05年江西师范大学英语考博试题

（答案必须做在答题纸上，在试卷上答题无效！） 48号
共
112室
Ｐart I Listening Comprehension (30 Minutes) 336260 37
Section A 网络督察
Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D], and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. (10 points) 48号
1. [A] At the department store. [B] At the office 共济
[C] In the restaurant [D] In the drug store 考
2. [A]At two o’clock [B] At three o’clock [C] At four o’clock [D] At five o’clock 200092
3. [A] His girlfriend complained of his going to the party without her 共济
[B] He was together with her girlfriend yesterday 正门对面
[C] He has been busy dating his girlfriend these days 正门对面
[D] He brought his girlfriend to the party 业
4. [A] She loves the film too kaoyangj
[B] She doesn’t think much of the film 共济
[C] She asks the man to repeat his words kaoyantj
[D] It’s not as good as she expected 200092
5. [A] Go outing with his wife [B] Work for extra hours 辅导
[C] Stay at home with his wife [D] Go outing with his boss 同济
6. [A] He suggests that she buy the sweater in another color 3362 3039
[B] He suggests that she buy a jacket instead of the sweater
[C] He suggests that she buy the sweater at its original price
[D] He suggests that she buy the sweater on Friday
7. [A] Be a bad boy [B] Eat too fast [C] Go to a game [D] Skip his lunch
8. [A] a salesman [B] A telephone repairman
[C] A plumber [D] An electrician
9. [A] Whether to change his job [B] Asking for a higher salary
[C] Accepting a new secretary [D] Getting a better position
10. [A] At the railway station [B] At the customs
[C] At the police station [D] At the post office

Section B
Directions: Questions 11-15 are based on a speech you are going to hear. After hearing the speech, you will be given five minutes to answer the questions. Your answer to each question should be around 10 words. Write your answer on Answer Sheet. Then you will hear the speech again to check your answers. Now you are given fifteen seconds to go over the questions first. (5 points)

11.How many techniques are mentioned in the talk?

12.Why should we imagine a dog in order to remember that Tom is from Australia?

13.What should we do to remember a large number?

14.How can we remember the directions to a certain place?

15.How can we remember lists of words?

Section C
Directions: You will hear a passage. While you are listening, you should take notes. After hearing the passage, you will be given five minutes to accomplish the task assigned. Write your answer on Answer Sheet. Then you will hear the passage again to check you work. Now you are given 3 seconds to go over your task first. (5 points)
16. Please tell the main idea of the passage in no more than 50 words.(5 points)

Part II Reading Comprehension (50 Minutes)
Directions: Read each passage and answer all the questions that follow the passage. On your answer sheet, circle the letter that best answers the question. (30 points)

Passage One

There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accomplished by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopter, insulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, sillicons, and plexiglass were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.
Despite these findings, we are urged to support monopoly power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources; that only the prodigious assets of the giant corporation or conglomerate can afford the king of expenditure that can produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditure for research, we find that of the more than $35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, do much to protect our diminishing resources.
Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the competitive is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by a single corporation, investment in innovation—a risky and expensive budget item—might meet resistance from management and stockholders who might be more concerned with cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budget, it would be an egregious error to assume that the monopolistic producer should be equated with bountiful expenditures for research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Furthermore, the firm with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue new techniques and different products, since with little vested interest in capital equipment or plant it is not deterred from investment in innovation. In some cases, where inter-industry competition is reduced or even entirely eliminated, the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress.
The conglomerates are not, however, completely exempt from strong competitive pressures; there are instances in which they, too, must compete, as against another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.

