西南大学2012年考博真题

西南大学博士入学考试英语试题（2012）
Part I Vocabulary (10 points)
Directions: In this part there are 20 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there
are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the
following sentences. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet
1. A broadcasting station will sometimes to its listeners a programme which
it has received from another station.
.
A. rely B. relay C. relate D. reside
2. The United Nations Conference on Drug Abuse, which took place earlier this year
in Vienna, was a very meeting.
A. productive B. overwhelming C. compulsory D. protective
3. A person who studies ___ learns how to express numbers approximately and
how to calculate ratios and averages.
A. static B. statistic C. statistics D. status
4. If you ______ someone, you form a fixed general idea or image of them so that
you assume that they will behave in a particular way.
A. assimilate B. simulate C. stereotype D. subordinate
5. Reading ______ the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that
makes what we read ours.
A. rectifies B. prolongs C. furnishes D. minimizes
6. Satellite communications are so up-to-date that even when _____ in the middle
of the Pacific, businessman can contact their offices as if they were next door.
A. gliding B. cruising C. piloting D. patrolling
7. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly
from _______ on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.
A. configuration B. constitution C. condemnation D. contamination
8. Scientists, who are now aware of how nautiluses regulate their buoyancy, have
been able to dispel ideas about these creatures.
A. erroneous B. misdemeanors C. misgivings D. misdirection
9. History has demonstrated that countries with different social systems and
ideologies can join hands in meeting the common challenges to human _____ and
development.
A. evolution B. survival C. rivalry D. dignity
10. To avoid an oil shortage, we should advocate that more machines must _____ of
life in a short time, and this made others astonished.
（原题有误）
A. accelerate B. operate C. generate D. utilize
11. Japanese leaders aboard the U. S. battleship Missouri and signed the ____
surrender, which ended World War Two in 1945.
A. conditional B. infinite C. everlasting D. unconditional
12. It is a _____ that in such a rich country there should be so many poor people who
could hardly keep their body and soul together.
A. hypothesis B. paradox C. conflict D. dispute
13. The _____ effects of many illnesses made him a weak man and he still didn’t
want to do sports every day.
A. cumulative B. formidable C. eternal D. prospective
14. The robbers broke into the bank, _____ the clerics with revolvers and forced them
to give money just as they were about to knock off.
A. shot B. frightened C. amused D. menaced
15. This pair of boots cost much less than yours for I bought them when the
department store made a _____ of the stored goods.
A. clearance B. reduction C. fortune D. deal
16. Technology has _____ the sharing information and the storage and delivery of
information, thus making more information available to more people.
A. formulated B. facilitated C. furnished D. functioned
17. Language, culture and personality may be considered _____ of each other I thought,
but they are inseparable in fact.
A. indistinctly B. separately C. irrelevantly D. independently
18. More than 85 percent of French Canada’s population speaks French as a mother
tongue and _____ to the Roman Catholic faith.
A. caters B. adheres C. ascribes D. subscribes
19. There are not many teachers who are strong _____ of traditional methods in
English teaching.
A. sponsors B. contributors C. advocates D. performers
20. The ______ of the scientific attitude is that the human mind can succeed in
understanding the universe.
A. essence B. content C. texture D. threshold
Part II Reading Comprehension (30 points)
Directions:
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
There are 6 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by
some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices
marked A, B, C and D. you should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on
the Answer Sheet.
Spread across the United States are about 500,000 doctors, cheeked by jowl, in the
big cities and thin on the ground in isolated small towns. In June 1986, the secretary
of health and human services, Dr. Otis Bowen, passed on a view of his experts: 5%-15%
of America’s 500,000 doctors should be candidates for disciplinary action, many of
them because of drug taking or alcoholism. Others give their patients poor care
because they are senile, incompetent, guilty of misconduct or out of touch with
developments in medicine.
The granting, or withdrawal, of licenses to practice is in the hands of state medical
boards, but they are overwhelmed with complaints and lack the money to handle even
a fraction of them. Recently, however, things have been changing. In 1985, 406
doctors lost their licenses (compared with 255 in 1984), nearly 500 were placed on
probation and nearly 1,000 received reprimands or had their right to practice curtailed.
The federal inspector general demanded, and won the right far the states and the
federal government, which provide health care for the elderly and for the poor under
the Medicare and Medicaid programme, to refuse payment to the doctors considered
unsatisfactory.
Yet putting these powers into practice is proving to be far from easy. O f the 35
doctors so far denied reimbursement from Medicare, almost all work in lightly
populated rural areas. O n March 27th, their indignation and that of their patients were
a sympathetic hearing by the Senate Finance Committee. Rural doctors may not be as
up to date as those in the big towns, but they are often the only source of medical help
for miles around and their patients are loyal to them. Members of the review boards,
which are paid by the government, insist, however, that elderly and poor people
should not be forced to receive (and the state to pay for) inferior care.
An innovation is on the horizon in Texas, the most under-doctored state in the
country (with only one doctor for every 1,100 residents). Lubbock University is
setting up a computer network that will enable country doctors to obtain medical
expertise and access to medical records in a hurry. The aim is to reduce the isolation
of the country doctors and thus, in the long run, to attract more young doctors to rural
areas.
21. The main topic of the passage is .
A. the present situation of American doctors
B. the legislation on rural medical services
C. the problems of country doctors and possible solutions
D. some factors of disqualification of country doctors
22. According to the text, disciplinary action should be taken against those who
give patients poor care because of the following reasons EXCEPT .
A. taking drugs and drinking alcohol
B. feeling remorse of their bad behavior
C. being professional unskillful
D. being sick and conservative
23. Which of the following is true about the unfit doctors?
A. 1,500 doctors were deprived of the right to practice medicine.
B. The federal government has got the right to deny reimbursement to those
unqualified doctors.
C. Almost all the doctors who fail to get payment from Medicare work in
densely populated urban areas.
D. Patients in the rural areas complain about the poor treatment their doctors
give them.
