考博写作复习指导 I!^O)4QRx
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写作部分的目的是测试考生用英语书面表达思想的一般能力。写作要求切题,能正确 6-O_\Cq8
表达思想,意义连贯,无重大语言错误。在博士研究生入学考试英语试题中,写作属于必 考项目。根据上述要求,各校的写作题型一般为命题作文、情景作文和图表作文,也有的学 校考查应用文和摘要写作。通常在作文题目中给出写作情景、写作提纲或材料表格,要求考 生提出自己的看法观点加以论述,完成短文。有的学校采用一篇300-500词的文章,要求 考生写英文摘要。这时会适当增加阅读原文的时间。还有的学校考查应用文的写作,例如书 信等。 e1P"[|9>R
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1命题式作文 也叫提纲式作文,即给出英文作文题目和中文或英文的提纲,要求考生根据提纲用恰当 O$cHZs$
的文体写出符合要求的文章。考博英语中大部分采用这种题型。这类作文通常是以三段的形 式给出,也称三段式作文。提纲可以是短语,也可以是句子。命题式作文大多是议论文,也 可以是说明文。 2WG>, 4W2
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2情景式作文 这种作文的命题一般是用中文或英文给出一个特定的情景,即时间、地点和人物,要求 6uR^%W8]
考生根据所给情景,对其进行详细描述,或以所给情景为背景,写叙述事件的作文,还可以 简述一种现象,要求考生运用事实、具体事例及个人经验等进行分析、论证和说明。情景作 文可以是议论文、说明文,也可以是记叙文,还可以是信函。 B$Kn1 k
情景式作文一般还是写成三部分比较好: S{3
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1)引言部分:用自己的话将提示中所给出的两种不同观点或某种现象再复述一遍。 X]y)qV)a[c
2)正文部分:提出自己的观点和看法,或对提示中的某种现象进行分析和说明,可以从正反 两面进行论证或说明。 Pi|o` d
3)结尾部分:总结或归纳一下文章的主题,并表明自己的观点和立场。 64
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3图表式作文 对所给图表进行分析、归纳和总结,然后用简洁、生动和准确的语言将图表中所提供的 0bo/XUpi
信息完整地表达出来,并对图表中的信息作出自己的评论。作文体裁一般是议论文或者是说 明文。 fum0>tff
写作步骤 A<ynIs<
1)用简短的语言对图表内容进行概述,即陈述事实; P~ &$l2
2)根据图表中所提供的信息,提出相关问题,并加以分析、说明,即分析原因; VH:]@x//{
3)对全文进行归纳、总结,即得出结论或作出评论。 1UQHq@aM
4 摘要写作 r
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即给出一段1000字左右的短文,要求考生按照短文内容写出120字左右的文章的摘要。 目的是测试考生对原文加以概括和总结的能力。 aCL!]4K84$
二、 一般评分标准 VJS8)oI~
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零档(0 分) D:K4H+ch
所传达的信息或使用语言太少,无法评价; 内容与要求无关或无法辨认。 e zOj+vz
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第一档(1-4 分) 未完成试题规定的任务: .(WQYOMl0
●明显遗漏主要内容,且有许多不相关的内容; *<!oHEwkN
●语法项目和词汇的使用单调、重复; *Aa?yg:=
●语言错误多,有碍读者对内容的理解,语言运用能力差; Exk\8,EGqS
●未使用任何衔接手法,内容不连贯,缺少组织、分段; Zcc9e03
●无格式与语域概念。 未能传达信息给读者。 LupkrxV
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第二档(5-8 分) 未能按要求完成试题规定的任务: {+@bZ}57
●漏掉或未能有效阐述一些内容要点,写了一些无关内容; r4#o+qE
●语法结构单调、词汇项目有限; <=,6p>Eo[
●有较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误,影响了对写作内容的理解; ',S'.U
●未采用恰当的衔接手法,内容缺少连贯性; l(#)WWr
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●格式和语域不恰当。 未能清楚地传达信息给读者。 S)/_muP
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第三档(9-12 分) 基本完成了试题规定的任务: 6!(@@^7{*
●虽漏掉一些内容,但包含多数内容要点; \0gM o&
●应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的需求; c[ ]4n
●有一些语法及词汇错误,但不影响理解; (!zy{;g|
●采用了简单的衔接手法,内容较连贯,层次较清晰; >MvDVPi
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●格式和语域基本合理。 对目标群体基本产生了预期的效果。 *~x/=.}
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第四档(13-16 分) 较好地完成了试题规定的任务: LoGVwRmoC
●包含所有内容要点,允许漏掉1、2 个次重点; ,YMp<C
●使用较丰富的语法结构和词汇; w4d--[Q
●语言基本准确,只有在试图使用复杂结构或较高级词汇时才有个别错误; W!&vul5
●采用了适当的衔接手法,层次清晰,组织较严密; IyLx0[:U
●格式和语域较恰当。 对目标读者产生了预期的效果。 qhz]Wm P
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第五档(17-20 分) 很好地完成了试题规定的任务:
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●包含所有内容要点; 5>\/[I/!
