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暨南大学2014年英语考博试题

英语翻译题全文（20分）：
Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding — the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
"All men are created equal." We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children — the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children — disabled or not — to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.

　　特殊儿童与其他同龄的正常孩子相比有一些重要的不同之处。对于这些孩子来说，要使他们到成年时全部的潜力能得到开发，那么他们所受的教育就必须适应那些差异。
　　尽管我们关注的焦点是特殊儿童的需要，但我们发现自己也在描述他们的生活环境。当舞台上的主角吸引了我们的注意力后，我们也能意识到配角及剧目本身场景的重要性。特殊儿童所处的家庭及社会环境常常是他们成长和发展的关键。正是在公立学校里我们感受到了社会知性的充分体现——传授给下一代的知识、希望和恐惧。
　　任何社会的教育都是反映该社会的一面镜子。在这面镜子里，我们可以看到力量、弱点及文化本身。过去30年间公共教育所表现出的对特殊儿童的巨大关注表明了存在于我们社会中的那种强烈的感受，即所有公民，不论情况特殊与否，都应该得到全面发展其能力的机会。
　　“人人生来平等”这句话我们已听过无数次，但它对民主社会的教育仍然有着极其重要的寓意。尽管这句话被国家缔造者们用来预示法律面前人人平等，它也被解释为机会面前人人平等。这一概念暗示了所有儿童都有接受教育的机会——即每个儿童，不管其本身的能力大小与否，都有权利在学习上最大限度地得到帮助。最近的法庭裁决已再次确定了所有儿童——不论残疾与否——都有接受相适应的教育的权利，并已命令公立学校采取必要的措施来提供这种教育。作为回应，学校也在调整课程安排，使授课能够适应特殊儿童，适应那些不能从常规课程中真正获益的儿童的需要。

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nanafly

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沙发发表于: 2014-03-17

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

暨大考博14年英语阅读理解：

Passage 1（2002年考研阅读第4篇）

The Supreme Court's decisions on physicianassisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physicianassisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of“double effect,”a centuriesold moral principle holding that an actionshavingstwo effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.

Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.

Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who“until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.”

George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintainsthat, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.“It's like surgery,”he says.“We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide.”

On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assistedsuicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modernmedicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.

Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physicianassisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a twovolume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of painand the aggressive use of“ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying”as the twin problems of endoflife care.

The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospitals, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospitalbased care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.

Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these wellmeaning medical initiatives translatesintosbetter care.“Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,”to the extent that it constitudes“systematic patient abuse.”He says medical licensing boards“must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.”

56.From the first three paragraphs, we learn that.

Adoctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients pain

Bit is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives

Cthe Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide

Dpatients have no constitutional right to commit suicide

57.Which of the following statements is true according to the text?

ADoctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients death.

BModern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.

CThe Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.

DA doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.

58.According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in endoflife care is.

Aprolonged medical procedures

Binadequate treatment of pain

Csystematic drug abuse

Dinsufficient hospital care

59.Which of the following best defines the word“aggressive”(line 3, paragraph 7)?

ABold.

BHarmful.

CCareless.

DDesperate.

60.George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they.

Amanage their patients incompetently

Bgive patients more medicine than needed

Creduce drug dosages for their patients

Dprolong the needless suffering of the patients

Passage 2（1993年考研阅读第1篇）

Is language,like food,a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of FrederickⅡin the thirteenth century,it may be.Hoping to discover what languagea child would speak if he heard no mother tongue,he told the nurses to keep silent.

All the infants died before the first year.But clearly there was more than lack of language here.What was missing was good mothering.Without good mothering,in the first year of life especially,the capacity to survive is seriously affected.

Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick.Nevertheless,some children are still backward in speaking.Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant,whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly.If these sensitive periods are neglected,the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again.A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time,but the process is slowand hard once the critical stage has passed.

Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age,but there are casesswheresspeech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowellike sounds;at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands;at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words.At three heknows about 1,000 words which he can putsintossentences,and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.

Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak.What is special about man's brain,compared with that of the monkey,is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of,say,a toybear with the sound pattern `toybear. And even more incredibleis the young brain's ability to pick out ansgroupsin language from the mixture ofsound around him,to analyse,to combine and recombine the parts of a language innew ways.

But speech has to be induced,and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child,where the mother recognize the signals in the child's babbling (咿哑学语),grasping and smiling,and responds to them.Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals.Sensitivity to the child's nonverbal signalsis essential to the growth and development of language.

13.The purpose of FrederickⅡ's experiment was.

A.to prove that children are born with the ability to speak

B.to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech

C.to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak

D.to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language

14.The reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably that.

