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分子生物学笔记完全版.pdf 279KB 希望有用,850000上传 >>编辑 Y,OS
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博士生入学专业基础课考试大纲 .&dW?HS  
    高等水力学   [288] )8]O|Z-CU  
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一、考试要求 /NfuR$oMd  
考试为笔试、闭卷形式。强调对基本概念、基本公式、基本计算方法的掌握和运用能力。避免单纯的死记硬背，更多地强调理解及想象能力。 /.r|ron:e  
KdIX`  
二、内容范围 'fO[f}oa_.  
1．流体运动微分形式的基本方程 KDr?<"2L  
（1）描述流体运动的方法 %suSZw`  
（2）流体微团运动的分析 u;p.:{'  
（3）连续性微分方程 m  "'  
（4）理想流体的运动微分方程及其积分 94 58.!3  
（5）粘性流体的运动微分方程 d-Vttxa6  
（6）不可压缩流体基本微分方程组 Hx[YHu KL^  
（7）有关物理量在正交曲线坐标系中的表示式 ~< %%n'xmm  
2．流体运动积分形式的基本方程 KvENH=oh  
（1）系统、控制体及输运方程 u6^cLQO+  
（2）连续性方程 F]]1>w*/0  
（3）能量方程 r >bMx~a]  
（4）动量方程 FG/".dU  
（5）动量矩方程 -7E)u  
3．有涡流动及有势流动 y#F`yXUj  
（1）有涡流动的性质 Q@]~O-  
（2）旋涡的诱导速度 u#(VR]u\7  
（3）旋涡层 卡门涡阶 'J\nvNm  
（4）有旋流动 |a 9d]^  
（5）理想不可压缩流体恒定平面势流的基本方程 q?} /q  
（6）几个基本势流 cmG*"  
（7）势流叠加原理及其应用 }j<:hDQP  
（8）空化和空蚀 }-YM>q  
4．流动型态与边界层 pG"pvfEl9f  
（1）层流运动 4<%(Y-_sF  
（2）紊流运动的基本概念 cbe&SxJ  
（3）紊流的基本方程 S,Zl
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（4）紊流的半经验理论 ay~c@RXW  
（5）紊流扩散 {A!1s;  
（6）边界层理论基础 r{NC
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（7）壁面边界层 -Q3jK)1  
（8）边界层的分离现象 +xoh=m  
5．流动阻力与水头损失 581Jp'cje  
（1）流动阻力 ."`mh&+`  
（2）沿程水头损失 sVXIR  
（3）局部水头损失 C8ss6+k&  
6．明槽中的恒定均匀流与非均匀渐变流 $D;/b+a  
  （1）明槽均匀流 Ot,
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  （2）缓流，急流，临界流 nsf.wHGZ"J  
  （3）明槽恒定非均匀渐变流基本方程 :+?eF^5  
  （4）明槽非均匀渐变流水面曲线的分析 Eo h4#fZ\N  
  （5）明槽水面线的计算 #B_Em$  
  （6）明槽水流的掺气 W=QT-4  
7．明槽中的非恒定流动 Ug}dw a  
  （1）明槽非恒定流的特性 -@*[   
  （2）明槽非恒定渐变流动的基本方程 *=yUs'brB  
  （3）特征线法 1#nR$  
  （4）直接插分法 gc5u@ (P"  
  （5）瞬态法 <V`1?9c7D1  
  |4 E5x9J  
三、试卷结构 UQX.  
填空、简答或论述题占30%，计算题及推导证明题为70%。 YJ6y]r K2,  
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四、参考书目 oc|%|pmRd<  
1．董曾南 主编 水力学（第二版）上册 高等教育出版社，1995 %R?B=W7;Q  
余常昭 主编 水力学（第二版）下册 高等教育出版社，1995

一些a range of ; a variety of ; a series of ; an array of qDU4W7|T`  
无数innumerable ; countless sG)aw`_j  
许多plenty of ; many ; much ; a great deal of ; a lot of ; ample xaVn.&Wl  
非常多(大)的tremendous -m@PqJF^  
依序列举list in sequence [YZgQ  
过时的outdated ; antiquated ; outmoded ; obsolete ; anachronistic b`@C#qB  
短暂的ephemeral ; transitory ; transient ; short-lived b%vIaP|]B  
不合时宜的anachronism <XQwu*_\  
可持久的durable ; able to stand wear ; last a long time `( w"{8laB  
一再time after time ; again and again 3zu6#3^  
初始的preliminary vbd)L$$20+  
前述的aforementioned ; aforesaid ; former kD?@nx>  
自古到今from ancient times to the present day ; down through the ages &GkD5
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年轻人young people ; youngster ; youth ; young adult l1KgPRmEP  
老式的old-fashioned ; out of date ; dated {dm>]@"S  
偶尔from time to time ; now and then ; once in a while ; at times wc.=`Me  
时常often ; frequently ; repeatedly Pq8oK'z-  
永远的eternal ; perpetual ; lasting throughout life O"Nr$bS(Y  
重整办事优先顺序reshape priorities 0zkMRBe  
目前so far ; by far )Jdku}Pf  
一次就可完成的事one-time event miu?X!  
