医学考博英语模拟试题

National EnglishAdmission Test for Medical Doctoral Students

Model Test 1

PAPER ONE

Part I Listening

Section A       o
Directions: Inthis section of the test, you will hear 15 short conversations between twospeakers.
At the endof each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Theconversations and questions will be read only once. You must listen carefullyand choose the right answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

                     For Example:                                                        A     B            D

1.    A.John is good at painting.
B.John’s sister’s son is good at painting.
C. Thewoman suggest the man take up painting.
D. Thewoman is making fun of the man.
2.    A. He has a fried who majored in economics.
       B.He hasn’t taken more than one economics course.
       C.He’s been learning a lot this year, too.
       D.He couldn’t make any sense out of his course.
3.    A. Check the price of calculators.                B.Finish his statistics homework.
C. Lookfor a job in mathematics.               D.Use a smaller calculator.
4.    A. Because the police stopped him.             B.Because the driver charged too much.
       C.Because he had been robbed.                  D.For no good reason.
5.    A. Take some more vegetables.                   B.Pass the woman the meat.
C.Avoid taking any more food.                  D.Help to prepare the potatoes.
6.    A. In her office.                                        B.In the library.
       C.In the laboratory.                                  D.In the conference room.
7.    A. Professor Miller offered more help than he had expected.
       B.Professor Miller will not discuss the topic with him.
       C.He asked Professor Miller for some books.
       D.Professor Miller gave him more books than he had requested.
8.    A. She thinks the explanations are difficult.
       B.The explanations will be added in a later edition.
       C.She thinks the book should include more information.
       D.The book includes an explanation of all the answers.
9.    A. He probably supports nuclear power plants.
       B.He probably opposes nuclear power plants.
       C.He probably no opinion on this topic.
       D.He probably tries to understand both sides.
10.  A. Use every minute of their time wisely.
B. Livethere until the final time.
C. Finishtheir assignments early if possible.
D. Savethe lab samples.
11.  A. She is dependable.                                B.She is hard-working.
C. Sheis kind.                                                 D.She is helpful.
12.  A. It made her ill.
B. Shebelieves the refreshments could have been better.
       C. She feels regret about the lack ofsuccess.
D. Shefelt that her clothes were inappropriate.
13.  A. She likes to get E-mails.
B. Shehasn’t seen her friends just lately.
C. Shelives in the same house with the man and woman are talking.
D. She istheir best friend.
14.   A. He doesn’t need a green pen.
B. Henever bought a green pen.
C. He neverreturned the woman’s green pen to her.
D. Hedoesn’t have a green pen with him.
15.  A. Bill will buy the car as soon as he gets the money.
B.Bill’s friend is buying the car from him.
C.Bill can’t afford to buy a new car.
D.Bill has already made the down payment on the car.

Section B       o
Directions:     In this section of the test, you will hearthree talks. After each talk, there are five questions. The talks and questionswill be read only once. You must listen carefully and choose the right answerfrom the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

                     For Example:                                                        A     B            D

Talk One
16.   A. A nutritionist.                                       B.A professor.
       C.A dining hall manager.                          D.A doctor.
17. A. A note for his doctor.                             B. A dining hallpass.
       C.A list of restaurants.                              D.A food chart.
18.  A. He’s an athlete.                                     B.He has high blood pressure.
       C.He has a high cholesterol level.               D.He’s overweight.
19.  A. In the hospital cafeteria.                        B.In his room.
       C.In restaurants.                                       D.In the dining hall.
20.  A. Angry.                                                 B. Hungry.
       C.Relieved.                                              D.Tired.

Talk Two
21.   A. Fire prevention.        B.Pest control.
       C.House construction.   D. Toxic chemicals.
22.  A. It’s cheaper.             B.It’s safer.
       C.It’s quicker.       D. It’s readilyavailable.
23.   A. To keep the heat inside.
B. Toprevent insects from escaping.
C. Toreduce the risk of fire.
D. Tokeep the wood dry.
24.   A. To show that the treatment will not cause fire.
       B.To emphasize the dangers of the old method.
       C.To explain a step in the new technique.
       D.To illustrate a compromise between old and new systems.
25. A. Above 125 degreesCentigrade.                B. About 50degrees Centigrade.
       C.Around 65 degrees Centigrade.               D.At 80 degrees Centigrade.

