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理工大学工程兵工程学院2000年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷

学科专业：各专业考试科目名称：英语
　　English Entrance Examination
　　For Non-English Major Doctoral Candidates
　　Paper One

　　Part I Listening Comprehension (15 points, 20 minutes)
　　Section A
　　Directions: In this section you will hear several short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Each conversation and question will be spoken only once. 　　　After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four suggested answers marked (A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the 　Answer Sheet.
　　　1. A) To cancel his trip B) To go to bed early.
　　　C) To catch a later flight D) To ask for a wake-up call
　　2. A) They have different opinions as to what to do next.
　　　B) They have to pay for the house by installments.
　　　C) They will fix a telephone in the bathroom.
　　　D) The man''s attitude is more sensible than the woman''s.
　　3. A) She will save the stamps for the man''s sister.
　　　B) She will no longer get letters from Canada.
　　　C) She can''t give the stamps to the man''s sister.
　　　D) She has given the stamps to the man''s roommates.
　　4. A) Visiting the Brownings B) Writing.
　　　C) Looking for a postcard. D) Filling in a form.
　　5. A) The man should work with somebody else
　　　B) The man should meet his partner''s needs.
　　　C) They should come to a compromise.
　　　D) They should find a better lab for the project.
　　6. A) She can''t finish her assignment, either.
　　　B) She can''t afford a computer right now.
　　　C) The man can use her computer.
　　　D) The man should buy a computer right away.
　　7. A) The visiting economist has given several lectures.
　　B) The guest lecturer''s opinion is different from Dr.Johnson''s.
　　C) Dr. Johnson and the guest speaker were schoolmates.
　　D) Dr. Johnson invited the economist to visit their college.
　　8. A) She''s never watched a better game.
　　B) Football is her favorite pastime.
　　C) The game has been canceled
　　D) Their team played very badly.
　　Section B
　　Directions: In this section, you will hear three short passage. At the end of each passage, there will be two or three questions. Both the passage and the questions will be read to you only once. After each 　　question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on your Answer Sheet.
Passage 1
　　9. A) He sold fast food.
　　B) He raised dogs.
　　C) He was a cook.
　　D) He was a cartoonist.
　　10. A) Because the Americans found they were from Germany.
　　B) Because people thought they contained dog meat.
　　C) Because people had to get used to their taste.
　　D) Because it was too hot to eat right away.
　　Passage 2
　　11. A) They give out faint cries.
　　B) They make noises to drive away insects.
　　C) They extend their water pipes.
　　D) They become elastic like rubber bands.
　　12. A) They could drive the insects away
　　B) They could keep the plants well watered.
　　C) They could make the plants grow faster
　　D) They could build devices to trap insects.
　　Passage 3
　　13 A) To look for a different lifestyle. B) To enjoy themselves
　　C) For adventure. D) For education
　　14 A) It is a city of contrasts
　　B) It possesses many historical sites.
　　C) It is an important industrial center.
　　D) It has many big and beautiful parks.
　　15. A) It helps develop our personalities.
　　B) It enables us to acquire first-hand knowledge.
　　C) It makes our life more interesting.
　　D) It brings about changes in our lifestyle.

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Part II Reading Comprehension (30 points, 45 minutes)
　　Directions: In this part there are several passages. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked (A), B), C) and D). You should decide on 　　the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.

