哈工大考博英语翻译笔记

考博英语翻译笔记
倒装和分割结构
为了强调句子的某些部分，或是为了保持句子平衡，英语中常常使用倒装。大体说来，倒装可以分为主谓倒装和非主谓倒装。主谓倒装里又分为完全倒装和部分倒装。在翻译的时候，既可以按照主谓语的顺序翻译，也可以按照字面意思翻译。非主谓倒装只是将强调部分前置，以保持句子平衡或是起强调作用。翻译时可以采用顺序译法或是倒序译法。
1. For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, andthus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had hegrown up under more favorable circumstances.
分析：本句中 had he grown up under morefavorable circumstances 属于部分倒装。正常语序为： if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances 。在正式文体中，可以将虚拟条件句中的 if 省略，并将助动词提前。
译文：例如，它们（指测试）并不弥补社会的不公，因此不能说明一个贫困青年，要是在比较有利的境况下长大，会有多大才干。
2. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did biggercrops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached itschild-bearing years.
分析：该句中 so did bigger crops of babies属于语法倒装。用 so 来代替前述肯定句谓语部分所说情况。
译文：不间断的移民浪潮也起了作用 ——而且随着昔日在 “ 生育高峰期 ” 出生的一代人达到生育年龄，婴儿的出生数量增加了，这同样起了作用。
3. Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her inthoroughness, whatever the job.
分析：该句的 Much as I have traveled 是一个由 as 引导的让步状语从句。相当于 though I have traveledmuch ，但语气要比后者强。这种结构要求部分倒装。
译文：我虽然见多识广，但还从未见过比她细心的人，不管什么职业
4. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can youwrite correctly.
分析：相信大家对这种结构都不陌生。 Only 后加副词、介词、状语从句时要用部分倒装。但是要注意的是，如果 only 修饰的不是状语，则不用倒装。
译文：只有很好地掌握了语法知识，写出来的东西才会正确。
5. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the Americansearch for spacious living than in the Far West.
分析：当句首是否定副词或含有否定词的词语时，一般要部分倒装。

　　译文： 1980 年哪里的人口普查统计资料也不如远西地区的更能生动地说明美国人对宽敞的生活环境的追求。
6. Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.
分析： hardly…when 的结构表示“ 刚 … 就 …” 。含有这种结构的句子常将 hardly 置于句首，而采用部分倒装的语序。此外， hardly 分句中一般采用过去完成时，而 when （或 before ）分句中使用过去时。还有，与 hardly…when…结构类似的用法还有 barely (scarcely)…when…
译文：他刚开始讲，听众就打断了他的话。
7. To such length did she go in rehearsal that two actors walkedout.
　　分析： such…that 结构可将 such 或含有 such 的词组放在句首，使全句采用部分倒装。
与此用法类似的还有 so…that 结构。
　　译文：她在排演中搞得太过分，以致两名男演员退出不干了。
8. Certainit is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water.
　　分析：本句为表语前置，表示强调。正常语序应为： It is certain that… 。
　　译文：植物发育生长的全部基本过程当然是在水中发生的。
9. We rallyshould not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shallremain.
　　分析：这两句话是为了使上下文紧密衔接，从而将第二个并列分句的表语前置。
　　译文：我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋，而且还会继续是穷光蛋。
10. Then,down the crowed thoroughfare comes the University of Cambridge ’s most distinctive vehicle, bearingits most distinguished citizen.
　　分析：正常语序应为：The vehicle came down the thoroughfare 。为使语言生动形象，文学作品中常用这类倒装。在翻译时要尽量翻译出原句的语言效果。这里 bear=carry 。
　　译文：从拥挤的街道上驶来了一辆剑桥大学最有特色的车，车上坐着学校最著名的人物。
　　语法关系密切的两个句子成分被其他句子成分分隔的现象称为分割结构。英语中，分割结构的类型是多种多样的。例如，英语句子的主语和谓语一般都紧密相联，它们之间很少插入介词等比较长的结构。但是，在有些情况下，或是为了保持句子的平衡，避免头重脚轻；或是为了语义严密，结构紧凑，在主语和谓语之间有时也会插入其他成分。此外，还有定语（或定语从句）与其中心词被分隔；某些词语与其所要求的介词被分隔；动词与其宾语被分隔；介词与其宾语被分隔等等。总之，英语的分割应遵循尾重原则（应把长而复杂的成分放在句末，使结构匀称）和句尾信息焦点原则（把新信息，即语意重点放在句末）。同时，在阅读时要注意找出原来属于一个整体部分的意义。
1. Most novelists and historians writing in the early tomid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they consideredwomen at all, fell under Turner’s spell.