Talk Three
26.   A. Read and commented on the proposed topics.
       B.Had conferences with some students.
       C.Returned the topic papers to her students.
       D.Realized their research papers are due in six weeks.
27.  A. A recent textbook assignment.                B.Requirements for the final examination.
       C.Choosing research topics.                       D.Preparing an outline for a paper.
28.  A. Immediately.                                        B.The following week.
       C.In two weeks.                                       D.At the end of the semester.
29.  A. To present final papers.                         B.To give a model of outline style.
       C.To discuss the preliminary outline.          D.To discuss final grades.
30.   A. With a thesis statement.                         B.With a list of references.
       C.With a summary of the conference.         D.With the student’s name.

Part II Vocabulary (10%)

Section A
Directions:     Inthis section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A,B, C and D, are given beneath each of them. You are to choose one word orphrase that best completes the sentence. Then, mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

31.The fact is, doctor, I justcan't _____ this dreadful cough.
       A.get out of                                          B.get rid of
    C. get down to                                        D. get round to
32. After eight hours at thewheel of the lorry, the driver was beginning to feel the _______.
       A.nervousness                                          B.tension
       C.strain                                                   D.extension
33. TheChinese government is determined to ____ the established policy of developing
agriculture.
       A.go after                                                B.go by
       C.go ahead                                              D.go on
34. The Manager has asked to seethe sales _____ resulting from our recent advertising campaign.
       A.numbers                                               B.figures
       C.amounts                                               D.quantities
35. Thelocal medical officer reported a serious _____ of food-poisoning.
   A. state                                   B. incident
   C. outbreak                                 D. event
36. They didn’t know how to put in a central-heating system, but theymanaged it by trial and _____.
       A.blunder                                                B.slip
       C.error                                                    D.mistake
37.I wasgoing to say something about the matter; but _____ I gave it up.
   A. on second thoughts                             B.on the whole
   C. at the thought of                       D. on second thought
38. Even if it is a cold day, Ithink cool water looks _______.
       A.inviting                                                B.distasteful
       C.disgusting                                             D.repulsive
39. The man’s face was _______from his infected tooth despite his visit to the dentist.
       A.bulging                                                B.swollen
       C.dilated                                                        D.expanded
40. Similar ethical questions______ as advances are made in such areas as organ transplant and
  fetal in utero surgery.
       A.appeal                                                  B.arise
       C.arouse                                                  D.abuse

Section B
Directions:     Eachof the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are fourother words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the one word or phrasewhich would best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it were substitutedfor the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

41. Many people came to donate blood of their own accord.
       A. willingly                                              B. for their own sake
       C. of their own                                         D. without the help ofothers
42. Whennatural gas burns, the hydrocarbon molecules break up into atoms ofcarbon and hydrogen.
A.contract                                                B.vaporize
C. collide                                                  D.separate
43. Theoutlook for the patient will be further aggravated by any associatedhypertensive process.
       A. destroyed                                             B. worsened
       C. aggrieved                                             D. complicated
44. In the system of ethics knownas utilitarianism, the rightness or wrongness of an action is
judgedby its consequences.
A. cost                                                     B.necessity
C. results                                                  D.relevance
45. Thepilot made one last frantic distress call before he bailed out.
       A. little                                                    B.desperate
       C. routine                                                        D. futile
46.  At the magnificent banquet a new intoxicatingdrink was introduced which aroused great       interestamong the guests.
       A. appetizing                                            B. cooling
       C. warming                                              D. stimulating
47. The number of hours that haveintervened between the accident and operation is a crucial factor.
       A. interfered                                             B. interlaced
       C. interposed                                            D. interlinked
48. “Suffocation”dreams are concerned with the breathing difficulties of a heavy cold.
       A. suffusing                                              B. suffering
       C. cutting off                                            D. choking
49. Wehope this radio will help overcome the tedium felt during your stay inthe hospital.
       A. pain                                                     B.loneliness
       C. boredom                                              D. nervousness
50. Heis not yet well enough to dispense with the doctor’s services.
       A. give heed to                                         B. pay no attention to
       C. do away with                                        D. do without