●使用丰富的语法结构和词汇; JC3m.)/
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●语言自然流畅,语法错误极少; ;IokThI
●有效地采用了多种衔接手法,文字连贯,层次清晰; <N9[?g)
●格式与语域恰当贴切。 对目标读者(即语言接受对象)完全产生了预期的效果。 !!? Mw
三、写作重点考查 u9EgdpD
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1.语言表达能力 %GS(:]{n
2.逻辑思维能力 *9{Z$IA9w
3.题目理解能力 6gs01c,BA
四、阅卷老师喜欢的作文 |YY_^C`"-
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1.Nottoomany mistakes. (主谓一致、时态、拼写、短语) !GNBDRr
2.Clearstructure.(Essay+Paragraph) H,u<|UMM_
3.Varioususeof wordsandsentence structure. Oz%>/zw[h
4.Someideas. 6'Worj
五、写作步骤 _c_[C*T]
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1 审题:1)写作任务的要求和目的,读者是谁; [S>2ASj
2)构思写几段,几个要点。可能用到什么英语表达,基本的大纲。 7*Ej. HK
2 写作:介绍,主体,结尾 (j3xAA
1)切忌句子之间不照应,缺乏逻辑联系。记住,介绍新信息的时候一般要提部分旧信息。 表现逻辑联系的工具;
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2)切忌动词句型用错; l.NEkAYPmH
3)切忌句子结构单一,相邻句子同样的词开头或同样的结构。简单句,并列句和复合句都 要用到,长短句搭配得当(六四开)如果有倒装句,强调句更妙; 8;+B*+%@n
4)切忌语言罗嗦,同一个词语或者短语重复; CyXRi}W.