17. According to the passage, important inventions of the twentieth century________.
[A] are not necessarily produced as a result of governmental support for military weapons research and development
[B] came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopoly industries
[C] were produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teams
[D] have greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomerates
18. It is the author’s belief, as expressed or implied in the passage, that________.
[A] monopoly power creates an environment supportive of innovation
[B] government protection for military research will do much to protect our dwindling resources
[C] industrial giants, with their managerial bureaucracies, respond more quickly to technological change
[D] firms with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue innovations because they are old capital equipment
19.Management and stockholders might be deeply concerned with cost-cutting rather than innovation if ________.
[A] their company is faced with strong competition in a field not dominated by one of the industrial giants
[B] they are very stable and secure and hold a monopoly position in their industry
[C] they are part of the military-industrial complex and are the recipients of federal funds for product development
[D] they have produced some of the important inventions of this century
20. It can be inferred from the passage that the author________.
[A] has little confidence in the ability of monopolistic industry to produce the important inventions of the future
[B] would rather see the federal government spend money on social services than on the defense establishment
[C] favors a conservative approach to innovation and places trust in conglomerates to provide efficient production
[D] while admitting that more than half the important inventions of the century were produced by independent inventors, feels that the future lies in the hands of giant industry
21.The amount of money spent by the federal government for non-military research and product development is ________.
[A] more than $36 billion each year
[B] approximately $24 billion each year
[C] more than $18 billion each year
[D] less than $12 billion each year
22.Which of the following statements is neither expressed nor implied in the passage?
[A] Important inventions have been produced, in the past, by individuals as well as by corporate teams.
[B] The federal government’s research funds are funneled into pure research as well as military research.
[C] The development of the automatic transmission is not credited to organized industrial research.
[D] Industrial giants may deliberately suppress innovations to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence.
23.The author’s purpose in this passage is to ________.
[A] advocate an increase in government support of organized industrial research
[B] point out a common misconception about the relationship between the extent of industrial research and the growth of monopolistic power in industry
[C] describe the inadequacies of small firms in dealing with the important matter of research and innovation
[D] show that America’s strength depends upon individual ingenuity and resourcefulness
24.Which of the following best supports the thesis that industrial giants do not best serve to provide the innovation we need to improve our standard of living and protect our diminishing resources?
[A] More than half the important inventions made since the turn of the century were the product of individual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research.
[B] More than half the government expenditure for research goes to military research.
[C] The missile industry is one that benefits from government spending for research.
[D] Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances.
25.The industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress. The sentence means________.
[A] that the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss because of obsolescence by purposely preventing technological progress
[B] that the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss caused by obsolescence by purposely promoting technological progress
[C] that the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss caused by obsolescence by deliberately spending more money on technological progress
[D] that the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss caused by obsolescence by purposely investing more money on innovation
26.According to the author, the conglomerates may spend large amount on innovation because __________.
[A] they are completely exempt from strong competitive pressures
[B] they are supportive of innovation
[C] they can afford to undertake the important research needed
[D] they, too, must compete against another industrial Goliath

Passage Two

Although adult romantic love may have its origins in the biological inclination of babies to form attachments to their caregivers, by the time people have participated in relationships for 15 to 20 years, their manner of loving as adults is highly influenced by their culture. Many societies have arranged marriages, which are as much economic bonds linking families or clans as personal and sexual bonds between lovers. For example, in many parts of India, where marriages have traditionally been arranged, people may experience passionate love, but they typically hide it. Public displays of affection are avoided, although they are tolerated more when they are between an unmarried than a married couple.
In the United States, the meaning of marriage has changed substantially over the last three centuries. As in other societies prior to industrialization, marriage was once primarily an arrangement for procreating and managing property and financial unions between families, not a vessel for emotional and sexual intimacy. Based on evidence from diaries and letters written in the nineteenth century, some historians argue that for women, passion and romance were not absent, but they were often separate from sex and more likely experienced in nonsexual relationships
As the country industrialized and people began focusing more on their own needs and individuality, patterns of courtship and dating changed. By the late nineteenth century, romance and emotional bonding between lovers had become a value. Rather than courting in public places such as church gatherings, middle-class men and women began to spend more time alone. A number of factors facilitated privacy, some as seemingly insignificant as changes in architecture. Colonial homes, for example, had larger but fewer rooms than Victorian homes and were designed to accommodate family gatherings. Victorian home, in contrast, had many rooms with various function. Parlors, sitting rooms, and dining rooms provided places for young couples to visit with each other and apart from the company of supervising adults and therefore to share more of their inner lives.
The contemporary emphasis on passionate, romantic, intimate love portrayed daily on movie screens may be predicated on some degree of individualism. As noted before, cultures differ in the extent to which they cultivate personal emotional experience. Contemporary Western culture is unique in its focus on individual satisfaction as a valued end. This orientation extends into relationships, which are viewed as vehicles for personal gratification and are terminated when they are no longer satisfying. The nature and experience of long-term adult love relationships, then, differs not only cross-culturally but even within a single culture over time.

