考点二 过去分词 #>">fs]
1. 过去分词作定语 T2ZN=
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与现在分词类似,过去分词作定语常可和定语从句替换, 通常表示被动的含义. U%aDkC+M
如:a theory derived from rich experience -)!;45
= a theory that has been derived from rich experience BBRZlx
a gas composed of four chemical elements F<Z13]|
= a gas that is composed of four chemical elements nMH:7[x3
单个分词可放在被修饰词之前,如:distinguished guests, unexpected trouble NPt3#k^bW
改错题中常考现在分词和过去分词的混用,关键看被修饰词和分词代表的动作是主动还是被动关系。 XGDJC N
例如: boiling water (沸腾的水,表示正在沸腾); boiled water(开水, 表示已经烧开) d@+u&xrd
2. 同源现在分词和过去分词做定语的区别 .|2[!7CXH
有时一个动词词尾分别加上-ing和-ed就构成了一组同源现在分词和过去分词, 这样的例子在英语里很多, 如: interesting/interested, exciting/excited, disappointing/disappointed等, 这些由动词变化而来的分词已经被人们视为形容词了. 但是, 同源现在分词和过去分词做定语时有什么区别呢? K5(:0Q.5y
现在分词通常表示某个事物的特性, 通常用来修饰某事或某物, 含有“使人(令人)感到…”的意思, 如: an interesting novel, a confusing question等; qXB5wDJg
过去分词通常表示人的感受或状态, 意思是“…的…”, 如: a worried look (焦虑的神情) _/h<4G6A
试比较: an interesting boy (一个有趣的男孩 - 让人觉得很有趣) FLaj|Z~#)
an interested boy (一个产生了兴趣的男孩 .-.b:gdO(
同样, 当同源现在分词和过去分词做表语时, 在意思上也存在同样的区别, 如: aoU5pftC
The results are very disappointing. (结果很让人失望) 3U[:N
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We are very disappointed at the results. (我们对这样的结果很失望) U/
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例题: fWl #CI\]
(1) {6HgKI
The University of Georgia, ----in 1785, was the first state supported university in the United States. 3Hh u]5
(A) chartered 7$Pf
(B) was chartered ZEG~ek=jM
(C) it was chartered Z>ztFU
(D) to be chartered H8qWY"<Vd
答案:A ]1|OQYG
解释:本句主谓结构完整, 缺少的是主语的修饰成分, A构成过去分词短语作定语;B C 的动词结构与原句谓语冲突; D 不定式一般表示即将发生的动作, 与in 1785不符 !.w|+-JKO
(2) 4'H)h'#C
A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time. HnY.=_G
A B C D \N)!]jq
答案:C fq !CB]C
应改为:fixed ->J5|c#
解释:fix是动词,不能修饰名词period, 依句意改为分词fixed, “一段固定时间” v'SqH,=d
(3) a
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Closed plane figures like the square or the equilateral triangle can be grouped into a class ----polygons. -;GB Xq
(A) called Eg$Er*)h8
(B) to call )wk9(|[o
(C) is called SQDc%I>b
(D) call as ,-1d2y
答案:A _`xhP-,`S
解释:此句主谓完整, 句中又无连词, 需填的只可能是非谓语成分, A 是过去分词短语作定语, 等效于which is called, 符合题意. C D 属谓语结构, 与原句谓语冲突; B 不定式表用途或目的, 意思不通 BXUd
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3. 过去分词作状语 JgcMk]|'
过去分词也可放在句首、句中、句尾作句子的状语,常表示事件发生的背景或原因, kDc/]Zb%
如:Seen from far away, the islands look like a chain of pearls in the midst of the lake. J|e3
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feated in the final, the team gathered to analyze its technical disadvantages. j]6YLM@5$
特别注意:分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致. 选择题中, 经常要求考生在分词状语部分填入合适的过去分词或现在分词. 到底选择哪种分词, 考生可以采取这样的作题方法: 首先根据“分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致”的原则确定状语部分的主语, 再判断这个主语和分词是什么关系, 若是主动关系则应该用现在分词, 若是被动关系则要用过去分词. p
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例题: ab*O7v
(1) .wkW<F7
---- in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States. n/+G^:~_
(A) Founded mxTuwx
(B) Founding D^A#C<Gs
(C) To found NeniQeR
(D) Having founded R5fZ}C7
答案:A i[PksT#p
解释:分词部分的逻辑主语也应当是the Boston Latin School, 它和found之间是被动关系, 所以空格处应填入过去分词 ePTN^#|W
(2) *m`F-J6U
Almost destroy by fire in 1814, the White House was rebuilt and enlarged over @0iXqM#jH
A B C 'PdUSv|lH
the next three year. ^fvx
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答案:A 1yjP`N
应改为:Almost destroyed v\Zq=,+
解释:by是被动式的标志词, 动词destroy应用过去分词destroyed, 这样既表被动又构成句子的状语 {Ty?OZ
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考点三 独立主格结构 Z8WBOf*
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独立主格结构是介于分词和主谓句之间的非谓语形式,对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致,而独立主格则在很大程度上克服了这一局限性 -FQS5Zb.!