24. It can be inferred from the text that in the near future .
A. there will be more qualified doctors in rural areas
B. there will be an even more serious imbalance of the number of rural and
urban doctors
C. country doctors are competitive in breaking medical records
D. more patients will go to rural areas for medical treatment
25. The paragraph following the text would probably discuss .
A. problems of urban doctors
B. other solutions to improve the present situation
C. research in medical science
D. reduction of staff in rural hospitals
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
Bacteria are extremely small living things. While we measure our own sizes in
inches or centimeters, bacterial size is measured in microns. O ne micron is a
thousandth of a millimeter: a pinhead is about a millimeter across. Rod-shaped
bacteria are usually from two to four microns long, while rounded ones are generally
one micron in diameter. Thus, if you enlarged a rounded bacterium a thousand times,
it would be just about the size of a pinhead. An adult human magnified by the same
amount would be over a mile (1.6 kilometers) tall.
Even with an ordinal microscopy, you must look closely to see bacteria. Using a
magnification of 100 times, one finds that bacteria are barely visible as tiny rods or
dots. One cannot make out anything of their structure. Using special stains, one can
see that some bacteria have attached to them wavy-looking “hairs” called flagella.
Others have only one flagellum. The flagella rotate, pushing the bacteria through the
water. Many bacteria lack flagella and cannot move about by their own power, while
others can glide along over surfaces by some little-understood mechanism.
From the bacterial point of view, the world is a very different place from what it is
to humans. To a bacterium, water is as thick as molasses is to us. Bacteria are so small
that they are influenced by the movements of the chemical molecules around them.
Bacteria under the microscope, even those with no flagella, often bounce about in
the water. This is because they collide with the water molecules and are pushed this
way and that. Molecules move so rapidly that within a tenth of a second the molecules
around a bacterium have all been replaced by new ones; even bacteria without flagella
are thus constantly exposed to a changing environment.
26. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?
A. The characteristics of bacteria
B. How bacteria reproduce
C. The various functions of bacteria
D. How bacteria contribute to disease
27. Bacteria are measured in __________.
A. Inches
B. Centimeters
C. Microns
D. millimeters
28. Which of the following is the smallest?
A. A p inhead
B. A rounded bacterium
C. A microscope
D. A rod-shaped bacterium
29. According to the passage, someone who examines bacteria using only a
microscope that magnifies 100 times would see ___________.
A. tiny dots
B. small “hairs”
C. large rods
D. detailed structures
30. The relationship between a bacterium and its flagella is most nearly analogous to
which of the following?
A. A rider jumping on a horse’s back
B. A ball being hit by a bat
C. A boat powered by a motor
D. A door closed by a gust of wind.
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
Although, recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from
individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing.
Consequently, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon
monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone (generated by photochemical, reactions with
hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legally established limits. There is a
growing, realization that the only effective way to achieve, further reductions in
vehicle emissions-short of a massive shift away from the private automobile-is to
replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner burning fuels such as
compressed natural gas liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol.
All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller and
simpler than those of gasoline. These molecules burn more cleanly than gasoline, in
part because they have fewer, if and, carbon-carbon bonds, and the hydrocarbons they
do emit are less likely to generate ozone. The combustion of large molecules, which
have multiple carbon-carbon bonds, involves a more complex series of reactions.
These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely
to release uncombusted and photochemically active hydrocarbon compounds into the
atmosphere. O n the other hand, alternative fuels do have drawbacks. Compressed
natural gas would require that vehicles have a set of heavy fuel tanks-a serious
liability in terms of performance and fuel efficiency and liquefied petroleum gas faces
fundamental limits on supply.
Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantages over other
carbon-based alternative fuels; they have hither energy content per volume and would
require minimal changes in the existing network for distributing motor fuel. Ethanol is
commonly used as a gasoline supplement, but it is currently about twice as expensive
as methanol, the low cost of which is one of its attractive features. Methanol’s most
attractive feature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle
emissions that form ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant.
Like any alternative fuel, methanol has its critics. Yet much of the criticism is
based on the use of “gasoline clone” vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest
design improvements that are made possible with the use of methanol. It is true, for
example, that a given volume of methanol provides only about one-half of the energy
that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal, the fuel tank would have to
be somewhat larger and heavier. However, since methanol-fueled vehicles could be
designed to be much more efficient than “gasoline clone” vehicles fueled with
methanol, they would need comparatively less fuel. Vehicles incorporating only the
simplest of the Engine improvements that methanol makes feasible would still
contribute to an immediate lessening of urban air pollution.
31. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with __________.
A. countering a flawed argument that dismisses a possible solution to a problem.
B. reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a problem.
C. identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problem.
D. discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solution to it.
32. According to the passage, incomplete combustion is more likely to occur with
gasoline than with an alternative fuel because: __________.
A. the combustion of gasoline releases photochemically active hydrocarbons.
B. the combustion of gasoline involves an intricate series of reactions.
C. gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structure.
D. gasoline is composed of small molecules.
33. The passage suggests which of the Following about air pollution?
A. Further attempts to reduce emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles will not
help lower urban air-pollution levels.
B. Attempts to reduce the pollutions that an individual gasoline-fueled vehicle
emits have been largely unsuccessful.
C. Few serious attempts have been made to reduce the amount of pollutants
emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles.
D. Pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles are not the most critical source
of urban air pollution.
34. The author describes which of the following as the most appealing feature of
methanol?
A. It is substantially less expensive than ethanol.
B. It could be provided to consumers through the existing motor fuel distribution
system.
C. It has a higher energy content than other alternative fuels.
D. Its use would substantially reduce ozone levels.
35. It can be inferred that the author of the passage most likely regards the criticism
of methanol in the last paragraph as __________.