27.the topic of the passage is ________.
[A] how the meaning of love varies across cultures and times
[B] the origins of love
[C] collective and individual love
[D] how important love is
28.Marriages in India are characterized by ________
[A] arranged marriages [B] public display of emotions
[C] passionate love [D]strong attachment to the society
29.We can infer from the second paragraph that in pre-industrialization America,________.
[A] the meaning of marriage was essentially the same as that of today
[B] marriage was mainly a vessel of emotional intimacy
[C] there was no passion and romantic love whatsoever
[D] marriage was intended to produce offspring and make financial management
30.When did the emotional bonding between lovers become valued in the U.S.?
[A] By the late 18th century [B] By the early 19th century
[C] By the late 19th century [D] By the early 20th century
31.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.
[A] there is no more arranged marriages in the world now
[B] American people care about what others think when they choose their spouse
[C] in America romance and personal satisfaction are valued in marriage
[D] the kind of passionate love in American movies is not an accurate portrayal of love affairs in real life

Passage Three

How fortuitous that the state budget will undoubtedly preclude the building of yet another state prison. Nebraska can ill afford another one.
Oh, it’s not that the state could not promptly fill one; Nebraska seems quite adept at filling prisons. The “new” 960-bed prison at Tecumseh, opened in 2001, is already near capacity—and that was the facility designed to alleviate overcrowding elsewhere in the state system. Overall, the Nebraska state prison system is 33 percent above capacity. Nor is that figure likely to drop in the near future. The Department of Corrections estimates the prison system will be 40 percent above capacity by 2006 and 61 percent by 2008. that’s only five years away. No, there would be no problem filling yet another state prison were it built. Indeed, these statistics suggest that building more prisons might well be an unending cycle of build-fill, build-fill, build-fill.
Something’s amiss. While arguments can rage indefinitely regarding the efficacy of prisons to deter or rehabilitate offenders, the fact remains that Nebraska prisons continue to fill rapidly—and often with repeat offenders. Equally susceptible to argument are questions surrounding inmates, rights, prison amenities and work privileges. But the fact remains that in five years, Nebraska’s prison population could exceed capacity by 61 percent.
Thus a severely restricted state budget promises to prompt legislators to examine more closely the system as a whole. The nature of a crime, alternative sentencing and judicial discretion are all areas that impact the current prison dilemma. For instance, violent or nonviolent crimes often translate to maximum or minimum security prisons. However, if an evolving hierarchy of sentencing existed—especially for nonviolent crimes—that might well lead to more frequent and consistent use of alternative sentencing.
To some degree, such alternative sentencing options as electronic monitoring, home in carceration, work camps, drug court, intense rehabilitation programs and educational opportunities already exist in the state. They are potentially less costly though equally valid options to prison sentences. Yet not all judges use them. What does such random and inconsistent use of these alternatives say about the alternatives themselves and about judges’ awareness of or commitment to such options?
If the bigger goal is to reduce crime and teach offenders a lesson, building prisons and warehousing inmates falls woefully short. Senators and judges alike need to do more than complete surveys and consult think tanks. They need to find the will to alter the system.

32.From the first paragraph we learn that ________.
[A] a new prison has been built in Nebraska
[B] Nebraska has no use for another prison
[C] Nebraska will not build a new prison
[D] Nebraska will build another state prison
33.The statistics in Paragraph 2 are presented to show that ________.
[A] Nebraska is badly in need of another state prison
[B] the state prison system fail its duty in reforming prisoners
[C] crime is on the rise in the state of Nebraska
[D] Nebraska cannot afford new prisons
34.In face of rapid increase of prison inmates, the author advocates ________.
[A] other sentencing options than imprisonment
[B] lighter sentencing for nonviolent criminals
[C] a comprehensive examination of the prison system
[D] the building of another state prison
35.The author insists that alternative sentencing options ________.
[A] should be made in accordance with the nature of a crime
[B] produce better result than prison sentences
[C] are equally effective than prison sentences
[D] should be made on judicial discretion
36The main idea of the passage is that ________.
[A] prison sentence is the only valid means for rehabilitating criminals
[B] judges should encourage consistent use of alternative sentencing
[C] the state of Nebraska needs alternatives to prison
[D] crime will ever be on the rise unless the judicial system is reformed

