副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 JHN{vB
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(一) 副词的分类 ^E
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副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: *&7F(
1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 |Tn+Aq7
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 Yyl(<,Yi
3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 :m~R<BQ"
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。 8UY[$lc
5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。 =1qM`M
6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 h B@M5Mc$
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(二)副词的用法 OAGI|`E$/-
1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. -+9,RtHR7
2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. 6|h~pH
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. (yh zjN~
4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind. oT=XCa5
5. 修饰不定代词和数词: ;;r}=0V*=
Nearly everybody came to out party. <d&9`e1Hc
7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. /*v}.fH%
9. 修饰全句: ^5{M@o
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. ~yrEB:w`_
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(三)副词的构成 $F^p5EXkc6
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 tCoT-\Q
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 ;:2:f1_
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 gHLvzm
4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 =Fu~ 0Wc
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 w-2?|XvDmf
6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 +;@p'af!9
7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike,
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round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 }{3XbvC
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 M.*3qWM
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 2.6F5&:($
(四)与形容词同形的副词 k|kn#X3X
有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: 1-!q,q
We had an early breakfast. .|Ee,Un
We had breakfast early. Z+3j>_Ss
early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 G]NnGL<xk
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(五)兼有两种形式的副词 .66_g@1
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: aC2cyUuaN
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1. close做“近”解: bOvMXj/HV=
He lives close to the school. B '@a36
He was following close behind. ..Dr?#Cr
做其他解释时用closely: x{|`q9V~ N
Watch what I do closely. f\/'Fy0
The prisons were closely guarded. S*0P[R
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2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解:
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She stopped dead. U"0Ts!CABA
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: @ xBw'
He was dead tired. X~#jx(0_
The wind was dead against us. fc,^H&
deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, [Y
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例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 .5ItH^
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3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: F:vHbs `y
The train goes there direct. E\GD hfTQ
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. Q^Lk^PP7
做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: v})-:
He was looking directly at us.
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She answered me very directly and openly. DjK
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: 5PCMxjon
Answer me directly. X
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Let's meet directly after lunch. [=otgVteN"
有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: "=/YPw^0
They looked around. n}T;q1
Let’s go on with the work. 9pPohR*#V
上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 2rG;j52))a
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(六)副词的词序 chQCl3&e^
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1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 qa!3l b_'M
The building is very high. 4XCy>;4u
He came long before the appointed time. O:hCUr
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2. 副词修饰动词。 EU
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不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. >3J?O96|f
及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. x U1](O
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3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。
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I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. 5VXI/Lw#
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4. 频度副词的位置。 ];n3H~2
在一般动词前:They always say so. wE4:$+R};
有be动词时,在be动词后: (/oHj^>3N`
I am always busy. [RqL0EP
有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. .ZzxW
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5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: 2yt)"DnFk
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. !i`HjV0wS
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6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 :MIJfr>z
地点+状态+次数+时间: n*Q~<`T
She arrived there safely the other day. }\s\fNSQ/
程度十状态+地点十时间: WLB@]JvTBY
They played fairly well there yesterday.