A. flawed because of the assumptions on which it is based.
B. inapplicable because of an inconsistency in the critics’ arguments.
C. misguided because of its exclusively technological focus.
D. invalid because it reflects the personal bias of the critics.
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
Tests of reaction times seemed to back up the notion that the two hemispheres
differed in their processing styles. Researchers used to believe that an image goes to
one hemisphere first, and then to the opposite side of the brain. If the nature of the
stimulus and the preference of the hemisphere match up, then the person can respond
slightly more quickly and accurately in identifying the local or global image.
Still more startling, researchers found that the same appeared to hold for the brains
of chimps and perhaps other primates. The assumption has always been that
handedness and brain asymmetry are strictly human traits---part of the great brain
reorganization that allowed our ancestor to use tools, speak and perhaps even think
rationally. But handedness is now widely claimed for primates and even birds,
amphibians and whales. And in the past few years, some psychologists have tested
chimps and baboons and suggested their two hemispheres also differ in processing
style.
Now researchers have come to see the distinction between the two hemispheres as
a subtle one of processing style, with every mental faculty shared across the brain, and
each side contributing in a complementary, not exclusive, fashion. A smart brain
became one that simultaneously grasped both the foreground and the background of
the moment
The next problem was to work out exactly how the brain manages to produce
these two contrasting styles. Many researchers originally looked for the explanation in
a simple wiring difference within the brain. This theory held that neurons in the left
cortex might make sparse, short-range connections with their neighbors, while cells
on the other side would be more richly and widely connected The result would be that
the representation of sensations and memories would be confined lo smallish, discrete
areas in the left hemisphere, while exactly the same input to a corresponding area of
the right side would form a sprawling even impressionistic pattern of activity.
Supporters of this idea argued that these structural differences would explain why
left brain language areas are so good at precise representation of words and word
sequences while the right brain seems to supply a wider sense of context and meaning.
A striking finding from some people who suffer right-brain stokes is that they can
understand the literal meaning of sentences-their l eft brain can still decode the
words-- -but they can no longer get jokes or allusions. Asked to explain even a
common proverb, such as “a stitch in time saves nine”, they can only say it must have
something to do with sewing. An intact right brain is needed to make the more playful
connections.
36. The local or global image is more quickly and accurately identified in the brain
if _______.
A. tests of reaction times back up the notion of the two hemispheres
B. an image goes to one hemisphere first, and then to the opposite side of the
brain
C. the nature of the stimulus and the preference of the hemisphere match up
D. the person can match the image with an object
37. Handedness and brain asymmetry are strictly human traits, as is shown in
________.
A. the brains of chimps and perhaps other primates
B. the fact that the great brain reorganization allowed our ancestor to use tools
C. the fact that human beings alone can use tools, speak and think rationally
D. the two brain hemispheres of chimps and baboons
38. According to the text, a smart brain has all the following characteristics
EXCEPT _________.
A. with different processing style
B. with shared mental faculty
C. each side contributing in a complementary
D. grasping the foreground and the background of the moment
39. What is the problem of the people who suffer right-brain strokes?
A. They can hardly understand the literal meaning of sentences.
B. Their left brain can still decode the words.
C. They do not understand the common proverb “a stitch in time saves nine”.
D. They cannot grasp the meaning of jokes or allusions.
40. The best title for the text may be __________.
A. Left Brain, Right Brain
B. The Local of Global Image
C. Human Brain and Animal Brain
D. The Smart Brain
Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage.
（此文不全）
The Du Pont Company, the 13th largest employer in the U.S., routinely gives
pre-employment blood tests to all blacks who apply for jobs to determine who might
be a carrier of the trait for sickle-cell anemia, even though the trait is regarded as
largely harmless. Although there are other genetically transmitted blood diseases and
metabolic disorders that predominate in racial or ethnic groups, blacks are the only
ones to be identified with a disease and examined for it at Du Pont. In a three month
study of genetic screening in the American lace, the New York Times found no
other instance of an ethnic or racial group singled out in or company.
Du Pont officials emphasize that the sickle trait tests do not represent discrimination
and are only an effort to help them avoid potentially harmful exposure to certain
chemicals. Yet the officials can offer no firm evidence that the trait -- not the disease,
but only a single abnormal gene -- makes blacks more vulnerable.
Du Pont, which employs well over 100,000 workers, is in the vanguard of American
companies doing genetic screening and thus is at the center of the debate over this
area of science, debate so intense, so broad, that even medical directors from other
companies who believe possibilities of genetic screening want no part of it. At
least, not now but officials at Du a leader in the chemical industry with annual
gross sales of more than $ 10 billion, feel they have the money and the scientists to
turn the distrust into achievement. If some chemicals are highly toxic and the
workplace is less than pure, company officials reason, it is only logical to try to
determine why some workers get sicker faster and why others seem to have more
tolerance for industrial poisons. And so the company is looking beyond the skills and
loyalty of its workers to ery genetic structure.
The sickle-cell trait is not the same as sickle-cell anemia. The anemia is rare but
debilitating disorder found in fewer than 50,000 American blacks, about two-tenths of
a percent of the black population. Perhaps two million other blacks are carriers of
the trait -- they are heterozygous; that ing a gene for sickle-cell
anemia from one parent. Virtually all the carriers can lead very active lives and show
no symptoms of the disease.
41. What does the author say about Du Pont?
A. It examined the blood of some blacks
B. It examined some blacks for their knowledge of blood.
C. It discovered that some blacks have blood illness.
D. It discovered the blood of some blacks containing industrial chemicals.
42. What do Du Pont officials say?
A. They are trying to protect blacks form health threats.
B. They can prove that blacks are likely to have health problems.
C. They regard the skills of workers as the most important matter.
D. They hope that other companies can follow their example.
43. What is true about genetic screening?
A. It often aims at black employees.
B. Its focus is often on sickle-cell anemia.
C. Some companies do not want to do it.
D. The US government strongly supports it.
44. The underlined word “toxic” in the third paragraph probably means _____.
A. powerful.
B. complex.
C. thick.
D. poisonous.
45. What can we learn about the carriers of sick-cell trait?
A. Their number is about 50,000.
B. They usually seem to have normal lives.
C. They include over half of the black population.
D. They do not seem to be affected by industrial chemicals.
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
Teenagers are spending more money than ever. Just last year, 31.6 million teens
spent 155 billion, according to the Northbrook, Illinois-based market research group
Teenage Research Unlimited. Much of that money, of course, comes from parents.