　　分析：本句的主干结构是：Most novelists and historians…fell under Turner’s spell. Turner 是美国历史学家。 under a spell ：被迷住，着迷。 writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered womenin the West, when they considered women at all 修饰主语，起分割主谓的作用。而其中的状语从句 when they considered women at all 是定语从句 who considered women in the West 中的状语成分。
　　译文：从本世纪初到本世纪中叶从事写作的小说家和历史学家只要描写妇女，就会描述西部妇女，而且都被特纳迷住。
2. AbrahamLincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made thatin their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position.
　　分析： theclaim 和其同位语 that intheir country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position 被 the claim 的定语从句 that Americans often made 分割。同位语从句在翻译时可按照顺序翻译，将其翻译为分句。
　　译文：美国人常认为，在他们国家，一个人的地位可以从社会最底层上升到社会最上层，亚伯拉罕• 林肯就是极好的例子。
3. In thelast eight years there were difficult, almost non-stop negotiations andreported threats of failure, ultimately overcome by a combination of creativecompromise and stubborn determination—indeed, some call it unprecedented determination—to succeed.
分析：本句的主干结构是： …there were negotiations and…threats of failure 。 “overcome by…” 是过去分词短语，修饰 threats of failure 。 stubborn determination 和其定语动词不定式 “to succeed” 被 “indeed, some call it unprecedented determination” 分割。
　　译文：在最后的八年里，进行了艰苦卓绝的、几乎是不间断的谈判，其间屡经失败之虞，但最终通过创造性的协调和要取得成功的顽强决心—— 确实有人称之为前所未有的决心—— 而渡过难关，取得了胜利。
4. The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on theproblem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of bothbourgeois economists and social critics, had been groping in the dark.
分析： in tryingto solve 插在 the problem和定语从句 which… 之间，起到承上启下的作用。 of both bourgeois economists and social critics 为 investigations 的后置定语，起到分割作用。
　　译文：由于剩余价值的发现，使问题明朗化了。而先前，无论资产阶级经济学家还是社会批评家所从事的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索。
5. A betterknowledge of China ’s civilization would lay open to us an empire of learning, hithertofabulously described.
　　分析： lay open和 an empire oflearning 被介词短语 to us 分割。本句选自英国前首相撒切尔夫人 1982 年在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话。翻译时要注意转译的应用。如把 “better” 译为副词“ 更好地 ” 。
　　译文：更好地了解中国的文明，将为我们打开一个知识的王国，对这个王国迄今只有神话般的描述。
6. It is theinsistence, as a first consideration, upon the interdependence of the variouselements in, and parts of, the United States —a recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation ofthe American spirit of the pioneer.
　　分析：insistence 后接 upon theinterdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States, 中间被插入语 as a first consideration 分割，做进一步说明。该句选自美国前总统罗斯福在 1933 年的就职演说。汉语中动词用得较多，翻译时可把名词转译为动词。
　　译文：我们首先应考虑的是，坚持美国国内各种因素之间、各个部分之间的相互依赖关系—— 即承认体现传统的和永远重要的美国开拓精神。
7. OldHenry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is possible for twoold people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of.
　　分析：连词 as 引导的比较状语从句中， it 代替 for two old people to be 。 to be 后省略了 fond of each other 。 to be 做分割成分。
　　译文：象两位老人一生中没有其他什么东西可爱而彼此相爱一样，老亨利和他的妻子芬比也互相爱慕。
8. As theygrow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack ofphysical and mental energy—both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away—and sentiment.
　　分析：该句包含了并列结构被分割的情况。 lack of physical and mental energy 和 sentiment 是并列结构，作 two other reasons 的同位语。但是被非限定性定语从句 both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away 分割。
译文：人们随着日趋年迈，积存物品还有其他两个原因：一是缺乏体力和精神，两者在清理和扔掉无用之物时不可或缺，二是感情上的原因。
9. Those whobelieve in capital punishment may have arguments for its retention, but surelyno reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo
that accompanies it from the moment thatthe judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on thetop of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned manbefore he is dead.
总裁助理　assistant president
综合治理　comprehensive treatment
安居工程　housing project for low-income urban residents
信息化　information-based; informationization
智力密集型　concentration of brain power; knowledge-intensive
外资企业　overseas-funded enterprises
下岗职工　laid-off workers
分流　reposition of redundant personnel
三角债　chain debts
素质教育　education for all-round development
豆腐渣工程　jerry-built projects
社会治安情况　law-and-order situation
民族国家　nation state
台独"independence of Taiwan"
台湾当局　Taiwan authorities
台湾同胞　Taiwan compatriots
台湾是中国领土不可分割的一部分。Taiwan is an inalienable part ofthe Chinese territory.