　　　Passage 1
　　Every year scientists open more doors that lead to the secrets of
　　new beneficent drugs.
　　There is bacitracin, which was discovered by two scientists at
　　Columbia University''s College of Physicians and Surgeons. These two
　　people, Dr. Frank Meleney and Miss Balbina Johnson, knowing that the
　　human body had some kind of action in itself with which it fights
　　infections, began to search for the chemical that does this. In the
　　hospital they examined badly infected wounds of people who had been
　　hurt in accidents and made tests of the blood and the infected tissue.
　　Finally, in the wound of a girl who had broken a leg bone, they
　　found the useful germs which seemed to be fighting the poisonous
　　infection. They took some of these into the laboratory and from them
　　developed cultures; that is, larger masses of the germs with which to
　　experiment. At last, after long and painstaking work, they were able
　　to draw from these germs a substance which is a germ destroyer. Dr.
　　Meleney and Miss Johnson named it bacitracin-baci because the germ is,
　　in scientific language, a bacillus and tracin for Margaret Tracy,
　　whose broken leg supplied the germ.
　　Bacitracin at first was used only locally; later the drug was
　　developed into a solution that can be used to fight germ through the
　　blood stream.
　　16.Today, the discovery of a new drug occurs .
　　A)very seldom. B)once in a generation.
　　C)once every ten years. D)frequently.
　　17. The scientific term for the action with which the human body
　　fights infection .
　　A)drug. B)biotic.
　　C)not mentioned. D)both A and B.
　　18. Searching for the fighting chemical, the scientists examined .
　　A)fresh wounds. B)infected wounds.
　　C)only infected leg bones. D)only a few wounds.
　　19. Cultures, as used in this article, are .
　　A)masses of germs.
　　B)blood tests.
　　C)masses of infected tissue.
　　D)poisonous germs.
　　20. Bacitracin .
　　A)is poisonous. B)destroys germs.
　　C)restores broken bones. D)develops germs.
　　21. To say that a drug was used locally is to say that it was .
　　A)distributed through the whole system.
　　B)used only in the area of infection.
　　C)used only at Columbia
　　D)used only in hospitals.
　　22. From reading this selection you can infer that
　　A)many scientific discoveries are due to chance.
　　B)every year scientists discover new beneficent drugs.
　　C)behind medical discovery there may be a dramatic story.
　　D)culture are large masses of germs.
　　Passage 2
　　Our echo sounder located the wreck of a French submarine that had
　　foundered during the war in seventy-five feet of water outside Dakar
　　harbor. Dumas and I plunged down and found the vessel lying clean and
　　upright, surrounded by such clouds of fish as we had rarely seen-small
　　silver fingerlings and dark metals. As Dumas swam into the shadow of
　　the port propeller, he came face to face with a gigantic fish, grouper
　　variety, cousin to our familiar Mediterranean meroblast-fish. This
　　specimen was ten times the size of our old acquaintances: he weighed
　　at least four hundred pounds. The wide, flat head and tiny eyes
　　advanced on Dumas; the ugly mouth yawned open, wide enough to admit
　　him. Dumas knew that sedentary groupers have no teeth to speak of; it
　　seemed, however, that this individual might wish to swallow him
　　unmasticated in the fashion of the mero type which swims agape(大张着嘴),
　　taking in whole octopuses（章鱼）.
　　The cavernous mouth approached within two feet; Dumas sculled
　　backward, watchfully keeping a modest interval as the monster
　　unhurriedly followed. The knowledge that the species was harmless gave
　　Dumas little comfort as he gazed into the fish''s mouth; he and the
　　grouper exchanged mutual stares of revulsion for a seemingly
　　interminable period while Dumas was steadily pressed back. Then the
　　beast lost interest, turned aside, and returned to its dim home under
　　the lost submarine. Dumas surfaced in a reflective mood: "Imagine
　　being swallowed by a lousy grouper."
　　23. Dumas encountered the jewfish while .
　　A)trying to locate an old wreck.
　　B)skin fishing in Dakar harbor.
　　C)swimming near a foundered submarine.
　　D)attempting to salvage a submarine.
　　24. The gigantic fish was actually .
　　A)an extraordinarily large pomfret.
　　C)a kind of grouper fish.
　　B)a mero.
　　D)both B and C.

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25. This type of fish was supposed to be .
　　A) dangerous if provoked. B) vicious.
　　C) harmless. D) afraid of man.