正/反意见(opinion) dR;N3KwY  
骂yell at ; reprimand ; chide ; scold ; reprove cjJfxD&q  
支持support ; endorse ; back up ; uphold *YL86R+U  
谴责condemn ; express strong disapproval of %ut8/T  
错的mistaken ; erroneous ; wrong incorrect Z\x
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错事wrongdoing ; had acts ; misbehavior xr7}@rq"U<  
做相反的do the reverse of ; do the opposite y_}vVHT,  
归咎blame…on ; put the blame on … ; …is to blame i?;#ZNh  
瓦解disintegrate ; break up ; separate into small parts bxtH`^  
支持某一方in favor of ; on the side of ybw\^t  
不会犯错的infallible , ?U)mYhI  
意见不和clashes of opinion < kPNe>-f  
一致的unanimous ; in complete agreement t!*[nfR  
不恰当inappropriate ; improper ; unsuitable ; inadequate 8.n#@%  
批判criticize ; blame; find fault with ; make judgments of the merits and faults of… > Zs!  
我们想念…we are convinced that…; we are certain that.. < %Nf"p{K  
愿意I incline to; I am inclined to; I am willing to; I tend to }DS%?6}Sy  
有用的useful ; of use; serviceable; good for; instrumental; productive wT\BA'VQ  
有意义的meaningful; fulfilling 7@%qm|i>w  
他们不愿承认这一点they have always been reluctant to admit this… |1(x2x%}D^  
在大家同意下by common consent of… -X!<$<\y;  
否定deny; withhold; negate _<#92v!F  
承认admit; acknowledge; confess; concede SsTBjIX  
于事无补of no help; of no avail; no use rzIWQ Fv  
使…受益benefit…; do good to…; is good for…; is of great benefit to… ">CRFee0  
想法frame of mind; mind set; the way one is thinking W&)f#/M8  
想出come up with 2Ax"X12{6  
找出come up with; find out -Pp{aFe  
利用use; take advantage of R}gdN-941  
夸耀brag about; boast about; show off; speak too highly of S',h*e  
照顾take care of; take charge of; attend to; watch over PL{lYexJ  
对…很了解have a deep knowledge of… :rQDA=Ps  
对抗权威stand up against authority; resisit boldly the authority XYuX+&XW/  
对…有信心have confidence in jmwN1Se>  
说清楚articulate; verbalize; put in words; utter pNOE KiJ  
接受…之美意embrace the offer of… PiM(QR  
累积amass; accumulate; heap up; assemble iKE&yO3  
联系get in touch with; contact with -Yse^(^"s  
排除这可能性rule out the possibility f?tU5EX  
等于is equivalent to; equal `WOoC  
选择choose; elect; opt for; pick; single out jn|NrvrX  
发出deliver; give out; hand over 5@%Gq)z5  
绕路detour; take a detour; take a roundabout way 4;J.$  
禁止进入is kept out; is barred from
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小看make little of gi,7X\`KQ  
坏了out of order; on the blink; is not working >y#MEN>?  
分别distinguish between; make a distinction between; tell…from x)dLY.'|  
依靠count on; depend on &,%n  
忽视neglect; give too little care to aUZ?Ue9l>2  
存在come to be; come into existence; come to birth; come into being xIm2t~i
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考虑consider; take into consideration; take into account ;X+tCkzF  
考虑到in consideration of {AD-p!6G  
用尽力气exhaust one’s strength; use up one’s strength Lm=EN%*#9  
开动initiate; set going `RSiZ%Al  
准备…brace for; prepare for f\= @jV  
在于lie in; rest on; rest with *Ci&1Mu^Z  
主动take the initiative 13/,^?  