Part IV Cloze (10%)

Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage there are fourchoices marked A, B, C, and D listed below. Choose the correct answer and markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

In former times, doctors in Taiwan, whowere considered saviors, were greatly admired. This is not only because theywere able to 51 sick people oftheir pain and save their lives, but also because they demonstrated an 52 willingness to help the sick. However, now inthis industrial world, people are 53 to chase material possessions. This is true 54 doctors, too. The high income of doctors isthe 55 of other people. Many high school graduatesare eager to get into medical colleges, and countless girls consider doctors tobe their best choice of husbands. For many years the public has 56 that doctors in public hospitals demand moneyfrom inpatients. The amount of money the patients give determines the kind of 57 they receive. It has also been said that alarge pharmaceutical factory set up by U.S. investors declared that it wouldstop giving kickbacks（回扣）to doctors 58 the factory has spent too much money 59 sales over the years. This declaration hascaused quite a stir in our society. We wonder 60 the officials who have denied the dealingsmentioned above will say about this.51.A.releaseB.relieveC.depriveD.reduce52A.admirableB.advisableC. appreciableD.acceptable53.A.tendedB.opposedC.inclinedD.persuaded54.A.withB.forC.toD.of55.A.hatredB.prideC.envyD.disgust56.A.chargedB.accusedC.blamedD.contended57.A.informationB.treatmentC.adviceD.interpreta-tion58.A.ifB.asC.thoughD.when59.A.promotingB.contributingC.manipulatingD.inducing60.A.whatB.thatC.whyD.whether

Part IV. ReadingComprehension (30%)

Directions:    In this part of the test there are six passages. Following eachpassage there are five questions with four choices. Choose the best answer andmark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

Passage One
       Cells cannot remainalive outside certain limits of temperature, and much narrower limits mark theboundaries of effective functioning. Enzyme (酶) systemsof mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around 37oC;a departure of a few degrees from this value seriously impairs theirfunctioning. Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations, the integratedactions of bodily systems are impaired. Other animals have a wider tolerancefor changes of bodily temperature.
      For centuries it has beenrecognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way theyregulate body temperatures. Ways of characterizing the difference have becomemore accurate and meaningful over time, but popular terminology still reflectsthe old division into “warm-blooded’ and “cold-blooded” species; warm-bloodedincluded mammals and birds, whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded.As more species were studied, it became evident that this classification wasinadequate. A fence lizard or a desert iguana (鬣蜥)—eachcold-blooded—usually has a body temperature only a degree or two below that ofhumans and so is not cold. Therefore the next distinction was made betweenanimals that maintain a constant body temperature, called homotherms（同温动物）, and those whose body temperature varies with their environment,called poikilotherms(变温动物). But this classification alsoproved inadequate, because among mammals there are many that vary their bodytemperatures during hibernation. Furthermore, many invertebrates(无脊椎动物) that live in the depths of the ocean never experience a change inthe chill of the deep water, and their body temperatures remain constant.
       The current distinctionis between animals whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internalmetabolic processes and those whose temperature is regulated by, and who getmost of their heat from, the environment. The former are called endotherms (恒温动物), and the latter are called ectotherms (外温动物). Most ectotherms do regulate their body temperature, and they doso mainly by locomoting to favorable sites or by changing their exposure toexternal sources of heat. Endotherms (mainly mammals and birds) also regulatetheir temperature by choosing favorable environments, but primarily theyregulate their temperatures by making a variety of internal adjustments.

