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河北师范大学2004年博士研究生入学考试英语试题.doc

河北师范大学2004年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
I. Listening Comprehension ( 20 minutes, 15 points )
Questions 21 -25 are based on the following passage:
Passage 1
If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem. Human resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired-rented at the lowest possible cost—much as one buys raw materials or equipment.
The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central—usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm’s hierarchy.
While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.
As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can’t effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.
21.Which of the following applies to the management of human resources in American companies?
A)   They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their skills.
B)   They see the gaining of skills as their employees’ own business.
C)   They attach more importance to workers than equipment.
D)   They only hire skilled workers because of keen competition.
22. What is the position of the head of human-resource management in an American firm?
A)   He is one of the most important executives in the firm.
B)   His post is likely to disappear when new technologies are introduced.
C)   He is directly under the chief financial executive.
D)   He has no say in making important decisions in the firm.
23.The money most American firms put in training mainly goes to
A)   workers who can operate new equipment
B)   technological and managerial staff
C)   workers who lack basic background skills
D)   top executives dn.Hr
24. According to the passage, the decisive factor in maintaining a firm’s competitive advantage is   A)   the introduction of new technologies
B)   the improvement of worker’s basic skills
C)   the rational composition of professional and managerial employees
D)   the attachment of importance to the bottom half of the employees
25. What is the main idea of the passage?
A)   American firms are different from Japanese and Germany firms in human-resource management.
B)   Extensive retraining is indispensable to effective human-resource management.
C)   The head of human-resource management must be in the central position in a firm’s hierarchy.
D)   The human-resource management strategies of American firms affect their competitive capacity.
Questions 26—30 are based on the following passage:
Passage 2
For millions of years before the appearance of the electric light, shift work, all-night cable TV and the Internet, earth’s creatures evolved on a planet with predictable and reassuring 24-hout rhythms. Our biological locks are set for this daily cycle. Simply, our bodies want to sleep at night and be awake during the day. Most women and men need between eight and eight and a half hours of sleep a night to function properly throughout their lives. ( Contrary to popular belief, humans don’t need less sleep as they age.)
But on average, Americans sleep only about seven and a half hours per night, a marked drop from the nine hours they averaged in 1910. What’s worse, nearly one third of all Americans get less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night. For most people, that’s not nearly enough.
Finding ways to get more and better sleep can be a challenge. Scientists have identified more than 80 different sleep disorders. Some sleep disorders are genetic. But many problems are caused by staying up late and by traveling frequently between time ones or by working nights. Dr. James F. Jones at National Jewish Medical and Research Center in Denver says that sleep disorders are often diagnosed as other discomforts. About one third of the patients referred to him with possible chronic fatigue syndrome actually have treatable sleep disorders. “ Before we do anything else, we look at their sleep,” Jones says.
Sleep experts says that most people would benefit from a good look at their sleep patterns “ My motto (座右铭) is ‘ Sleep defensively’,” says Mary Carskadon of Brown University. She says people need to carve out sufficient time to sleep, even if it means giving up other things. Sleep routines—like going to bed and getting up at the same time every day—are important. Pre-bedtime activities also make a difference. As with Elsner, who used to suffer from sleeplessness, a few lifestyle changes—avoiding stimulants and late meals, exercising hours before bedtime, relaxing with a hot bath—yield better sleep
