第三节 副词在句中的位置 _d`)N
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副词在句中的位置比较灵活,放在句首、句中、句尾都有可能,这是副词的优点,但同时给英语学习者带来了麻烦,往往难以抉择副词的位置,TOEFL出题者也借此大做文章,给考生制造障碍,在填空题、改错题中都涉及语序问题 CL)*cu6zG
几点参考规则: &4R-5i2a
1. 多数副词放在修饰的动词之后,若动词有宾语则放在宾语之后,如: ![l`@NH[U
She sings very well. alV{| Vf[6
I met your uncle(动词的宾语) just now. i+&o%nK 2
I met just now your uncle (错) L63B# H"
2. 副词修饰形容词、介词短语、副词时常放在被修饰成分之前,如: $ctpg9 7
These two are only slightly different. XK=-$2n
right after this, very smoothly 76BA1x+G
当然,副词enough是一个例外,要放在修饰成分的后面,如: E# UAC2Q
I am not good enough to do this job. (对) HV}*}
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I am not enough good to do this job. (错) 4;D>s8dgG
3. 表示频率的副词常放在实意动词之前,be动词之后,如: __OH
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He often/ always/ rarely/seldom/never play(实意动词) tennis. _>=Q
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He is always here at 8'clock. (be动词之后) (BG
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4. 部分副词的位置没有一定的规定,原则上接近被修饰词即可,如: vZJu=t
only, even, still, perhaps, etc. UJ^MS4;I3
例题: 3:ELYn
(1) *\"+/
When rainbows appear, they are always in the part of the sky opposite directly the 3U!#rz"
A B C D U3OXO1
Sun. 55K(]%t
答案:D /)/>/4O
应改为:directly opposite. 7S.E,\Tws
解释:opposite 与the Sun 构成介宾短语, 修饰副词directly必须置于opposite之前 m(rd\3d
(2) FL?Ndy"I
Amoebas are ---- small to be seen without a microscope. Wa!}$q+
(A) far too <S@XK%
(B) far and s.j6"
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(C) so far {O"
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(D) as far as &T&>4I!'M
答案:A O&@pi-=o
解释:空格前是句子的主谓语,空格处需要small的修饰语,B, C, D都不能修饰形容词, 故选A, 由副词too修饰small,副词far用来加深程度 qx2M"uFJ
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第四节 容易混淆的词 /&!4oBna
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hard (努力,副词) -hardly (几乎不,副词) c6~<vV'}
close (接近,形容词) -closely(接近,副词) ||^+(
near (接近,形容词) -nearly (几乎,副词), nearby (adj.邻近的) K bM1b
most (大多数的,形容词) -mostly(主要地,大部分 副词) FQqk+P!
late (迟、晚,形容词) -lately (最近,副词),later(adv.稍后的) 'd |*n#Dqc
high (高的,形容词) -highly (adv. 非常,大大的) *9)yN[w
另外: friendly(友好的), lovely(可爱的、有趣的),尽管词尾有ly, 但是都是形容词 07
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例题: y|2y!&o,!
(1) ~Sc{\ZJl
Chief Joseph La Flesche, a vigorous Omaha leader, worked hardly to make his nation ?CSv;:
A B wq
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a proud and progressive one. "?r_A*U
C D Xcw6mpLt
答案:B Q~zs]{\
应改为:hard t*(buAx
解释:hard和hardly都是副词,前者表示努力地,后者表示几乎不,依据题意应改用hard
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词汇:vigorous: 精力充沛的,progressive: 进步的
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(2) K(75)/
Glaciers that develop nearly the North and South Poles advance into the sea, break }[b3$WZ
A B C D 6`V~cVu
into pieces, and become icebergs. g\A kf
答案:B s_4y^w]aX
应改为:near ),5|Ves;t[
解释:nearly是副词,意为几乎,在此句中讲不通,改为介词near才可与名词the North and South Poles构成地点状语 &at>sQ'
词汇:glacier: 冰河, iceberg: 冰山 91\]Dg
(3)
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Those electrons most closely to the nucleus are held there by electromagnetic force. :]uz0s`>
A B C D -W.bOr
答案:B LtVIvZie
应改为:most close
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解释:副词closely 不能修饰名词electrons, 应改为形容词, close to 构成形容词短语, 作electrons的后置定语 xM2UwTpW
词汇:electron: 电子, electromagnetic: 电磁 5j>olz=n}
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第四章 介词 V(P 1{g
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介词在英语中有着举足轻重的地位,其数量不多,拼写也不复杂,但要准确的把握其用法却非易事,介词的恰当使用常常成为令英语学习者头疼的问题。TOEFL中常考知识点是动词后面到底跟不跟介词,常用介词搭配, 常用动词与介词搭配 tf4clzSTa
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第一节 常用介词 DsCbMs=Y
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考点一 常用介词的用法 w On*QO[
常用介词包括简单的, h)h%y
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如:in, on, at, from, to, like, of, for, after, before, by, with, to, since, between, etc.; k\Z@B!VAq
还有一些组合的,如:into, onto, out of, throughout, within, upon, etc. -7(,*1Tk
这些词的具体用法需要下功夫搞清,在TOEFL题中都有所体现。 wj 15Og?