61. The passage mainly discusses _______.
A.   body temperatures of various animals
B.   the newest research on measuring temperature
C.   methods of temperature reduction
D.   the classification of animals by temperatureregulation
62. Which of the following terms refers primarily to mammals andbirds?
A. Warm-blooded.                                    B. Ectothermic.
C. Cold-blooded.                                       D. Poikilothermic
63. In general, the temperature of endotherms is regulated _______.
A. consciously                                                 B. internally
C. inadequately                                         D. environmentally
64. According to the passage, the chief way in which ectothermsregulate their temperature is by
_______.
A.   seeking out appropriate locations
B.   hibernating part of the year
C.   staying in deep water
D.   triggering certain metabolic processes
65. According to the passage, human beings mainly regulate theirbody temperatures by _______.
A. choosing favorable environments            B. internal metabolic processes
C. eating more food                                          D. doing physical exercises

Passage Two
       The narrow passage endedin a round arch fringed with ivy and creepers. The children passed through thearch into a narrow ravine whose banks were of stone, moss-covered. Treesgrowing on the top of the bank arched across and the sunlight came through inchanging patches of brightness. The path, which was of greeny-grey stones whereheaps of leaves had drifted, sloped steeply down, and at the end of it wasanother round arch, quite dark inside, above which were rose rocks and grassand bushes.
       “It’s like the outsideof a railway tunnel,” said Jimmy.
       “It might be theentrance to an enchanted castle,” said Kathleen.
       Under the drifted dampleaves the path was firm and stony. At the dark arch they stopped.
       “There are steps down,”said Gerald.
       Very slowly andcarefully they went down the steps. Gerald struck a match when the last stepwas found to have no edge and to be in fact the beginning of a passage turningto the left.
       “This,” said Jimmy,“might take us back to the road.”
       “Or under it,” saidGerald, “we’ve come down eleven steps.”
       They went on, followingGerald, who went very slowly for fear, as he explained, of steps. The passagewas very dark.
       Then came a glimmer ofdaylight that grew and grew and presently ended in another arch that looked outover a scene so like a picture out of a book about Italy that everyone’s breathwas taken away, and they simply walked forward silent and staring. A shortavenue of cypresses led, winding as it went, to a marble terrace that lay broadand white in the sunlight. The children, blinking, leaned their arms on theflat balustrade (栏杆) and gazed.
       Immediately below themwas a lake with swans and an island with willow trees, and among the treesgleamed the white figures of statues. Against a hill to the left was a roundwhite building with pillars and to the right a waterfall came tumbling downamong mossy stones to splash into the lake. Steps went from the terrace to thewater and other steps to the green lawns beside it. Away across the grassyslopes deer were feeding and in the distance was an enormous house of greystone, like nothing the children had ever seen before.
       “It is an enchanted castle,” said Gerald.
       “There aren’t anyenchanted castles,” said Jimmy, “you ought to know that.”
       “Well, anyway, I’m goingto explore,” said Gerald. “You needn’t come if you don’t want to.”
       The others followed.There never was such a garden—out of a picture or a fairy tale. They passedquite close to the deer, who only raised their heads to look and did not seemstartled at all. After a long stretch of grass, they passed under an avenue oflime trees and came into a rose garden bordered with thick hedges.
       “I know we shall meet agardener in a minute and he’ll ask what we’re doing here, and then what shallwe say?” Kathleen asked.
       “We’ll say we’ve lostour way, and it will be quite true,” said Gerald.