5)段落之间要过渡。段落衔接的方式(based on„/not only„butalso/Similarly/ Itis true that„ ub\MlSr
but„); ;k>&FWEG
6)动词多用主动,少用被动; .w8J*JZ
7)多用表示行动的动词,少用表现状态的动词比如be; u*ObwcI/Bn
8)减少使用动词的名词形式,比如promise 比makea promise 好。 .G#8a1#
3 检查 zM(vr"U
1)看要点是否遗漏,表达是否清楚,衔接是否自然流畅,翻译痕迹不能重; tAv@R&W,
2)看自己的语法盲点(动词时态,冠词等); 9E"
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3)看自己的单词拼写; Yd=>K HVD
4)看标点(千万不要用逗号连接两个独立句子)。
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六、 作文评分的步骤 [8=vv7wS
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一看书写,要求卷面干净整洁,书写工整; zU
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二看要点是否齐备; 三看语言是否准确:符合语法和英语习惯,流畅,衔接自然,用词恰当和句式多变(sentence variety)。 uYs5f.! `
七、 文章结构 :?g:~+hfO
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Structure zGAq-<
>an introduction Y6zbo
description ~nh:s|l6%M
thesisstatementwith blueprint motivator !y@NAa0
>centralparagraph |ZRagn30
topic sentence---specific support---firstconclusion topic sentence---specific support---secondconclusion topic sentence---specific support---third conclusion ?"i}^B`*
>aconclusion 1+jAz`nA:T
rewordedthesisstatement clincher odjT:Vr
论据: &3J_^210
1 举例 S~;4*7+?:
2 数据 1p/3
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3 引言 di6QVRj1
4 比较与对照 zxbpEJzpn
5 比喻 rA5=dJ"I
八、 写作十大加分句型 X.f>'0i
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1.It---itbe adjfor sbto do sth w[S pw<Z
(1)Itis obvioustomost ofus, inparticular the youngerones, thatSVO. (2)Itgoes withoutany slightestquestion (doubt)thatSVO. {B?Wu3-
(3)Itcanbe saidwith muchcertainty andconfidencethatSVO. Ay
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(4)Ithasbeen repeatedly pointed outby someauthoritativesources thatSVO. *n 6s.$p)%
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2.To --- mpuq 9)6
Totell the truth / Tobe honest/ Tobe more exact/ Toputitina moreaccurateway MGR!Z@1y
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3.As--- 1 u| wMO
(1)As farasI am aware(concerned), SVO. 5q;GIw^L
(2)As iswell-known to the general public, SVO. (3)As is oftenthe case,SVO. JORGj0v
(4)As oftenmentionedby someexperts, SVO. :Q $K<
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4.There be--- z(_Ss@ $
(1)Thereisnodenyinganobviousfact thatSVO. {*0<T|<n
(2)Thereiscertain elementoftruth in saying thatSVO. @eD):Y
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5.What--- "a
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(1)Whatmattersis thatSVO. aY'C%^h]
(2)Whatneedstobeemphasized ratherthan overlookedhereis thatSVO. (3)Whatmustbe remembered about the situation is thatSVO. _aFl_\3>
(4)WhatI havetopoint outhereis thatSVO. Oiz ,w7LRh
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6.which--- Zhh2v>QOy
SVO, which SVO fact+comment ~$:|VHl
Hejumped outandkilled himself,whichisbafflingmanypeople. SVO, which is ofgreatimportance (benefit)to ourlife(society). SVO, which is damagingboth physically and spiritually. }!"A! ~&
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7.Itis…that… Co (.:z~
I boughta book yesterday. =vQcYa
ItisyesterdaythatI boughtthe book. I loveyou because you love me. t2F_uCr
Itisbecauseyou lovemethatI loveyou. 6x h:/j3
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8.Only+adv. #!aN{nK0
If wehavefund, wecanprotectcultural heritage. "= 6_V?&w
Only if wehavefund, canweprotectcultural heritage. tBq
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Wecan solvethe problemin thisway as soon aspossible. co~Pyj
Only in thisway canwesolvethe problemas soon aspossible. ?WF/|/
Only in thisway,totell the truth, canwesolvethe problemas soon aspossible. %X4xv_o`f
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9.…as… as … Gb8D[1=u=
Itisimportanttoprotectcultural heritage. c_-drS
Nothingin thisworldisasimportantastoprotectcultural heritage. The bizshould beresponsibleforsociety. O4r0R1VQM
Nothingisasimportantas the biz’sresponsibilityfor society. Nobody should beasresponsibility forsociety as thebiz. P|.] DJ
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10not…but… ap&?r`Tu
not... butrather... v@Gl|29_
notbecause…butbecause… 73V|6tmgY
not somuchbecause...butbecause ?&|5=>u2}$
Weshould protectheritagebecausethe heritageisa part ofourhistory. HG+%HUO$
Weshould protectheritagenotbecausewecan makemoneyoutofitbutbecausetheheritageis a part ofourhistory. d]:I(9K
