副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 5?-HQoT)G
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(一) 副词的分类 a!$kKOK
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: 2l)"I
1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 P1mg;!tq
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 L0wT :x*
3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 aO&U=!
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。 0#]fEi
5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。 z+"$G
6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 ~qghw@Q~
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(二)副词的用法 jaoZ}}V_$
1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. .#yg=t1C
2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. EwPrh
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. ;@ePu
4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind.
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5. 修饰不定代词和数词: Q VTL}AT2:
Nearly everybody came to out party. OXQ*Xpc
7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. Ixxs(
9. 修饰全句: ?6:qAF
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Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. 60+ zoL'
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(三)副词的构成 dtR"5TL<~}
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 PF~@@j
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 J8:s=#5
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 roS" q~GS,
4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 , /.@([C
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 {xTq5`&gT
6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 pQa51 nc
7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike, wsQnjT>
round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 ,XT,t[w
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 {>ba7-Cy+y
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 #<0Hvde
(四)与形容词同形的副词 d7V/#34
有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: G+c&e:ip<
We had an early breakfast. Cv,WG]E7(
We had breakfast early. 5sY$
early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 m^ xTV-#l@
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(五)兼有两种形式的副词 ;dzy5o3
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: r8m}B#W7
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1. close做“近”解: l+Wux$6U
He lives close to the school. _`?0w#>0
He was following close behind. #ZZe*B!s_
做其他解释时用closely: p\[!=ZXFr\
Watch what I do closely. ?AFb&
The prisons were closely guarded. BwHJr(n
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2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: !td!">r46e
She stopped dead. ^(;x-d3
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: R2)@Q
He was dead tired. ':4ny]F
The wind was dead against us. 12^uu)6Xm,
deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, 1EV bGe%b
例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 Ft>B% -;
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3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: |lLe^FM
The train goes there direct. 0L>3i8'
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. va@;V+cD
做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: >)K3
He was looking directly at us. /o4_rzR?
She answered me very directly and openly. v J0v6\
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: ^6Aa^|
Answer me directly. Gm-
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Let's meet directly after lunch. ](oeMl18R
有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: z
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They looked around. R V#w0 r
Let’s go on with the work. Hl$qmq
上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 ?Z|y-4 &>
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(六)副词的词序 Ie!KIU
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1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 y1 a%f.F`
The building is very high. U$D:gZ
He came long before the appointed time. Q8HNST($?
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2. 副词修饰动词。 dZ|bw0~_!
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. g,E)F90
及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. ~JZLWTEe
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3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 z .lb(xQ
I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. p
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4. 频度副词的位置。 [GyPwb
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在一般动词前:They always say so. }!g$k
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有be动词时,在be动词后: L^^f.w#m
I am always busy. Y+S<?8pA
有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. ~i-n_7 +
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5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: (Vey]J
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. 2aivc,m{r
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6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 $LR~c)}1I
地点+状态+次数+时间: K0*er
She arrived there safely the other day. I2{zy|&
程度十状态+地点十时间: <O9WCl
They played fairly well there yesterday.