例题: 0 LQ%tn
(1) )*nZ6Cg'
----one time, Manchester, New Hampshire, was the home of the most productive cotton mills in the world. y,Z2`Zmu
(A) On h.4FY<
(B) At iH>IV0
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(C) By f6`W(OiE
(D) To #Q$e%VJ(c1
答案:B j026CVL
解释:据选项可知需填介词,词组at one time意为“曾经、一度”,符合句意。 @BMuov
(2) [7h/ 2La#
Saint Elmo's fire is a luminous blue discharge of electricity sometimes seen when a to(lE2`.da
A B C D KskPFXxP
thunderstorm. ~WKWx.ul
答案:D p
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应改为:in. g5lK&-yu]
解释:when是连词,一般只引导从句,应该用介词引导宾语 =4
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考点二 及物动词和不及物动词 EAV6qW\r5]
在改错题目中,经常会出现混淆及物动词和不及物动词, O:Wd
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(1) 不及物动词后面必须要加上介词,比如go Guangzhou(到广州去),这样表达是不对的,必须改为 go to Guangzhou &"d
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(2) 而及物动词后面不能随意加上介词,因为及物动词后面可以直接接名词 uTNy{RBD+
比如 find the mistake (寻找错误) , 不应该说 find for the mistake KN'twPFq
例题: K6s tkDhb
(1) 1pP q)}=+
What makes for human skeleton hard and strong is the presence of the metallic emI F{oP
A B C D TGuCIc0B{
element calcium. T'a&
答案:A zQoJ8i>
应改为:human \ESNf
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解释:make是及物动词,直接加宾语,for是多余的 y\Wp}}
词汇:skeleton: 骨骼, metallic: 金属的, calcium: 钙 aB{OXU}#
(2) 8i
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The situation comedy has proved to a remarkably durable commercial television BO0Y#f
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A B C D (dP9`Na]
format. kH?PEA! \
答案:B qdo_YPG
应改为:to be a / a. .J?RaH{i
解释:及物动词prove可直接加名词或不定式作宾语 Awe'MG p%
词汇:situation comedy: 情景喜剧, durable: 持久的, format: 形式 7%W@Hr,%F
第二节 介宾短语 G%U!$\j:qd
介词不能单独使用,而必须和其他词连用,这些词称作介词的宾语,它们共同构成的介宾短语常在句中作状语,作名词的后置定语,有时作某些动词的宾语补足语 k#G+<7c<
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考点一 名词作介词宾语 Y#FSU#a$<
大部分介词的宾语都是由名词(包括代词)充当的,如:under the tree, during the day, 这一考点在题中多次出现 vH@$?b3VP
例题: 06I(01M1
(1) *_"lXcG.
The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for ----with which to regulate them. i}@5<&J
(A) more accurate than sundials FYH^axpp
(B) more accurate sundials [Vj|fy4
(C) sundials more accurately LG'1^W{a
(D) more accurately than sundials /UtSZ(
答案:B qot{#tk
d
解释:search for缺少宾语, 只有B是表达无误的名词词组, 可以作宾语;其他选项的比较形式都有错。 :AyZe7:(D
(2) ZK8DziO
Different species of octopuses may measure anywhere from two inches to over thirty a KIS%M#Y
A B C 0$|wj^?U
feet in long. #!4`t]E<
答案:D =6BI[_0
应改为:in length. a]4|XJ_
解释:long 是形容词, 不能单独接在介词之后, 其名词形式length与in构成介宾短语, 表示长度 uKo4nXVtp
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考点二 动名词作介词宾语 A&_v:z4y/
名词作宾语时,之后不能再接宾语,这一缺陷可由动名词弥补。 9 'IDbe{
如:before doing the job , after getting back aq8mD^j -&
改错题中常把应该用动名词作宾语的地方误用为名词或不定式,需留心陷阱 +Q!Kj7EU/
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例题: >k(AQW5?