　　26. Dumas regarded the fish with .
　　A)tolerant amusement.
　　B)immediate terror.
　　C)complete objectivity.
　　D)increasing suspicion.
　　27. It seemed to Dumas that the fish wished to .
　　A)drive him away from its home.
　　B)swallow him whole.
　　C)protect itself.
　　D)force him to surface.
　　28. Dumas'' comment on surfacing expressed .
　　A)terror at a near escape.
　　B)shame at his reaction to the fish.
　　C)the unreasonableness of the situation.
　　D)revulsion for the fish.
　　29. Implied but not stated: The fish .
　　A)intended to eat Dumas.
　　B)acted out of simple curiosity.
　　C)lived under the submarine.
　　D)had been misidentified by Dumas.
　　Passage 3
　　Reruns of situation comedies from the fifties and early sixties dramatize the kinds of problems that parents used to have with their children. The Cleavers scold Beaver for not washing his hands before dinner, the Andersons punish Bud for not doing his homework; the Nelsons dock little Ricky’s allowance because he keeps forgetting to clean his room. But times have changed dramatically. Being a parent today is much more difficult than it was a generation ago.
　　Today’s parents must try, first of all, to control all the new distractions that tempt children away from schoolwork. At home, a child may have a room furnished with a stereo and television. Not many young 　　people can resist the urge to listen to an album or watch MTV-especially if it is time to do schoolwork. Outside the home, the distractions are even more alluring, children no longer “hang out” on a neighborhood corner within earshot of Mom or Dad’s reminder to come in and do homework.. Instead,, they congregate in vast shopping malls, buzzing video arcades and gleaming fast-food restaurants. Parents and school assignments have obvious difficulty competing with such enticing alternatives.
　　Besides dealing with these distractions, parents also have to shield their children from a flood of ***ually explicit materials. Today, children can find *** magazines and pornographic paperbacks in the same corner store that once offered only comics and candy. Moreover, the movies young people attend often focus on highly ***ual situations. It is difficult to teach children traditional values when films show teachers seducing students and young people treating *** as a casual sport. An even more difficult matter for parents is the heavily ***ual content of programs on television.
Most disturbing to parents today, however, is the increase in life-threatening dangers that face young people. When children are small, parents fear that their youngsters may be victims of violence. Every news program seems to carry a report about a mass murderer who preys on young girls, a deviant who has buried six boys in his cellar, or an organized child pornography ring that molests preschoolers. When children are older, parents begin to worry about their kids’ use of drugs. Peer pressure to experiment with drugs is often stronger than parents’ warnings. This pressure to experiment can be fatal if the drugs have been mixed with dangerous chemicals.
　　　Within one generation, the world as a place to raise children has changed dramatically. One wonders how yesterday’s parents would have dealt with today’s problems. Could the Andersons have kept Bud away from MTV? Could the Nelsons have shielded little Ricky from ***ually explicit material? Could the Cleavers have protected Beaver from drugs? Parents must be aware of all these distractions and dangers, yet be willing to give their children the freedom they need to become responsible adults. It is not an easy task..
　　30. Parents today must protect their children from all of the following except_______ .
　　A)Drug abuse
　　B)Life-threatening situations
　　C)Drinking too much beverage
　　D)Sexually explicit materials
　　31. Traditional values become more difficult for younger generation to accept because ________ .
　　A)Teachers set bad examples for students
　　B) Bad side effects on children from TV and films outweigh the traditional education
　　C) Parents failed in educating their children
　　D)The younger generation can not resist the temptation from all sorts of distractions
　　32. According to the author, what the parents now most fear for about their children is ________.
　　A) Physical dangers B). Violent TV programs
　　C) Enticing alternatives D). Sex magazines
　　33. Which of the following words can best describe the author’s attitude towards being a responsible parent?
　　A) Frustrated. B) Pessimistic.
　　C). Wait-and –see. D) Positive
　　34. It can be inferred from the passage that parents today ________.
　　A)Must pay much more attention to their children’s behavior
　　B)Have to strengthen the education on traditional values
　　C)Have to strike a balance between their need to provide limitations and their children’s need for freedom
　　D)Must prevent their children from all kinds of seductions of the society
　　35.The author develops her main idea by _________.
　　A)Complaining about some social influences on children
　　B)Comparing education of yesterday with that of today
　　C)Explaining parents’ worries today
　　D)Stating her own points with vivid examples

