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The strangest weather of last year was possibly not on Earth, but on the Sun. Every 11years (31) the Sun goes through a cycle of sunspots- actually magnetic storms erupting across its surface. The number of sunspots (32) _ its minimum in 2007 and (33) have increased soon afterwards, but the Sun has remained strangely quiet since then. Scientists have been baffled as weeks and sometimes months have gone by without a single sunspot, in (34) is thought to be the deepest solar minimum for almost 100 years. 4&%0%
This (35) of solar activity means that cosmic rays reaching Earth from space have increased and the planet's ionosphere in the upper atmosphere has sunk in (36) , giving less drag on satellites and making collisions between them and space junk more likely. The solar minimum could also be cooling the climate on Earth because of slightly diminished solar irradiance, in fact, the quiet spell on the Sun may be (37) some of the warming effects of greenhouse gases, according to recent research by two US solar scientists. The solar minimum, their study suggests, accounts for the somewhat fiat temperature trend of the past decade. But 0M=A,`qk
(38) if this solar minimum is offsetting global warming, scientists stress that the overall effect is relatively slight and certainly will not last. g2 7 i E
The Sun has gone into long quiet spells before. From 1645 to 1715 few sunspots were seen during a period called the Little Ice Age, when short summers and savage winters often plagued Northern Europe. Scotland was hit particularly (39) as harvests were ruined in cold, miserable summers, which led to famine, death, migration and huge depopulation, But whether the quiet Sun was entirely to blame for it remains highly (40) nSY3 =Edx=
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Three (51) _ years ago Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit made his (52) oYx4+xH/
thermometer in his home town of Danzig (Now Gdansk in Poland). The thermometer was filled with (53) and completely sealed, but it was not much use without some sort of (54) to measure the temperature. --OAsbr
One story (55) that, during the winter of 1708-09, Fahrenheit took a measurement of 0 degrees as the coldest temperature outdoors — which would now read as minus 17. 8C. Five years (56) he used mercury instead of alcohol for his (57) , and made a top reference point by measuring his own body temperature as 90 degrees. Soon afterwards he became a glassblower, (58) Jb/VITqN4
allowed him to make thinly blown glass tubes that could be marked up with more points on the scale and so (59) accuracy. *@; bWUJ
Eventually he took the (60) point of his temperature scale from a leading made in ice, water and salt, and a top point made from the boiling point of water. The scale was recalibrated using 180 degrees between these (61) points and Fahrenheit was able to make much more accurate and more (62) measurements of temperature. #, [z}fq
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Time for another global-competitiveness alert. In the Third International Mathematics and Science Study—which last year tested a half-million students in 41 countries—American eighth graders 21 below the world average in math. And that's not even 22 part. Consider this as you try to 23 which countries will dominate the technology markets of the 21st century: the top 10 percent of America's math students scored about the same as the average kid in the global 24 , Singapore. cJ>^@pd{
It isn't exactly a news flash these days 25 Americans score behind the curve on international tests. But educators say this study is 26 because it monitored variables both inside and outside the classroom. Laziness—the factor often 27 for Americans poor performance—is not the culprit here. American students 28 spend more time in class than pupils in Japan and Germany. 29 , they get more = eR#]d
homework and watch the same amount of TV. The problem, educators say, is not the kids but a curriculum that is too 30 . The study found that lessons for U. S. eighth graders contained topics mastered by seventh graders in other countries. f[*g8p
Teachers actually agree that Americans need to 31 their kids to more sophisticated math earlier. Unfortunately, experts say, the teachers don't recognize that 32 these concepts are taught is as important as the concepts themselves. 9&HaEAme
Most educators rely 33 on textbooks and rote learning (死记硬背) . While many L*P*^I^1
textbooks cover 34 ideas, most do so superficially, 35 students with the techniques but not the mastery of the broader principles. np\*r|U
