2008年山东大学考博英语真题

一、听力（1分×15=15分）1 -4长对话，四个问题。（一般考试一开始都是一个问题的短对话，做的时候差点吐血） <C
5-7、8-10两篇新闻，语速中等。一个是关于布什，一个是关于篮球明星。
11-15一篇演讲
二、语法和词汇（0.5分×30=15分）
三、阅读（2分×15=30分）
1、关于提高阅读速度（来自华侨中学2004学年度下学期期中考试高二英语试题）
Ahigher reading rate, with no loss of comprehension, will help you in othersubjects as well as English. Naturally, you will not read every book at thesame speed. You would expect to read a newspaper, for example, much morerapidly than a physics or economics textbook, but you can raise your averagereading speed with the whole range of materials you wish to cover so that thepercentage gain will be the same whatever kind of reading you are concernedwith
Perhapsyou would like to know what reading speeds are common among nativeEnglish-speaking university students and how those speeds can be improved.Tests in Minnesota, USA have shown that studentswithout special training can read English of average difficulty at speeds ofbetween 240 and 250 w. p. m. with about 70% comprehension. Minnesota claims that after 12 half-hour lessons,once a week, the reading speed can be increased, with no loss of comprehension,to around 500 w. p. m. If you get to the point where you can read books ofaverage difficulty at between 400 and 500 w. p.m. with 70% more comprehension,you will be doing quite well, though of course may further improvement of speedwith comprehension will be a good thing.
Whenyou practise reading with short passages, do not try to take in each wordseparately, one after the other. It is much more difficult to grasp the broadtheme of passage this way, and you will also get trunk on individual wordswhich may not be absolutely essential to a general understanding of thepassage. It is a good idea to skim through the passage very quickly first (say500 words in a minute or so ) to get the general idea of each paragraph.Titles, paragraph headings and emphasized words (underlined or in italics) canbe a great help in getting the outline of the passage. It is surprising howmany people do not read the outline of the passage. It is surprising how manypeople do not read titles, introductions or paragraph headings
2、关于计算机对工业和教育的进步（来自英语100篇精读荟萃中级篇，部分词语与考题不符）
Ascitizens of advanced but vulnerable economies, we must either relentlesslyincrease the quality of our skills or see our standard of living erode. For thefuture, competition between nations will be increasingly based on technologicalskill. Oil and natural resources will still be important, but they no longerwill determine a nation’s economic strength. This will now be a matter of theway people organize them selves and the nature and quality of their work. Japan and the “new Japans “of East Asia are demonstrating this point in ways that are becomingpainfully obvious to the older industrial countries.
Thereis simply no way to rest on our past achievements. Today’s competition rendersobsolete huge chunks of what we know and what forces us to innovate. For eachindividual. Several careers will be customary, and continuing education andretraining will be inescapable. To attain this extraordinary level ofeducation, government, business, schools, and even individuals will turn totechnology for the answer.
Inindustry, processing the information and designing the changes necessary tokeep up with the market has meant the growing use of computers. The schools arenow following close behind. Already some colleges in the United Statesare requiting a computer for each student. It is estimated that 500,000computers are already in use in American high schools and elementary schools.Although there is an abysmal lack of educational software, the number ofcomputers in schools expands rapidly.
Thecomputer is the Proteus of machines, as it takes on a thousand forms and servesa thousand functions. But its truly revolutionary character can be seen in itsinteractive potential. With advanced computers, learning can be individualizedand self-paced. Teachers can become more productive and the entire learningenvironment enriched. It is striking how much current teaching is a product ofpencil and paper technology. With the computer’s capacity for simulation anddiverse kinds of feedback, all sorts of new possibilities open up for theredesign of curriculums. Seymour Papert, the inventor of the computer languageLOGO, believes that concepts in physics and advanced mathematics can be taughtin the early grades with the use of computers. On every-day level,word-processing significantly improves the capacity for written expression. Interms of drill and practice, self-paced computer-assisted instruction enablesthe student to advance rapidly-without being limited by the conflicting needsof the entire class. In short, once we learn to use this new brain outside thebrain, education will never be the same.
Industry,faced with the pressures of a rapidly shifting market, is already designing newmethods to retrain its workers, In the United States, a technologicaluniversity has been set up to teach engineering courses by satellite. And theadvances in telecommunications and computational power will dramatically expandthe opportunities for national and international efforts in education andtraining.
Withoutromanticizing the machine, it is clear that computers uniquely change thepotential for equipping today’s citizens for unprecedented tasks of the future.Particularly in Europe and the United  States, innovation will be the basis forcontinued prosperity. New competitors are emerging to challenge the oldeconomic arrangements. How successfully we respond will depend on how much weinvest in people and how wisely we employ the learning tools of the newtechnology.