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Passage 4
　　Very old people do raise moral problems for almost everyone who comes
　　in contact with them. Their values--this can''t be repeated too often--are
　　not necessarily our values. Physical comfort, cleanness and order are not

　　necessarily the most important things. The social services from time to
　　time find themselves faced with a flat with decaying food covered by small
　　worms, and an old person lying alone in bed, taking no notice of the worms.
　　But is it interfering with personal freedom to insist that they go to live
　　with some of their relatives so that they might be taken better care of?
　　Some social workers, the ones who clear up the worms, think we are in danger
　　of carrying this concept of personal freedom to the point where serious
　　risks are being taken with the health and safety of the old.
　　Indeed, the old can be easily hurt or harmed. The body is like a car,
　　it needs more mechanical maintenance as it gets older. You can carry this
　　comparison right through to the provision for spare parts. But never forget
　　that such operations are painful experiences, however good the results. And
　　at what point should you cease to treat the old body? Is it morally right to
　　try to push off death by pursuing the development of drugs to excite the
　　forgetful old mind and to activate the old body, knowing that it is designed
　　to die? You cannot ask doctors or scientists to decide, because so long as
　　they can see the technical opportunities, they will feel bound to give them
　　a try, on the principle that while there''s life, there''s hope.
　　When you talk to the old people, however, you are forced to the conclusion that whether age is happy or unpleasant depends less on money or on health than it does on your ability to have fun.
　　36. It is implied in Paragraph 1 that ________ .
　　A) very old people enjoy living with their relatives
　　B) social services have nothing to do with very old people
　　C) very old people would like to live alone so that they can have more
personal freedom
　　D) very old people are able to keep their rooms very clean
　　37. Some social workers think that ________ .
　　A) health and safety are more important than personal freedom
　　B) personal freedom is more important than health and safety
　　C) old people should keep their rooms clean
　　D) one should not take the risk of dealing with old people
　　38. In the author''s opinion, ________ .
　　A) the human body can''t be compared to a car
　　B) the older a person, the more care he needs
　　C) too much emphasis has been put on old people''s values
　　D) it is easy to provide spare parts for old people
　　39. The word ''it'' in the last paragraph refers to __________ .
　　A) the conclusion you have made
　　B) your talk to the old people
　　C) whether age is happy or unpleasant
　　D) one''s money or one''s health
　　40. The author thinks that __________ .
　　A) medical decisions for old people should be left to the doctors
　　B) old people can enjoy a happy life only if they are very rich
　　C) the opinion that we should try every means possible to save old people
is doubtful
　　D) it is always morally right to treat old people and push off death

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Passage 5
　　Let children learn to judge their own work. A child who learns to talk does not learn by being corrected all time: if corrected too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the language those around him use. Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other people''s. In the same way, when children learn to do all the other things they learn to do without being taught--to work, run, climb, whistle, ride a bicycle--compare those performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes. But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his own mistakes for himself, let alone correct them. We do it all for him. We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him, or correct it unless he was made to. Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher. Let him do it himself. Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word says, what answer is to that problem, whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not.
　　If it is a matter of right answers, as it may be in mathematics or science, give him the answer book. Let him correct his own papers. Why should we teachers waste time on such routine work? Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he can''t find a way to get the right answer. Let''s end this nonsense of grades, exams, marks. Let us throw them all out, and let the children learn what all educated persons must some day learn, how to measure their own understanding, how to know what they know or do not know.
　　Let them get on with this job in the way that seems most sensible to them, with our help as school teachers if they ask for it. The idea that there is a body of knowledge to be learnt at school and used for the rest of 　　one''s life is nonsense in a world as complicated and rapidly changing as ours. Anxious parents and teachers say, "But suppose they fail to learn something essential, something they will need to get in the world? Don''t worry! If it is essential, they will go out into the world and learn it."
　　41. What does the author think is the best way for children to learn things?
　　A)by copying what other people do
　　B)by making mistakes and having them corrected
　　C)by listening to explanations from skilled people
　　D)by asking a great many questions
　　42. What does the author think teachers do which they should not do?
　　A)They give children correct answers.
　　B)They point out children''s mistakes to them.
　　C)They allow children to make their own work.
　　D)They encourage children to copy from one another.
　　43. The passage suggests that learning to speak and learning to ride a bicycle are _____.
　　A)not really important skills.
　　B)more important than other skills.
　　C)basically different from learning adult skills.
　　D)basically the same as learning other skills.