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九、 模版句型 eZ|%<Wpu
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1 插入语 7B!xT2{T
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whichI takeleavetodoubt atany rateforshortperiods soatleastit seemstome S/D^
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in somesense/to someextent/degree tomy certain knowledge )3~{L;q
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2 描图/揭示中心 J3n-`k8
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Onecantell the difference/implication almostata glancethat… Itishard forusto realize… Q^
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Let usget down tofundamentalsandagree that… U<CTubF
3 激发读者 H-~6Z",1
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Itis true that…but… ;?8_G%va
Why does the idea of progressloom solargein the modern world? .v$D13L(o
Thereis onlyonedifferencebetweenanoldmanandayoungone:theyoungmanhasaglorious futurebeforehimand the old one hasa splendid futurebehindhim:andmaybethatiswherethe rubis. c2&q*]?l;
4 比喻论据 VO$
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Weare sofamiliar withthe factthatmanages,thatpeoplehave for yearsassumedthatthe processoflosingvigorwithtime,ofbecomingmorelikelytodietheolderweget, wassomething self-evident, likethe coolingofa hotkettleorthe wearing-out ofa pair ofshoes. _~piZmkG$
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Thenknowledgebegantobeaccumulatedaccordingtoasystematicplan.Thetricklebecamea stream; the streamhasnowbecomea torrent. rd9e \%
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Anindividual human existenceshouldbelikeariver---smallat first,narrowlycontained withinits banks,andrushingpassionatelypastbouldersandoverwaterfalls.Graduallytherivergrows wider,the banksrecede,the watersflow morequietly,andintheend, withoutanyvisiblebreak, they becomemergedin thesea, andpainlesslylosetheirindividual being. KU8Jbl*
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Thecultivationofahobbyandnewformsofinterestisthereforeapolicyofthefirstimportance toapublicman.Butthisisnotabusinessthatcanbeundertakeninadayorswiftlyimprovised 13@|w1/Z
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byamerecommandofthe will.Thegrowthofalternativementalinterestsisalongprocess.The seedsmustbecarefullychosen;theymustfallongoodground;theymustbesedulouslytended, if the vivifyingfruitsaretobe athand when needed. rNB_W.
5 其他模板句型 W3 'q\+
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Librariesmadeeducationpossible,andeducationinitsturnaddedtolibraries:thegrowthof knowledgefolloweda kindofcompound interestlaw. DP3PYJ%+B
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Asissooften pointedout,knowledgeisa two-edged weaponwhichcanbe used equallyforgood orevil. 22.8PO0
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Education is one ofthe key words ofour time. Amanwithoutan education, many of usbelieve,is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-centuryopportunities. #MRMNL@
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lay lessstress on…moreon… back toitsstartingpointagain goto such anextent that OoA|8!CFa
inall probability ~c %hWt
haveconsiderable inclination todo be willingtodo YgUvOyaQXf
havenoinclination todo be unwillingtodo withoutany idea of ~v6OsH%vx
without giving any consideration to aB
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with no regard for $shoasSuI
6 动词 P] UJ0b
leadto, resultin, giveriseto, C/TF-g-_Y
takesth intoaccount, takeaccount of, givethoughtto, giveconsideration to, TWQG591
bringabout, originatefrom,derivefrom,resultfrom,be rooted in cp#JBHO
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get involved in, participatein, takepartin, enterfor,haveno/considerableinclination to, takean/no/considerable interestin, indulgein, attach much importance to,emphasizeon, ;#oie<
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takecareof,chaseafter,run after, goafter <8d^^0
7 名词 IE9XU9Kd
personal interest, livingpressure,financial desire,time,health, knowledge,schooling family issues(divorce, singleparent,violence,prejudice) ^e
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job (employment, income, promotion, stress, officepolitics, condition) >(?9?