26 What is TRUE of human sleep?
A. On average, people in the U.S. today sleep less per night than they used to.
B. For most people, less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night is enough. _
C. Most people need less sleep when they grow older.
D. Most people need seven and a half hours of sleep every night.
27. For our bodies to function properly, we should
A. adjust our activities to the new inventions
B. be able to predict the rhythms of our biological clocks
C. sleep for at least eight hours per night
D. believe that we need less sleep as we age
28.According to the author, many sleeping disorders are caused by
A. improper sleep patterns
B. chronic fatigue syndrome
C. other diseases
D. pre-bedtime exercises
29. Which of the following measures can help you sleep better?
A. Having late meals
B. Traveling between time zones.
C. Staying up late.
D. Taking a hot bath.
30. “ Sleep defensively” means that
A. people should sacrifice other things to getting enough sleep if necessary
B. people should give up going to bed and getting up at the same time every day
C. people should go to a doctor and have their problems diagnosed
D. people should exercise immediately before going to bed every night
Questions 31—35 are based on the following passage:
Passage 3
At Kyoto conference on global warming in December 1997, it is became abundantly clear how complex it has become to work out international agreements relating to the environment because of economic concerns unique to each country. It is no longer enough to try to forbid certain activities or to reduce emissions of certain substances. The global challenges of the interlink between the environment and development increasingly bring us to the core of the economic life of states. During the late 1980s we were able, through international agreements, to make deep cuts in emissions harmful to the ozone layer. These reductions were made possible because substitutions had been found for many of the harmful chemicals and, more important, because the harmful substances could be replaced without negative effects on employment and the economies of states.
Although the threat of global warming has been known to the world for decades and all countries and leaders agree that we need to deal with the problem, we also know that effects of measure, especially harsh measures taken in some countries, would be nullified (抵消) if other countries do not control their emissions. Whereas the UN team on climate change has found that the emissions of carbon dioxide would have to be cut globally by 60% to stabilize the content of CO, in the atmosphere, this path is not feasible for several reasons. Such deep cuts would cause a breakdown of the world economy. Important and populous (人口众多的)low or medium-income countries are not yet willing to undertake legal commitments about their energy uses. In addition, the state of world technology would not yet permit us to make such a big leap.
We must, however, find a solution to the threat of global warming early in the 21st century. Such a commitment would require a degree of shared vision and common responsibilities new to humanity. Success lies in the force of imaginations, in imagining what would happen if we fail to act. Although many living in cold regions would welcome the global-warming effect of a warmer summer, few would cheer the arrival of the subsequent tropical diseases, especially where there had been none.
31. The main purpose of this passage is to
A. analyze the problem of global warming
B. argue against making deep cuts in emissions
C. convince people that global warming is a real threat
D. criticize some countries for refusing to cut down emissions harmful to the ozone layer
32. The reason why it is difficult to get rid of the threat of global warming is that     .
A. the leaders of many countries are not fully aware of the gravity of the problem
B. many people welcome the global-warming effect of a warmer summer Mq
C. not all the countries are willing to make deep cuts in emission
D. world technology is not able to solve the problem
33. In the passage the author implies that
A. the world has recently become aware of the threat of global warming
B. the problem of global warming has largely been solved
C. it is always difficult to work out international agreements to cut down emissions harmful to the ozone layer
D. it is no longer easy to reach international agreements relating to the environment
34. According to the author, it is impossible at present to cut 60% of carbon dioxide emissions globally because
A. some people are irresponsible
B. it would cause a collapse of the world economy
C. it is only a goal to be reached in the future
D. some people are lacking in imagination
35. What should all countries do to help solve the problem of global warming?
A. They should hold another world conference on climate change.
B. They should provide advanced technology.
C. They should replace all the harmful substances
D. They should willingly undertake legal commitments about their energy uses.
Questions 36—40 are based on the following passage:
Passage 4
However important we may regard school life to be, there is no gainsaying(否认)the fact that children spend more time at home than in the classroom. Therefore, the great influence of parents cannot be ignored or discounted by the teacher. They can become strong helpers of the school personnel or they can consciously or unconsciously hinder and oppose curricular objectives.
Administrators have been aware of the need to keep parents informed of the newer methods used in schools. Many principals have conducted workshops explaining such matters as the reading readiness program, manuscript writing and developmental mathematics.
Moreover, the classroom teacher, with the permission of the supervisors, can also play an important role in enlightening parents. The informal tea and the many interviews carried on during the year, as well as new ways of reporting pupils’ progress, can significantly aid in achieving a harmonious interplay between school and home. !
