全国医学博士统一考试英语2005

2005

Part =2 \* ROMAN II vocabulary
section A
31.There wasno_____but to close the road until February.
   A.dilemma    B.denying       C.alternative     D.doubt
32.I______when Iheard that my grandfather had died.
A.fell apart B.fell away
C.fell out    D.fall back
33.I’m_____passinga new law that helps poor children get better medicine.
A.taking advantage of       B.standing up for
C.looking up to             D.taking hold of
34.In front of theplatform,the students were talking with the professor over the quizzes oftheir_____subjects.
A.compulsory B.compulsive C.alternative D.predominant
35.The tutor tells theundergraduates that one can acquire____in a foreign language through morepractice.
A.proficiency   B.efficiency C.efficacy   D.frequency
36.The teacherexplained the new lesson_____to the students.
A.at random   B.at a loss  C.at length     D.at hand
37.I shall ___the loss of myreading-glasses in newspaper with a reward for the finder. A.advertise   B.inform   C.announce   D.publish
38.The poor nutrition in theearly stages of infancy can ___adult growth. A.degenerate B.deteriorate    C.boost   D.retard
39.She had a terrible accident,but___shewas’t killed.
A.at all events   B.in the long run C.at large  D.in vain
40.His weakchest___him to winter illness .
A.predicts    B.preoccupies    C.prevails     D.predisposes
Section B
41.The company was losingmoney,so they had to lay off some of its employees for three months.
A.owe    B.dismiss   C.recruit    D.summon
42.The north American statesagrreed to sign the agreement of economical and military union in Ottawa.
   A.convention    B.conviction    C.contradiction    D.confrontation
43 The statue wouldbe perfect but for a few small defects in its base.
A.faults    B.weaknesses    C.flaws   D.errors
44.When he finally emergedfrom the cave after thirty days.John was startlingly pale. A.amazingly   B.astonishingly    C.uniquely  D.dramatically
45.If you want to set up acompany,you must comply with theregulations laid down by the authorities.
A.abide by    B.work out  C.check out   D.succumb to
46.The schoolmaster applauded the girl’s bravery in his opening speech.
A.praise    B.appraised    C.cheered   D.clapped
47.The local governmentleaders are making every effort to tackle the problem of poverty.
    A.abolish   B.address  C.extinguish    D.encounter
48.This reportwould be intelligible only to an expert in computing.
   A.intelligent   B.comprehensive   C.competent  D.comprehensible
49.Reading a book and listeningto music simultaneously seems to be mo problem for them.
A.intermittently B.constantly   C.concurrently   D.continuously
50.He was given alaptop computer in acknowledgement of his work for the company.
A.accomplishment   B.recognition   C.apprehension   D.commitment

Part =3 \* ROMAN III Close

In Mr.Allen’s high school class,all studentshave to “get married”.However,the wedding ceremonies are not real ones but 51 .These mock ceremonies sometimes become so 52 that the loud laughter drowns out thevoive of the “minister”.Even the two students getting married often begin togiggle.
Theteacher Mr. Allen,believes that marriage is a difficult and serious business.Hewants young people to understand that there are many changes that 53 take place after marriage.He believes thatthe need for these psychological and financial54 should be understood before people marry.
Mr.Allendoes’t only introduce his students to major problems 55 in marriage such as illness orunemployment.He also expose them to nitty-gritty problems they will face everyday.He wants to introduce young people to all the trials and 56 that can strain a marriage to thebreaking point .He even 57 his students with the problems ofdivorced men must pay child support money for their wives.
Ithas been upsetting for some of the students to see the problems that a marriedcouple often faces. 58 they took thecourse,they had not worried much about the problems of marriage.However,bothstudents and parents feel that Mr.Allen’s course is valuable and have 59 the course publicly.There statements andletters supporting the class have, 60 the school to offer the course again,
51. A.duplications      B.imitations     C.assumption     D.fantasies
52. A.noisy             B.artificial     C.graceful       D.real
53. A.might             B.would          C.must           D.need
54. A.issues            B.adjustments    C.matters        D.expectancies
55. A.to face           B.facing         C.having faced   D.faced
56. A.tribulations      B.errors         C.triumphs       D.verdicts
57. A.informs           B.concerns       C. triumphs      D.associates
58. A.Until             B.Before         C.After          D.As.
59. A.taken             B.suggested      C.endorsed       D.reproched
60. A.confined          B.convinced      C.compromised    D.conceived