　　44. Exams, grades, and marks should be abolished because children''s progress should only be estimated by _____.
　　A)educated persons. B)the children themselves.
　　C)teachers. D)parents.
　　45. The author fears that children will grow up into adults who are _____.
　　A)too independent of others.
　　B)too critical of themselves.
　　C)unable to think for themselves.
　　D)unable to use basic skills.
　　Part III Vocabulary and Structure ( 15 points, 20 minutes)
　　Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A),B),C) and D). Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark your corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
　　46．His heart was filled with for the accident.
　　A)composure B)compassion
　　C)altruism D)discretion
　　47．The mechanisms of government seemed awesome to the visitors.
　　A)intricate B)subtle
　　C)interesting D)new
　　48．Registration is in order to vote in elections.
　　A)urgent B)fated
　　C)compulsory D)irresistible
　　49． your requests, we regret that we are unable to assist you in this matter.
　　A)By virtue of B)In view of
　　C)On account of D)With respect to
　　50．A child''s often changes in the presence of strangers.
　　A)personality B)behavior
　　C)comprehension D)attitude
　　51.The motorist was by the conflicting road signs and was at a loss about which direction to take.
　　A)angry B)bewildered
　　C)happy D)sorrowful
　　52.The food was divided ______ according to the age and size of the children.
　　A)equally
　　B)proportionately
　　C)sufficiently
　　D)adequately
　　53.To undergraduate students, the doctoral degree is a distant ______.
　　A) prospect B)aspect
　　C)respect D)concept
　　54.You will have to ______ this skyscraper as you have not complied with the town planning regulations.
　　A)hold up B) put up
　　C) pull down D)set aside
　　55. Unlike a writer, an artist often uses exaggeration to ______.
　　A)send his message over
　　B)put down his message
　　C)put forward his message
　　D)put his message across
　　56.I ______ with the Browns during my stay in New York City.
　　A) put up B) lived up
　　C) lived at D) put in
　　57. If someone is frowning, we _____ that she or he is sad or angry.
　　A) Infer B) claim
　　C) anticipate D) acknowledge
　　58. The new apartment built few months ago is large enough to _____ over two hundred people.
　　A) locate B) reside
　　C) settle D) accommodate
　　59. In order to strengthen his arguments, Toffler _____ respectable social scientists who agree with him.
　　A) recites B) confirms
　　C) quotes D) convinces
　　60. The decline of Rome _____ the disappearance of classical drama
　　A) restrained B) withheld
　　C) restored D) witnessed
　　61. In one scene of Modern Time, Charlie Chaplin was shown trying _____ to keep in time with a rapid assembly line.
　　A) aimlessly B) violently
　　C) hardly D) desperately
　　62.When writing about controversial topics, some authors try to be _____ without favouring either side.
　　A) impressive B) reflective
　　C) objective D) persuasive
　　63. When people have their basic needs satisfied,they begin to think of other things to fulfil their life _____ .
　　A) necessities B) requirements
　　C) appreciation D) expectations
　　64. ______ are said to be the world''s best watch makers.
　　A)Swisses B)The Swisses
　　C)The Swiss D)Some Swiss
　　65.Even as a child, Kate had admired her aunt Syb, especially ______ she bore the sacrifices her profession demanded.
　　A)in the way B)by the way
　　C)the way D)any way
　　66.Human groups that practice horticulture have greater control than ______ only hunt and gather.
　　A)those who B)who
　　C)those that D)those
　　67.It''s true that the old road is less direct and a bit longer. We won''t take the new one, ______, because we don''t feel as safe on it.
　　A)somehow B)though
　　C)therefore D)otherwise
　　68.The ancient Romans applied their knowledge ______ the construction of bridges, roads, and public buildings.
　　A)in B)to
　　C)for D)through
　　69 As word of the cloud of poison began to spread, hundreds, then thousands, took ______ the road in flight from the fumes.
　　A)to B)off
　　C)on D)for
　　70.The students expected there ______ more reviewing classes before the final exams.
　　A)is B)being
　　C)have been D)to be
　　71. We left the manager a note ______ he wanted to know where we were.
　　A) if B) in case C) so that D) unless
　　72. ______, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a
　　people in a fundamental form.
　　A) wherever occurring B) They occur wherever
　　C) Where they occur D) Where do they occur
　　73. The sea is very beautiful and _____________.
　　A) the mountains are so too B) the mountains are too
　　C) so are the mountains D) also are the mountains
　　74. _________ the very cold winter, we have run out of coal earlier than we had expected.
　　A) By reason of B) For the sake of
　　C) At the risk of D) At the mercy of
　　75. I am pleased with what you have given me and ______ you have told me.
　　A) that B) all that C) which D) all what