不算exclusive of; not counting; leaving out )yb~ k
be  
应该得到deserve; have right to; is worthy of ~3j+hN8<  
避免avoid; shun; get around; circumvent {z_cczJ-  
幻想fantasy; play of the mind a. D cmy{  
以此标准来算by this criterion; by this standard j:1N&7<FU  
乍看之下at first glance 1
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面对in the face of; in the presence of 8Gy]nD  
以by means of; by virtue of; by the use of (Ud"+a  
不惜代价at all costs h\@X!Z,  
每况愈下from bad to worse 1YMi4.  
承受错误造成的后果in reaping the harvest of his mistakes %I
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取得同意…get the go-ahead to vo }4N[]Sb  
不择手段unscrupulously; by hook or by crook <`SA>P  
想法与作法beliefs and practices F%y#)53g  
内情ins and outs; turns and twists =3'B$PY  
关键时刻the critical moment { /!ryOA65  
虽然although; notwithstanding; albeit; though (G+)v[f  
根据according to; on the basis of; on the ground of (that); in the light of; in line with; in accordance with ?E!M%c@,  
逃避问题evade the question +pq=i  
增大enlarge; extend; aggrandize 9s5s;ntz"  
澄清clarify; make clear YR\(*LJL  
赔偿compensate for; give…as compensation for Xmmj.ZUr  
实现carry out; implement; realize; make…come true KS5a8'U  
假定suppose; assume; postulate; hypothesize 8hww({S2  
极端的radical; extreme mm#UaEp  
极端的措施drastic measures 
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剩下的the rest; the remainder; what is left 9wfE^E1  
换言之in other words; put another way ImB5F'HI$  
结果result; aftermath; consequence ^2BiMH3j  
优点advantage; strength; strong point; merit; benefit S3HyB b  
简言之put simply; in short; in brief; in a nutshell voRb>xF  
举例而言for instance; for example; to illustrate; let us cite 特别是an illustration; to cite a concrete case Zp{K_ec{  
特别是especially; more than others; particularly; in particular tIV9Y=ckr0  
既然…now that…; seeing that… R>Ox(MG  
迹象inkling; hint; clue; a slight suggestion [C-FJ>=S  
缺点disadvantage; demerit; shortcoming; drawback; weakness ?vWF[ DRd'  
除去do away with; eliminate; remove; get rid of D5Rp<PBq,  
缺少for lack of; for a deficiency of 4yTgH0(T  
毕竟after all; all in all p {.6  
范围scope; field; realm 8]
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潜力potential; #$U/*~m $  
行为conduct; behavior; doings +:aNgO#e8  
隔绝isolate; insulate x3 ( _fS  
分辨出identify; recognize Z-}A"n
 
不易懂的elusive; hard to understand W4P\HM>2  
展开unfold /9SoVU8  
回馈feedback 7$0bgWi  
主导的人物a dominant figure; a controlling man; the most influential person fO#nSB/ 8  
观点viewpoint; point of view; perspective; standpoint )iC@n8f7o  
正在进行中is underway -~J5aG[@~>  
只是一种姿态is merely a gesture #_3ZF"[zq  
立场position; stand; stance {ktwX\z  
意向inclination; leaning; intention rN.8-  
特权privilege; a special right }[c.OJ:   
来自stem from; come from iM1E**WCtv  
一件事的不同说法alternative statements of fact :YX5%6  
交织intertwine; interweave :T@}
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好奇心the eager desire to know; curiosity N3
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尊敬respect; esteem; think highly of PN J&{4wY  
顽固的headstrong; obstinate; stubborn 23houS
 
暗淡的gloomy; dark; dim qJtLJ<=1  
巨大的huge; gigantic; colossal; vast; enormous; tremendous y= 8SD7P'  
探索explore; fathom (6}7z+  
执行carry out; execute; do e:N;Jx#  
现代modern times; modern age; contemporary age j}J=ZLr/V"  
偏见prejudice; bias; partiality; predilection ,j(E>g3  
混乱chaos; commotion; confusion; disturbance; tumult ^, f^YL;  
无弹性(僵硬)rigid v/vPU  
无缺点的flawless; airtight 96; gzG@1!  