Shocked at how much money kids spend? Maybe you haven’t cheeked the price
tags lately on some of the younger generation’s must-haves.
To some, such extravagant spending on the notoriously fickle young might seem
outrageous. Why do some parents give in?
One factor is surely the sheer power of marketing through mass media. According
to the group Adbusters, teenagers are exposed to an estimated 3,000 advertisements
each day. Combine the ads with programming itself, like the fashion-, music-，and
skin-filled shows on MTV and y o u’ve got a barrage of messages telling kids what they
should own if they want to fit in.
“The pressures on parents today are enormous,” says Tom Vogele, a single father
of twin 18-year-old girls in Newport Beach, Calif. “I truly believe it is harder today to
raise children without spoiling them, not because parents are less capable or lazy, but
because so many forces are working against me.”
Many working parents probably compensate by spending money on their kids,
says Timothy Marshall, an associate professor of developmental psychology at
Christopher Newport University in Virginia. For some, there is probably some guilt
involved in not spending enough time at home. But, adds Marshall, spending money
is also often more convenient in our fast-paced society than going to baseball games
or other activities.
“It’s easier to say let’s go out and spend some money, in terms of finding time in a
busy schedule to spend with kids,55 Marshall said.
For many families, of course, keeping up with their children’s costly demands for
designer clothing, CDs, and concert tickets is a financial impossibility. Even for those
families who can afford such lavish spending, striking a compromise between spoiling
the kids and denying them is tricky, but possible.
Teaching kids how to budget and save is key, Marshall says. Instead of just giving
children the toys or clothing they desire, give them an allowance and show them how
they can save up for whatever they want, he says.
And don’t be afraid to just say no, Marshall adds. “We need to step up and tell
kids where the boundaries are, that is parts of our responsibility as parents,” he said.
46. In the first paragraph, “Northbrook” is most probably _______.
A. a market research company based in Illinois
B. a spokesman for the Teenage Research Unlimited
C. the base of the Teenage Research Unlimited
D. the city where the spending survey was carried out.
47. Some people find it outrageous that .
A. some parents indulge their children in extravagant spending
B. some younger generation’s must-haves could cost so much
C. some parents are ignorant about their children’s spending
D. some children disregard their notorious spending habits
48. What is the effect of marketing through mass media?
A. It fills the market with ads beyond the young’s understanding.
B. It directs not only the trend but also the ways of advertising.
C. It stuffs all kinds of ads into TV shows and radio programs.
D. It triggers young people’s desire to keep up with the trend.
49. According to Marshall, parents prefer to spend money on their children mainly
because __.
A. they can’t afford the time to stay with their children.
B. they want to make up their guilt for their children.
C. they find it more convenient than going out with the children.
D. they feel it is hard to raise children without indulging them
50. What does Marshall think parents should do with the children’s spending
habit?
A. They should refuse to pay for their lavish spending.
B. They should restrain the children’s spending within limits.
C. They should be responsible for providing for the children.
D. They should draw up a budget plan for the children.
Part III Cloze (10 points)
Directions:
It is a commonplace among moralists that you cannot get happiness by pursuing it.
This is only true if you pursue it _51_. Gamblers at Monte Carlo are pursuing money,
and most of them lose it instead, but there are other ways of pursuing money, which
often _52_. So it is with happiness. If you pursue it _53_ drink, you are forgetting the
hang-over. Epicurus pursue it by living only in congenial society and eating only dry
bread, __54_ by a little cheese on feast days. His method proved successful in his case,
but he was a valetudinarian, and most people would need something more _55_. For
most people, the pursuit of happiness, _56_ supplemented in various ways, is too
Read the following text. Choose the best word((s) for each numbered
bland and mark A, B, C, or D on Answer Sheet.
abstract and theoretical to be _57_ as a personal rule of life. But I think that _58_
personal rule of life you may choose it should not, except in rare and heroic cases, be
_59_ with happiness.
There are a great many people who have all the _60_ conditions of happiness, i.e.
health and a sufficient income, and who, _61_, are profoundly unhappy. In such cases
it would seem as if the _62_ must lie with a wrong theory as to how to live. In one
sense, we may say that any theory as to how to live is wrong. We imagine ourselves
more different from the animals than we are. Animals live on _63_, and are happy as
long as external conditions are _64_. If you have a cat it will enjoy life if it has food
and warmth and opportunities for an _65_ night on the tiles. Your needs are more
complex than those of your cat, but they still have their basis in instinct. In civilized
societies, especially in English-speaking societies, this is too _66_ to be forgotten.
People proposed to themselves some one paramount objective and _67_ all impulses
that do not minister to it. A business man may be so _68_ to grow rich that to this end
he _69_ health and private affections. When at last he has become rich, no _70_
remains to him except harrying other people by exhortations to imitate his noble
example.