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Part IV Cloze ( 10 points, 15 minutes)
　　Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passages. For each blank there are four choices marked (A), B), C) and D) . You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passages. Then mark the 　　corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.
　　After sunset on our[ 76 ]day at the ranch I walked out into the
　　desert. In this, he first pleasant moment for a walk after the long hot
　　hours, I thought I was the only thing[ 77 ]. Abruptly I [ 78 ].On
　　the ground in front of me, a rattlesnake lay rigid. Its head was not
　　yet drawn back to strike, but merely turned a little to watch what I
　　[ 79 ].Many snakes will flee at the sight of a man but this rattle
　　snake felt[ 80 ]to[ 81 ].He[ 82 ]in calm watchfulness, waiting for
　　me to show my intentions. My first instinct was to [ 83 ]him; I had
　　never killed anything I [ 84 ] to kill. But I remembered that there
　　were children, dogs and horses; my duty,[ 85] was to kill these snake.
　　I went back to the ranch and returned with a stick. The rattlesnake
　　[ 86 ].He lay like[ 87 ]wire but when he saw the stick his tail
　　twitched and he drew back his head. I raised my stick but before I
　　could strike he shot into a dense bush and[ 88]his rattling, warning
　　me by this that I had made an un-provoked attack and that if I
　　persisted he would[ 89 ] but[ 90 ]if he could. For a moment I
　　listened to this ominous sound and then I struck into the bush with my
　　stick and, hacking about, dragged him out of it with his back broken.
　　He stuck passionately [ 91 ] at the stick but a moment later his neck
　　was broken and he was soon dead. Nevertheless, when I picked him up by
　　the tail,his jaws snapped once more,[ 92 ] proving what I had once
　　been told but had[ 93 ]believed:a newly dead rattlesnake may still
　　bite. I dropped the body into the green bush and,as I did so,I saw him
　　in my mind''s[ 94 ],gliding over the twilight stands as he might have
　　done [ 95 ] I had let him go.
　　76. A)starting B)camping C)last D)tiring
　　77. A)out of doors B)without companies
　　C)under the open air D)being threatened
　　78.A)gasped B)screamed
　　C)was breathless D)came to a halt
　　79.A)am doing B)would do
　　C)were to do D)might to do
　　80.A)no hurry B)no necessity
　　C)no danger D)no sense
　　81.A)attack B)bite
　　C)move D)slide
　　82.A)stayed where he was B)moved quickly
　　C)curled his head up D)rattled his tail
　　83. A)scare B)catch C)poke D)ignore
　　84. A)disliked B)was fond of
　　C)was not obliged D)had no mercy
　　85. A)doubtless B)obviously
　　C)reluctantly D)cruelly
　　86. A)had already fled B)was about to move
　　C)did not move D)was dying slowly
　　87. A)an alive B)a living
　　C)a live D)a lively
　　88. A)twisted B)set up
　　C)dragged D)withdrew
　89. A)not avoid choosing B)decide
　　C)not give in D)have no choice
　　90. A)to take my life B)to take my life away
　　C)to challenge me D)to killing me
　　91. A)once more B)the second time
　　C)once a while D)from time to time
　　92. A)and thus B)in this way
　　C)thereafter D)meanwhile
　　93. A)faintly B)nearly
　　C)only half D)never before
　　94. A)opinion B)view
　　C)point D)eye
　　95. A)unless B)although
　　C)in case D)if

