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分子生物学笔记完全版.pdf 279KB 希望有用,850000上传 >>编辑 5AO'IhpL  
http://freekaobo.ys168.com/?jdfwkey=en7ot1免费考博专业资料 freekaobo

博士生入学专业基础课考试大纲 %Y*]eLT>  
    高等水力学   [288] }D\i1/Y  
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一、考试要求 'n4$dv%q  
考试为笔试、闭卷形式。强调对基本概念、基本公式、基本计算方法的掌握和运用能力。避免单纯的死记硬背，更多地强调理解及想象能力。
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二、内容范围 c&a.<e3mL  
1．流体运动微分形式的基本方程 2u?k;"]V  
（1）描述流体运动的方法 |ww@V<'/#  
（2）流体微团运动的分析 (,!G$~Sy  
（3）连续性微分方程 OX[
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（4）理想流体的运动微分方程及其积分 }hyl)?*~  
（5）粘性流体的运动微分方程 voJmNH  
（6）不可压缩流体基本微分方程组 7\nR'MOZ  
（7）有关物理量在正交曲线坐标系中的表示式 P{gy/'PH,  
2．流体运动积分形式的基本方程 $K }Y  
（1）系统、控制体及输运方程 w_lN[u-L  
（2）连续性方程 ;j^C35  
（3）能量方程 1NQstmd{  
（4）动量方程 Hm*?<o9mxC  
（5）动量矩方程 i]M:ntB"  
3．有涡流动及有势流动 )CM3vL {  
（1）有涡流动的性质 1sN >U<  
（2）旋涡的诱导速度 moT*r?l  
（3）旋涡层 卡门涡阶 ^I]A@YNni  
（4）有旋流动 CZ4Nw]dtR  
（5）理想不可压缩流体恒定平面势流的基本方程 .tH[A[/1 a  
（6）几个基本势流 ]mSkjKw  
（7）势流叠加原理及其应用 Z/~7N9?m(  
（8）空化和空蚀 yON";|*\m  
4．流动型态与边界层 }G53"  
（1）层流运动 C^8n;i9  
（2）紊流运动的基本概念 I@jXW>$  
（3）紊流的基本方程 xR`M#d5"  
（4）紊流的半经验理论 |h(05Kbk  
（5）紊流扩散 M'-Z"  
（6）边界层理论基础 )o%sN'U,1  
（7）壁面边界层 DL]\dD   
（8）边界层的分离现象 ?@YABl  
5．流动阻力与水头损失 %|\Af>o4d  
（1）流动阻力 xq-TT2}<L  
（2）沿程水头损失 sm9/sX!  
（3）局部水头损失 Wi%e9r{hU  
6．明槽中的恒定均匀流与非均匀渐变流 Wt 1]9{$  
  （1）明槽均匀流 dJ&f +  
  （2）缓流，急流，临界流 '%y5Dh  
  （3）明槽恒定非均匀渐变流基本方程 <7R+p;y  
  （4）明槽非均匀渐变流水面曲线的分析 QuWWa|g^.  
  （5）明槽水面线的计算 +pG[ [}/  
  （6）明槽水流的掺气 &@rXt!  
7．明槽中的非恒定流动 On*pI37(\  
  （1）明槽非恒定流的特性 Um2RLM%  
  （2）明槽非恒定渐变流动的基本方程 v-ZTl4j$  
  （3）特征线法 yhG%@vSq  
  （4）直接插分法 4157!w'\y  
  （5）瞬态法 6i`Y]\X~#  
  -XNawpl`  
三、试卷结构 W:hg*0z-*  
填空、简答或论述题占30%，计算题及推导证明题为70%。 rJ =r_v  
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四、参考书目 &w'
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1．董曾南 主编 水力学（第二版）上册 高等教育出版社，1995 |9Pi*)E  
余常昭 主编 水力学（第二版）下册 高等教育出版社，1995

一些a range of ; a variety of ; a series of ; an array of E/@  
无数innumerable ; countless ?A]/ M~3B  
许多plenty of ; many ; much ; a great deal of ; a lot of ; ample k3CHv=U{  
非常多(大)的tremendous JA2oy09G  
依序列举list in sequence ^@HWw@GA  
过时的outdated ; antiquated ; outmoded ; obsolete ; anachronistic MN^d 28^/  
短暂的ephemeral ; transitory ; transient ; short-lived 4Is Wp!`W  
不合时宜的anachronism zGaqYbQD  
可持久的durable ; able to stand wear ; last a long time MWq1 "c  
一再time after time ; again and again ;Z.sK-NJ4  
初始的preliminary `MC5_SG 1  
前述的aforementioned ; aforesaid ; former jp880}  
自古到今from ancient times to the present day ; down through the ages J b?x-%Za  
年轻人young people ; youngster ; youth ; young adult b ,e"x48q  
老式的old-fashioned ; out of date ; dated "h7Np/ m3  
偶尔from time to time ; now and then ; once in a while ; at times
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时常often ; frequently ; repeatedly WP5Vev9*+  
永远的eternal ; perpetual ; lasting throughout life >udu~  
重整办事优先顺序reshape priorities .L9n  
目前so far ; by far W4q |55  
一次就可完成的事one-time event Ij2Th]  
正/反意见(opinion) ]jSRO30H3<  
骂yell at ; reprimand ; chide ; scold ; reprove  %m##i  
支持support ; endorse ; back up ; uphold I{i6e'.jP  
谴责condemn ; express strong disapproval of 4}-G<7*  
错的mistaken ; erroneous ; wrong incorrect lUIh0%O  
错事wrongdoing ; had acts ; misbehavior zNM*xPgS  
做相反的do the reverse of ; do the opposite zmFS]IOv$  