1、主要特征 \w2X.2b.F
(1) 独立主格是含有主语的分词结构,分词与主语间是主谓关系, jW]Fx:mQi
基本形式为:主语+现在分词或过去分词 ybpU?n
如:his heart bleeding _"- ,ia[D
the baby crying (0zYS_mA
the project completed &F|Wk,y
The school being over, the street was full of the students. ou[Wz{
= When the school was over, the street was full of the students. 3y-P-NI~=
(2)切记独立主格不等同于主谓结构, n$3w=9EX*
比较:my mind wandering (独立主格); u1/q8'RW
My mind was wandering (主谓结构) 4
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(3)独立主格的主语和句子主语不一致
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如:(With) His mouth filled with water, he couldn't utter a word. (独立主格) "IJcKoB
对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致: Xb7G!Hk#g
Filling his mouth with water, he couldn't utter a word. kI/%|L%6D
2. 在句子中的作用 p&3~n:
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独立主格结构通常在句中表示时间、条件,原因、伴随状态等 UymhBh
如:The film being over, we had a stroll on the nearby street. (时间) KPdlg.
Weather permitting, I will go fishing with my family. (条件) V-zF'KI[
Time pressing, they had to work overtime. (原因) eHH9#Vrhc$
The leaves rustling in the breeze, I roamed on the country road. (伴随) 3H,>[&d
例题: T%1Kh'92
(1) zM<yd#`yt8
----modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors. J*]JH{
(A) If 73(5.'F
(B) But q@iZo,Yk
(C) With 4I3)e
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(D)Once B-aJn8>/
答案:C f'B#h;`
解释:句中主干完整, 主语是designers, 谓语是are attempting, 之后是不定式构成的宾语. 空白后 becoming 采取分词形式, modern offices是becoming的逻辑主语, 因此可确定需填入的词会与原句构成独立主格结构, 而不是从句, A B D可一次性排除, 其实此句除去空白处, 已是完整的句子, 类似句子如: The man entered the room, his hair flying in the air.
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注意: 表示伴随状态的独立主格结构通常可以由with引导, 如本例题. p0j-$*F
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第三节 动名词 nokMS
动名词是动词的特殊形式,拼写类似现在分词,用法类似名词,具有与二者均不同的特点:动名词可作动词或介词宾语(分词不行)之后可以再接宾语(名词不行),它兼备了动词和名词的功能,故称作动名词 0vdnM8N2
考点一 动名词作宾语 j:'!P<#
1. 许多动词不能接不定式作宾语,同时又需要动宾结构作宾语,此时动名词便可大显身手了,如:enjoy singing(喜欢唱歌),
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avoid looking me in the eye ;#6j9M0
miss crashing into the tree DqlspT
Fancy meeting you here! (想不到在这里见到你了) wfc+E9E
常接动名词doing做宾语的动词有: "AMsBvzgo
enjoy, mind, delay, avoid, consider, deny, miss, escape, fancy, suggest, insist等 &?B\(?*
另外, 在一些固定用法当中, 也需要用动名词做宾语, 如: X.<2]V7!
can't help doing, it's no use doing, it's worth doing, be busy doing, feel like doing等. fO$~jxR.
2. 有的动词既可以用动名词作宾语,也可以用不定式,两者意思区别不大, 如: like, begin, start, love, learn等, *saO~.-;4
如: She began playing piano when she was five. i
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She began to play piano when she was five. <