51. A. eagerly B. reasonably C. reluctantly D.
unwisely
52. A. s ucceed B. enrich C. win D.
defeat
53. A. at the expense of B. by means of C. in need of D. for
fear of
54. A. compensated B. supplemented C. accompanied D.
accumulated
55. A. prosperous B. rigorous C. vigorous D.
gorgeous
56. A. e ven B. though C. unless D. if
57. A. extravagant B. deficient C. excessive D.
adequate
58. A. w hatever B. whenever C. however D.
whosever
59. A. incomparable B. incompatible C. incapable D.
incredible
60. A. spiritual B. material C. economical D. social
61. A. nevertheless B. therefore C. otherwise D. hence
62. A. flaw B. error C. defect D. fault
63. A. intelligence B. imitation C. impulse D.
impression
64. A. vulnerable B. conceivable C. endurable D.
favorable
65. A. e nthusiastic B. occasional C. indifferent D.
underlying
66. A. abrupt B. absurd C acute D. apt
67. A. hinder B. restrain C. refrain D.
abolish
68. A. a nxious B. obvious C. suspicious D.
cautious
69. A. abandons B. cherishes C. sacrifices D.
reconciles
70. A. p leasure B. property C. wealth D.
opportunities
Part IV English-Chinese Translation (15 points)
Directions: Read the following passage into Chinese and write your answers on the
Answer
The railroad industry could not have grown as large as it did without steel. The
first rails were made of iron. But iron rails were not strong enough to support heavy
trains running at high speeds. Railroad executives wanted to replace them with steel
rails because steel was ten or fifteen times stronger and lasted twenty limes longer.
Before the 1870’s, however, steel was too expensive to be widely used. It was made
by a slow and expensive process of heating, stirring, and reheating iron ore.
Sheet.
Then the inventor Henry Bessemer discovered that directing a blast of air at
melted iron in a furnace would burn out the impurities that made the iron brittle. As
the air shot through the furnace, the bubbling metal would erupt in showers of sparks.
When the f ire cooled, the metal had been changed, or converted, to steel. The
Bessemer converter made possible the mass production of steel. Now three to five
tons of iron could be changed into steel in a matter of minutes.
Part V Chinese-English Translation (15 points)
Directions: Translate the following short paragraphs into English and write your
translation on the
本世纪初，小麦简直就是加拿大西部的命脉。小麦收成好，经济则繁荣；小
麦歉收，经济则萧条。城市中大街小巷的人们都在关注着小麦的收成和价格，这
种心情就好像他们就是种植者一样。小麦的市场行情成了人们的热门话题。
Answer Sheet.
战争使西部粮食市场发生了许多戏剧性的变化。多年以来，农民们不信任在
粮食交易所从事的粮食投机买卖。秋季的麦价一般都较低，但是农民们等不到市
场好转。他们常常在小麦一收割后就卖掉，过后则眼睁睁看着小麦涨价，投机者
从中发财。在各种时机，农民团体曾多次要求政府对市场严加控制，但政府不想
卷入其中，直到战争期间，麦价有失控的危险时，政府才介入。由于迫切需要控
制通货膨胀和生活费用上涨，联邦政府设立了一个粮食监督委员会来处理
从1917年至1918年的粮食收缴工作。
Part VI Writing (20 points)
Directions: In this part, you are required to write a composition of about 250 words
entitled “The Qualities of the Cross-Century Talents”. You must write it on the Answer
Sheet and remember to write it in readable handwriting.
西南大学博士入学考试英语试题详细解析（2012）
Part I Vocabulary (10 points)
1.B 句意：有时候一个广播电台会将其所收到的其他电台的节目转播给听众。
解析
A. rely依靠，和on搭配
B. relay转播，接替
C. relate联系，和to搭配
D. reside居住，留守
考核要点：词义辨析和词组搭配
2.A 句意：今年早些时候联合国在维也纳召开的滥用药品大会取得了相当多的成
果。
A. productive多产的
B. overwhelming 压倒性的，绝大多数的
C. compulsory强制的，压迫的
D. protective保护的
考核要点：词义辨析
3.C 句意：统计学专业学生主要学习如何大概地表示数据，如何计算比例和平均
值。
A. static静止的，静态的
B. statistic数据，数字
