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PartII cloze (10%) Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank. Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But 1 some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 , a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does. 6 , instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the 7 . Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter 8 muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down. Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of 10 feedback that improve an individual’s emotional state. 11 one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry 13 they are sad but that they become sad when the tears begin to flow. Although sadness also 14 tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16 a pen either with their teeth—thereby creating an artificial smile—or with their lips, which would produce a(n) 17 expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles 18 more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, 19 that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. 20 , the physical act of laughter could improve mood. 1. [A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like ]6Kx0mW
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2. [A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce 3. [A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining 4. [A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe 5. [A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable 6. [A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief 7. [A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected 8. [A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes 9. [A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance 10. [A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal 11. [A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for 12. [A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at 13. [A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because 14. [A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses 15. [A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond 16. [A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold 17. [A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent 18. [A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted 19. [A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing 20. [A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely :o?On/
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Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Text 1 If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses. Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that’s God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.” If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the K[PH#dF5,x
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experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system. If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it’s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark. Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don’t succeed, give up” or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor. 1. To make your humor work, you should______ [A] take advantage of different kinds of audience. [B] make fun of the disorganized people. [C] address different problems to different people. [D] show sympathy for your listeners. 2. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are______ [A] impolite to new arrivals. [B] very conscious of their godlike role. [C] entitled to some privileges. [D] very busy even during lunch hours. 3. It can be inferred from the text that public services______ [A] have benefited many people. [B] are the focus of public attention. [C] are an inappropriate subject for humor. [D] have often been the laughing stock. 4. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered______ [A] in well-worded language. [B] as awkwardly as possible. [C] in exaggerated statements. [D] as casually as possible. 5. The best title for the text may be______ [A] Use Humor Effectively. [B] Various Kinds of Humor. [C] Add Humor to Speech. [D] Different Humor Strategies. cm@q{(r
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Text 2 To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on 0sM{yGu=,
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public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is animals—no meat , no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just don’t understand. Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way—in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother’s hip replacement, a father’s bypass operation, a baby’s vaccinations, and even a pet’s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt” middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. 6. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke’s words to______ [A] call on scientists to take some actions. [B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights. [C] warn of the doom of biomedical research. [D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement. 7. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is______ [A] cruel but natural. [B] inhuman and unacceptable. [C] inevitable but vicious. [D] pointless and wasteful. 8. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public’s______ [A] discontent with animal research. [B] ignorance about medical science. [C] indifference to epidemics. [D] anxiety about animal rights. 9. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should______ [A] communicate more with the public. [B] employ hi-tech means in research. c1B<