Passage Four

The problem of pollution is also of great social concern. Continued population increase, accompanied by a rise the level of living standards, not only threatens to exhaust American resources but pollutes the environment to such an extent that production in the thickly settled area is impossible without damaging the health of the local residents.
Smog, once an urban annoyance, is now recognized as a health risk, and the automobile has been aimed as the principal criminal. Heavy industries have been blamed for river, soil, air, noise and visual pollutions. DDT and other chemical remedies have been doing more ecological harm than the good that they may have brought along.
Several decades ago, Americans dumped raw waste water into rivers and many industrial plants are now still dumping chemical pollutants into lakes, rivers, and oceans. Oceans used to be and are still being considered to be a reserve of seafood. Today, after the oceans have become the home of all pollutants, this use of the oceans is being reduced at an alarming rate.
The worst pollution threat is concentrated in and near large cities. There the people-made pollutants increasingly surpass the ability of air and water to dilute the contaminants to safe levels. The natural ecological cycle depends on plants, which absorb some pollutants and release oxygen to the air. Put near large cities, natural vegetation becomes scarce, and introduced trees, ornamental shrubs and gardens are far from adequate in absorbing motor vehicle and industrial air pollutants. Finally, some pollutants, most notably atomic waste, may continue to contaminate air, land, and water for thousands of years. Therefore, ecocrisis(生态危机)—ecocatastrophe or ecocide(生态灭绝)—has for some time one of the major concerns of not only the ecoactivists and environmentalists, but of many scientists of other fields and the government authorities of many countries as well.
Last but not least, there is the question of whether the people will eventually be able to solve all these problems. The American continent is a wealthy land inhabited by many able and well-educated people. There today, people have originated a life-style which is known to the world as being characteristic of a society of consumption—a life-style based on the reckless wasteful use of material goods. They are using up many times their share of the earth’s resources at a rate unparalleled in history. And I am sorry to say that this life-style of American has been copied by the people of many developed countries, leading to the greatest problem of the modern world as a whole. So I must ask: Are the Americans apt enough to cooperate with other peoples to prevent over-populations, resource exhaustion, the catastrophe of pollution and the wanton waste of wealth—problems which are basic to the solution of many outstanding economic, social and political problems? Only time will tell.
37.The word “dilute” (line 3 , Para. 4) mean________.
[A] to make weaker or thinner [B] to make safer
[C] to make stronger [D] to make thicker
38.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
[A] Smog was once deemed as a nuisance of the city.
[B] Automobiles were deemed as the main source of pollutions.
[C] Heavy industries were deemed as the source of various pollutions.
[D] DDT and other chemicals were deemed as another major source of the environments.
39.Today the use of the oceans as a reserve of seafood is no longer as great as it was before because ________.
[A] the oceans have been polluted by chemical pollutants
[B] the oceans have been polluted by wastewater
[C] the oceans have been polluted by DDT
[D] the oceans have been polluted by pollutant of every description
40.Of so many pollutants, the most notorious is ________.
[A] atomic waist [B] motor vehicle pollutants
[C] industrial air pollutants [D] chemical pollutants
41.American life-style is ________.
[A] a new life-style created by Americans.
[B] a life-style based on American share of the earth’s resources
[C] a life-style now copied by the vast majority of the world people
[D] a life-style leading to the solution of many outstanding economic, social, political problems.

Passage Five

The Internet is redrawing the media landscape and will further develop for decades to come, but traditional media will not be left out of the picture, maintain two University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, journalism professors. Ed Mullins, chairman of the Journalism Department, and Jim Stovall, the founder of Dateline Alabama, the news website of the College of Communication and Information Sciences, agree that the future of the web is still a mystery, but argue that, in the near future, it will serve more as a helpmate to traditional media.
“Nobody knows where the Web is taking us, but when it comes to journalism, old media will be dominant players in the new media game,” Mullins believes.” Some rating services report that most Americans go to sites operated by old-line media when looking for news on the web.”
Just as national old media dominate the Web at that level, local old media run mostly by newspapers and, to a lesser degree, by television stations dominate those markets. Is there a pattern here? Yes, says Mullins and Stovall. ”At least in the first decade of the Web, newspaper companies dominate Web journalism,” Mullins explains. “Why? They specialize in news, and that gives them an advantage. What most readers go to websites for is news and e-mail, a form of person-to-person news, especially in the form of chatting.”
The reason for newspapers’ dominance in web journalism, Stovall points out, is that they have the biggest investment in news. “The Birmingham News, for example, with about 175 positions, has more journalists on its payroll than all of the state’s broadcast, cable, and Web-only entities combined.”