西部大开发　Development of the West Regions
可持续性发展　sustainable development
风险投资　risk investment
通货紧缩　deflation
扩大内需　to expand domestic demand
计算机辅助教学　computer-assisted instruction ( CAI )
网络空间　cyberspace
虚拟现实　virtual reality
网民　netizen ( net citizen )
电脑犯罪　computer crime
电子商务　the e-business
网上购物　shopping online
应试教育　exam-oriented education
学生减负　to reduce study load
下岗　laid-off workers
下海　plunge into the commercial sea
下网　off line
小康之家　well-off family; comfortably-off family
新秀　up-and-coming star, rising star
新新人类　New Human Being　；　X Generation
信息港　info port
形象*****　/　先生　image representative of a product or a brand
虚拟网　virtual net
学生处　students' affairs division
研究生毕业证　/　学位证　graduate diploma/graudate degree'sdiploma
摇钱树　cash cow
以人为本　people oriented; people foremost
义务教育　compulsory education
易拉罐　pop can
应试教育　examination-oriented education system
舆论导向　direction of public opinion
运球　dribble
在职博士生　on-job doctorate
早恋　puppy love
招生就业指导办公室　enrolment and vocation guidance office
证券营业部　stock exchange; security exchange
知识产权　intellectual property rights
中专生　secondary specialized or technical school student
中流砥柱　mainstay, chief corner stone
专卖店　exclusive agency; franchised store
自我保护意识　self-protection awareness
综合国力　comprehensive national strength
综合业务数字网　integrated service digital network (ISDN)
公正、公平、公开　just, fair and open
好莱坞大片　Hollywood blockbuster
黄金时段　prime time
假唱　lip-synch
劲射　power shot
拉拉队　cheering squad
来电显示电话机　caller ID telephone
论文答辩　(thesis) oral defense
泡沫经济　bubble economy
票贩子　scalper, ticket tout
拳头产品　competitive products; knock-out products; blockbuster
三角恋爱　love triangle
三　维　动　画　片　three-dimensional animation
"　扫黄　"　、　"　打非　" eliminate pornography and illegalpublications
申办奥运会　bid for the Olympic Games
实现中华民伟大复兴　bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinesenation
市场疲软　sluggish market
素质教育　education for all-around development
筒子楼：　tube-shaped apartment
脱贫致富　cast (shake, throw) off poverty and set out on a road toprosperity
网吧　Internet bar
网恋　online love affair
网上冲浪　surf the Internet
网上交易平台　online trading platform
网友　net friend
无人售票　self-service ticketing
无绳来电显示电话　cordless telephone with caller ID
无线应用协议　WAP　（　wireless application protocol　）
英语100个长难句分析
1. The American economic system is, organized around a basicallyprivate-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largelydetermine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace forthose goods and services that they want most.
[参考译文] 美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。
2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand ofindividual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximizeprofits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that togetherdetermine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
[参考译文] 因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来制造它们。
3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results inreducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered byseller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumersto buy the product.
[参考译文] 另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。
4. In the American economy, the concept of private property embracesnot only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights,including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a freecontract with another private individual.
[参考译文] 在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包含对生产资源的所有权，也指其他一些特定的权利，如确定一个产品价格和与另一个私人个体(经济单位) 自由签定合同的权利。
5. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiestand which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffingassignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customersfor promotional campaigns.
[参考译文] 同时这些计算机记录下哪些时间是最忙的，哪些员工工作效率最高，这样就能相应地做出人员人事安排。而且它们(计算机)也能为促销活动找到那些拥有优先权的顾客。
6. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazinepublishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring betterand more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
[参考译文] 不计其数的其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志出版商，从公用燃气电力设施到牛奶处理厂，都通过计算机的使用给消费者带来更好、更有效率的服务。
7. Exceptional children are different in some significant way fromothers of the same age For these children to develop to their full adultpotential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
[参考译文] 残疾儿童在许多关键方面都与其同龄人不同。为了让这些孩子发展其全部的成人后的潜能，他们的教育必须适应这些不同。，
8. The great interest in exceptional children shown in publiceducation over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in oursociety that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve theopportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
[参考译文] 在过去的30年中，公共教育中显示的对残疾儿童的巨大关注表明了我们社会中的一种中强烈的情绪，那就是所有的公民，不管其情况有多特殊，都应享有充分发展其能力的机会。
9. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods atreasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making itpossible to provide for export at competitive prices.
[参考译文] 它(广告)能够直接帮助货物以比较合理的价格被迅速分销出去，因此可以(使公司)建立一个坚固的国内市场，同时也使以具有竞争力的价格提供出口变得可能。
10. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament governthe terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product thatfails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.
[参考译文] 除去议会有27件法案来规范广告的条件，没有任何一个正式的广告商敢于推销一种商品却不能兑现其在广告中的承诺。
11. If its message were confined merely to information and that in itselfwould be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as thechoice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising wound be soboring that no one wound pay any attention.
