中国科学院2021年考博英语真题

PART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)
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Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.

In my opinion, she left the letter there ________ so that you’d see it. s,)Z8H

A．deliberately B．coincidentally C．currently D．typically

2. Obviously, we demonstrate that this feed additive has had a ________ effectiveness to increase the rate of egg production.

A. precise B. prior C. pertinent D. potent

3. The new secretary will ________ us of some of the paperwork.

A. release B. relieve C. relate D. relay

4. They had to ________ their failure to a lack of preparation.

A. attribute B. dedicate C. blame D. contrive

5. We do need help from others, but we’ll never ________ others for support.

A. engage in B. lean on C. embark on D. indulge in

6. ________ is piling up that as men do more of the caregiving, violence against women falls.

A. Knowledge B. Pressure C. Information D. Evidence

7. There are volumes of work examining how couples and families ________ conflict, but very few studies examining them having fun and laughing together.

A. carry on B. solve C. resolve D. carry out

8. The solution is grossly oversimplified and is ________ with your generally realistic attitude.

A. offensive B. inconsistent C. continuous D. expectant

9. Nissan has unveiled its super-quiet, zero ________ electric car technology, a key design for the company.

A. charge B. emission C. vibration D. memory

10. We felt as if half the people in town were ________ our lives.

A. poking their noses into B. counting on
C. pointing out D. making a point of

11. Few people believed that the Empire could continue unchanged after the ________ of the war.

A. aftermath B. upheavals C. relic D. ruins

12. Be sure to ________ an enclosed shelter, especially if you intend to build a fire in it.

A. ventilate B. decorate C. renovate D. mend

13. He might have ________ pressure to save his position.

A. yielded to B. yearned for C. taken away D. cleared off

14. A dentist may decide to ________ the tooth to prevent recurrent trouble.

A. exempt B. exclude C. exploit D. extract

15. My old school friends are scattered far and ________ now.
A. close B. wide C. remote D. near

16. His second statement agrees ________ facts as stated by the other witnesses.

A. with B. on C. to D. up

17. Don’t be afraid to ________ yourself in the interview.

A. affirm B. assert C. relax D. accustom

18. I am eager to share my thoughts with you, to compare ________, and to get your opinions.

A. means B. notices C. notes D. ideas

19. Research has found that the drug contains a toxic chemical that can cause ________ problems.

A. respiratory B. primary C. experimental D. implicit

20. The administration is willing to negotiate ________ but it is not ready to make any significant changes to the legislation.

A. to some extent B. out of place C. in practice D. for instance

PART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)
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Directions:For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.

One day in 1945, a man named Percy Spencer was touring one of the laboratories he managed at Raytheon in Waltham, Massachusetts, a supplier of radar technology to the Allied forces. He was standing by a magnetron, a vacuum tube which generates microwaves, to _21_ the sensitivity of radar, when he felt a strange sensation. Checking his pocket, he found his candy bar had melted. Surprised and _22_, he sent for a bag of popcorn, and held it up to the magnetron. The popcorn popped. Within a year, Raytheon made a patent _23_ for a microwave oven.
The history of scientific discovery is peppered with breakthroughs that came about _24_. The most momentous was Alexander Fleming’s discovery of penicillin in 1928, _25_ when he noticed how a mould that floated into his Petri dish killed off the surrounding bacteria. Spencer and Fleming didn’t just get lucky. Spencer had the nous and the knowledge to turn his observation into _26_; only an expert on bacteria _27_ ready to see the significance of Fleming’s stray spore. As Louis Pasteur wrote, “In the field of observation, chance _28_ only the prepared mind.”
The word that best describes this subtle blend of chance and agency is “serendipity”. It was _29_ by Horace Walpole, man of letters and aristocratic dilettante. Writing to a friend in 1754, Walpole explained an unexpected discovery he had just made by _30_ to a Persian fairy tale, “The Three Princes of Serendip”. The princes, he told his correspondent, were “always making discoveries, by accidents and sagacity, of things which they were not _31_ ... now do you understand Serendipity?” These days, we tend to _32_ serendipity with luck, and we neglect the sagacity. But some conditions are more _33_ to accidental discovery than others.
Today’s world wide web has developed to organize, and make sense of, the exponential increase in information made _34_ to everyone by the digital revolution, and it is amazingly good at doing so. If you are searching for something, you can find it online, and quickly. But a side-effect of this awesome efficiency may be a shrinking, _35_ an expansion, of our horizons, because we are less likely to come across things we are not in quest of.