无药可救incurable Tgla_sMb  
无法避免的unavoidable; inevitable ,@M<O!%Cs  
细密的计划elaborate plan :7Uv)@iUk  
取消cancel; annul; abolish qf@P9M  
解药a cure for…; a remedy for; j`Ek:  
谜puzzle; riddle; enigma &?xtmg<d  
机会平等equality of opportunity U ){4W0  
较有影响力的国家a predominant country ?Ycl!0m  
遵守abide by; conform to; observe; comply with 8`1]#Vw  
热情的passionate; ardent; zealous k#/cdK!K  
模糊的ambiguous; vague; obscure p)m5|GH24  
影响长远的far-reaching _sL;E<)y(  
失望despair; loss of hope; without hope *p\fb7Pu_3  
幼稚childish; childlike; naive zITxJx  
挑剔的picky; choosy; fastidious %z.d ;[Hs  
破坏destroy; ruin; break to pieces; devasate / +ais3  
技巧的skillful; adept; dexterous !HhF*Rlr  
警觉的alert; watchful; on guard; wary of 0~[M[T\  
忍受bear; put up with; endure; stand B
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证据evidence; facts; proof; grounds; testimony %uiCC>cC  
很容易地easily; with little problem; with little hindrance Fo~q35uB  
令人惊讶的amazing; astonishing; astounding tWaGC xaE  
生动的报导vivid description O@dK^o  
争取compete for; try hard to win ,C
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遗产heritage; legacy; inheritance OJM2t`}_t  
保护protect; safeguard; preserve; shelter qwn EVjf  
了解understand; comprehend; catch the meaning of; catch on }w>UNGUMh  
汇露reveal; make known; disclose SD@ 0X[  
放大amplify; magnify; enlarge y
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动力impetus; driving force; momentum C}L2'l,  
自满的complacent W(-son~I  
第一流的first-rate; excellent )Q}Q -Zt  
全处refuge; asylum; haven; sanctuary \TDn q!)?  
强调emphasize; stress; highlight `/i/AZ{  
短视的决定short-sighted decision _c:th{*  
真正的genuine; authentic; real  Yg2P (  
怪异的eccentric; peculiar; odd pQ4HX)<P  
明显的distinct; clear; explicit; obvious PB BJ.!Pb  
得到…的注意capture one’s attention } ,Dk6w$  
事事干涉的meddlesome; interfering ['iEw!  
背景setting; background BXz g33  
假的fake; false; counterfeit I9#l2<DYlX  
夸大报导dramatize \D D4=XGA  
退步setback N\?__WlBK7  
古人the ancients pDhUD}1G  
古老的old; ancient; archaeic 6Tm7|2R  
逃犯infringe (on); violate wCj)@3F  
使害怕intimidate; frighten pm[i#V< v  
带来生气enliven |X6R2
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对手rival 6 lEv<)cC  
吸引人的intriguing 6J$I8b#/  
旁观者onlooker P/q] u  
准确地说to be exact; to be precise; precisely pRjrMS  
突然醒悟it dawned on me that ;W\?lGOs{  
仔细思考之后after long deliberation; after careful thought Y\4B2:Qd9  
对比及其相关用词 /paZJ}Pr.  
可互换的interchangeable L E
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可与…相比is comparable with (to) 'jy
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普遍的prevailing; common; prevalent [.CP,Ly  
是一个对比is a sharp contrast to {/48n83n  
比作is likened to; is compared to 'S&Zq:  
多样化的heterogeneous ETdN<}
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单一性的homogeneous d%E* P4Ua  
一般而言in general; generally speaking; by and large Cyo:Da A  
满于现状be happy with what you are x>T+k8[n  
预测未来project into the future E7/i_Xkk  
另一个观点是… another way of looking at the matter is… |U$ "GI  
不宜取笑… it is not decent to make fun of… BV}sN{  
评估社会文化因素 assess (evaluate) sociocultural factors Ya!PV&"Z  
那并非说… that does not mean that… )gAqWbkB  
那有这回事 there is no such thing as RfT)dS+rAh  
一个有待克服的困难是… a major hurdle for us to overcome is… LIyb+rH#yg  
由…造成 caused by; attributable to; due to; resulting from @_ UI;*V  
由…组成 is made up of…; is comprised of; consist jTW8mWNk]  
必须从两方面考虑此问题this problem needs to be considered on two dimensions: # 00?]6`z  
限制limit; restrict; refrain; restrain; keep within limits; confine; keep in check u?'J1\z  
一般人认为… conventional wisdom suggests that… ~I~lb/  
这方法有陷阱the method had pitfalls: =&DuQvN,  
说服convince; persuade; cause to believe J?hs\nA  
具体的specific; concrete; tangible ,F "P/`i'  
刻意的intentional; on purpose; intended wb##|XyK<c  
费时间去了解…take time to acquaint oneself with… GBT219Z@8  
…是此问题的核心 …is at the root of the issue (io[O?te  
无法估计is beyond calculation; incalculable O&VA79\UO  
无资格的disqualified

好。