66. When they came out of the last arch the children were silentbecause _______.
       A. they were out ofbreath                   B. they wereamazed at what they saw
       C. the light hurt theireyes                   D. they saw anItalian picture
67. From the terrace the children were able to see _______.
       A. a lake with treesgrowing in it
       B. some swans among thetrees on an island
       C. a lake just behindthem
       D. some statues on anisland in the lake
68. How was it possible to reach the lake from the terrace?
       A. There were some stepsleading down.
       B. There were some stepsleading right.
       C. There was a waterfallgoing down to the lake.
       D. There were steps tosome stones.
69. Kathleen thought that if they met a gardener _______.
       A. he would think theyhad lost their way
       B. he would know whythey were there
       C. they would ask himwhy they were there
       D. he would ask them whythey were there
70. The story suggests that the children _______.
       A. had been told aboutthe castle before
       B. had seen pictures ofthe castle in a book
       C. had no idea what theywere going to see
       D. knew they were goingto see something wonderful

Passage Three
       There is a new type ofsmall advertisement becoming increasingly common in newspapers classifiedcolumns. It is sometimes placed among “situations vacant”, although it does notoffer anyone a job, and sometimes it appears among “situations wanted”,although it is not placed by someone looking for a job either. What it does isto offer help in applying for a job.
       “Contact us beforewriting your application,” or “Make use of our long experience in preparingyour resume or job history”, is how it is usually expressed. The growth andapparent success of such a specialised service is, of course, a reflection onthe current high levels of unemployment. It is also an indication of thegrowing importance of the resume (or job history), with the suggestion that itmay now qualify as an art form in its own right.
       There was a time whenjob seekers simply wrote letters of application. “Just put down your name,address, age and whether you have passed any exams”, was about the averagelevel of advice offered to young people applying for their first jobs when theyleft school. The letter was really just for openers, it was explained,everything else could and should be saved for the interview. And in those daysof full employment the technique worked. The letter proved that you could writeand were available for work. Your eager face and intelligent replies did therest.
       Later, as you moved upthe ladder, something slightly more sophisticated was called for. The advicethen was to put something in the letter which would distinguish you from therest. It might be the aggressive approach. “Your search is over. I am theperson you are looking for”, was a widely used trick that occasionallysucceeded. Or it might be some special feature specially designed for the jobin view.
       There is no doubt,however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with universityeducation at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to thegreater importance of the resume.

71. According to the passage, the new type of advertisements _____.
       A. informs job huntersof the chances available
       B. promises usefuladvice to job-hunters
       C. divides availablejobs into various types
       D. informs employersthat people are available for work
72. Now a demand for this type of service has been created because_____.
       A. there is a lack ofjobs available for artistic people
       B. there are so manytop-level jobs available
       C. there are so manypeople out of work
       D. the job history isconsidered to be a work of art
73. It the past it was expected that first-job hunters would _____.
       A. write an initialletter giving their life history
       B. pass some examsbefore applying for a job
       C. have noqualifications other than being able to read and write
       D. keep any detailedinformation until they obtained an interview
74. When applying for more important jobs, one had better include inthe letter _____.
       A. something attractivein one's application
       B. a personal opinionabout the organisation one wanted to join
       C. something that wouldoffend its reader
       D. a lie that one couldeasily get away with telling

75. The resume has become so important because _____.
       A. of an increase in thenumber of jobs advertised
       B. of an increase in thenumber of applicants which degrees
       C. of much morecomplicatedness of jobs today
D. it is less complicated than otherapplication processes