　　Paper Two
　　Part V Translation (20 points, 50 minutes)
　　Section A
　　Directions: Read the following passage first and then translate the 5 underlined sentences into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space in Answer Sheet.
　　From the beginning of our relationship, in 1977, polls have been my common frame of reference with Bill Clinton.(96)We used polling not to determine what positions he would take but to figure out which of the positions he had already taken were the most popular. I would always draw the distinction between deciding on policy and identifying certain issues for emphasis by telling Clinton, (97)“You print the menu of the things you want. Then I’ll advise which dish to have for dinner tonight.”
　　(98)In that October 1994 survey, we polled 800 voters distributed across the country in proportion to each state’s share of the national vote. (99)It defies logic that interviews with 800 Americans will accurately mirror the opinions of 250 million of their countrymen. But many laws of science seem crazy. The fact is that if you got a phone book of the entire United States, from a to z, and you pulled out every 312,500th name and interviewed that person, (100)the resulting 800 interviews would accurately reflect -- within a margin of error -- the opinions of everybody who is listed in the phone book. I’ve seen it time and again. The 　　final poll results accurately state the final election results. It’s strange.

　　96. We used polling not to determine what positions he would take but to figure out which of the positions he had already taken were the most popular

　　97. You print the menu of the things you want. Then I’ll advise which dish to have for dinner tonight.

　　98.. In that October 1994 survey, we polled 800 voters distributed across the country in proportion to each state’s share of the national vote.

　　99. It defies logic that interviews with 800 Americans will accurately mirror the opinions of 250 million of their countrymen.

　　100. … the resulting 800 interviews would accurately reflect -- within a margin of error -- the opinions of everybody who is listed in the phone book.
　　Section B
　　Directions: Put the following passage into English. Write your English version in the proper space on the Answer Sheet.
　　美国人却为其物质的财富付出了代价：即艰苦的劳动。当最早的定居者到达北美大陆时，这里自然资源丰富，但却都未被开发利用。只有通过艰苦的劳动才能将这些自然资源转变成物质财富和舒适的生活。对历史上大多数的美国人而言，辛勤的劳动既是必要的，也是有报偿的。正因为如此，美国人逐级地把物质财富的拥有看做辛勤劳动之后应得的报偿。在某些方面，物质财富的拥有不仅仅　　是人们付出劳动的证明，也是其能力的表现。
　Part VII Writing (10 points, 30 minutes)
　　Directions:
　　Widespread tobacco consumption has led to grave consequences, yet the tobacco companies are still claiming that they make a valuable contribution to the world economy. Here you are required to write an essay
　　1) criticizing their view and
　　2) justifying your stand.
　　In your essay, make full use of the information provided in the pictures printed below. You should write approximately 130 -150 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

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