passage one
Why do people always want toget up and dance when they hear music? The usual explanation is that there issomething embeded in every culture-----that dancing is a “cultural universal”.A researcher in Manchesterthingks the impulse may be more deeply rooted than that. He says it may be areflex reaction.
NeilTodd,a psychologist at the University of Manchester. told theBA that he first got an inkling that biology was the key after watching peopledance to deafeningly loud music.“There is a compulsion about it.”he says.Hereckoned there might be a more direct,biological,explanation for the disre todance,so he started to look at the inner ear.
Thehuman ear has two main functions:hearing and maintaining balance.The standardview is that these tasks are segregated so that organs for balance,forinsance,do not have an acoustic function.But Todd says animal studies haveshown that the sacculus,which is part of the balance---regulating vestibularsystem,has retain some sensitivity to sound.The sacculus is especiallysensitive to extremely loud noise,above 70 decibel.
“There’sno question that in a contemporary dance environment,the sacculus will bestimulated.”says Todd.The average rave,he says,blares music at a painful 110 to140 decibels.But no one really knows what an acoustically stimulated sacculusdoes.
Toddspeculates that listening to extremely loud music is a form of “vestibularself-stimulation”:it gives a heightened sensation of motion. “We don’tknow exactly why it causes pleasure.”he says.”But we know that people go toextraordinary length to get it.”He list bungee jumping,playing on swings oreven rocking to and fro in a rocking chair as other example of pursuitsdesigned to stimulate the sacculus.
Thesame pulsing that makes us feel as though we are moving may make us getup and dances as well,says Todd.Loud music sends signals to the inner ear whichmay prompt reflex movement. “The typical pulse rate of dance music isaround the rate of locomotion.”he says,“It’s quitepossible you’re triggering a spinal reflex.”
61.The passagebegins with______
   A. a new explanation of music           B. a cultural universal questioned
C. a common psychologicalabnormality   D. a deep insight intohuman physical movenents
62.What intriguedTodd was ______
A.human instinct reflexes
B.people’s biologicalheritages
C.people’s compulsion aboutloud music
D.the damages loud musicwrecks on human hearing
63.Todd’sbiological explanation for the desire to dance refers to_____
   A.themechanism of hearing sounds
B.the response evoked from thesacculus
C.the two main functionsperformed by the human ear
D.the segregation of thehearing and balance maintaining function
64.When thesacculus is acoustically stimulated,according to Todd_____
A.functional balance will bemaintained in the ear
B.pleasure will be aroused
C.decibel will shoot up
D.hearing will occur
65.What is thepassage mainly about?
A.The human ear does more thanhearing than expcted.
B.Dancing is capable ofheighten the sensation of hearing
C.Loud music stimulates theinner ear and generates the urge to dance
D.The human inner ear doesmore to help hear than to help maintain balance.

passage 2

Haveyou switch off your compter? How about your television? Your video? Your CDplayer? And even your coffee percolator? Really switched them off,not justpressed the button on some conrtol panel and left your machine with a telltalebright red light warning you that it is ready to jump back to life at yourcommand?
Becauseif you haven’t,you are one of the guilty people who help pollute the planet.Itdoes’t matter if you’ve joined the neighborhood recyclingscheme,conscientiously sorted your garbage and avoided driving to work.Youstill can’t sleep easy while just one of those little red lights is glowing inthe dark.
Theawful truth is that household and office electrical appliances left on stand-bymode are gobbling up energy,even though they are doing absolutely nothing.Someelectronic products-----such as CD players----can use almost as much energy onstand-by as they do when running.Others may use a lot less,but as your videoplayer spend far more hours on stand-by than playing anything,the wastage soonadds up.
Inthe US.alone,idle electronic devices consume enough energy to power cities withthe energy needs of Chicago or London----costing consumers around ＄1 billion ayear.Power stations fill the atmosphere with carbon dioxide just to doabsolutely nothing.
Thoughtlessdesign is partly responseble for the waste.But manufactures only get away withdesinging products that waste energy this way because consumers are notsensitive enough to the issue,indeed,while recycling has caught the publicimagination ,reducing waste has attracted much less attention.
But “sourcereduction”,as the garbage experts like to call the art of not using what youdon’t need to use,offers enormous potential for reducing waste of allkinds.With a little intelligent shopping,you can cut waste long before you reachthe end of the chain.
Packagingremains the big villain.One of the hidden consequences of buying products grownor made all around the world,rather than produced locally,is the huge amount ofpackaging.To help cut the waste and encourage intelligent manufacturersthe simplest trick is to look for ultra-light package.
Thesame arguments apply to the very light but strong plastic bottles that arereplacing heavier glass alternatives,thin-walled aluminum cans,and cartons madeof composites that wrap up anything drinkable in an ultra-light package.
Thereare hundreds of other tricks you can discuss with colleagues while gatheringaround the proverbial water cooler—filling up,naturally,your own mug ratherthan a disposable plastic cup.But you don’t need to go as far as one websitewhich tells you how to give your friends unwrapped Christmas presents.There arelimits to source correctness.
66. Fron the firsttwo paragraphs,the author implies that______
A.hitch has made life easyeverywhere
B.nobody seems to be innocentin polluting the planet
C.recycling can potentiallycontrol environmental deterioration
D.everybody is joining theglobal battle against pollution in one way or another
67.The waste caused byhousehold and office electrical appliances on stand-by mode seems to_____
A.be a long-standing indoorproblem         B.cause nothing buttrouble
C.get exaggerated                           D.go unnoticed
68.By idle electronic devices,the author meansthose appliances_____
A.left on stand-by mode
B.filling the atmosphere withcarbon dioxide
C.used by those who are motenergy-conscious
D.used by those whose wordsspesk louder than actions
69.Ultra-lightpackaging______
A.is expected to reduceAmerican waste bu one-third
B.is an illustration of whatis called “source reduction”
C.can make both manufacturersand consumers intelligent
D.is a villain of what thegarnage experts call “source reduction”
70.The conclusionthe author is trying to draw is that______
A.one person cannot win thebattle against pollution
B.anybody can pick up tricksof environmental protection on the web
C.noybody can be absolutelyright in all the tricks of environmental protection
D.anybody can present or learna trick of cutting down what is not needed