A.they are incapable of learning language rapidly

B.they are exposed to too much language at once

C.their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speak

D.their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them

15.What is exceptionally remarkable about a child is that.

A.he is born with the capacity to speak

B.he has a brain more complex than an animal's

C.he can produce his own sentences

D.he owes his speech ability to good nursing

16.Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage?

A.The faculty of speech is inborn in man.

B.Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning.

C.The child's brain is highly selective.

D.Most children learn their language in definite stages.

17.If a child starts to speak later than others,he willin future.

A.have a high IQ

B.be less intelligent

C.be insensitive to verbal signals

D.not necessarily be backward

Passage 3/4(暂无)

Passage 5（2005年考研阅读第4篇）

American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing:The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.

Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr.McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees gradual disappearance of “whom” ,for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English

But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.

Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas .He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.

Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.

36. According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal English

[A]. is inevitable in radical education reforms.

. is but all too natural in language development.

[C]. has caused the controversy over the counter-culture.

[D]. brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.

37. The word “talking” (Line5, paragraph3) denotes

[A]. modesty.

. personality.

[C]. liveliness.

[D]. informality.

38. To which of the following statements would Mc Whorter most likely agree?

[A]. Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.

. Black English can be more expressive than standard English.

[C]. Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.

[D]. Of all the varieties, standard English Can best convey complex ideas.

39. The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the author's

[A]. interest in their language.

. appreciation of their efforts.

[C]. admiration for their memory.

[D]. contempt for their old-fashionedness.

40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as

[A]. “temporary” is to “permanent”.

. “radical” is to “conservative”.

[C]. “functional” is to “artistic”.

[D]. “humble” is to “noble”

Passage 6（2011年医学考博英语阅读第2篇）

Scientists used to believe adult brains did not grow any new neurons, but it has emerged that new neurons can sprout in the brains of adult rats, birds and even humans. Understanding the process could be important for finding ways to treat diseases such as Alzheimer’s in which neurons are destroyed.

Most neurons sprouting in adulthood seem to be in the hippocampus, a structure involved in learning and memory. But they rarely survive more than a few weeks. “We thought they were possibly dying because they were deprived of some sort of input,” says Elizabeth Gould, a neuroscientist at Princeton. Because of the location, Gould and her colleagues suspect that learning itself might bolster the new neurons’ survival, and that only tasks involving the hippocampus would do the trick.

To test this, they injected adult male rats with a substance that labeled newborn neurons so that they could be tracked. Later, they gave some of the rats standard tasks. One involved using visual and spatial cues, such as posters on a wall, to learn to find a platform hidden under murky water. In another, the rats learnt to associate a noise with a tiny shock half a second later. Both these tasks use the hippocampus – if this structure is damaged, rats can’t do them.

Meanwhile, the researchers gave other rats similar tasks that did not require the hippocampus: finding a platform that was easily visible in water, for instance. Other members of the control group simply paddled in a tub of water or listened to noises.

The team report in Nature Neuroscience that the animals given the tasks that activate the hippocampus kept twice as many of their new neurons alive as the others. “Learning opportunities increase the number of neurons,” says Gould.

But Fred Gage and his colleagues at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, dispute this. In the same issue of Nature Neuroscience, they report that similar water maze experiments on mice did not help new neurons survive.

Gould thinks the difference arose because the groups labeled new neurons at different times. Her team gave the animals tasks two weeks after the neurons were labeled, when the new cells would normally be dying. She thinks the Salk group put their mice to work too early for new neurons to benefit. “By the time the cells were degenerating, the animals were not learning anything,” she says.

66. Not until recently did scientists find out that

A. new neurons could grow in adult brains

B. neurons could be man-made in the laboratory

C. neurons were destroyed in Alzheimer’s disease

D. humans could produce new neurons as animals

67. Gould’s notion was that the short-lived neurons

A. did survive longer than expected

B. would die much sooner than expected could

C. could actually better learning and memory

D. could be kept alive by stimulating the hippocampus

68. Which of the following can clearly tell the two groups of rats from each other in the test?

A. The water used

B. The noises played

C. The neurons newly born

D. The hippocampus involved

69. Gould theorizes that the Salk group’s failure to report the same results was due to

A. the timing of labeling new neurons

B. the frequency of stimulation

C. the wrongly labeled neurons

D. the types of learning tasks

70. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?

A. Use It or Lose It

B. Learn to Survive

C. To Be or Not to Be

D. Stay Mentally Healthy

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mm栀子

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板凳发表于: 2016-01-21

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

请问楼主有暨南大学历年考博英语真题嘛？万分感谢呢～

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薇e菁菁

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地板发表于: 2019-02-21

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

多谢楼主分享

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donkey12

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地下室发表于: 2021-03-02

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

所以备考可以备考考研英语的是么

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