[参考译文] 如果其信息只被局限于告知一一就广告而言，如果这不是完全不可能达到的，也是非常难做的，因为即便是一个诸如衬衫的颜色的选择这样的细节都会具有微妙的说服意味，那么广告就会如此地乏味以至于没有人会关注它。
12. The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose gradesimprove, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples ofpeople who have measurable results to show for there efforts.
[参考译文] 得到了升迁的工人们，成绩进步的学生，学会了一门新语言的外国人一一这些都是那些有可衡量的结果宋显示其努力的人们的例证。
13. As families move away from their stable community, their friendsof many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow ofinformation is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will beavailable when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
[参考译文] 随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区，离开他们多年的朋友和扩展的家庭关系，非正式的信息流动被切断了，随之而去的是对在需要时能获得可靠和值得信赖的信息的信心。
14. The individual now has more information available than anygeneration, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant tohis or her specific problem is complicated, time--consuming, and sometimes evenoverwhelming.
[参考译文] 现在每个人能够得到的信息比任何时代的人都多，而找到与他/她的特定问题相关的那一点信息的任务不仅复杂、耗时，有时甚至令人难以招。
15. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, andproblems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homesand/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.
[参考译文] 通过远程会议，专家知识可以在全世界范围内被分享，而争论的问题能够得到解决，同时相关人员也不必离开他们的家庭或工作跑到一个遥远的开会地点。
16. The current passion for making children compete against theirclassmates oragainst the clock produces a two-layer system, in whichcompetitive A-types seem in some way better than their B type fellows.
[参考译文] 现在这种让孩子们和其同学或时间竞争的热情导致了一个双层结构，在这个结构里面善于竞争的A类好像在某个方面要比他们B类的同辈更胜一筹。
17. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whetheryour education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him toemploy you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in anorderly and reasonably connected manner.
[参考译文] 在跟你谈话的时候，可能成为你的雇主的人就一直在衡量你的教育、经验和其他资格是不是值得他雇用你，而你的"商品"和能力一定要以一种有条不紊而且合情合理的相互关联的方式被展示出来。
18. The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcastingorganization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and itsprograms are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain.
[参考译文] 英国广播公司将作为一个公共基金支持的广播组织存在下来，至少目前会这样，但是它的角色、它的规模和它的节目现在在英国成了全国上下的讨论话题。
19. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyonewith an opinion of the BBC--including ordinary listeners and viewer to say whatwas good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it wasworth keeping.
[参考译文] 这场辩论是由政府发动的，政府请任何一个对英国广播公司有意见的人一包括普通的听众和观众一来说说这个公司好在哪里或坏在哪里，甚至要说说他们是否认为这个公司值得被保留下来。
20. The change met the technical requirements of the new age byengaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiencythat so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and thirdgeneration after the energetic founders.
[参考译文] 这种变化通过引入许多的专业因素从而适应了这个新时代的技术要求，并且它(这种变化)防止了效率的降低。这种效率的降低在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代和第三代人(领导公司)的时候，经常会毁掉那些家族公司的财富。
21. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industrygreatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, anelement in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from theland and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from theresponsible management of business.
[参考译文] 这样巨大而非个人的对资金和产业的*纵极大地增加了股东的数量和他们作为一个阶级的重要性，这是国家生活中代表不负责任的财富的一个因素，这种财富不但远离了土地和土地拥有者的责任，而且几乎同样与公司的负责任的管理毫无关系。
22. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large"comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who hadno relation to the rest of the community exceptthat of drawing dividends andoccasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to themanagement.
[参考译文] 像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城镇的涌现是为了给那些数量很多的"舒适"阶级提供居住场所。这些人依赖于其丰厚收入而不工作，他们除了分红和偶尔参加一下股东大会，向管理层口授一下自己的命令之外，跟社会的其他阶层毫无瓜葛。
23. The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of thelives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which heheld shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was notgood.
[参考译文] 这样的"股东"对他拥有股份的公司所雇用的工人们的生活、思想和需求一无所知，而且他们对劳资双方的关系都不会产生积极的影响。
24. The paid manager acting for the company was in more directrelation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiarpersonal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under themore patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.