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Attitudes of respect, modesty and fair play can grow only out of slowly acquired skills that parents teach their children over many years through shared experience and memory. If a child reaches adulthood 21 recollections only of television, Little League and birthday parties, then that child has little to 22 when a true test of character comes up—say, in a(n) 23 business situation. " 24 that child feels grounded in who he is and where he comes from, 25 else is an act, " says etiquette expert Betty Jo Trakimas. zQtx
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The Dickmeyers of Carmel, Indiana 26 every Friday night as "family night" with their three children. Often the family plays board games or hide-and-seek. "My children love it, "says Theresa, their mother. Wp=:|J
Can playing hide-and-seek really teach a child about manners? Yes, says Trakimas and 27 , because it ells the child that his parents 28 enough to spend time with him, he is loved and can learn to love others. "Manners aren't about using the 29 fork , " Trakimas adds, "Manners are about being kind—giving 30 , team-playing, making tiny sacrifices. Children learn that 31 their parents. " B)ibxM(n*
While children don't 32 warm to the idea of learning to be polite, there's no reason for them to see manners as a bunch of dreary 33 either. They're the building blocks of a child's education. " 34 a rule becomes second nature, it frees us, " Trakimas says. How well could Tiger Woods play golf if he had to keep 3UGdXufw
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I once married a man I thought was totally unlike my father and I imagined a whole new world of freedom (21) Five years later it was clear even to me——floating face down in a wash of despair ----that I had simply chosen a(n) (22) -V)DKf"f
of my handsome daddy-true. K PSHBv-#
The updated (23) spoke English like an angel but underneath he was my father exactly: wonderful, but not the right man for me. \`M8Mu9~w
Most people I know have at one time or another been (24) up by their childhood hobbies. Patterns tend to sink into the unconscious only to (25) , vmZyvJSE
disguised, unseen, like marionette (牵线木偶) strings, pulling us this way or that. .0>2j(
Whatever ails people keeps them up at night, tossing and (26) also ails movements no matter how historically huge or politically (27) the women's movement cannot remake consciousness, or (28)_ the future, without (29) s!j[O
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and shedding all the unnecessary and ugly baggage of the past. It's easy enough now to see where men have kept (30) out of clubs, baseball games, graduate schools; it's easy enough to recognize the hidden directions that (31) Q4,!N(>D
Sis to cake-baking and junior to bridge building. It's now possible for even 5u-jjUO
Miss America herself to (32) what they have done to us, and, of course, N8^ AH8l
they have and they did and they are…(33) along the way we also developed our own hidden (34. ) , class assumptions and an anti-male humor and collection of expectations that gave us, hike all (35) groups, a secret sense Akbt%&
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The changes in globally averaged temperature that have occurred at the Earth’s surface over the past century are similar in size and timing to those 61 by models that take into account the combined influences of human factors and solar variability. Vy:I[@6@+
To 62 the question of attribution requires the 63 of more powerful and complex methods，beyond the use of global averages alone. New studies have focused -_ bn GY%,
on 64 maps or patterns of temperature change in 65 and in models. Pattern analysis is the climatologically equivalent of the more comprehensive tests in the medical analogy mentioned 66 , and makes it possible to achieve more definitive H6Mqy}4W
67 of the observed climate changes to a particular cause or causes. 6 V" |
The expected influence of human activities is thought to be much more complex than uniform warming over the entire surface of the Earth and over the whole 68 cycle. Patterns of change over space and time therefore provide a more powerful 69 technique. The basic idea 70 pattern-based approaches is that different 71 causes of climate change have different characteristic patterns of climate response or fingerprints. Attribution studies seek to 72 a fingerprint match between the patterns of climate change 73 by models and those actually observed. e'FBV[e
The most recent assessment of the science suggests that human activities have led to a discernible 74 on global climate and that these activities will have an increasing influence on future climate. The burning of coal, oil and natural gas, as well as various agricultural and industrial practices, are 75 the composition of the atmosphere and contributing to climate change. These human activities have led to increased atmospheric 76 of a number of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane and so on in the lower atmosphere. ET_a>]<mv
