0J'Cx&Rg  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck zeQ~'ao<  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not h ChO  
   consider them --because they are now primarily @xBb|/I  
   kept as pets. NAE |iyw  
   (A) where sporting dogs D* ~Q;q>  
   (B) sporting dogs AJLzLbV+  
   (C) when sporting dogs yC5>k;/6#K  
   (D) they are sportingdogs ef{Hj[ 8  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 89D`!`Ah]  
rwUhNth-Qh  
二十、It结构 T+P{,,a/]  
一、强调句型 eyDI>7W  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分  .aa7*e  
0K.$C~ C  
这个句型需要注意几点: @(a~ p  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; mD +9/O!  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; / rD9)  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 9<CUm"%J  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: C'A D[`p  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. Bq~S=bAB>R  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. ^8oN~HLZ  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. R6;229e  
6I=d0m.io  
二、形式主语 |Zn,|-iW  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 l@UF-n~[  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 /P3Pv"r|8]  
JK^%V\m  
0[ n;ZL~  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than _%rkN0-(a  
    A               B K~UT@,CS60  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are !JDyv\i}  
                  C CD?b.Cxai  
   the main focus of social psychology.  :5^5l  
           D \@Z D.d#  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is q}JP ;p(#  
9J49s1  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of fEK%)Z:0  
   educational films.  +@Kq  
   (A) It is  S|RUc}(  
   (B) There is  Fok`-U  
   (C) Though there is `$;%%/tx  
   (D) Although it is V,tYqhQ3  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 bq5?fPBrq  
1G,'  
kaf  j?F  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 [ dVRVm0N  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, W6 *5e{  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 '! ;Xxe5  
\xZ6+xZd1  
in which+完整的句子 F,GG>(6c  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 UD]RWN  
98l-  
名词+of which+谓语动词 W2,Uw1\:1  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 @F5QgO J&r  
i'Q 4touy  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of \%;5$ovV  
   which are accented. ~{yQsEU  
   (A) line consists of each fJG!TQJ[Y  
   (B) consists of each line ]: ]w+N%7  
   (C) each line consists dy0xz5N-  
   (D) it consists of each line q&k?$rn  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 qc^qCGy!z  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 V)r6bb{^  
=g^JJpS  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a `OyYo^+D|.  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. Q(YQ$ i"S  
   (A) traps   {{ 4S gb  
   (B) trap its  <Okl.Iz>  
   (C) which traps v4x1=E  
   (D) which it traps c3aF lxW  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 GCA?sFwo>  
y 4jelg  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists uzUZuJ  
  have paid little attention to cultural s3l:S T  
   A             mo3HUXf}8  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of FY;R 0+N  
         B      C ! .|\}=[e  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. ZiOL7#QWX  
           D R~DZY{u+/$  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 U*6)/.J  
mC(q8%/;  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin f"G?#dW/1  
   became interested in the art movement N-Nq*  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, 'hi.$G_R  
   both --her novels and short stories. !,< )y}L^)  
   (A) in which the influence Jk!*j  
   (B) of which influenced !* C9NX  
   (C) to have influence $R[ggH&  
   (D) its influence in g4 |s9RMD  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。

sunny246 2008-09-04 15:23


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