[参考译文] 代表公司的花钱雇来的经理与工人及其需求的关系更加直接，但是就连他对工人们也没有那种熟识的私人之间的了解。而在现在正在消失的古老家族公司的那种更加家长式的制度下的雇主们却常常对他们的工人有这样的私人关系。
被动语态翻译
英语中被动语态使用范围很广，凡是在不必或不愿说出或无从说出施动者以及为了便于连贯上下文或者为了强调动作的承受者等场合，往往都用被动语态。英语被动句的翻译主要有以下几种情况：
一、译成汉语主动句。
1．原句中的主语、谓语不变，译文中没有表示被动的标志，如“被、把”字等，形式上是主动句，表达被动意义。例如： Eg. On Practice has been translated into many foreign languages. 《实践论》已译成许多国家的文字。 Eg. The wholecountry was armed in a few days. 几天以内，全国就武装起来了。
2．原句中的主语移到谓语之后，译作宾语。 Eg. Another middle school has been set up in our district．我们区又办了一所中学。 Eg. 1，200 peoplehad been saved soldiers in the earthquake. 在地震中，战士们已救出1200人。
3．译成带表语的主动句。Eg. The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。 Eg. In the old society，women were looked down upon. 在旧社会，妇女们是受歧视的。
4．含主语从句的被动句型译为主动句。以it作形式主语的英语句子，翻译时常要转为主动形式，有时可加上“有人”、“大家”、“我们” 等不确定主语。例如： Eg. It is reported that the enemy has been breeding new strains ofkiller viruses．据报道敌人正在培育新的杀人病毒。 Eg. It is suggested that meeting be put off till next Monday．有人建议会议推迟到下星期一举行。 Eg. It is well known that natural light is actually made up of manycolours．众所周知，自然光其实是由许多种颜色构成的。
这类句型还有： it issaid that... ／It issupposed that...／It must bepointed out that...／It is asserted that...／ It is generally considered that... 二、译成汉语被动句
为了强调被动动作或突出施动者时，可以将英语被动句译为汉语被动句。
1．汉语句中有“被”、“遭受”等词。 Eg. North China was hit by an unexpected heavy rain，which caused severe flooding．华北地区遭受了一场意外的大雨袭击，引起了严重的水灾。 Eg. The window pane was brokenby the child. 窗上玻璃被这小孩打碎了。
2．译成“为……所”的结构。Eg. Granny Wang was forced by familv circumstances to enter a knitting mill in Shanghai as a childlabourer at the age of twelve. 王大妈为家境所迫，十二岁就到上海一家针织厂作童工。 Eg. I was so impressed by thesewords that I used them later for a Christmas card. 我为这些话所深深感动，后来我就把它们写在圣诞卡上了。三、译成“招”、“使”和“由”字句
Eg. The famous hotel had been practicallydestroyed by the big fire. 大火使这家著名的旅馆几乎全部毁坏。 Eg. The plan is going to be examined first by the research group. 计划将先由研究小组加以研究。 Eg. By evening theoccupation was complete，and the people were chased off the streets by an eight o'clockcurfew. 至傍晚，占领已告完成八点钟开始的宵禁把人们从街上赶回家。四、译成无主语句
Eg. Some measures must be taken to controlthe water pollution. 必须采取某些措施来控制水污染。 Eg. Methods are found to take these materials out of the rubbishand use them again. 现在已经找到了从垃圾中提取这些材料并加以利用的方法。

综上所述，英语被动句多数情况下译成汉语的主动句，只有在特别强调被动动作或特别突出被动句才译成汉语被动句。我们要选一种既符合汉语习惯，又保持上下文连贯的译法。同时，既要注意语态转换的一般规则，也要注意其例外情况，有的被动语态形式已习语化了，更是不可忽视的。
英语数字的翻译
英语中的有些数词在汉译时可以等值翻译。但是，也有不少数词在汉译中不能等值翻译，或者完全不译出来。这种翻译处理方法是为了使汉译句子能符合汉语的表达习惯。以下分别举例说明。
1）等值翻译：
Eg. a drop in the ocean
沧海一粟
Eg. within a stone's throw
一箭之遥
Eg. ki11 two birds with one stone
一箭双雕
Eg. A fall into the pit, a gain in yourwit.．
吃一堑，长一智。
2）不等值翻译：
Eg. at sixes and sevens
乱七八糟
Eg. on second thoughts
再三考虑
Eg. by ones and twos
两两地，零零落落地
Eg. Two heads are better than one.
三个臭皮匠胜过诸葛亮。
Eg. --Can you come down a little? --Sorry,it's one price for all.
你能便宜一点卖吗？对不起，不二价.
Eg. He had one over the eight after bedrank only half bottle of the wine.
他才喝了半瓶酒就醉得七歪八倒了。
英语倍数句型及其译法
英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样，其中有一些（如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、（12）等，见圈码）很容易译错——其主要原因在于：英汉两语在表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下：
倍数增加
(一) A is n times as great（long，much，…）as B.（①）
A is n times greater （longer， more，…）than B.（②）
A is n times the size （length， amount，…）of B.(③)
以上三句都应译为；A的大小（长度，数量，……）是B的n倍[或A比B大（长，多，……）n-1倍].