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psyche(depression, satisfaction, fulfillment, pride) @8;W \L$~1
society (system,economy, cultural exchange,communication, population) H\qC["
environment(pollution, worsening situation, resources,protection)
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名校考博英语写作中的题目有很多共同的主题 K)Q]a30
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1 一致性和传统惯例vs个性和革新 ;)!Sp:mHX
2 实用性和用途vs创造性和个人致富 +(C6#R<LI
3 文化特征(习俗、礼节以及思想观念)的重要性 6y6<JR-V2k
4 个人成功并取得进步的关键因素 BPdfYu,il
5 社会进步的关键因素,以及我们怎样对其定义 Y0_),OaY
6 我们如何获取知识,或者如何让我们的知识更加丰富,以及更加广泛的知识是怎样组成的 q.2ykL
7 常规教育的目标和方法是怎样的 89wU-Aggq
8 研究历史的价值何在 }MHCd)78b
9 知识对社会和个人的冲击 /XhIx\40l
10 社会上公认的英雄或伟大领袖的分类 2UFv9
11 艺术和科学的功用和分类(分别对于个人和社会来说) (Nx;0"5IX
12 在保证社会福利方面,政府、商界以及个人的恰当角色 tb$LriN
例题 0 0M@
Quiteafewteacherscomplainaboutstudentsreading fewerbooksthanbefore.Infact,students nowadaysspend moretimesurfingonthe internetandwatchingmoviesonDVD’s. Naturallythey spend less timereading books.Do youthink that students todayareless knowledgeablebecause they readfewerbooks? q~*t@
1 动脑思考,同时动笔记录(2~3分钟): 努力提出几个赞同和反对论点的理由,以及几个分别支持文章的各方面例子。记录下你想到 的任何想法,即使它似乎不着边际、看似陈腐、毫无理由或者不足以令人信服。当你写作的 时候它会帮你想到如何将较弱的想法转变成为较强的观点。也就是说,第一步的时候请不要 自我审查。 -eN\ !
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2 选择立场,组织你的想法(1~2分钟): 将你第一步记录下来的理由和例子标注为“正面”或“反面”。组织你的想法,分为3或4 个主要段落,然后决定它们被提出的逻辑顺序,并据此为你的提纲编号。 il \$@Bn
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3 写简洁的开头段(3~4分钟): 在第一段中,你应该完成下列所有任务: `~ * @q!
1)证明你对这道是非分析题目中的暗示或其复杂性已经有所了解 k&.Jk
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2)让判卷者明白你对这篇文章有着明确的观点 DXa-rk8
3)为你将在文章主体部分提出的观点做出相应的铺垫 只用两三句话就能完成上述三个任务。先不要急于详细地罗列你的理由,也不要列举具体的 例子。在你的文章主体部分再写这些内容。 <_XWWT%
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NewWays toMakeStudents More Knowledge /l<<_uk$
Teacherstodayoftencomplainthatstudentsreadfewerbooksandarelessknowledgeable as aresult.At first sight,theargument sounds reasonable.However,it cannot standto hammer outif on second thoughts. Inmy perspective, E[bd@[N
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studentstoday arecomparativelymoreknowledgeablethan previousgenerations. 9$|Gfyv
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4 根据你的回答撰写文章的论证段落(10~15分钟): 撰写文章时尽量贴近你的提纲,但有时也要灵活掌握。尽量选择最容易阐述清楚、看起 y!!E\b=
来最深刻或最有说服力的观点作为开头。尽量运用简短的语言来表达提纲中的各个要点,最 好每一个要点不超过三四句话。 d\FJFMW*9
Itistruethatstudentsnowspendlesstimereadingpaperbooksandspendmoretime surfingtheInternetandwatchingmoviesonDVDs,buttheInternetandmoviescanalsoprovide alotofknowledgeand informationtothestudent.Thus,asI seeit,thisisjustachangeinmeans ofacquiringknowledge. h<SQL97N
In some sense, the Internet is a more efficient way for students to learn knowledge. ]sGHG^I6
Studentscanaccessallkindsofwebsitestogetthemostdetailedand latestinformationabout whatisgoingonaroundtheworld,includingacademicresearchliteratureandcomprehensive data.Besides,thee-booksontheInternetarenotbitinferiortopaperbookseitherinamountor in content.Alot ofclassicalworks cannowbe readonline.What is more,thanks totheInternet, studentstodaycancommunicatewithpeoplein almosteverycorneroftheworld,which can considerably broaden theirhorizonsandenrich theirknowledge. &ZX{R#[L