21. A. address B. develop C. boost D. affect

22. A. intrigued B. allured C. tempted D. bewitched

23. A. appliance B. utilization C. employment D. application

24. A. without warning B. by accident C. without delay D. by mistake

25. A. prompted B. aroused C. implied D. completed

26. A. distinction B. realization C. variation D. innovation

27. A. would be B. would have been C. was D. had been

28. A. prefers B. benefits C. favors D. respects

29. A. coined B. yielded C. possessed D. faked

30. A. quotation B. reference C. source D. citation

31. A. with interest in B. on the way to C. at ease with D. in quest of

32. A. identify B. regard C. associate D. define

33. A. consecutive B. conducive C. satisfiable D. accessible

34. A. available B. potential C. feasible D. adaptable

35. A. along with B. on behalf of C. but also D. rather than

PART III READING COMPREHENSION
Section A (60 minutes, 30 points)
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Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.

Passage One
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Security guard, truck driver, salesperson—year after year, these jobs appear on lists of the unhappiest careers. Although many factors can make a job dismal—unusual hours, low pay, no chance for advancement—these three gigs stand out for another reason: They’re characterized either by a lack of conversation or by obligatory but meaningless small talk.
Psychologists have long said that connecting with others is central to well-being, but just how much conversation we require is under investigation. In one study, researchers eavesdropped on undergraduates for four days, then cataloged each overheard conversation as either “small talk” (“What do you have there? Popcorn? Yummy!”) or “substantive” (“So did they get divorced soon after?”). They found that the second type correlated with happiness—the happiest students had roughly twice as many substantive talks as the unhappiest ones. Small talk, meanwhile, made up only 10 percent of their conversation, versus almost 30 percent of conversation among the least content students.
But don’t write off chitchat just yet. Scientists believe that small talk could promote bonding. Late last year, Princeton researchers reported that ring-tailed lemurs reserve their call-and-response conversations, akin to human chitchat, for the animals they groom the most. This suggests that small talk maintains closeness with loved ones, and isn’t merely the stuff of awkward exchanges with strangers.
Still, bantering with strangers could brighten your morning. In a series of experiments, psychologists gave Chicago commuters varying directions about whether to talk with fellow train passengers—something they typically avoided. Those told to chat with others reported a more pleasant journey than those told to “enjoy your solitude” or to do whatever they normally would. None of the chatters reported being rebuffed. And the results held for introverts and extroverts alike—which makes sense, since acting extroverted has a positive effect on introverts.
Of course, some of us are better than others at turning small talk into something bigger. In one study, people who were rated “less curious” by researchers had trouble getting a conversation rolling on their own, and had greater luck building closeness with others when they were supplied with questions that encouraged personal disclosure (“When did you last cry in front of someone?”). But people who were deemed “curious” needed no help transforming conversations about mundane things like favorite holidays into intimate exchanges. A “curious mind-set,” the authors concluded, can lead to “positive social interactions.”

36. In Paragraph 1, the primary reason why the three jobs are the unhappiest is that ________.
A. promotional prospects of their jobs are dim
B. they are obligated to engage in meaningless manual labor
C. their jobs often lack a fixed schedule
D. their jobs are normally short of meaningful conversations

37. What can be inferred from Paragraph 2?
A. 45% of conversation among the least content students is substantive.
B. The researchers in the study joined the undergraduates’ conversations.
C. A higher percentage of chitchat benefits the undergraduates’ well-being.
D. Happy students tended to have substantive conversations.

38. The underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 indicates that ________.
A. small talk undermines bonding between lemurs
B. most small talk lemurs have is with their loved ones
C. human chitchat differs significantly from that of lemurs
D. lemurs’ call-and-response talks seem to be awkward exchanges

39. The conclusion drawn from Paragraph 4 is that ________.
A. those told to chat were extroverts
B. being sociable influenced extroverts positively
C. those told to “enjoy your solitude” were introverts
D. chatting with strangers is conducive to a good train ride

40. The underlined phrase in Paragraph 5 means ________.
A. starting a conversation
B. getting sidetracked
C. talking while driving
D. halting a conversation

41. The author’s attitude towards “small talk” is ________.
A. affirmative
B. sarcastic
C. indifferent
D. Curious

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