To illustrate, suppose that a father has been drilling Junior in arithmetic processes night after night. In a friendly interview, the teacher can help the parent convert his natural paternal (父亲的)interest into productive channels. He might be persuaded to let Junior participate in discussion the family budget, buying the food, using a yardstick or measuring cup at home, setting the clock, calculating mileage on a trip and engaging in scores of other activities that have a mathematical basis
If the father follows the advice, it is reasonable to assume that he will soon realize his son is making satisfactory progress in mathematics, and at the same time, enjoying the work.
Too often, however, teachers’ conferences with parents are devoted to petty accounts of children’s unlawful acts, complaints about laziness and poor work habits, and suggestion for penalties and rewards at home.
What is needed is a more creative approach in which the teacher, as a professional advised, plants ideas in parents’ minds for the best utilization of the many hours that the child spends out of the classroom.
In this way, the school and the home join forces in fostering the fullest development of youngsters’ capacities.
36. The author directly discusses the fact that
A. parents drill their children too much in arithmetic
B. a parent’s misguided efforts can be properly directed
C. a father can have his son help him construct articles at home
D. principals have explained the new art programs to parents
37. It can be reasonably inferred that the author
A. is satisfied with present relationships between home and school
B. feels that the traditional program in mathematics is slightly superior to the developmental program
C.feels that parent-teacher interviews can be made much more constructive than they are at present
D. is of the opinion that teachers of this generation are inferior to those of the last generation.
38. A method of communication not mentioned or intimated by the author is the
A. classes for parents             B. new type of report card
C. parent-teacher interview         D. demonstration lesson
39. The author implies that
A. participation in interesting activities relating to a subject improves one’s achievement in that area
B. too many children are lazy and have poor work habits
C. school principals do more than their share in interpreting the curriculum to the parents
D. teachers should occasionally make home visits to parents
40.We may infer that the writer of the passage does not favor
A. a father’s helping his son with the latter’s studies
B. written communications to the parent from the teacher
C. having the parent observe lessons which the children are being taught
D. principal-parent conferences over teacher-parent conferences
Questions 41—45 are based on the following passage:
Passage 5
Let us ask what were the preparation and training Abraham Lincoln had for oratory, whether political or forensic(辩论的).
Born in rude and abject poverty(赤贫)，he never had any education, except what he gave himself, till he was approaching manhood. Not even books wherewith to inform and train his mind were within his reach. No school, no university, no legal faculty had any part in training his powers. When he became a lawyer and a politician, the years most favorable to continuous study had already passed, and the opportunities he found for reading were very scanty. He knew but few authors in general literature, though he knew those few thoroughly. He taught himself a little mathematic, but he could read no language save his own, and can have had only the faintest acquaintance with European history or with any branch of philosophy.
The want of regular education was not made up for by the persons among whom his lot was cast. Till he was a grown man, he never moved in any society from which he could learn those things with which the mind of an orator to be stored. Even after he had gained some legal practice, there was for many years no one for him to mix with except the petty practitioners of a petty town, men nearly all of whom knew little more than he did himself.
Schools gave him nothing, and society gave him nothing. But he had a powerful intellect and a resolute will. Isolation fostered not only self-reliance but the habit of reflection, and indeed, of prolonged and intense reflection. He made all that he knew a part of himself. His convictions were his own—clear and coherent. He was not positive or opinionated and he did not deny that at certain moments he pondered and hesitated long before he decided on his course. But though he could keep a policy in suspense, waiting for events to guide him, he did not waver. He paused and reconsidered, but it was never his way to go back on a decision once more or to waste time in vain regrets that all he had expected had not been attained. He took advice readily and left many things to his ministers; but he did not lean on his advisers. Without vanity or ostentation(卖弄), he was always independent, self-contained, prepared to take full responsibility for his acts.