42.What role does the Internet play in journalism according to paragraph 1?
[A] It dominates the media market.
[B] It is likely to threaten the future of traditional media.
[C] It becomes a helpful partner of print media.
[D] It revolutionizes journalism.
43.The following proves that old media still dominate Web journalism EXCEPT ________.
[A] people prefer traditional media when looking for news
[B] old media have the most important position in local markets
[C] newspaper companies have more control in Web journalism
[D] few people go to websites to get news
44.Traditional media dominate web journalism because ________.
[A] news and advertising are their only business
[B] they invest more money in news
[C] web companies dare not compete with them
[D] they enjoy privileges in journalism
45.Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
[A] Internet Won’t Eliminate Print Media.
[B] Internet Challenges Traditional Media.
[C] Looking for News on the Web.
[D] Journalism Should Be Dominated by Web.
46.What is the author’s attitude towards the future of traditional media?
[A] Negative.
[B] Critical.
[C] Concerned.
[D] Optimistic.

Part III Translation (60 Minutes)
Section A
Directions: Translate the following into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet. (15 points)
实施素质教育，关键在领导。各级领导要高瞻远瞩，走在时代的前面，树立正确的教育观、人才观和质量观，深刻认识实施素质教育的必要性和紧迫性。要成为推行素质教育的倡导者和先行官。有些地方的领导同志对学校只顾加压提高升学率，甚至采取经济奖惩或人事升迁等手段来达到这一目的，实属不当。我到一些地方去调查研究，一谈教育问题，当地负责人就先向我介绍奥林匹克赛拿了多少奖。得奖是好事，但只着眼于得奖，恐怕指导思想就有问题。

Section B
Directions: Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on Answer Sheet. (15 points)

When does history begin? It is tempting to reply ‘In the beginning’, but like many obvious answers, this soon turns out to be unhelpful. As a great Swiss historian once pointed out in another connection, history is the one subject where you cannot begin at the beginning. If we want to, we can trace the chain of vertebrates(脊椎动物), or even to the photosynthetic cells which lie at the start of life itself. We can go back further still, to almost unimaginable upheavals which formed this planet and even to the origins of the universe. Yet this is not ‘history’.

Part IV Writing (40 Minutes)
Directions: Write an essay of at least 200 words about the phenomenon of “Income Gap in Our Society” (20 points)

ANSWER SHEET

Part I Listening Comprehension
Section A
1．[A] [B] [C] [D]
2．[A] [B] [C] [D]
3．[A] [B] [C] [D]
4．[A] [B] [C] [D]
5．[A] [B] [C] [D]
6．[A] [B] [C] [D]
7．[A] [B] [C] [D]
8．[A] [B] [C] [D]
9．[A] [B] [C] [D]
10. [A] [B] [C] [D]
Section B
11.How many techniques are mentioned in the talk?

12.Why should we imagine a dog in order to remember that Tom is from Australia?

13.What should we do to remember a large number?

14.How can we remember the directions to a certain place?

15.How can we remember lists of words?

Section C
16. Please tell the main idea of the passage in no more than 50 words.(5 points)

Part II Reading Comprehension
17. [A] [B] [C] [D]
18. [A] [B] [C] [D]
19. [A] [B] [C] [D]
20. [A] [B] [C] [D]
21. [A] [B] [C] [D]
22. [A] [B] [C] [D]
23. [A] [B] [C] [D]
24. [A] [B] [C] [D]
25. [A] [B] [C] [D]
26. [A] [B] [C] [D]
27. [A] [B] [C] [D]
28. [A] [B] [C] [D]
29. [A] [B] [C] [D]
30. [A] [B] [C] [D]
31. [A] [B] [C] [D]
32. [A] [B] [C] [D]
33. [A] [B] [C] [D]
34. [A] [B] [C] [D]
35. [A] [B] [C] [D]
36. [A] [B] [C] [D]
37. [A] [B] [C] [D]
38. [A] [B] [C] [D]
39. [A] [B] [C] [D]
40. [A] [B] [C] [D]
41. [A] [B] [C] [D]
42. [A] [B] [C] [D]
43. [A] [B] [C] [D]
44. [A] [B] [C] [D]
45. [A] [B] [C] [D]
46. [A] [B] [C] [D]

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