What does a scientist do when he or she "explains something? Scientific explanation comes in two forms: generalization and reduction. Most psychologists deal with generalization. They explain parlicular instances of behavior as example of general laws. For instance, most psychologists would explain a pathologically (病态) strong fear of dogs as example of classical conditioning. Presumably, the person was frightened earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus was paired with the sight of the animal (perhaps the person was knocked down by a vigorous dog and the subsequent sight of dogs evokes the earlier response of fear. B
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Most physiologists deal with reduction. Phenomena are explained in terms of simpler phenomena. For examjle, the movement of a muscle is explained in terms of changes in the membrane (生物膜)of muscle cells, entry of particular chemicals and interactions between protein molecules within these cells. A molecular biologist would "explain" these events in terms of forces that bind various molecules together and cause various parts of these molecules to be attracted to one another. C|>#|5XaF
The task of physiological psychology is to "explain" behavior in physiological terms. Like other scientists, physiological psychologists believe that all natural phenomena-- including human behavior--are subject to the laws of physics. Thus, the law of behavior can be reduced to description of physiological processes. c,+oH<bZZs
How does one study the physiology of behavior? Physiological psychologists cannot simply be reductionists. It is not to observe behaviors and correlate them with physiological events that occur at the same time. Identical behaviors, under different conditions, may occur for different reasons, and thus be initiated by different physiological mechanisms. This means that we must understand " psychologically" why a particular behavior occurs before we can understand what physiological events made it occur. f[X>?{q
1. The passage mainly discusses . SmRU!C$A
A) The difference between “scientific” and “ unscientific” explanations kQj8;LU
B) The difference between human and animal behavior }e82 e
C) How fear would be explained by the psychologist, the physiologist, and molecular biologist 6#.R'O
D) How scientists differ in their approaches explaining natural phenomena K%Rx5 S
2. In the first paragraph the word "deal" could best be replaced by . jdhhvoQ
A) barter B) bargain r<"1$K~Ka
C) are playing D) are concerned &3A Gj,
3 Which of the following is most similiar to the example in the passage of the person who fears dogs? H
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A) A child chokes on a fishbone and as an adult, he is reluctant to eat fish. :CV& WP
B) A person feels lonely and after a while buys a dog for companionship. %T 88K}?=
C) A child studies science in school and later grows up to become a teacher. tv?~L JYN
D) A person hears that a snowstorm is predicted and that evening is afraid to drive home. "F0,S~tZZ
4. According to the passage, which of the following is important in movement explaining? }|x]8zL8G
A) The flow of blood to the muscles ]
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B) Classical conditioning. 5 1 L:%Af
C) Protein interactions. _7 n+j
D) The entry of unpleasant stimuli through the cell membrane. {At1]>
5. The author implies which of the following is the type of scientific explanation most likely $rf5\_G,96
used by a molecular biologist'? ; zs4>>^>
A) Experimentation B) Reduction Mq6"7L
C) Interaction. D) Generalization. cz.-cuD[iD
1．D 主旨题。本题要求考生在理解全文的基础上，归纳文章的大意。其实文章头两句话就为我们推断文章主题提供了依据。另外，我们还可以依据第一段第三句Most psychologists deal with generalization, 第二段第一句Most physiologists deal with reduction, 以及第三段第一句作出正确的归纳。 R_(A&,
2．D 词汇题。deal一词是跟with搭配使用的，意为“与... 有关”，而concerned一词与with连用时，与deal with同义。 In]h+tG?rN
3．A 细节题，答案可在第一段最后两句找到：Presumably, the person was frightened earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus was paired with the sight of the animal ...。意思是说，这个人早年可能受过狗的惊吓，这样，一看见狗便会产生不愉快的刺激。也就是说，讲的是过去的经历会对以后产生影响，与A项所讲情况吻合。B、D两项并未提及过去的影响，只是表明现在状态所产生的影响。C项则只讲到现在的经历对今后的影响。 R$v{ p[
