副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 v8C( $<3%
[ t8]'RI%
(一) 副词的分类 kFkI[WKyZ
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: l
*wGKg"x3
1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 abS~'r14
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 Ex]Ku
3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 K@[Hej6d
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。 q4!\^HwQ
5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。 )
5Ij
6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 / s Apj
,2FI?}+R
(二)副词的用法 ^a
/q6{
1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. K9 }Brhe
2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. AH'3
5Kf)
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. 3
.j/D^
4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind. JP( tf+
5. 修饰不定代词和数词: )@Y<
<9'2
Nearly everybody came to out party. L|(U%$
7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. wXnVQ-6H
9. 修饰全句: H~fF;
I
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. s%
vy^x29
&'
Nzw2
(三)副词的构成 :,$"Gk
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 hRB?NM
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 g__s(
IJ
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 eYkg4 O'
4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 S{MB$JA
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 hiV!/}'7
6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 ;[P>
7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike, w03Ur4>T
round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 {LA?v& b'
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 e~'z;%O~
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 <
RC %<
(四)与形容词同形的副词 ;;CNr_
有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: w<]-~`
K
We had an early breakfast. +mR^ I$9
We had breakfast early. .tHc*Eh
early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 }$uwAevP{y
!.pcldx
(五)兼有两种形式的副词 h|Qb:zEP,
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: q;sZwp<
!5[SNr3^
1. close做“近”解: #bG6+"g{=L
He lives close to the school. 8gt*`]I
He was following close behind. }1Mf0S
做其他解释时用closely: *D[yA
Watch what I do closely. DaGny0|BB
The prisons were closely guarded. pAA)?/&oKV
Fe:
~M?]
2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: SGy2&{\Z
She stopped dead. BjTgZ98J
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: H*f2fyC1\
He was dead tired. 8s[1-l
The wind was dead against us. $XkO\6kh
deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, bBo>Y7%
例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 ;qWSfCt/^
MujEjD "|
3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: {%y|A{}c
The train goes there direct. 0sme0"Sl
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. Q^@7Yg
@l
做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: Ix@B*Xz:`
He was looking directly at us. Vwjic2lGI
She answered me very directly and openly. q.@% H}
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解:
4"!kCUB
Answer me directly. 1:@ScHS
Let's meet directly after lunch. {7%HK2='
有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: ,Sy&?t}`
They looked around. ^mC,Z+!
Let’s go on with the work. 1^tX:qR
上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 Hfo<EB2Y9N
Lz:FR*
(六)副词的词序 X*5N&AJ
g:G5'pZf
1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 #,XZ @u+
The building is very high. Iu >4+6
He came long before the appointed time. z
zW$
F)X
'}bmDb*
2. 副词修饰动词。 ) vVf- zU
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. 'Yc^9;C(
及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. p1HbD`ST
ssoE ,6kS
3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 ^}
wF^ _
I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. :h3n[%
5dD8s-;^T
4. 频度副词的位置。 r_
B.bK
在一般动词前:They always say so. 9e
vQQN6D|
有be动词时,在be动词后: v'^}zO
I am always busy. u
e'dI
有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. Qc PU{#6
,\aLv
5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: b0@K ~O;g
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. TqfL
Sm|
DQ[7p(
6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 VEn3b
地点+状态+次数+时间: IXR'JZ?fH
She arrived there safely the other day. pLV
%g#h
程度十状态+地点十时间: ;'08-Et
They played fairly well there yesterday.