(1) 3Ael
The Conestoga wagon, used for to carry heavy loads over long distances, originated hYh~[Kr^@^
A B C >Yfo $S_
around 1725 in a region of Pennsylvania occupied by the Conestoga Indians. > u=nGeO
D VqeW;8&*iv
答案:A s$VLVT*6
应改为:carrying. qGie~S ##
解释:不定式不能作for的宾语, 改为动名词即可 IE&G7\>(yO
(2) < !]7Gt
Copper sulfate, spread in judicious amounts, kills algae ----harming fish or aquatic invert-ebrates. BF]+fs`
(A) does not G_?qY#"(
(B) but does no vo2 T P:
(C) except n/IDq$/P
(D) without ]j<&
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答案:D ooT
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解释:harming 是动名词形式, 因此要求前面的词是介词或可接动名词的动词. A B 可首先排除; C 虽是介词, 但与句意不符. {4b8s%:!4
(3) Mary Ann Hardy was known for her skill to paint miniature watercolor portraits SMh[7lU`
A B C =JB1 ]b{|
on ivory. 5VW*h
D P
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答案:B ^v@&
q
应改为:in painting kam\dn04
解释:后置定语修饰名词,什么方面的技能,不能用不定式。 >HQ<KFA
考点三 连接从句或不定式 PWs=0.Wj
介词之后还可以接宾语从句或不定式短语,但要借助于 1FmVx
连接代词 (如:what , which, whom) JU0|pstf
或连接副词 (如:how, when,where) `Yc>I!iN
例句: I knew nothing about how he got the green card. 4gK_'b6"
She's pretty hesitant about which one to choose. aD8r:S\
例题: =%oKYQ
(1) F#XzhDs
The Cubists were concerned with how----a given subject from different points of view simultaneously.
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(A) represented 00@y,V_]
(B) do they represent L<TL6
(C) to represent SiSxym
(D) representing bn<}
答案:C 5R7DD 5c[
解释:介词with后面的宾语不完整, C 是不定式短语作宾语. A D都不足以和how构成宾语从句; B不应用疑问句语序, 若去掉do则是正确的 *Ldno`1O
(2)
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The scholarly interest in perception stems largely from questions about the sources and validity of what ----. `=cOTn52
(A) it is known as human knowledge 8?&u5
(B) is known as human knowledge En/EQ\T@F
(C) known human knowledge Se-
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(D) is human knowledge known >0qe*4n|M
答案:B . 'rC'FT
解释:介词of的宾语残缺, B 构成宾语从句, 包含短语be known as;A多主语it; C 无法与what契合; D 语序错误 vS'5Lm
注意:介词后面不能够接 that 所引导的从句,除非in that连起来作为特殊的状语从句引导词,表原因 u|]`gsFZ\
(3) (Exer1_21_31) iZ-"l3)D
Soprano Julia Migenes-Johnson believes in that her Latin American background 5Mq7l$]h$
A B x>=8~wIK
helped her interpret the role of the Spanish character Carmen in a 1984 opera film. s4{WPU9
C D :Pf2oQ
答案: A Zm!5X9^!
应改为:believes byUstm6y
解释:介词后面一般不能够接that 引导的从句。除非in that连起来 VaRP+J}UA.