Eg. This book is three times as long as （three times longer than，three times the length of ）that one.
这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍（即长两倍）。
注：当相比的对象B很明显时，than（as，of）B常被省去。
（二）increase ton times（④）
increase n times／n-fold（⑤）
increase by n times（⑥）
increase by a factor of n（⑦）
以上四式均应译为：增加到n倍（或：增加n-1倍）。
Eg. The production of integrated circuitshas been increased to three times as compared with last year.
The output of chemical fertilizer has beenraised five times as against l986．
化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。
That can increase metabolic rates by two orthree times.
那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍（即提高1倍或2倍）。
The drain voltage has been increased by afactor of four.
漏电压增加了3借（即增加到原来的4倍）。
注：在这类句型中increase常被raise，grow，go/step up，multiply等词所替代。
（三）There is an-fold increase/growth…（⑧）
应译为：增加n-倍（或增至n倍）。这个句型还有其它一些形式：
Eg. A record high increase in value of fourtimes was reported.
据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。
（四）double (增加1倍），treble（增加2倍），quadruple（增加3倍）。(⑨)
Eg. The efficiency of the machines has beenmore than trebled or quadrupled．
这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。
（五）此外，英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法，如：
A is as much （large，long，…）again as B.（= A is twice as much （large，long，…）as B.（⑩）
应译为：A比B多（大，长，……）1倍。
A is half as much （large， 1ong，…)again as B.
【= A is oneand a half times as much （large， 1ong，…）as B.】（11）
应译为:A比B多（大，长……）一半（即A是B的一倍半）。
倍数减少
（一）A is ntimes as small （light，slow，…）as B.（12）
A is n times smaller （lighter， slower，…) than B.（13）
以上两句均应译为：A的大小（重量，速度，……）是B的1/n[或A比B小（轻，慢，……）（n-1）/n]。
Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times aslight as the oxygen atom.
氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16（即比氧原子约轻15/16）。
Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinnerthan ordinary paper.
这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半（即是普通纸厚度的1/2）。
注：当相比的对象B很明显时，than/as B常被省去。
（二）decrease ntimes/n--fold （14）
decrease by n times（15）
decrease by a factor of n（16）
以上三式均译为：减少到1/n[或：减少(n-1)/n]。

decrease常被reduce， shorten， go／slow down等词替代。
Eg. Switching time of the new-typetransistor is shortened 3 times.
新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3（即缩短到2/3）。
Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by tentimes， the strengthof the current is stepped down by ten times.
电压升高9倍，电流强度便降低9/10（即90％）。
Eg. The equipment reduced the errorprobability by a factor of 5.
该设备误差概率降低了4/5。
（三）There is an-fold decrease/reduction…
应译为：减至1/n [或：减少（n一1）/n]。（17）
这个句型还有其它一些形式，
Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 wasobserved．
发现迅速减少到1/7。
Eg. The principal advantage of the productsis a two-fold reduction in weight.
这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。
从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出：与汉语不同的是，英语在表述或比较倍数时，无论使用什么句型（除了不含倍数词的again句型外）都包括基础倍数在内，因此都不是净增或净减n倍，而是净增或净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④；句型(13)表示的倍数比差＝句型12，且decrease（by） 3 times应译为“减少2/3”，而不是“减少3/4”。
