副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 e^&YQl
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(一) 副词的分类 o;];ng
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: 1V+1i)+
1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 .&@|)u
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 dN |w;|M
3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 P60 3P
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。
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5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。 (m04Z2#
6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 Q^MB%L;D
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(二)副词的用法 N8D'<BUC
1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. { tR=D_5
2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. M5ZWcD.1
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. j~Gu;%tq
4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind. R@VO3zs W
5. 修饰不定代词和数词: z%Z}vWn
Nearly everybody came to out party. HENCQ_Wra
7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. huKz["]z[
9. 修饰全句: YSa:"A
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. uqQMS&;+,|
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(三)副词的构成 EL}v>sC
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 =]zPUzr,|
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 ItaJgtsV
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 yPQ{tS*t
4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 8V|-BP5^
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 _-!6@^+
6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 |@ldXuYb
7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike, =oh6;Ojt
round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 /GeS(xzQ
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 ,@!d%rL:4]
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 kcOpO<oE
(四)与形容词同形的副词 =0f8W=d:Vr
有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: C,<TAm
We had an early breakfast. M^[jA](a
We had breakfast early. )?xt=9Lh
early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 _x'StD
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(五)兼有两种形式的副词 iIF'!K=q
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: @'rO=(-b
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1. close做“近”解: (\I =v".
He lives close to the school. 0iB1_)~
He was following close behind. Y~:7l5C
做其他解释时用closely: DVS7N_cx2o
Watch what I do closely. 8xv\Zj +
The prisons were closely guarded. l
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2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: Tc*PDt0C
She stopped dead. GkC88l9z
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: W!(Q_B
He was dead tired. *o#`l H
The wind was dead against us. Zk[#BUA
deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, pZjFpd|
例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 [n"<(~
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3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: ~;W%
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The train goes there direct. RW)C<g
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. !v`=EF.
做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: vKt_z@{{L
He was looking directly at us. *+z({S_Nv
She answered me very directly and openly. ?xet:#R'
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: O+N-x8W{
Answer me directly. 0d2%CsMS"D
Let's meet directly after lunch. 'nno)kQ"
有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: S@#L!sT`u
They looked around. WKf~K4BL>
Let’s go on with the work. ;'p'8lts
上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 5ZVTI,4K
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(六)副词的词序 AL0Rn e N
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1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 A
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The building is very high. :9b RuUm
He came long before the appointed time. +*V;
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2. 副词修饰动词。 1 GdD
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. @2gMtf?<
及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. Pa}vmn1$
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3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 3_$eQ`AAA
I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. l5F
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4. 频度副词的位置。 x8Sq+BY
在一般动词前:They always say so. D;]%
有be动词时,在be动词后: L|LTsRIq
I am always busy. +QX>:z
有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. 8:xo ~Vc
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5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: ~-d.3A$u
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. )*ckJK
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6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 4Z}{hc\J
地点+状态+次数+时间: l #Q`f.
She arrived there safely the other day. Tm52=+u f$
程度十状态+地点十时间: SWpUVZyd
They played fairly well there yesterday.