副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 X
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(一) 副词的分类 -?p4"[
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: Seh(G
1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 #HTq\J!
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 i]15g@
3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 T# .pi@PF>
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。 'E"W;#%
5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。 LYO2L1u)
6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 Zo<j"FG
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(二)副词的用法 I
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1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. U:0Ma6<
2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. 5x"eM=
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. 3X%h
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4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind. ]d~2WX Y
5. 修饰不定代词和数词: G%ZP`
Nearly everybody came to out party. |
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7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. '
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9. 修饰全句: _FxeZ4\
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. Lp)P7Yt-
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(三)副词的构成 [2PPa9F
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 hp`ZmLq/[
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 &z#`Qa3NI
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 Xe&p.v
4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 zpjE_|
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 !t+ 3DMPn
6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 M!aJKpf
7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike, )-X/"d
round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 pxn@rN#*
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 _F5*\tQ
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 hr!'
(四)与形容词同形的副词 e/&^~ $h
有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: MdN0 Y@Ll
We had an early breakfast. 0Py*%}r1
We had breakfast early. g^^pPVK_
early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 !hFhw1
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(五)兼有两种形式的副词 _N=f&~
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有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: ,OERDWW|6
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1. close做“近”解: ,Ha <lU2K
He lives close to the school. [N12X7O3
He was following close behind. PQp =bX,
做其他解释时用closely: p{}4#+-<#H
Watch what I do closely. ~GcWG4
The prisons were closely guarded. Z #T
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2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: r?IBmatK/
She stopped dead. k(M:#oA!
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: Rw|'
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He was dead tired. GGf<9!:
The wind was dead against us. N/ f7"~+`
deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, /M+Du,
例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 #=VYq4B=
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3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: {}$Zff
The train goes there direct. 0{g*\W*+~
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. '&'m#H*:
做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: hHGuD2%
He was looking directly at us. OZ+v ~'oD
She answered me very directly and openly. AYgXqmH~+
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: fGO\f;P
Answer me directly. 8;V9
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Let's meet directly after lunch. 5nUJ9sqA
有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: BHf$ %?3z,
They looked around. ==& y9e
Let’s go on with the work. t*=[RS*
上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 W*t]
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(六)副词的词序 qh:Bc$S
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1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 u0c}[BAF
The building is very high. oojl"j4
He came long before the appointed time. $
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2. 副词修饰动词。 @Fb1D"!
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. $2Whb!7Z(
及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. "FWx;65CR
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3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 WJ25fTsG
I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. { aUnOyX_
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4. 频度副词的位置。 O\ZC$XF
在一般动词前:They always say so. IWQ0I&tzdx
有be动词时,在be动词后: S^eem_C
I am always busy. x,!Dd
有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. <X:JMj+
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5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: j#1G?MF
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. N/bOl~!y
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6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 `RL
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地点+状态+次数+时间: L"qJZU
She arrived there safely the other day. "bm|p/A
程度十状态+地点十时间: @-
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They played fairly well there yesterday.