考点二 过去分词 A ^@:Ps
1. 过去分词作定语 xzTTK+D@
与现在分词类似,过去分词作定语常可和定语从句替换, 通常表示被动的含义. 6<jh0=$
如:a theory derived from rich experience U?97yc\$
= a theory that has been derived from rich experience )X2=x^u*U
a gas composed of four chemical elements {)nm
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= a gas that is composed of four chemical elements vJ9Uw
单个分词可放在被修饰词之前,如:distinguished guests, unexpected trouble &.D3f"
改错题中常考现在分词和过去分词的混用,关键看被修饰词和分词代表的动作是主动还是被动关系。 %>Z;/j|#r
例如: boiling water (沸腾的水,表示正在沸腾); boiled water(开水, 表示已经烧开) Hv2t_QjKT
2. 同源现在分词和过去分词做定语的区别 m?bd
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有时一个动词词尾分别加上-ing和-ed就构成了一组同源现在分词和过去分词, 这样的例子在英语里很多, 如: interesting/interested, exciting/excited, disappointing/disappointed等, 这些由动词变化而来的分词已经被人们视为形容词了. 但是, 同源现在分词和过去分词做定语时有什么区别呢? p.^glz >B
现在分词通常表示某个事物的特性, 通常用来修饰某事或某物, 含有“使人(令人)感到…”的意思, 如: an interesting novel, a confusing question等; S~fUR n
过去分词通常表示人的感受或状态, 意思是“…的…”, 如: a worried look (焦虑的神情) _ #]uk&5a
试比较: an interesting boy (一个有趣的男孩 - 让人觉得很有趣) 9[K".VeT]
an interested boy (一个产生了兴趣的男孩 OCmF/B_
同样, 当同源现在分词和过去分词做表语时, 在意思上也存在同样的区别, 如: `(s&H8x#
The results are very disappointing. (结果很让人失望) >MD['=J[d
We are very disappointed at the results. (我们对这样的结果很失望) KPO?eeT.WZ
例题: `t_S uZ`V
(1) jf25Ky~
The University of Georgia, ----in 1785, was the first state supported university in the United States. ) *Mr{`
(A) chartered ;mH O#
(B) was chartered Ojqbj0E9
(C) it was chartered hbm%{*d
(D) to be chartered !]AM#LJ
答案:A |"h# Q[3
解释:本句主谓结构完整, 缺少的是主语的修饰成分, A构成过去分词短语作定语;B C 的动词结构与原句谓语冲突; D 不定式一般表示即将发生的动作, 与in 1785不符 Y"~Tf{8
(2) KW.*LoO
A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time. b|mWEB.p
A B C D C
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答案:C +-tv
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应改为:fixed K%AbM#o<
解释:fix是动词,不能修饰名词period, 依句意改为分词fixed, “一段固定时间” u!I Es
(3) w#]> Nf
Closed plane figures like the square or the equilateral triangle can be grouped into a class ----polygons. -6lsR
(A) called A&EVzmj-+X
(B) to call egQB
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(C) is called ^Ud1 ag!-
(D) call as U9k;)fK
答案:A Q72}V9I9
解释:此句主谓完整, 句中又无连词, 需填的只可能是非谓语成分, A 是过去分词短语作定语, 等效于which is called, 符合题意. C D 属谓语结构, 与原句谓语冲突; B 不定式表用途或目的, 意思不通 2fZVBj
3. 过去分词作状语
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过去分词也可放在句首、句中、句尾作句子的状语,常表示事件发生的背景或原因, I(LBc
如:Seen from far away, the islands look like a chain of pearls in the midst of the lake. G.v zz-yG
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feated in the final, the team gathered to analyze its technical disadvantages. )1 ]P4
特别注意:分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致. 选择题中, 经常要求考生在分词状语部分填入合适的过去分词或现在分词. 到底选择哪种分词, 考生可以采取这样的作题方法: 首先根据“分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致”的原则确定状语部分的主语, 再判断这个主语和分词是什么关系, 若是主动关系则应该用现在分词, 若是被动关系则要用过去分词. 6)<g%bH!
例题: oU/CXz?H
(1) M"cB6{st[
---- in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States. 0\fV'JDOR
(A) Founded +?"N5%a%F
(B) Founding Ns?qLSN
(C) To found $ =
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(D) Having founded w-f[h
答案:A {NmpTb
解释:分词部分的逻辑主语也应当是the Boston Latin School, 它和found之间是被动关系, 所以空格处应填入过去分词 Djv0]Sm^!