41. It is said that Abraham Lincoln
A. was illiterate         B. was never educated
C. was educated very late   D. behaved rudely when he was young
42. We are told that Abraham Lincoln
A. never cared much for reading
B. did much reading when he was young
C. never had much chance to read
D. became an enthusiastic reader when he was grown up
43. It is said that Abraham Lincoln
A. was anti-social           B. leaned little from his friends
C. had few friends           D. knew very few doctors
44. The habit of reflection helped Lincoln
A. to develop independence       B. to become more opinionated
C. to attain clear convictions       D. to become a hesitant person
45. From the passage, what can we infer about Lincoln?
A. A failure because of his ignorance.
B. A man who triumphed over his disadvantages.
C. An exceptionally successful and well-educated person.
D. An illiterate man, but with some natural talents.
Ⅲ. Vocabulary and Structure ( 15 minutes; 10 points )
Directions: In this section there are twenty incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the one answer that best complete the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
46.The black clouds and the lightening show that a storm is We’d better hurry up.
A. eminent   B. imminent   C. prominent   D. immigrant
47.With the sharp rise in examination cheating, many painstaking students   _______the campaign against all kinds of dishonesty.
A. approved   B. cheered   C. clapped     D. applauded
48.His excellent speech     the audience’s warm acclamations.(喝彩
A. resulted from   B. burst into   C. evoked   D. violated
49.National and international     is indispensable if victory is to be ?
A. sociology   B. isolation   C. solidarity   D. solo
50.The government   regulations that put this archeological site ?
under protection eyun
A. published   B. issued   C. discharged   D. released
51.With all its advantages, the computer is by no means without
its
A. boundaries B. confinements C. restraints D. limitations
52. I don’t really know how to       the problem.
A. tackle     B. cope     C. undergo     D. underestimate
53.China started in nuclear power industry only in recent years, and should   no time in catching up. A. delay     B. lose     C. lag     D. lessen
54.A friendship may be   , casual, situational or deep and lasting.
A. identical   B. original     C. superficial   D. critical
55.The republication of the poet’s most recent works will certainly   ________his national reputation.
A. enhance   B. strengthen   C.enlarge   D.magnify
56.There should be enough copies of the novel to     the whole class.
A. go round   B. go out   C. go through   D. go along with
57.There is no one of us     wishes to go.
A. as     B. but     C. whom     D. which
58.She is already very nervous and     if she knew that you were here.
A. still more nervous would she become
B. she would still become nervous
C. she will become still more nervous .
D. would she become still more nervous
59. “ Can I write my essay on the back of an envelope?”
“ I’d rather you     it on a sheet of scrap paper.”
A. write   B. wrote   C. will write   D. have written
60.The human voice often sounds       on the telephone.
A. twisted   B. irregular   C. deformed   D) distorted
61.We should always keep in mind that     decisions often lead to bitter regrets.
A. urgent   B. hasty   C. instant     D. prompt
62.Our research has focused on a drug which is so     as to be able to change brain chemistry
A. powerful   B. influential   C. monstrous   D. vigorous
63.There is no much time left, so I’ll tell you about it
A. in detail   B. in brief   C. in short   D. in all
64. A light sleeper is usually very       to any sound even as inaudible as the humming of a mosquito.
A. acute   B. keen     C. alter     D. immune f5y
65.The prisoner denied       anyone at the house when he was questioned by the police.
A. seeing that B. to have seen C. that he sees D. having seen
Ⅳ.Short Answer Questions ( 20 minutes, 10 points )
Directions: In this part there is one passage with five questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then use as few words as possible to answer the questions or complete the statements.
Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage:
Increasingly, over the past ten years, people--especially young people --- have become aware of the need to change their eating habits, because much of the food they eat, particularly chemical foods, is not good for the heath. Consequently, there has been a growing interest in natural foods: foods which do not contain chemical additives and which have not been affected by chemical fertilizers widely used in farming today.
Natural foods, for example, are vegetables, fruits and grains which have been grown in soil that is rich in organic matter. In simple terms, this means that the soil has been nourished by unused vegetable matters, which provides it with essential vitamins and minerals. This in itself is a natural process compared with the use of chemicals and fertilizers, the main purpose of which is to increase the amount--but not the quality-- of foods grown in commercial farming areas.
Natural foods also include animals which have been allowed to feed and move freely in healthy pastures. Compare this with what happens in the mass production of poultry: there are battery farms, for example, where thousands of chickens live crowded together in one building and are fed on food which is little better than rubbish. Chickens kept in this way are not only tasteless as food; they also produce eggs which lack important vitamins.
