副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 )>U"WZ'<
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(一) 副词的分类 [9j,5d&m
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: f9
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1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 eVB43]g
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 ~4O3~Y_+GN
3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 I+S fZ:q^
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。 ^)a:DKL
5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。 N}<!k#d
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6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 SGba6b31
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(二)副词的用法 Gpcordt/
1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. &;p}HL,
2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. E:+r.r"Y
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. A$n.'*gK
4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind. 6ecx!uc$
5. 修饰不定代词和数词: vILB$%I
Nearly everybody came to out party. m7RyFnR2
7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. Y,EF'Ot
9. 修饰全句: Vpzjh,r-j
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. L; A#N9
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(三)副词的构成 c&aqN\'4"
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 i_+e&Bjd4j
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 VS>hi~j
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 E[=&6T4
4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 7;C~>WlU
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。
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6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 k`]76C7
7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike, O U9{Y9e
round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 (2"4PU8
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 DT6BFx
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 3m2y<l<
(四)与形容词同形的副词 $P#+Y,r~\
有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: 30(e6T;
We had an early breakfast. v&%W*M0q@
We had breakfast early. NNTrH\SU#
early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 eI|~neh
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(五)兼有两种形式的副词 R`@7f$;wG
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: ~x_(v,NW
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1. close做“近”解: <S;YNHLC
He lives close to the school. m}: X\G(6Q
He was following close behind. ]^{5`
做其他解释时用closely: ANj%q9e!Yi
Watch what I do closely. dr(e)eD(R>
The prisons were closely guarded. 3=UufI
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2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: =FFs8&PKys
She stopped dead. ?9 `T_,
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: q?L*Luu+
He was dead tired. G`;mSq6i
The wind was dead against us. b
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deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, X\<a|/{V A
例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 (.{. "
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3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: +OB&PE
The train goes there direct. gKIN* Od
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. e+@.n
做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: PM {L}tEQ
He was looking directly at us. l?;ReK.r
She answered me very directly and openly. !yV)EJ:$
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: {>brue*)
Answer me directly. %U1HvmyK
Let's meet directly after lunch. z:{R4#(Q
有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: Ac[;S!R
They looked around. [Kbna>`
Let’s go on with the work. 0upZ4eN
上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 \}Pr!tk!
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(六)副词的词序 ^$lsmF]^
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1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 O}7aX '
The building is very high. s: MJ{r(s
He came long before the appointed time. ,z0E2
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2. 副词修饰动词。 uYc&Q$U
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well.
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及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. %E2C4UbY
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3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 lHPhZ(Z
I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. j !`2Z@
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4. 频度副词的位置。 v8A{q
在一般动词前:They always say so. :#W>lq@H
有be动词时,在be动词后: 0'*'%Iga
I am always busy. W{;LI
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有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. >Q^*h}IdW
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5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: 9}Zi_xK&|e
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. OB~74}3;
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6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 cK+)MFOu+
地点+状态+次数+时间: 2E3x=
She arrived there safely the other day. oI%.oP}G
程度十状态+地点十时间: Z7R+'OC
They played fairly well there yesterday.