C. statistics统计学
D. status地位，身份
考核要点：相形词辨析
4.C 句意：如果你用刻板的观点看别人，你脑海中就形成了他们的一个大体想法
和形象，因此你就会认为他们的举手投足都按照（你想象的）特定方式来。
A. assimilate吸收，同化
B. simulate刺激
C. stereotype使成成规, 使变得刻板
D. subordinate使从属，使服从
考核要点：词义辨析
5.C 句意：阅读仅仅可以使我们学到知识，而思考却可以让我们读懂自己。
A. rectifies修正，校正
B. prolongs延长，拖延
C. furnishes装饰，提供信息
D. minimizes使最小化，把..减至最少
考核要点：词义辨析
6.B 句意：卫星通讯是如此与时俱进以至于商人们即使在太平洋上航行都可以与
公司办公职员联系，就如同他们就在隔壁一般。
解析
A. gliding滑动，掠过
B. cruising航行（海上）
C. piloting航行（空中）
D. patrolling巡逻，巡查
考核要点：近义词辨析
7. D 最近在《科学》杂志上发票的一篇文章认为，岩层中大部分有机化学物质
来自于地球上的污染而不是火星上的细菌。
A. configuration布置，结构
B. constitution建立，组成，宪法
C. condemnation谴责
D. contamination污染，玷污；污染物
考核要点：相形词词义辨析
8.A 句意：意识到了鹦鹉螺是如何控制自身在水中浮力的科学家们，已经消除了
对这些生物的那些错误认识。
A. erroneous错误的
B. misdemeanors名词，不法行为
C. misgivings名词，担忧，疑虑
D. misdirection引错方向，名词
考核要点：词义辨析
9.B 句意：历史证明：在面临人类生存与发展时，不同社会体系和意识形态的国
家都可以携手并肩作战。
A. evolution进化
B. survival生存
C. rivalry竞争
D. dignity尊严，高尚
考核要点：词义辨析
10. （此题有误）D 为了避免石油不足，我们应该倡导在短时间内，充分利用机
器。而这一言论一度让其他人感到相当震惊。
A. accelerate加速
B. operate运行
C. generate产生
D. utilize利用
11. D 句意：日本领导人于1945年在美国密苏里战舰上签署了无条件投降协议，
就此结束了世界二战。
A. conditional有条件的
B. infinite无限的，无穷的
C. everlasting永久的，永恒的
D. unconditional无条件的
考核要点：词义辨析
12.B 句意：如此富有的一个国家，竟然有这么多贫穷的人难以维持生计，这是
多么矛盾的事情。
解析
A. hypothesis假设，假说
B. paradox自相矛盾的人或事
C. conflict冲突，斗争
D. dispute争端
考核要点：词义辨析
13. A 句意：数病齐发导致他身体孱弱，但是他仍然懒得去运动。
A. cumulative累积的
B. formidable可怕的，可畏的
C. eternal永恒的
D. prospective预期的，有希望的
考核要点：词义辨析
14. D 句意:歹徒冲进银行，在工作人员要按下警报器的时候持枪威胁牧师并强制
他们把钱交出来。
A. shot射击
B. frightened惊恐，使害怕
C. amused逗乐，使发笑
D. menaced威胁，恐吓
考核要点：词义辨析
15.A 句意:我这双靴子比你的便宜，是因为我买时百货公司正降价销售存货。
A. clearance 清理
B. reduction减少
C. fortune财富，运气
D. deal交易
考核要点：词义辨析
16.B 句意：科技加速了信息共享，储存和传输，因此让更多的人接触到更多的
信息。
A. formulated构想出，规划
B. facilitated加速
C. furnished装饰，装置
D. functioned起作用
17.D 句意：我曾经认为，语言、文化和性格彼此间都是独立存在的，事实上他
们之间密不可分。
A. indistinctly不清楚地，模糊地
B. separately分开地，与from搭配
C. irrelevantly不恰当地，不相关地，与to搭配
D. independently独立地，分开地，与of 搭配
考核要点：词义辨析，近义词辨析
18.B 句意：85%以上的法裔加拿大人把法语作为自己的母语，并且信仰天主教。
A. caters提供饮食及服务
B. adheres追随，坚持，粘附
C. ascribes把…归因于
D. subscribes订阅，签署
19.C 句意：很多老师都不再强烈的倡导传统的英语教学法了。
A. sponsors 赞助者
B. contributors捐赠者，投稿者
C. advocates倡导者，支持者
D. performers表演者，表现者
20.A 句意：科学态度的实质就是人类可以成功的认识了解整个宇宙。
A. essence实质
B. content内容
C. texture质地，构造
D. threshold门槛，开始，入口
Part II Reading Comprehension (30 points)
Passage 1
21．A 本文先后叙述了美国针对医生医学专业能力不足进行专业培训，以及美
国医生不合格数量及原因，以及各地分布状况。故此可知选A，美国医生现状。
22．A 细节题。根据第一段最后一句“Others give their patients poor care because
they are senile, incompetent, guilty of misconduct or out of touch with developments
in medicine.”阐述了对不能为病患提供良好护理治疗的医生进行训练的原因。两
相比较，A项不包括在内，故选A。
23. B 本题可以使用排除法。从文中可知，吊销行医执照406人，暂停行医500
人，惩戒1000人，所以排除A项。C项，实际情况应该是不能得到补偿的医生
多数都在人口稀疏的农村，而不是在人口密集的城区，排除C项。D项，由于
农村医生比较少，所以尽管医生们专业能力有限，村民也是可以接受的，如果医
生人数减少了，那他们连看病的地方度没有了，故D项也可排除。
24. A 本文第三段作者提到：虽然农村的居民不希望因为某些医生的专业能力不
足就惩罚他们甚至吊销执照，但是审查委员会仍然坚持说老年人和穷人接受劣等
治疗是没有道理的。故此可以想象到以后委员会还是会坚持一贯作风，只要医生
不合格，便会进行惩戒甚至吊销执照。第四段提到卢博克大学正在建立计算机网
络帮助乡村医生尽快获得医疗经验并进入医疗记录，目的就是吸引更多年轻医生
去乡村。所以可以推测未来乡村合格医生会越来越多。
25. B 本文开始几段一直在叙述当前医学界医生专业能力不达标以及城乡分布
不均状况，最后一段开始谈及改善问题，提到了德克萨斯州的改善方法，故此可
以推断，接下来可能还会接着探讨其他解决问题的方法。
Passage 2
26．A 本文主要是给我们介绍了细菌的形状大小等特性，没有提到如何再生，
性能如何，更没有提到与疾病的关系。
27. C micron微米，inch英寸，centimeter厘米，millimeter毫米。如果不知道词
义，也可直接从文中子找答案。
28. B pinhead针头，rod-shaped bacterium 杆状细菌，microscope显微镜，rounded
bacterium球状细菌。细菌都是以微米为单位的，一个针头大约1000微米，杆状
细菌约2-4微米长，球状细菌直径1微米。故选 B.