(2) BS-nn y
Almost destroy by fire in 1814, the White House was rebuilt and enlarged over ,'=Tf=wq
A B C -nBb -y
the next three year. q. zBm@:
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答案:A ii0{$}eoh
应改为:Almost destroyed 8:W,""
解释:by是被动式的标志词, 动词destroy应用过去分词destroyed, 这样既表被动又构成句子的状语 LW+a-i
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考点三 独立主格结构 k7o49Y(#
独立主格结构是介于分词和主谓句之间的非谓语形式,对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致,而独立主格则在很大程度上克服了这一局限性 (_:
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1、主要特征 R$[nYw
(1) 独立主格是含有主语的分词结构,分词与主语间是主谓关系, m
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基本形式为:主语+现在分词或过去分词 d4y?2p ?3
如:his heart bleeding ~|W0+ &):
the baby crying }>)e~\Tdzb
the project completed I+qg'
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The school being over, the street was full of the students. X
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= When the school was over, the street was full of the students. F0yvV6;
(2)切记独立主格不等同于主谓结构, *$U+
比较:my mind wandering (独立主格); 1iS]n;xcl/
My mind was wandering (主谓结构) )<J|kC\r6c
(3)独立主格的主语和句子主语不一致 A
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如:(With) His mouth filled with water, he couldn't utter a word. (独立主格) ~&zrDj~FI
对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致: TH;kJ{[}
Filling his mouth with water, he couldn't utter a word. _J|T
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2. 在句子中的作用 Se0!-NUK0
独立主格结构通常在句中表示时间、条件,原因、伴随状态等 2#<)-Cak
如:The film being over, we had a stroll on the nearby street. (时间) =H<I` J'
Weather permitting, I will go fishing with my family. (条件) xiWP^dIF
Time pressing, they had to work overtime. (原因) cRR[ci34k
The leaves rustling in the breeze, I roamed on the country road. (伴随) 8R3x74fL
例题: F&tU^(7<
(1) 4tQ~Z6Jn;
----modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors. SG5GJCkc
(A) If qocN:Of1
(B) But d4#CZv[g/
(C) With q=EHB5!q
(D)Once G_vcuCHm
答案:C _u[2R=h
解释:句中主干完整, 主语是designers, 谓语是are attempting, 之后是不定式构成的宾语. 空白后 becoming 采取分词形式, modern offices是becoming的逻辑主语, 因此可确定需填入的词会与原句构成独立主格结构, 而不是从句, A B D可一次性排除, 其实此句除去空白处, 已是完整的句子, 类似句子如: The man entered the room, his hair flying in the air. Fjs:rZ#{
注意: 表示伴随状态的独立主格结构通常可以由with引导, 如本例题. e9LP!"@EY
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第三节 动名词 B4D#TlB
动名词是动词的特殊形式,拼写类似现在分词,用法类似名词,具有与二者均不同的特点:动名词可作动词或介词宾语(分词不行)之后可以再接宾语(名词不行),它兼备了动词和名词的功能,故称作动名词 D]?eRO9'
考点一 动名词作宾语 +jEtu[ ;
1. 许多动词不能接不定式作宾语,同时又需要动宾结构作宾语,此时动名词便可大显身手了,如:enjoy singing(喜欢唱歌), {h}0"5
avoid looking me in the eye
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miss crashing into the tree azs
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Fancy meeting you here! (想不到在这里见到你了)
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常接动名词doing做宾语的动词有: 483/ZgzT`
enjoy, mind, delay, avoid, consider, deny, miss, escape, fancy, suggest, insist等 [$Dzf<0
另外, 在一些固定用法当中, 也需要用动名词做宾语, 如: j`D%
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can't help doing, it's no use doing, it's worth doing, be busy doing, feel like doing等. } SNZl`>
2. 有的动词既可以用动名词作宾语,也可以用不定式,两者意思区别不大, 如: like, begin, start, love, learn等, (^G@-eh
如: She began playing piano when she was five. FxFRrRRH@
She began to play piano when she was five. }fV+Kd$CB
但是对于remember, forget, try等动词来说,接不定式和接动名词意义不同, 如: 8v ZY+Q >
How many people remember listening to the radio broadcast, "The War of the Worlds" *QGyF`Go{
(还有多少人记得听过无线广播-- The War of the Worlds) (表示已经听过了) x 8/I"!gI
I remember to listen to the radio broadcast, "The War of the Worlds" 0|}]=XN^
(我想起来要听广播-- The War of the Worlds) (表示还没有听过) q:/3uC7
We must try to work this problem out. (我们必须尽力把这道题做出来)(表示努力,设法) m ]h<y
We can try doing it. (我们可以试着做它) (表示尝试) 3J_BuMV
动名词作介词宾语的情况更加普遍,详见第四章介词-介宾短语 4Zn" K}q
例题: vTl7x
(1) *}P=7TuS
A mortgage enables a person to buy property without paying for it outright; thus more
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people are able to enjoy to own a house. Bnfp
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