归咎blame…on ; put the blame on … ; …is to blame L KLLBrm:  
瓦解disintegrate ; break up ; separate into small parts C6A!JegU  
支持某一方in favor of ; on the side of ?{%"v\w  
不会犯错的infallible ]JQ}9"p=5  
意见不和clashes of opinion L),r\#Y(v  
一致的unanimous ; in complete agreement \$!D^%~;  
不恰当inappropriate ; improper ; unsuitable ; inadequate G^:?)WRG  
批判criticize ; blame; find fault with ; make judgments of the merits and faults of… xy-Vw"I[bh  
我们想念…we are convinced that…; we are certain that.. nd"$gi  
愿意I incline to; I am inclined to; I am willing to; I tend to P6A##
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有用的useful ; of use; serviceable; good for; instrumental; productive ?Kg_bvoR  
有意义的meaningful; fulfilling )JhB!P(  
他们不愿承认这一点they have always been reluctant to admit this… +5Ju `Z  
在大家同意下by common consent of… U6#9W}CE  
否定deny; withhold; negate [Pl''[  
承认admit; acknowledge; confess; concede n7.85p@ua  
于事无补of no help; of no avail; no use vCUbb Qz  
使…受益benefit…; do good to…; is good for…; is of great benefit to… G
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想法frame of mind; mind set; the way one is thinking Bm;: cmB0e  
想出come up with ]"'1-h91  
找出come up with; find out !Y 9V1oVf"  
利用use; take advantage of Ymf@r?F<  
夸耀brag about; boast about; show off; speak too highly of OHt^e7\  
照顾take care of; take charge of; attend to; watch over 6?
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对…很了解have a deep knowledge of… eQ*zi9na  
对抗权威stand up against authority; resisit boldly the authority rDGrq9  
对…有信心have confidence in v6ei47-  
说清楚articulate; verbalize; put in words; utter D^6Q`o  
接受…之美意embrace the offer of… _w2%!+'  
累积amass; accumulate; heap up; assemble $xis4/2  
联系get in touch with; contact with $4Dr +Z H  
排除这可能性rule out the possibility ! F<::fN  
等于is equivalent to; equal ez~u A4  
选择choose; elect; opt for; pick; single out #Z,@yJ2wl  
发出deliver; give out; hand over Eqi;m,)  
绕路detour; take a detour; take a roundabout way sFHqLG{/  
禁止进入is kept out; is barred from ([#'G+MC&  
小看make little of ' H4m"  
坏了out of order; on the blink; is not working *P|~vCnr  
分别distinguish between; make a distinction between; tell…from 6}~k4;'}A  
依靠count on; depend on 5Pf)&iG  
忽视neglect; give too little care to dKhS;!K9p  
存在come to be; come into existence; come to birth; come into being }z
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考虑consider; take into consideration; take into account ,L4zhhl!_  
考虑到in consideration of p+0gE5  
用尽力气exhaust one’s strength; use up one’s strength "H=N>=g0E  
开动initiate; set going 8l'W[6  
准备…brace for; prepare for e,d}4 jy  
在于lie in; rest on; rest with rjj
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主动take the initiative %gWQ}QF  
不算exclusive of; not counting; leaving out <~aKwSF[wW  
应该得到deserve; have right to; is worthy of \UX9[5|  
避免avoid; shun; get around; circumvent Uy*d@vU9c  
幻想fantasy; play of the mind mg" _3].j  
以此标准来算by this criterion; by this standard PHJHW#sv  
乍看之下at first glance G6lC[eK  
面对in the face of; in the presence of #l@P}sHXq  
以by means of; by virtue of; by the use of $zF%F.rln  
不惜代价at all costs ]{|lGtK %  
每况愈下from bad to worse #,97 ]  
承受错误造成的后果in reaping the harvest of his mistakes hwA&SS  
取得同意…get the go-ahead to |Y?<58[!)  