29. A 细节题。本题可直接从文中找答案，根据文本可知，一颗细菌在显微镜下
几乎都是极细的线状或是微小的点。
30. A flagella毛鞭。作者是这样描述细菌和毛鞭之间的关系的：一颗颗细菌都附
在毛鞭上，只有毛鞭旋转了，细菌才能跟着在水中运动。由此可以推出A选项。
Passage 3
31. C 这是一道中心主旨题。本文的中心主旨句是首段的尾句。通过对首段尾句
以及其它段落主题句的阅读和理解，可以推导出本题的正确选项是C。考生在破
解此类题型时一定要首先抓住原文的中心主旨句以及各段的主题句。
32. B 本题是一道指代词题型。根据题干中的“incomplete combustion”可将本题的
答案信息来源迅速确定在第二段的第四句，该句中的指代词“these”暗示本题的具
体答案信息来源应该在第二段的第三句。通过阅读和理解第二段的第三句可推导
出本题的正确选项是B。考生在解题时对指代词一定要认真理解。
33. A 本题是一道审题定位题型。通过题干中的“air pollution”可将本题的答案信
息来源迅速确定在第一段，因为第一段首句中含有“noxious pollutants”，都在谈
污染的问题。通过阅读和理解第一段，尤其是第一段尾句即全文的中心主旨句，
可推导出本题的正确选项是A。这是一道比较难的题。考生在解题时一定要具备
审题定位能力，还要具备归纳和推导能力。
34. D 这是一道细节推导题型。因为本题题干中含有“the most appealing feature of
methanol”(甲醇最吸引人的特点)这一主题。本题题干主题确定在第三段。通过仔
细阅读和理解第三段最后一句，可推导出本题的正确选项是D，它的使用将会大
幅度减少臭氧水平。考生在破解这种题型时应对原文所表达的内容与关系有明确
的认识和把握。
35. A 这是一道细节推导题型。本题题干中的“the criticism of methanol”把本题的
答案信息来源确定在第四段的第一、二句。通过阅读和理解这两句话，尤其是第
二句话，就可推导出本题的正确选项A。考生在破解本题时一定要注意第二句话
的第一个词“Yet”在语意上所起的作用。考生在解题时一定要重视启承转合词的
出现和功能。
Passage 4
36. C 根据文章第一段“If the nature of the stimulus and the preference of the
hemisphere match up, then the person can respond slightly more quickly and
accurately in identifying the local or global image.”可知，选C。
37. C 偏手性及大脑不对称被认为是人类独有的特性，这一点是从哪一点体现出
来的？根据文章第一段“The assumption has always been that handedness and brain
asymmetry are strictly human traits---part of the great brain reorganization that
allowed our ancestor to use tools, speak and perhaps even think rationally.”可知， C
正确。
38. A文章中关于一个聪明的大脑所具有的特征。从第三段内容可以看出B、C
和D都有所提及，只有A不符合文意，与原文中“as a subtle one of processing style”
不一致，所以正确答案为A。
39. D 通过阅读原文最后一段中“… who suffer right-brain stokes is that they can
understand the literal meaning of sentences…but they can no longer get jokes or
allusions.” 我们可以知道，人类左脑善于记单词，词组而右脑则是负责诠释词
义以及衍伸意。若果一个人右脑瘫痪，那么他可能碰到的问题就是理解不了笑话
和典故。因此可排除A 项，即便是右脑瘫痪，还是可以理解字面意思。B选项
叙述是正确的，但是这并不是右脑瘫痪会遇到的问题。C项包含在D项之内，
只是举证而已。
40. A 本文作者主要讲述了人脑的两个半球的运行方式，两个脑半球各自的作用。
Passage 5
41. A作者在第一段中提到Du Pont公司对所有黑人应聘者都要进行血液检测以
此确认他们是否可能携带贫血镰状细胞。
42. A Du Pont公司官方发言人一再强调这种做法绝对不是性别歧视，而是帮助他
们避免潜在的疾病威胁。但是他们没有确切的证据证明仅仅一个异常的基因会让
黑人抗疾病能力更差。
43. C 第一段末以纽约时报做的基因筛查为例说明他们的调查没有将一个特定
的种族单独出来，所以A错误。文章中Du Pont公司的调查主要是为了筛查镰状
细胞贫血特质的携带者，镰状细胞贫血特质却不等同于镰状细胞贫血，所以它并
不是通常关注镰状细胞贫血，B错误。“Du Pont, which employs well over 100,000
workers, is in the vanguard of American companies doing genetic screening…”可以
看出Du Pont公司是美国做基因调查的先锋，所以推测有一些公司不想做，没有
做基因调查，所以C正确。D文中未提及。
44.D toxic 有毒的，powerful有力的，complex复杂的，thick浓的，厚的，poisonous
有毒的
45. B文章最后一句“Virtually all the carriers can lead very active lives and show no
symptoms of the disease.”可以推出B正确。A携带者数量应该是少于50,000，所
以错误，”…about two-tenths of a percent of the black population. .” 可以得出C错
误。根据倒数第二段可以得出D错误。
Passage 6
46 A 很明显Northbrook后面跟着一个同位语从句，同位语从句作用就是解释先
行词。根据句意可知Northbrook是一个以伊利诺斯州为基地的市场调研集团。
故选A。
47. A 人们对什么感到愤怒？根据第三段可知是A项，家长们迁就孩子大手大脚
的花钱。B项孩子们生活必需品价格昂贵，文中只是提到会让我们感到震惊。C
项，spending概念太大了，应该是extravagant spending。D项notoriously fickle
是修饰年轻人的而不是修饰消费习惯的。
48. D 细节题。第四段最后提到：各种形式的广告不断地告诉孩子们，如果想适
应社会，就应该拥有的东西。由此可知，本题选D，激起年轻人跟紧时代潮流的
欲望。
49. A 第六段作者提到，许多在职父母常常抽不出足够的时间陪自己的小孩，所
以他们常常对孩子们充满歉疚，因此便通过多给孩子零花钱来弥补自己的愧疚。
故选A. BC选项从某种程度上来说都是A的子选项。D项是指收到铺天盖地的
广告的影响，孩子们花钱大手大脚，属客观因素。而此题主要讨论的是父母主观
方面的因素。
50. D 文中最后一段提到：父母应该教会孩子们如何做预算，如何节省，而不应
该一味的放任。故选D。
51. D unwisely 愚蠢的，不明智的，eagerly渴望地，热切地，reasonably合理地，
reluctantly不情愿地。
Part III Cloze (10 points)
52. A 根据上下文可知是成功。可排除B(使丰富)，D（打败），而win主要战胜
某人，赢得某场比赛，为及物动词，后必须接宾语。故选A，succeed，成功，
不及物动词，可单用。
53. B at the expense of以…为代价，in need of 需要，for fear of 为避免，by means
of 通过…方式。
54 B supplemented，vt.补充，增补。本题主要考察词义辨析。Compensate补偿，
accompany陪伴，伴随，accumulate积累。根据句意可知，Epicurus每天只吃干
面包，只有在过节的时候，才会加一点点奶酪。故选B。
55. C Epicurus最后得到了幸福但是他的方式太过清苦了，因为他体弱多病。大
多数人都身体健康，自然是想选择一些更具活力的事情来做了。
vigorous有活力的，prosperous兴旺的，繁荣的，多用于形容国家或经济，rigorous
严格的，严密的，gorgeous华丽的，严厉的， valetudinarian体弱多病的，体弱
多病者。故选C。
56. C unless 除非。
57. D extravagant过度的，过分的，deficient不足的，有缺陷的，excessive过度
的，过分的，adequate足够的
句意：对大多数人而言，除非通过多种方式追求幸福，否则这事就太过抽象，太
过理论化，以致于不足以成为人们的生活准则。此处是个too…to 结构，太抽象…
而不足以…。故选D。