英语和汉语语言结构和表达习惯有很多差异之处，翻译时往往不能死扣原文逐词逐句译出。本文拟谈谈形容词的翻译问题。
一、一些原义并无否定意思的形容词和别的词搭配有时可译成否定句
1. These goods are in short supply.
这些货物供应不足。
2. This equation is far from beingcomplicated.
这个方程一定也不复杂。
二、为了使译文自然流畅，读起来顺口，在一些形容词前可根据上下文内容加上副词“很”、“最”等字
1. It was as pleasant a day as I have everspent.
这是我度过最愉快的一天。
2. It is easy to compress a gas.
气体很容易压缩。
三、有时可将英语的“形容词+名词短语”译成汉语的主谓结构
1. She spoke in a high voice.
她讲话声音很尖。
2. This engine develops a high torque.
这台发动机产生的转矩很大。
四、如果一个名词前有几个形容词修饰，英译时应根据汉语习惯决定其顺序
1. a large brick conference hall
一个用砖砌的大会议厅
2. a plastic garden chair
一把在花园里用的塑料椅子
五、英语中一些表示知觉、情感、欲望等心理状态的形容词同连系动词构成复合谓语时，翻译时可将形容词译成动词
1. You are ignorant of the duties youundertake in marrying.
你完全不懂你在婚姻方面承担的责任。
2. Such criticisms have become familiar inhis later commentaries on America.
类似的批评在他后来写的评论美国的文章中屡见不鲜。
3. He is truly sorry for his past, and hehas undertaken to give up motorcars entirely and for ever.
他诚恳地忏悔过去，并保证永远不再玩汽车。
六、由于语言习惯不同，英语里的形容词有时译成汉语副词
1. I am going to be good and sweet and kindto every body.
我要对每一个人都亲切、温顺、和善。
2. He asked me for a full account of myselfand family.
他详尽地问起我自己和我家里的情况。
3. Another war will be the absolute end ofour country.
再来一次战争将彻底毁灭我们这个国家。
从以上几个方面可以看出，译好形容词是使译文通顺、流畅的一个环节。
英汉互译的几种方法
在翻译中，针对词汇空缺现象，在词汇的借用、引用方面通常采取四种形式：音译、直译、改编、意译
1. 音译：人名、地名以及一些表示新概念而本族语里又找不到对成词来表示时，均可采用音译法介绍到译文语言中去，如: [汉译英] 磕头（kowtow），荔枝（litchi）； [英译汉]、engine（引擎），motor（马达）， sofa(沙发)，logic（逻辑）
2．直译： paper tiger(纸老虎)， lose face（丢脸），Seeing is believing.（百闻不如一见。）Out of mind，out of sight.（眼不见，心不烦）
3.改编：所谓“改编”指的是音译或直译如意义补充的翻译，在翻译的“改编法”中，译者总是一方面尽可能保持原文语言的特性，另一方面更希望译文含义明朗，使读者一目了然。
比如，汉语的“班门弄斧”这个成语，可译成 This is like showing off one's proficiency with the axe before LuBan the master carpenter 其中，“鲁班”变成了“Lu Ban the mater carpenter" 否则鲁班究竟是什么人，不知道典故的外国读者就会感到茫然。这类译法在英译中比较常见，如巧克力糖（chocolate），鸦片烟（opium），高尔夫球（golf），来福枪（rifle），尼龙布（nylon）
4．意译法：填补语言中的词汇、语义空缺，采用“并行法”即意译法是一种常见的有效方法。如果某一语言观象，在译文语言中只的用意义相同的不同语言形式即“并行”的词汇来翻译时，那么就等于说译文语言的形式中存在着一个“空缺”。比如，有许多词以及由这些词代表的思想概念，最先只存在于某种语言中，当把这些词或概念介绍到另一种语言中去时，我们可采取音译，直译法，同时也可采用意译法，而且意译译文可从语音、语法、语义等方面都合乎译文语言的规范，因此最易为读者接受。比如： communism， democracy,和proletariat等外来词变成“共产主义” “民主”和”无产者”时，可以说最先是意译的结果。同时，由于“共产主义”，“无产者”等完全是按我们汉语的构词规则，用汉语的构词材料构成的。因此，这种意译只不过是属于一种概念的借鉴而已。
1．记住该记住的，忘记该忘记的。改变能改变的，接受不能改变的
Remember what should be remembered, andforget what should be forgotten.Alter what is changeable, and accept what ismutable.
2．能冲刷一切的除了眼泪，就是时间，以时间来推移感情，时间越长，冲突越淡，仿佛不断稀释的茶
Apart from tears, only time could weareverything away. While feeling is being processed by time, conflicts would bereconciled as time goes by, just like a cup of tea that is being continuouslydiluted.
3．怨言是上天得至人类最大的供物，也是人类祷告中最真诚的部分
Complaints are the greatest offerings thatGod obtains from human beings, as well as the most faithful prayers humanbeings might utter to God.
4．智慧的代价是矛盾。这是人生对人生观开的玩笑。
Wisdom appears in contradiction to itself,which is a trick life plays on philosophy of life.
5．世上的姑娘总以为自己是骄傲的公主（除了少数极丑和少数极聪明的姑娘例外）
Girls alwayslook on themselves as proud princesses, with the exception of a small number ofeither extremely ugly or exceedingly smart ones.
6．如果敌人让你生气，那说明你还没有胜他的把握
It can be inferred that you lack confidencein a victory over your rivals from the fact that you’re irritable against them.
7．如果朋友让你生气，那说明你仍然在意他的友情
From that you would get angry with yourfriends, we can conclude you sitll care about the friendship between you.
8．令狐冲说“有些事情本身我们无法控制，只好控制自己。”可是，他算什么！！
“ Something isout of our control, so we have to command ourselves.“ said Linghu Chong, a knowncharacter in a Chinese novel about persons adept in martial arts(武侠小说？）. Who is, however, fuckinghe?
9．我不知道我现在做的哪些是对的，那些是错的，而当我终于老死的时候我才知道这些。所以我现在所能做的就是尽力做好每一件事，然后等待着老死。
Only till my natural death.could I tellwhich of what I have been doing is right or wrong, so now I have to try to dowell in everything, and then wait to die a natural death.