不择手段unscrupulously; by hook or by crook y#8 W1%{x  
想法与作法beliefs and practices PKC0Dt;F.  
内情ins and outs; turns and twists r;"D>IM\  
关键时刻the critical moment s {^wr6B  
虽然although; notwithstanding; albeit; though IP@3R(DS%  
根据according to; on the basis of; on the ground of (that); in the light of; in line with; in accordance with ijvDFyN>  
逃避问题evade the question =qpGAv_#  
增大enlarge; extend; aggrandize f=VlOd  
澄清clarify; make clear
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赔偿compensate for; give…as compensation for J YmYX-  
实现carry out; implement; realize; make…come true
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假定suppose; assume; postulate; hypothesize cP\z*\dS  
极端的radical; extreme ew~? &=  
极端的措施drastic measures B}.:7,/0  
剩下的the rest; the remainder; what is left !uO @4]:Y  
换言之in other words; put another way QgQclML1|  
结果result; aftermath; consequence ^fH)E"qq5  
优点advantage; strength; strong point; merit; benefit z>iXNwz"?  
简言之put simply; in short; in brief; in a nutshell e6mm;@F>  
举例而言for instance; for example; to illustrate; let us cite 特别是an illustration; to cite a concrete case {2mF\A#.  
特别是especially; more than others; particularly; in particular ngmC~l*,  
既然…now that…; seeing that…
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迹象inkling; hint; clue; a slight suggestion G-|c%g!ejf  
缺点disadvantage; demerit; shortcoming; drawback; weakness 4;3Vc%  
除去do away with; eliminate; remove; get rid of (6NDY5h~=n  
缺少for lack of; for a deficiency of |K;9b-\
 
毕竟after all; all in all hdcB*j?4  
范围scope; field; realm -Eig#]Se3  
潜力potential; ARt{ 2|  
行为conduct; behavior; doings z5@i"%f  
隔绝isolate; insulate v\MQ?VC  
分辨出identify; recognize ao=e{R)  
不易懂的elusive; hard to understand `LLmdm 6i  
展开unfold TQ:5@1aT  
回馈feedback 85)C7tJ-g  
主导的人物a dominant figure; a controlling man; the most influential person }{j@q~w>$  
观点viewpoint; point of view; perspective; standpoint r@]`#PL  
正在进行中is underway DpeJ x  
只是一种姿态is merely a gesture db8vm4  
立场position; stand; stance }*}F_Y+  
意向inclination; leaning; intention q_` j-!  
特权privilege; a special right 0^nF: F  
来自stem from; come from 3c7i8b$  
一件事的不同说法alternative statements of fact 4c{j9mh  
交织intertwine; interweave GnUD<P=I  
好奇心the eager desire to know; curiosity QV HI}3~  
尊敬respect; esteem; think highly of ?u?mSO/  
顽固的headstrong; obstinate; stubborn B(vCi^  
暗淡的gloomy; dark; dim zLJmHb{(  
巨大的huge; gigantic; colossal; vast; enormous; tremendous OIpT9  
探索explore; fathom ~@PD\  
执行carry out; execute; do Vy[xu$y  
现代modern times; modern age; contemporary age }F/w34+;  
偏见prejudice; bias; partiality; predilection ~_"V7  
混乱chaos; commotion; confusion; disturbance; tumult @_$$'XA7  
无弹性(僵硬)rigid V!Sm,S(  
无缺点的flawless; airtight _deEs5i  
无药可救incurable J?X{NARt  
无法避免的unavoidable; inevitable vzbGLap#  
细密的计划elaborate plan U{Oo@ztT  
取消cancel; annul; abolish 7NWkN7:B  
解药a cure for…; a remedy for; 1n&%L8]  
谜puzzle; riddle; enigma /3^XJb$Sa  
机会平等equality of opportunity :aaX Y:<  
较有影响力的国家a predominant country 1 hFh F^  
遵守abide by; conform to; observe; comply with 3RGmmX"?G  
热情的passionate; ardent; zealous IQtQf_"e1  
模糊的ambiguous; vague; obscure ~8mz.ZdY  
影响长远的far-reaching ^,
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失望despair; loss of hope; without hope chUYLX}45  