There are other aspects of healthy eating which are now receiving increasing attention from experts on diet. Take, for example, the question of sugar. This is actually a non-essential food! Although a natural alternative, such as honey, can be used to sweeten food if this is necessary, we can in fact do without it. It is not that sugar is harmful in itself. But it dose seem to be an additive: the quantity we use has grown steadily over the last two centuries and in Britain today each person consumes an average of 200 pounds a year! Yet all it does is to provide us with energy, in the form of calories. There are no vitamins in it, no minerals and no fiber.
It is significant that nowadays fiber is considered to be an important part of a healthy diet. In white bread, for example, the fiber has been removed. But it is present in unrefined flour and of course in vegetables. It is interesting to note that in countries where the national diet contains large quantities of unrefined flour band vegetables, certain diseases are comparatively rate. Hence the emphasis placed on the eating of whole meal bread and more vegetables by modern experts on healthy eating.
1. Recently, some people are interested in natural foods because
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___ ____ ____ ____
2. To use chemicals and fertilizers means
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___ ____ ____ ____
3. In the battery farm the chicken are fed on food which
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___ ____ ____ ___
4. It can be inferred from the passage that u k)[1]
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___ ____ ____ ___
5. What’s the best title for this passage?
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___ ____ ____ ____
Ⅴ.Error Correction ( 10 minutes; 10 points )
Directions: The passage contains TEN errors, one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word or delete a word. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in the corresponding blank. If you add a word, put an insertion mark ( ^ ) in the correct place and write the missing word in the blank. If you delete a word, cross it out and be sure to put a slash ( / ) in the blank.
Britain was a wealthy country a hundred and fifty
years ago. There were a few very rich people who received
money from land or investments, and did not need to work.
They used to have large amounts of servants to look after
them. There were also many middle class people, who
worked as businessmen or as doctors or lawyer. They usually
had several servants to clear their houses and cook their meals.
But there were also many poor people, there was a big
gap between the rich and the poor. The poor had very
different lives. Many worked as servants. They used to
pay little, and they had to work long hours. But at least
they lived in a warm house and were well fed.
Those who worked in factories were often less
fortunate. They used to work many hours a day,
dangerous and unhealthy conditions. But, even so, they
did not use to earn enough to feed his families. They   ( 6 ) _____
often lived in slums which were built cheaply by the
factory owners.
The worst paid people were those who worked on
the farms. At certain times of the year, they did not use
to learn nothing because there was no work for them to ( 7 ) _____
do. Life for poor was not always bad. There were kind   ( 8 ) _____
farmers and factory owners who helped their workers.
And many people were concerned about the poor. One
of them was Charles Dickens, the famous British writer.
When he was young, his family was always short for   ( 9 ) _____
money. His father was a clerk, who used to spend more
than he earn. When Dickens was eleven, he had to work   (10 ) _____
in a factory. At that time, very young children used to work
in factories and mines.
Ⅵ. Translation from Chinese into English ( 35 minutes; 20 points )
Directions： Put the following into English. Write your English version in the proper place on the Answer Booklet.
人各有志，各人的人生的目的和道路都独一无二，各不相同。在你的人生旅途中，别人无需面对你所要承受的挑战与教训；当然，你也无需应付别人奋战多年的各种挑战。你也许永远弄不懂为什么你能幸运地拥有美好的婚姻，而你的朋友却饱受婚姻不和之苦、离婚之痛；同样，你也无法明白为什么你生活拮据、疲于谋生，而你的朋友却生活优裕。但是有一点你可以确信无疑，即你将有缘见识你所注定要学的知识和经验；至于你是否乐意学习，则完全是你自己的选择。
Ⅶ. Composition ( 35 minutes; 15 points )
Directions. Write an essay of about 200 words on the topic given below:
Desire is perhaps the strongest drive to progress. But everyone has his/her own understanding of it. There has been a discussion recently on the issue. Write an essay to the newspaper to
1.     show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below,
2.     give a specific example, and
3.     give your suggestion as to treat one’s desire.

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