Human activities, such as the burning of fossil, have also increased the 77 of small particles in the atmosphere. These particles can change the 78 of energy that is absorbed and reflected by the atmosphere. They are also believed to modify the <QlpIgr
79 of air and clouds, changing the amount of energy that they absorb and reflect. Intensive studies of the climatic effects of these particles began only recently and the overall 80 is uncertain. It is likely that the net effect of these small particles is to cool the climate and to partially offset the warming of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases. ! z^%$;p
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Sea rise as a consequence of global warming would immediately threaten that large fraction of the globe living at sea level. Nearly one-third of all human beings live within 36miles of a coastline. Most of the world's great seaport cities would be _VUG!?_D$5
56 : New Orleans, Amsterdam, Shanghai, and Cairo. Some countries—Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean, islands in the Pacific—would be inundated. Heavily populated coastal areas such as in Bangladesh and Egypt, 57 large populations occupy low-lying areas, would suffer extreme 58 . [!~ = m
Warmer oceans would spawn stronger hurricanes and typhoons, 59 in coastal flooding, possibly swamping valuable agricultural lands around the world. fT2F$U
60 water quality may result as 61 flooding which forces salt water into coastal irrigation and drinking water supplies, and irreplaceable, natural 62 could be flooded with ocean water, destroying forever many of the 63 plant and animal species living there. xekU2u}WE
Food supplies and forests would be 64 affected. Changes in rainfall patterns would disrupt agriculture. Warmer temperatures would 65 grain-growing regions pole-wards. The warming would also increase and change the pest plants, such as weeds and the insects 66 the crops. 0.aIcc
Human health would also be affected. Warming could 67 tropical climate bringing with it yellow fever, malaria, and other diseases. Heat stress and heat mortality could rise. The harmful 68 of localized urban air pollution would very likely be more serious in warmer 69 . There will be some 70 from warming. New sea-lanes will open in the Arctic, longer growing seasons further north will 71 new agricultural lands, and warmer temperature will make some of today's colder regions more 72 . But these benefits will be in individual areas. The natural systems—both plant and animal—will be less able than man to cope and x5(6U>-Y
73 . Any change of temperature, rainfall, and sea level of the magnitude now 74 will be destructive to natural systems and living things and hence to man as well. RoFOjCc>D.
The list of possible consequences of global warming suggests very clearly that we must do everything we can now to understand its causes and effects and to take all measures possible to prevent and adapt to potential and inevitable disruptions 75 by global warming. 'OA CbYgG
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Consumers and producers obviously make decisions that mold the economy, but there is a third major 61 to consider the role of government. Government has a powerful 62 on the economy in at least four ways: Vh1y]#w
Direct Services. The postal system, for example, is a federal system 63 the entire nation, as is the large and complex establishment. Conversely, the construction and 64 of most highways the 65 of the individual states, and the public educational systems, despite a large funding role by the federal government, are primarily 66 for by country or city governments. Police and fire protection and sanitation 67 are also the responsibilities of local government. ^s
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Regulation and Control. The government regulates and controls private 68 in many ways, for the 69 of assuring that business serves the best 70 of the people as a whole. Regulation is necessary in areas where private enterprise is granted a 71 , such as in telephone or electric service. Public policy permits such companies to make a reasonable 72 , but limits their ability to raise prices t Davp:M1v
73 , since the public depends on their services. Often control is 74 to protect the public, as for example, when the Food and Drug administration bans harmful drugs, or requires standards of 75 in food. In other industries, government sets guidelines to ensure fair competition without using direct control. ,zuS)?