3、911以后关于建筑结构认识的改变（来自英语六级模拟试卷）

Expertsare beginning to study ways to secure large buildings. They are reacting to theattacks that destroyed the World Trade centre buildings in New York September eleventh.

TheAmerican Institute of Steel Construction (A-I-S-C) has created a working groupof experts to investigate the reasons the buildings fell. The A-I-S-C is theorganization responsible for developing the rules for the design of steelbuildings in the United  States. Information developed by the workinggroup will help A-I-S-C decide if the design rules should be changed.
Thesouth World Trade centre building fell fifty-six minutes after a passengerplane crashed into it. The north building fell about one-hundred minutes aftera similar crash. Each building was four-hundred-ten meters tall. Experts saythe buildings could not survive the extremely hot fires caused by the airplanefuel.

Engineersthink the airplane crashes destroyed part of the structure of the buildingsthat kept them standing. The resulting fire weakened the remaining structure.The buildings fell because the weight above the area where the planes hit wasgreater than the remaining structure could hold.

Buildingexperts say it is possible to build a skyscraper that would survive such anattack. But they say the cost would be so huge that no one could pay for it.They also say that materials developed since the World Trade centre was builtmay give people more time to escape such a situation.

Thebuilding experts say the most important consideration is to slow thedestruction caused by the fires. The World Trade centre’s support structureswere made of a strong metal, steel. The heat of the fires caused the steel toexpand, weaken, and fail. Today, builders can use concrete that has steel barsinside.Concrete is a mix of cement, sand and small stones. Experts say it cansurvive better than steel alone can.

Thetwo tallest buildings in the world are the PetronasTowers in Kuala Lampur, Malaysia.Each is four-hundred-fifty-two meters tall. They were built of concrete andsteel. Experts say their structures could provide a better chance of survivingthan did the World Trade centre buildings. They also say the escape areas ofthe Petronas Towers are treated to keep out smoke andfire.

四、改错（1分×10=10分）

关于英才通才教育（下文为原文，来自夏徛荣2006年考研英语预测卷）

If itwere only necessary to decide whether to teach elementary(初步的, 基本的) science to everyone on a massbasis or to find the gifted few and take them as far as they can go, our taskwould be fairly simple. The public school system, however, has no such choice,for the jobs must be carried on at the same time. Because we depend so heavilyupon science and technology for our progress, we must produce specialists inmany fields. Because we live in a democratic(民主的)nation, whose citizens make the policies for the nation, largenumbers of us must be educated to understand, to support, and when necessary,to judge the work of experts. The public school must educate both producers andusers of scientific services.

Ineducation, there should be a good balance (平衡) among the branches of knowledge that contribute to effectivethinking and wise judgment. Such balance is defeated by too much emphasis onany one field. This question of balance involves (包括) not only the relation of the natural sciences, the socialsciences, and the arts but also relative emphases among the natural sciencesthemselves.
Similarly,we must have a balance between current and classical knowledge. The attentionof the public is continually drawn to new possibilities in scientific fieldsand the discovery of new knowledge; these should not be allowed to turn ourattention away from the sound (健全的, 合理的), established materials that form the basis of courses forbeginners.

五、翻译（2.5分×4=10分）

关于资源（来自1991年考研英语试题）

Thefact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced,has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longertime. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that worldindustry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. The supply of oilcan be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells willall run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. New sources ofenergy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to resultin any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentifulenergy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on,mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it canadvance at all.
Tomake the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped insome nations, including the United  States, the population of the world seemssure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-firstcentury opens.

Thefood supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that weare heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.

Takingall this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to belike in the year 2001

Tobegin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over thenext thirty years -- even here in the United States. By 2001, thepopulation of the United  States will be at least two hundred fiftymillion and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find itdifficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. This will beparticularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continueagriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible tocombine few farmers with high yields.
Itseems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be agreat food-exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will beat the price of belt-tightening at home.

Infact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety,there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. Until suchtime as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where theplanet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to acceptmore “unnatural food”.

六、作文（20分）

关于孩子是否应该参加有偿劳动

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