passage 3
Youcan have too much of a good thing,it seems---at least when it comes tophysiotherapy after a stroke. Many doctors believe that it is the key torecovery:exetcising a partially paralyzed limb can help the brain “rewire”itselfand replace neural connections destroyed by a clot in the brain.
  Butthe latest animal experiments suggest that too much exercise too soon after abrain injury can make the damage worse. “It’s something that clinicians are notaware of,”says Timothy Schallert of the University at Austin,who led the research.
In some trials,stroke victimsasked to put their good arm in a sling---to force them to use their partiallyparalyzed limb---had made much better recoveries than those who used their goodarm. But these patients were treated many months after their strokes.Earlierintervention,Schallert reasoned,should lead to even more dramatic improvements.
To test this theory,Schallertand his colleagues placed tiny casts on the good forelimbs of rats for twoweeks immediately after they were given a small brain injury that partiallyparalyzed one forelimb.Several weeks later, the researchers were astonished tofind that brain tissue surruouding the original injury had also died. “The sizeof the injury doubled. It’s very dramatic effect.”says Schallert.
Brain-injured rats that werenot forced to overuse their partially paralyzed limbs showed no similardamage,and the casts did not cause a dramatic loss of brain tissue in animalsthat had not already suffered minor brain damage.In subsequent experiments,theresearchers have found that the critical period for exercise-induced damage inrats is the first week after the initial brain injury.
The spreading brain damagewitnessed by Schaller’s team was probably caused by the release of glutamate,aneurotransmitter,from brain cells stimulated during limb movement.At high doses,glutamateis toxic even to healthy nerve cells.And Schallert believes that a brain injurymakes neighboring cells unusually susceptible to the neurotransmitter’s toxiceffects.
Randolph Nudo of the University of TexasHealth Science Center at Houston,who studies brain injury in primates,agreesthat glutamate is the most likely culprit.In experiments with squirrel monkeyssuffering from stroke-like damage,Nudo tried beginning rehabilitation within fivedays of injury.Although the treatment was bebeficial in the long run,Nudonoticed an initial worsening of the paralysis that might also have been due tobrain damage brought on by exercise.
Schallert stresses that mildexercise is likely to be beneficial however soon it begins.He adds that it isunclear whether human victims of strokes,like brain -injured rats,could maketheir problems worse by exercising too vigorously,too soon.
Some clinics do encouragepatients to begin physiotherapy within a few weeks of suffering a traumatichead injury or stroke,says David Hovda,director of brain injury research at theUniversity of California,Los Angeles.But even if humans do have a similarperiod of vulnerability to rat,he speculates that it might be possible to usedrugs to block the effects of glutamate.
71. Schallertissued a warning to those who____
A.believe in the possibilityof rewiring the brain
B.are ignorant ofphysiotherapy in the clinic
C.add exercise to partiallyparalyzed limbs
D.are on the verge of astroke
72.Which of thefollowing is Schallert’s hypothesis for his investigation.?
A.Earlier intervention should lead to evenmore dramatic improvements.
B.The critical period forbraim damage is one week after injury.
C.A partially paralyzed limbcan cause brain damages
D.Physiotherapy is the key tobrain recovery.
73.The results from Schallert’sresearch____
A.reinforced the singificance of physiotherapyafter a stroke
B.indicated the fault with hisexperiment design
C.turned out the oppsite
D.verified his hypothesis
74.The results madeSchallert’s team aware of the fact that____
A.glutamate can have toxic efforts on healthynerve cells
B.exercise can boost therelease of glutamate
C.glutamate is aneurotransmitter
D. all of the above
75.Schallert wouldprobably advise clinicians____
A.to administer drugs to blick the effects ofglutamate
B.to be watchful of the amountof exercise for stroke victims
C.to prescribe vigorousexercise to stroke vivtims one week after injury
D.to reconsider the significanceof phusiotherapy to brain damage