幼稚childish; childlike; naive ;L-)$Dy4  
挑剔的picky; choosy; fastidious o3|4PAA/  
破坏destroy; ruin; break to pieces; devasate s !2Iui @  
技巧的skillful; adept; dexterous Hd\oV^>  
警觉的alert; watchful; on guard; wary of w|S b`eR  
忍受bear; put up with; endure; stand Z : xb8]y  
证据evidence; facts; proof; grounds; testimony Pp8G2| bz  
很容易地easily; with little problem; with little hindrance Wu|MNB?M  
令人惊讶的amazing; astonishing; astounding KN657 |f  
生动的报导vivid description l5VRdZ4Uf  
争取compete for; try hard to win =. \hCgq  
遗产heritage; legacy; inheritance umq6X8K  
保护protect; safeguard; preserve; shelter f -F}~S  
了解understand; comprehend; catch the meaning of; catch on o/VT"cT  
汇露reveal; make known; disclose *w _o8!3-  
放大amplify; magnify; enlarge P;z\vq<h  
动力impetus; driving force; momentum FNF`Z  
自满的complacent =$gBWS  
第一流的first-rate; excellent : Bo
  
全处refuge; asylum; haven; sanctuary ~MH^R1=]  
强调emphasize; stress; highlight ^zO{Aks  
短视的决定short-sighted decision 9U.
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真正的genuine; authentic; real 2Ah
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怪异的eccentric; peculiar; odd wn.6l `  
明显的distinct; clear; explicit; obvious kw2yb   
得到…的注意capture one’s attention B&rNgG7~  
事事干涉的meddlesome; interfering SDE+"MjBY  
背景setting; background I2i'  
假的fake; false; counterfeit &Lt$~}*&6  
夸大报导dramatize ^Ld5<  
退步setback +3-5\t`  
古人the ancients \ZV>5N3hS  
古老的old; ancient; archaeic ([rn.b]  
逃犯infringe (on); violate wS9V@  
使害怕intimidate; frighten fu~ iF  
带来生气enliven K.wRz/M&g  
对手rival >5kz#|@P  
吸引人的intriguing 5,^DT15a4P  
旁观者onlooker A_U=`M=-  
准确地说to be exact; to be precise; precisely
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突然醒悟it dawned on me that D-C]0Jf3  
仔细思考之后after long deliberation; after careful thought )b]wpEFl  
对比及其相关用词 g.`Ntsi$wI  
可互换的interchangeable O-UA2?N@j  
可与…相比is comparable with (to) vI(LIfe;  
普遍的prevailing; common; prevalent E+XS7':I  
是一个对比is a sharp contrast to N.z2eo  
比作is likened to; is compared to mCg^Y)Q  
多样化的heterogeneous aLm~.@Q  
单一性的homogeneous ySiZ@i4  
一般而言in general; generally speaking; by and large Z>y6[o  
满于现状be happy with what you are qfCZ [D  
预测未来project into the future M"s:* c_6  
另一个观点是… another way of looking at the matter is… _MIheCvV  
不宜取笑… it is not decent to make fun of… B;8Zlm9  
评估社会文化因素 assess (evaluate) sociocultural factors ]C"?xy  
那并非说… that does not mean that… e&i`/m5  
那有这回事 there is no such thing as &P}t<;  
一个有待克服的困难是… a major hurdle for us to overcome is… Gq[5H(0/c  
由…造成 caused by; attributable to; due to; resulting from _qf~ hhi  
由…组成 is made up of…; is comprised of; consist nTGf   
必须从两方面考虑此问题this problem needs to be considered on two dimensions: -UidU+ES;  
限制limit; restrict; refrain; restrain; keep within limits; confine; keep in check }[!=O+gO  
一般人认为… conventional wisdom suggests that… A*+gWn,4Y_  
这方法有陷阱the method had pitfalls: 4Lk<5Ho  
说服convince; persuade; cause to believe \DE, ,  
具体的specific; concrete; tangible fHZ9wK>  
刻意的intentional; on purpose; intended xa]yq%  
费时间去了解…take time to acquaint oneself with… V73/q  
…是此问题的核心 …is at the root of the issue *mj=kJ7(  
无法估计is beyond calculation; incalculable YGQ/zB^Pj  
无资格的disqualified

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