4．C 细节题。答案依据为第二段第三句。C项Protein interaction与原文意思吻合, 是正确答案. ? -*_v// g
5．C 推理题，答案参见第二段末尾一句。该句讲，分子生物学家会根据聚合各种分子并使各个部分相互吸引的力来解释这些现象。从而暗示，分子生物学家所用的方法，既不是Reduction法，也不是Generalization法，而是Interaction法. tV%M2 D xS
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Most people agree that the direct, assertive(过分自信的) American personality is a virtue, but it sometimes surprises foreigners. In many cultures, respect for older people or those in positions of authority keeps others from expressing their true feelings. But in the U.S, children often argue with their parents, students may disagree with their teachers, and citizens may express opposition to the actions of the government. If the soup has a fly in it or the meat is too tough to chew, the diner can complain to the waiter, if the boss makes a mistake, an employee will politely point it out. L{osh0
Some straight talk about the American character must include the admission that Americans have their faults. The extremely competitive nature of Americans is probably their worst fault. Of course, competition isn’t always bad. As a matter of fact, it promotes excellence by encouraging individuals and businesses to try to do their best. But the desire to get ahead of others sometimes causes people to do things that are unkind and even dishonest. Also, Americans admire what is practical, fast, efficient, and fresh. Sometimes they fail to understand and appreciate practices that have greater respect for more traditional, leisurely ways of doing things. On the other hand, people from other cultures may dislike the practical, challenging American lifestyle. +xB !T1p D
Despite culture differences, most foreigners give Americans credit for their virtues. Americans are generally viewed as friendly, adaptable, energetic, and kindhearted. Most newcomers to the U.S. like Americans, and the feeling is usually mutual. Perhaps the greatest American virtue is a deep interest in new ideas and new people. In a nation of immigrants, the foreigner does not remain an outsider for long. .LdLm991,Y
1.In order to show the respect for older people,. . *O+Yho R?
A.people from some other cultures will always express their true feeling )7:2v1Xr]
B.people from some other cultures may sometimes hide their true feeling {b} ?I4)
C.Americans always show their true feelings 4RJ8 2yq-
D.Americans usually argue with them 91`biVZfA
2.Why is the extremely competitive nature considered as one of American faults? N!aV~\E
A.Because people from other cultures fear competition. mJ[Lm Q<:
B.Because only American people own it. 8qo {%
C.Because it will make people forget leisure. 3, W2CN}
D.Because it may sometimes urge people to do something bad. Yw4c`M yL
3.It can be inferred from the passage that . . 8K7zh.E
A.American people are more critical of everything than people from other cultures p%_ r0
B.the author believes that American character has more faults than virtues 8kX3.X`
C.the author admires American virtues as they are viewed as competitive and anti traditional Hk(w\
D.it is difficult for newcomers to get on with Americans 8&f}GdZh
4.The passage mainly talks about . . )%f]` < o
A.American virtues B.American characters C.American faults D.American lifestyles q^>$YY>F
答案 n-}.Yc
1-4 BDAB bvk+i?{H
解析: C<eeAWP3v
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1.B 文章首段第二句提到“In many cultures respect for older people or those in postions of authority keeps others from expressing their true feelings”.由此可知：出于对长者尊敬，许多国家的人们往往不会表达自己的真实感受，故选项B正确. ^7vh ize
2.D 文章第二段第五句话指出“But the desire to get ahead of others sometimes causes people... unkind and even dishonest”,也就是说，极端的竞争性有时会使人误入歧途，由此可知D正确答案。 's(0>i
3.A 文章首段中几个例子论证了美国人直率的性格，从中我们不难推断出，美国人比其他外国人更善于批判，故A为正确答案。本文论述了美国人性格的三个方面，其中坦率和对新事物的兴趣是作者赞赏的，都被视为virtue,故排除B，第三段第二句话指出“Americans are generally viewed as friendly, adaptable, energetic, and kinkhearted”,由此可排除C；根据最后一段内容可推断出，美国人并不难相处，所以选项D也不对。 m%'9 z L c
4.B 本文主要阐述了美国人的性格，作者在第二段第二句中提到“The extremely competitive nature... their worst fault”,以及第二段倒数第二句也提到“Sometimes they fail to understand and appreciate practices...”,由此可知文章并非全在说美国人的优点，故可排除A；文章虽在第二段两处提到美国人的缺点，但不是主要内容，故C也可排除；选项D显然不对. LPvyfD;Zy