Pssage Four
Our understanding of cities inanything more than casual terms usually starts with observations of theirspatial form and structure at some point or cross-section in time.This iseasiest way to begin,for it is hard to assemble data on how cities changethrough time,and, in any case,our perceptions often betray us into thinking ofspatial structures as being resilient and long lasting.Even where physicalchange is very rapid,this only has an impact on us when we visit such placesinfrequent －ly ,after years away. Most of oururban theory,whether it emanates from the social sciences or engineering,isstructured around the notion that spatial and spatial and social structureschange slowly,and are sufficiently inert for us to infer reasonableexplanations from cross-sectional studies.In recent years,theseassumptions have come to be challenged,and in previous editorials I have arguedthe need for a more temporal emphasis to our theories and models,where the emphasisis no longer on equilibrium but on the intrinsic dynamics of urban change.Eventhese views,however,imply a conventional wisdom where the real focus of urbanstudies is on processes that lead to comparativelyslow changes in urban organization,where the functions determining such changeare very largely routine,accomplished over months or years,rather than anylesser cycle of time.There is a tacit assumption that longer term changesubsumes routine change on a day-to-day or hour-basis,which is seen as simplysupporting the fixed spatial infrastructures that we perceive cities to be builtaround .Transportation modeling,for example,is fashioned from thes standpointin that routine trip-making behavior is the focus of study,its explanationbeing central to the notion that apatial structures are inert and long lasting.

76.We ,according tothe passage,tend to observe cities
A.chronologically     B.longitudinally   C.sporadically   D.horizontally
77.we think about acity as____
A.a spatial event    B.a symbolica world
C.a social environment   D.an intertelated system
78.Cross-sectionalstudies show that cities ____
A.are structured in threedimensios B.are transformed rapidly inany aspect
C.are resilient and longlasting rhrougy time
D.change slowly in spatial and socialstructrues
79.The author isdrawing our attention to ____
A.the equilibrium of urbanspatial structures
B.the intrinsic dynamics ofurban change
C.the fixed spatialinfrastructure   D.all of the above
80.The conventionalnotion,the aurhor contends,____
A.presents the inherent natureof a city
B.underlies the fixed spatialinfrastructures
C.places an emphasis on lessercycles of time
D.hinders the physical changeof urban structure