Passage Four
       The newspaper mustprovide for the reader the facts, unalloyed (纯粹的),unslanted (不偏不倚的), objectively selected facts. But in these days of complex news itmust provide more, it must supply interpretation, the meaning of the facts.This is the most important assignment confronting American journalism—to makeclear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news asunderstandable as community news, to recognize that there is no longer any suchthing (with the possible exception of such scribblings (胡乱拼凑的文章) as society and club news) as “local” news, because any event inthe international area has a local reaction in manpower draft, in economicstrain, in terms, indeed, of our very way of life.
       There is in journalism awidespread view that when you embark on interpretation, you are entering roughand dangerous waters, the swirling (令人头晕脑胀的) tides of opinion. This is nonsense.
       The opponents ofinterpretation insist that the writer and the editor shall confine himself tothe “facts”. This insistence raises two questions: What are the facts? And: Arethe bare facts enough?
       As to the firstquestion, consider how a so-called “factual” story comes about. The reportercollects, say, fifty facts, out of these fifty, his space allocation beingnecessarily restricted, he selects the ten which he considers most important.This is Judgment No.1. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten factsshall constitute the lead of the piece. This is Judgment No.2. Then the nighteditor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where ithas a large impact, or on twenty-four where it has little. Judgment No.3.
       Thus, in thepresentation of a so-called “factual” or “objective” story, at least threejudgments are involved. And they are judgments not at all unlike those involvedin interpretation, in which reporter and editor, calling upon their researchresources, their general background, and their “news neutralism,” arrive at aconclusion as to the significance of the news.
       The two areas of judgment,presentation of the news and its interpretation, are both objective rather thansubjective processes—as objective, that is, as any human being can be. (Note in passing:even though complete objectivity can never be achieved, nevertheless the idealmust always be the beacon on the murky news channels.) If an editor is intenton slanting the news, he can do it in other ways and more effectively than byinterpretation. He can do it by the selection of those facts that prop up hisparticular plea. Or he can do it by the play he gives a story-promoting it topage one or demoting it to page thirty.

76. The most appropriate title for the passage would be _______.
       A. Everything Counts                                B. ThreeJudgments
       C. Interpreting the News                                   D. ChoosingFacts
77. A reporter selects ten out of fifty available facts because_______.
       A. his editor isprejudiced                          B.space is limited
       C. he wants to simplifya complex story              D. thesubject is not important
78. It can be inferred that the author thinks, in writing a factualstory, the writer _______.
       A. must use judgment                                B. should limithimself to the facts
       C. should make the storyinteresting            D. should slant (歪曲) the story

79. The least effective way of “slanting” news is by _______.
       A. selection                                              B.ignoring it
C. focusing on local news                           D. interpretation
80.   Placement of a story onpage one or page twenty-four will control its ....
       A. impact                                                        B.accuracy
       C. relative importance                                D. neutralism

Passage Five
       Until a few years agomost experts believed that young children couldn’t lie. The late developmentalpsychologist Jean Piaget believed that children under 7 had troubledistinguishing between fantasy and reality and couldn’t be held accountable foruntruths. But recent research indicates that children as young as 4 are quitecapable of telling a deliberate lie to get out of trouble. Researchers believethe fear of a parent’s disapproval discourages a very young child from lying.But by the age of 8 disapproval is not enough. A child should understand theconsequences of the lie and the ways in which it destroys trust.
       A child who lies a lotmay be asking for help. Recent research suggests that kids who are beingtreated for psychological problems lie almost three times as much as well-adjustedkids. A study in England in the early 1970s showed that one third of thechildren identified as chronic liars by their parents ended up being convictedof theft later on. Other studies indicate that children who have manipulativepersonalities are skilled at telling lies to get what they want. Two decadesago researchers devised a morality test called a Mach scale. They found thatkids who scored high in Mach characteristics-cynicism, desire for power-oftenlied to achieve their goals.
       How should honesty betaught? It seems that harsh punishment, thought by many parents to discouragelying, may actually increase it. “It creates a fear of punishment, rather thanan internalized belief in moral behavior,” psychologist Paul Ekman says. Tohelp a child realize the damage lying does, a parent might use tales like “TheBoy Who Cried Wolf” for younger children and draw object lessons from the newsas the kids grow older.
       Just because parentslearn why lies occur doesn’t mean they should accept them. Psychologistsencourage parents to expect their children to be truthful. Ekman counselsparents to set a good example, avoiding even white lies as much as possible,and to stress the family’s bond of trust. He also reminds parents that theymust remain compassionate. “A terrible act, a desperate lie to conceal it,needs to be punished,” he writes. “But it also needs to be forgiven.”