58. A w hatever无论什么，whenever无论什么时候，however无论怎样，whosever
无论谁的
59. B 本题主要考察词义。incomparable无可比拟的，incompatible 不相容的，
incapable 无能的，incredible 不可思议的，难以置信的。句意：无论你选择什么
样的生活准则，都不应该与幸福相冲突。
60. B 作者紧随其后的就那健康与薪水举例，可见是物质条件。故选B，material。
61. A 本题主要考察上下文的衔接。句意：有些人虽然具备了幸福的物质条件，
但是却分毫感觉不到幸福。Nevertheless表示转折，therefore，otherwise，hence
都表示因果。故选A。
62. D 本题主要考察近义词辨析。Flaw瑕疵，error强调违反某一标准而做的错
事，defect多指天生的缺陷，fault强调责任或性格上的弱点。
63. C 此处主要是人和动物的对比。这句话大概的意思是：动物活着只要本能性
的需要得到满足就可以了，只要外部条件比较好他们就会觉得很幸福。imitation
模仿，impulse冲动。本题比较抽象一些，但是可以从后文中确定答案impuls e。
64. D vulnerable脆弱的，易受伤的，conceivable可信的，可想到的，endurable
能持久的，耐用的，favorable有利的，讨人喜欢的。
65. B e nthusiastic 充满激情的，occasiona l 偶然的，偶尔的，indiffere nt 漠然的，
underlying潜在的，基本的
句意：假使你养了只猫，这只猫要是能衣食无忧，偶尔还能夜里还能跑跑屋顶，那
他就会觉得很幸福了。
66. D abrupt突然的，absurd荒谬的，acute尖锐的，a pt适当的，倾向于，be apt to 倾
向于
句意:在文明社会，特别是在讲英语的社会，这一点往往容易被人遗忘。
67. B hinder 阻碍，restrain压制，抑制，refrain克制，abolish废除，废止条令。
68. A be anxious to 渴望，obvious明显的，显然的，不与to搭配，suspicious怀
疑的，常常接about，cautious谨慎的，小心的。根据上下文可知，是十分渴望变
得富有。故选A。
69. C abandon放弃，cherish珍惜，sacrifice牺牲，reconcile调停，使和解。根据
上下文可知，商人为了追求财富，牺牲了健康和私人情感。可是最终富有的时候，
却没有任何快乐可言了。故选C。
70. A p leasure快乐，property财产，wealth财富，opportunities机遇
如果没有钢的话，铁路产业就不可能发展的像现在这样规模壮大。第一段铁
轨是铁做的。但是铁制铁轨不够坚硬，无法支撑沉重的火车高速运行。铁路高管
们便想用钢轨取代铁轨，因为相较于铁而言，钢要坚硬10-15倍，而且使用寿命
是铁的20倍。然而，19世纪80年代前，钢太贵了，以至于无法大规模的投入
使用。（因为）钢的炼制过程漫长，且成本高。首先要加热，然后搅拌，最后重
新加热铁矿。
Part IV English-Chinese Translation (15 points)
后来亨利·贝塞麦发现：炼铁的时候往熔炉里的铁水输送空气可以燃烧掉那些
使铁易碎的杂质。因为空气进入熔炉时，熔浆便会喷出火花束。当火熄灭后，铁
就转化成钢了。贝氏转炉使钢的大规模生产成为可能。现在3-5吨铁转化成钢只
需要几分钟时间。
重点词汇：impurity n. 杂质；不纯；不洁；melted iron 铁水；brittle adj. 易碎
的，脆弱的；易生气的；convert vi. 转变，变换
重点句型：倍数的基本表达 …times+比较级
At the beginning of this century, wheat was virtually the lifeline of West of
Canada. The economy would prosper if there was a good harvest, otherwise it would
be depressed. People in urban areas all paid close attention to the harvest and price of
wheat, as if they were the planters. And it had become a hot topic how the wheat
would sell.
Part V Chinese-English Translation (15 points)
War has brought about numerous dramatic changes in western grain market. For
many years, peasants have never been trusting grain speculation activities. In general,
the price was relatively low in autumn. However, peasants could not wait the price to
increase and would sell them once harvested, after which they could only see
speculators benefited from the increase in wheat price. During various periods of time,
farmer groups had required the governments to carry out strict control upon the grain
market; however, the governments wouldn’t like to intervene until wheat price was
almost lost control during the war. As it became urgent to control inflation and living
expenses, the Federal government set up the Grain O versight Committee to deal with
the buying and selling of grain during 1917 to 1918.
The Qualities of the Cross-Century Talents
Part VI writing (20 points)
It is exciting as well as challenging to become the cross-century talents. It seems
to me that the cross-century talents are supposed to have at least two qualities. Firstly,
the cross-century talents should have received all-round education with wide-ranging
abilities. Secondly, the cross-century talents should have the spirit of perseverance.
There are two factors contributing to these two qualities. First, nowadays,
various fields are closely related to each other, so a wide range of knowledge is
required. Besides, competition has become so tense that all kinds of challenges will be
possible, so only people with strong will can survive and succeed in the end.
Considering all these, we can take two measures in order to become qualified as
the cross-century talents. On the one hand, we should receive as much education as
possible. O n the other hand, we should try our best to experience different challenges
in life. In conclusion, as long as we make efforts, we can become more useful to the
society and to our country.

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