DVDsareanotherimportantmediatoyoungpeopletodaytolearn knowledge.Compared with paperbooks,this newkind ofdeviceis farmorevividand alive.Besides,almost all informationintraditional bookscanbeconveyedinthe DVDs:classicalnovelscanbemadeinto moviesandplayed,poemscanbereadaloudandaccompaniedbypictures,and evencoursesin school canbe made into h?FmBK'BAd
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5 写一段总结性质的结尾(3~4分钟): 用两三句话对文章的主旨进行概括。 KhW;RD
如果你想到了一个很特别的、见解深刻的要点,那么把它放到文章的最后一段最后一句话将 是非常好的。 `p7&>
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6 根据情况对文章进行修改或润色,以确保文章的连贯性和平衡性(3~5分钟): pmFk50`
1)确保你在文章中针对原论点提出了多种形式的观点。极力坚持某一立场是可以的,但是 你也应该知晓其他观点的优缺点。 ,57`D'
2)重新整理你的各个段落,使文章在各个方面都更具逻辑性,更有说服力。 z ly unJD(
3)检查你的各个段落,看看他们在长度上是否平衡。 }QsZ:J.
4)检查你的开头段和结尾段,确保它们能够前后呼应,并与题目相照应。 sqS=qC
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7 校对一遍,检查低级错误(3~4分钟): 对“丑陋”的句子进行再加工,使它们表达得更流畅。检查措辞、用法、语法 lZrVY+D
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文章结构点评: 第一段陈述当前“学生读书少就知识少”的观点,并表明自己是反对这种观点的。 第二段提出自己的论据,即上网和看DVD和读书的区别只是学习方式的区别,并统领第三 段和第四段,第三段陈述通过网络学习的优势,第四段陈述看DVD !xKJE:4/,m
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Suchprevalentsocialphenomenonisworthaccountingforandshouldarousetheattention ofpublication.Aboveall,SVO. ‘Asiswell-knowntothegeneralpublic, isatraditionalvirtue/ a huge fortune cherishedby peopleof ourcountry’,saysthe headofPharmacology atmy ?*
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High-speedrail (HSR)developsatahighspeedinChina.Manypeople,however,prefer slowtrainstoHSRbecauseofthehighticketpriceofthelatter.Inmanycases,even airfareisnot muchhigherthan HSR fares.Asthe constructionofHSRsisstillgatheringmomentuminChina, wheredoyou think laysitscompetitiveness? ,JEbd1Uf
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ThetotalnumberofnationalholidaysinChinaisstipulatedbylaw.Yetpeoplestillargue about whether there should be “long holidays” or “short holidays”: i.e. greater number of holidaysconcentratedaroundagreatfestival,orholidaysscatteredoveranumberoffestivals. Whichdoyou subscribeto, andwhy? P(>(K{v
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Recently,anewspapercarriedanarticleentitled:“WeShouldNoLongerForce GongLiand ZhangYimoutoTakePartin NationalPolitics”.Thearticlearguedthatsomeartistsandfilmstars areunwillingorunqualifiedtorepresentthepeoplein thePeople’sCongressorthePeople’s Political ConsultativeConference,andthey should notbeforced todo so. Whatdoyou think? $y?k[Y-~
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Topic: IsEnglish LanguageTeachingOveremphasized inChinese Education? CVi`bO 4\
Topic: Epidemic Diseases and Public Health Crises ;_:Oo l,
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Topic:Comment on the Development ofthe Internet K{l5m{:%
Topic: Writein 250~300wordsaboutChina’sautoindustry. cMzkL%
Topic: Writein 250~300wordsaboutyour own academicambition(s) w18RA#Zo/
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