81. Until a few years ago most experts believe that young childrencouldn’t lie because they are    _______.
       A. unconscious of thewrong or right
       B. slightly influencedby surrounding people
       C. unable todifferentiate illusion from truth
       D. ignorant of the ideaof honesty and dishonesty
82. Recent researchindicates that children as young as 4 are quite capable of telling a deliberatelie because they want to _______.
       A. ask for permission todo something                B. get out ofsome difficulties
       C. get something to eator play                          D. begiven love by the parents
83. The lying of children by the age of 8 should be discouraged by_______.
       A. simple disagreement
       B. physical punishment
       C. showing disgust forthem
       D. making them know theconsequences of lying in addition to disagreement

84. For children, harsh punishment can _______.
       A. effectivelydiscourage lying                          B.discourage lying to a certain extent
       C. discourage lying onlyin vain                         D.actually strengthen lying
85. The article gives one an impression that children’s bad habit oftelling lies can be effectively overcome_______.
       A. by force                                                      B.by inducement
       C. by satisfying theirneeds                                D. byexample, feeling and reason

Passage Six
       Among all themalignancies, lung cancer is the biggest killer; more than 100,000 Americansdie of the disease, giving up smoking is one of obvious ways to reduce therisk, but another answer may lie in the kitchen. According to a new report,even heavy smokers may be protected from developing lung cancer by eating adaily portion of carrots, spinach or any other vegetable or fruit containing aform of vitamin A called carotene (胡萝卜素).
       The finding, publishedin THE LANCET, is part of a long-range investigation of diet and disease. Since1957, some American researchers have monitored the dietary habits and medicalhistories of 2,000 middle-aged men employed by the Western Electric Co. inChicago. Led by Dr. Richard Shekelle of St. Luke’s Medical Center, theresearchers recently began to sort out the links between the subjects’ dietarypatterns and cancer. Other studies of animals and humans have suggested thatvitamin A offers some protection against lung cancer. The correlation seemedlogical, explains Shekelle, since vitamin A is essential for the growth of theepithelial (上皮的) tissue that lines the airways of the lungs.
       Vegetables: But theearlier research did not distinguish between the two different forms of thevitamin. “Preformed” vitamin A, known as retinol (维A醛), is found mainly in liver and dairy products like milk, cheese,butter and eggs. But vitamin A is also made in the body from carotene, which isabundant in a variety of vegetables and fruits, including carrots, spinach,squash, tomatoes, sweet potatoes and apples.
       In the study, Shekelleand his colleagues found little correlation between the incidence of lungcancer and the consumption of foods containing preformed vitamin A. But whenthey examined the data on carotene intake, they discovered a significantrelationship. Among the 488 men who had the lowest level of caroteneconsumption, there were 14 cases of lung cancer; in a group of the same sizethat ate the most carotene, only two cases developed. The apparent protectiveeffect of carotene held up even for long-time smokers—but to a lesserdegree.
       Further studies will benecessary before the link between lung cancer and carotene can be firmlyestablished. In the meantime, researchers warn against taking large numbers ofvitamin A pills, because the tablets contain a form of the chemical that can beextremely toxic in high doses. Instead, they advise a well-balanced diet thatincludes goods rich in carotene. For a smoker, a half-cup of carrots every daymight possibly make the difference between life and death.

86.   The word “malignancy”(line 1, para. 1) most probably refers to _______.
       A. cancer                                                  B.sickness
       C. vitamins                                               D.disease
87. Preformed vitamin A is NOT found in _______.
       A. milk                                                    B.eggs
       C. apples                                                  D.cheese
88. Carotene is present in all of the following EXCEPT      ..
       A. tomatoes                                              B.carrots
       C. squash                                                  D.butter

89. Among the groups studied, who had the most cases of lung cancer?
       A. Those with the lowestlevel of carotene intake
       B. Those with thehighest level of carotene intake
       C. Those who ate onlyfoods containing carotene
       D. Those with the lowestintake of carrots
90. What is needed to establish firmly the link between carotene andlung cancer?
       A. Further study.                                              B.More money.

C.More cases of lung cancer D.More people willing to eat carrots.

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