10．也许有些人很可恶，有些人很卑鄙。而当我设身为他想象的时候，我才知道：他比我还可怜。所以请原谅所有你见过的人，好人或者坏人
Some may be wicked, and some may bedespicable. Only when I put myself in their position did I know they are moremiserable than I. So forgive all that you have met, no matter what kind ofpersons they are.
11．鱼对水说你看不到我的眼泪，因为我在水里．水说我能感觉到你的眼泪，因为你在我心里。
　“You couldn’t see my tears cause I am in thewater.“ Fish said towater. 　　“But I could feel your tears cause you are in me.“ Answered water.
12．快乐要有悲伤作陪，雨过应该就有天晴。如果雨后还是雨，如果忧伤之后还是忧伤．请让我们从容面对这离别之后的离别。微笑地去寻找一个不可能出现的你！
Happiness is accompanied by sorrow, and itwould turn sunny after rain as well. If rain remains after rain and sorrowremains after sorrow, please take those farewells easy, and turn to smilinglylook for yourself who is never to appear.
13．死亡教会人一切，如同考试之后公布的结果？？虽然恍然大悟，但为时晚矣！
Like the outcome after an exam, death makesus aware of anything, That is, it’s too late to take a tumble.
14．你出生的时候，你哭着，周围的人笑着；你逝去的时候，你笑着，而周围的人在哭！
When you were born, you’re crying but lookers-on weresmiling. When you are passing away, you’re smiling but lookers-on are crying.
15．男人在结婚前觉得适合自己的女人很少，结婚后觉得适合自己的女人很多
Man mightthink that few women fit him before his marriage, and contrarily when they getmarried.
16．于千万人之中，遇见你所遇见的人；于千万年之中，时间的无涯荒野里，没有早一步，也没有晚一步，刚巧赶上了 Among thousands of people, youmeet those you’ve met.Through thousands of years, with the boundlessness of time, you happen to meetthem, neither earlier nor a bit too late.
17．每个人都有潜在的能量，只是很容易:被习惯所掩盖，被时间所迷离,被惰性所消磨.
Everyone has his inherent ability( power orcapacity?) which is easily concealed by habbits, blured by time, and eroded bylaziness( or inertia?).
18．人生短短几十年，不要给自己留下了什么遗憾，想笑就笑，想哭就哭，该爱的时候就去爱，无谓压抑自己
Be sure that you have never had any regretsin your life which only lasts for a few decades. Laugh or cry as you like, andit‘s meaninglessto oppress yourself.
19．《和平年代》里的话：当幻想和现实面对时，总是很痛苦的。要么你被痛苦击倒，要么你把痛苦踩在脚下 While our dream is confronted withthe reality, you always feel painful. Just trample on the pain, or you‘ll be beat down by it.
20．真正的爱情是不讲究热闹不讲究排场不讲究繁华更不讲究嚎头的
A true love is what doesn‘t strive for busyness, forextravagance, for luxury, and moreover for hokum.
21．生命中，不断地有人离开或进入。于是，看见的，看不见了；记住的，遗忘了。生命中，不断地有得到和失落。于是，看不见的，看见了；遗忘的，记住了。然而，看不见的，是不是就等于不存在？记住的，是不是永远不会消失？
There is someone that is coming or passingaway in your life around the clock, so you may lose sight of those seen, andforget those remembered. There is gain and loss in your life, so you may catchsight of those unseen, and remember those forgotten. Nevertheless, doesn‘t the unseen exist for sure? Willthe remembered remain for ever?
22．我们确实活得艰难，一要承受种种外部的压力，更要面对自己内心的困惑。在苦苦挣扎中，如果有人向你投以理解的目光，你会感到一种生命的暖意，或许仅有短暂的一瞥，就足以使我感奋不已。
It‘s true that we have been leading adifficult life, for we need not only to be under various external pressures,but also to be in the face of internal perplexities.You would be affected bythe warmth of life if someone gives you an understanding look during yourbitter struggle.Even a mere glance would make you moved and inpired.
23．我不去想是否能够成功,既然选择了远方,便只顾风雨兼程；我不去想,身后会不会袭来寒风冷雨,既然目标是地平线,留给世界的只能是背影.
I wouldn‘t care success or failure, for Iwill only struggle ahead as long as I have been destined to the distance. Iwouldn‘t care the difficulties around, for what I can leave on the earth isonly their view of my back since I have been marching toward thehorizontal.
24．后悔是一种耗费精神的情绪.后悔是比损失更大的损失,比错误更大的错误.所以不要后悔
Penitence is something that enervates ourspirit, causing a greater loss than loss itself and making a bigger mistakethan mistake itself, so never regret.

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