Passane five
When it is sunny in June,my fathergets in his first cutting of hay.He starts on the creek meadows,which areflat,sandy,and hot.They are his driest land.This year,vacationing from mymedical practice,I returned to Vermont to help with the haying.
The heft of a bale through my leather glovesis familiar:the tautness of the twine,the heave of the bale,the sweat riversthat run through the hay chaff on my arms.This work has the smell of sweetgrass and breeze.I walk behind the chug and clack of the baler,moving the balesinto piles so my brother can do the real work of picking them up later.As hotas the air is,my face is hotter.I am surprised at how soon I get tired.I take abreak and sit in the shade,watching my father bale,trying not to think abouthow old he is,how the heat affects his heart,what might happen.
This is not my usual work,of course.My usualwork is to sit with patients and listen to them.Occasionslly I touch them,andam glad that my hands are soft.I don’t think my patients would like farmercallouses and dirty hands on their tender spots.Reluctantly I feel for lumps inbreasts and testicles,hidden swellings of organs and joints,and probe all thepainful places in my patients’lives.There are many,Perhaps I am too soft,couldstand callouses of a different sort.
I feel heavy after a day’s work ,as if mypatients were inside me,letting me carry them.I don’t mean to.But where do Iput their stories? The childhood beatings,ulcers from stress, incapacitating depression,fears,illness?These are not my experiences,yet I feel them and carry them with me.Try to findhealthier meanings,I spent the week before vacation crying.
The hay field is getting organized.Piles ofthree and four bales are scattered around the field.They will be easy to pickup.Dad climbs,tired and lame,from the tractor.I hand him a jar of ice water,andhe looks with satisfaction on his job just done.I’ll stack a few more bales sndmaybe drive the truck for my brother.My father will have some appreciativecustomers this winter,as he sells his bales of hay.
I’ve needed to feel this heaviness in mymuscles,the heat on my face.I am taunted by thesimplicity of this work,the purpose and results,the definite boundaries of thefields,the dimensions of the bales,for illness is not defined by the boundariesof bodies;it spills into families ,homes, schools,and my office,like haytumbling over the edge of the cutter bar.I feel the rough stubble left in itswake.I need to remember the stories I’ve helped reshape,new meanings stackedagainst the despair of pain,I need to remember the smell of hay in June.
81.Which of thefollowing is NOT true according to the story?
A.The muscular work in thefield has an emotional impact on the narrator.
B.The narrator gets tiredeasily working in the field.
C.It is the first time for thenarroator to do haying
D.The narrator is as physician
82.In retrospection,the narrator___
A.feels guilty before hisfather and brother
B.defends his soft hands in ameaningful way
C.hates losing his muscularpower before he knows it
D.is shamed for the farmercallouses he does not possess
83.As aphysician,the narrator is ___
A.empathic   B.arrogant   C.callous     D.fragile
84.His associationspunctuate_____
A.the similarities between medicine andagriculture
B.the simplicity of muscularwork
C.the hardship of lifeeverywhere   D.the nature of medicalpractice
85.The narratorwould say that____
A.it can do physicians good to spend avacation doing muscular work
B.everything is interlinkedand anything can be anything
C.he is a shame to his father
D.his trip is worth it
Passage Six
Everyone has seen it happen,Acolleague who has been excited,involved,and productive slowly begins to pullback,lose energy and interest,and becomes a shadow or his or her formerself.Or,a person who has been a beacon of vision and idealism retreats intodespair or cynicism.What happened? How does someone who is capable andcommitted become a person who functions minimally and does not seem to care forthe job or the people that work there?
Burnout is a chronic state ofdepleted energy ,lack of commitment and involvement,and continualfrustration,often accompanied at work by physical symptoms,disability claimsand performance problem.Job burnout is acrisis of spirit,when work that was once exciting and meaningful becomesdeadening.An organization’s most valuable resource---the energy ,dedication,andcreativity of its employees---is often squandered by a climate that limits orfrustrates the pool of talent and energy available.
Milder forms of burnout are aproblem at every level in every type of work.The burned-out manager comes towork,but he brings a shell rather than a person.He experiences littlesatisfaction,and feels uninvolved,detached,and uncommitted to his work andco-workers.While he may be effective by external standards,he works far belowhis own level of productivity. The people around him are deeply affected by hisattitude and energy level,and the whole community begins to suffer.
Burnout is a crisis of the spiritbecause people who burn out were once on fire.It’s especially scary …………….someof the most talented .If they can’t maintain their fire,others ask who can? Arethese people lost forever,or can the inner flame be rekindled? People oftenfeel that burnout just comes upon them and that they are helpless victims ofit. Actually,the evidence is growing that there were ways for individuals tosafeguard and renew their spirit,snd more important,there are ways fororganizations to change conditions that lead to burnout.
86.The passagebegins with____
A.a personal transition
B.a contrast between two typesof people
C.a shift from conformity toindividuality
D.amysterious physical and mental state
87.Which of thefollowing is related with the crisis of spirit?
A.Emotional exhaustion B.Depersonalization
C.Reduced personal accomplishment
D.All of the above
88.Job burnout is acrisis of spirit,which will result in ___
A.a personal problem   B.diminished productivity
C.an economic crisis in acountry
D.a failure to establish a pool of talent and energy
89.Burnout can be___
  A.fatal   B.static   C.infectious   D.permanent
90.Those who areburned-out,according to the passage,are potentially able___
A.to find a quick fix
B.to restorewhat they have lost
C.to be aware of their status quo
D.to challenge theirorganization
A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D.

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全国医学博士统一考试英语2005

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