Stabilization and Growth. Branches of government, including Congress and such entities as the Federal Reserve Board, attempt to control the extremes of boom and bust, of inflation and depression, by 76 tax rates, the money supply, and the use of credit. They can also 77 the economy through changes in the amount of public spending by the government itself. $e2+O\.>
Direct Assistance. The government provides many kinds of help to 78 and individuals. For example, tariffs 79 certain products to remain relatively free of foreign competition; imports are sometimes taxed so that American products are able to 80 better with certain foreign goods. In quite a different area, government supports individuals who cannot adequately care for themselves, by making grants to working parents with dependent children, by providing medical care for the aged and the indigent, and through social welfare system. pN)x,<M)
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2010年北航博士研究生入学考试英语试题 _J!&R:]$
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When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible 1 of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea G 3,v'D5
2 , or patent it. ' nGUm[vh
A 3 patent is the result of a bargain 4 between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period 5 . Only in the most exceptional circumstances 6 the lifespan of a patent 7 to alter this normal process of events. -JF^`hBD-
The longest extension ever 8 was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent' s normal life there was no colour TV to 9 and thus no hope of reward for the invention. hXth\e\[{`
Because a patent remains permanently 10 after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the 11 office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if 12 than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone 13 to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through 14 patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor' s right is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form 15 invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally 16 to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is 17 on these presumptions of legal security. Pb>/b\&JS
Anyone closely 18 in patents and inventions soon learns that most "new" ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, 19 makes news and money. The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate 20 the late 64mEZ_kG,
19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear. z,ERq,g+L
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2010年南京大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题 ^r\ rpSN
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Silence is unnatural to man. He begins life with a cry and ends it in stillness. In the interval he does all he can to make a noise in the world, and there are few things "17)
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21 he stands in more fear than of the 22 of noise. Even his conversation is 23 a desperate attempt to prevent a dreadful silence. If he is introduced to a fellow mortal and a number of pauses occur in the conversation, he regards himself as a failure, a worthless person, and is full of 24 of the emptiest-headed chatterbox. He knows that ninety-nine percent of human conversation means 25 the buzzing of a fly, but he longs to join in the buzz and to prove that he is man and not a wax-work figure. The object of conversation is not, 26 the most part, to communicate ideas; it is to keep up the buzzing sound. Most buzzing, 27 is agreeable to the ear, and some of it is agreeable even to the 28 . He would be a foolish man, however, who waited until he had a wise thought to take part in the buzzing with his neighbors. Those who despise the weather as a conversational opening seem to be ignorant of the reason why human beings wish to talk. Very few human beings join in a conversation in the hope of learning anything new. Some of them are 29 if they are merely allowed to go on making a noise into other people’s ears though they have nothing to tell them except that they have seen a new play. At the end of an evening during which they have said nothing at immense length, they justly 30 themselves on their success as conversationalists. neI7VbH4
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23. [A]in great measure [B] in brief [C] all in all [D] at least .zO2g8(VR
24. [A] admiration [B] envy [C] amazement [D] revenge nHm}^.B*+
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26. [A] for [B]in [C] at [D] on 6ZQ |L=Ytp
27. [A] particularly [B] unfortunately[C] fortunately [D] utterly !,Uo{@E)Y
28. [A] mind [B] mentality [C] intelligence [D] wit EU?qL j':
29. [A] disgusted [B] content [C] disgraced [D] discouraged dEoIVy _9R
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北大 2010 真题 BDACB BDAAD F&M d+2
北大 2009 真题 BCAAD DABCB CDACB EmN
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中科院 2010-03 真题 DBAAD ABCCA BCDAC )&c2+Y@
中科院 2009-03 真题 BACDA BBACB DACCA a"#t'\
中科院 2008-10 真题 ABCCD CADAB ACDCC Xb _
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清华 2008 真题 DCABD CABAD ABCDB CADBD `Skvqo(5:
清华 2007 真题 DBACB BCABA CDCAB DBADC *lfjsrPu
清华 2006 真题 DCBDB CADBB ADBAC DABBD y 1V}c ,
北航 2010 真题 DCABD DCACA CBDAC CDBCD V3,C5KKk&z
南京大学 2010 真题 CDAAD ACACD omfX2Oa2