(4) Zl+Ba
Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual ---- travel over land and water on a layer of air . G(1y_t
(A) they
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(B) in they O}I
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(C) that they Lk~aMbw#
(D) in that they >'X[*:Cx
答案:D I2PFJXp_]n
解释:空格前是句子的主谓语,空格后是谓语结构,空格处需要从句引导词及从句主语,只有D符合题意,in that是特殊的状语从句引导词,表原因
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词汇:hovercraft: 水翼船, cushion: 垫子 !DUC#)F
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第三节 介词固定搭配 9(;I+.;8k
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介词和动词、形容词、名词等词的搭配是掌握介词用法的难点和关键,必须下大功夫牢记,TOEFL题中大量考察介词搭配问题,是准备的重点之一,下面对常见常考搭配稍作总结,可作复习的参考,但因篇幅所限,不可能面面俱到,还需考生多注意平时积累 T[YGQT|B
一、常搭配使用的介词和介词短语 otgU6S7F
1. from…to /till /until %!i|"FNc
2. because of, on account of (由于), by means of, in front of, in spite of (=despite), fmhqm"
instead of, in honour of (为纪念,为庆祝),in danger of (在….危险之中) *To5\|
3. according to, due to, with regard to, prior to, owing to, , in relation to, E5J2=xVW#
in response to, to a great extent, in addition to(=besides) V=v7<I=
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4. together with, along with, in connection with, in comparison with, apart from
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二、与on /upon搭配 i!JVGs
1. act on, rely on, depend on, feed on, comment on, concentrate on, rest on, in |4@su"OA
2. be based on, be keen on, be dependent on #, KjJ
The boy is keen on mathematics. (这个男孩对数学感兴趣) Lh(`9(tX
三、与of搭配 XPt<k&o1,
1. think of , consist of, take charge of QIMoe'p
2. be composed of, be made up of, be capable of, be typical of, NdW2OUxw"
regardless of, bare of, be deprived of 1[;~>t@C
3. the use of, the ratio of…to, a minimum of '!%Zf;Fjr
四、与with搭配 H?(I-vO
1. deal with, interfere with, compare with /to, share with, join with W_E0+
2. be familiar with, familiarity with, be credited with, be associated with, o=1M<dL
be concerned with, be filled with, be infused with, be consistent with z[I3k
五、与in搭配 mXH\z
1. result in /from, succeed in, lie in, specialize in, originate in /from, live in, believe in nKzS2u=:Y
2. be interested in, be found in, be rich in, be involved in azxGUS_i<
六、与for搭配 w)hH8jx{
1. account for, substitute for, look for, search for, run for (竞选), ask for EC4RA'Bg1k
2. be suited for, be responsible for, be famous /known /noted for(因…..而著名) i@C1}o-/
be valuable for, be appreciated for U;7Cmti"
七、与to搭配 <=D\Ckmb
1. belong to, lead to, refer to, relate to, devote to, adapt to, adjust to, dedicate to, commit to, s5DEuu>g
owe to, do harm to, lead to, date back to, give way to, contribute to v^=Po6S[{+
2. be resistant to, be similar to, be equal to, be sensitive to, be subject to, be close to, [LQD]#
be native to, contrary to, be adapted to, be destined to (注定) vt`V<3
八、其他 Y'YvVI
1. range from…to, benefit from, distinguish…from , derive from, stem from, <R TAO2
break away from, protect from, prevent from, prohibit from, shield from PE IUKlX
2. serve as, regard as, consider as, describe as, remember as, be known as, KZ"&c~[
3. transform…into, convert…into, change…into, divide…into, u]W$'MyY
4. rank among JfJLJ(}
例题:
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(1) _NfdJ=[Xh
The young of most bird species are totally dependence on parental care after w&v
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A B C ]5V=kNui
hatching. [IF5Iv\b
D 8gQg#^,(t
答案:B ScgaWJ
应改为:dependent. 56;^
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解释:be dependent on是固定词组, 意同depend on % Rv;e
(2) qSg#:;(O
Mary Cassatt specialized ----mothers with their children. $Z{ap
(A) painted Dsl,(qm5
(B) who painted ^ZxT0oaL
(C) paintings " vW4"R6
(D) in painting xppl6
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答案:D @>r3=s.Q
解释:此句涉及动词词组specialize in doing ,表示专门从事某事。A 与原句谓语冲突;B定语从句无先行词;C与空前后的成分都无法连接 o =oXL2}
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the end.
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第五章 动词
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动词是表达句意的精髓,句子的时态、语态等全依靠动词来体现。 eK=W'cNu
动词可分为实意动词(如:go, do, make)、系动词(如:be, remain, seem)、助动词和情态动词(见第七章) eWN[EJI<
实意动词又可分为及物动词,即可接宾语的词,如:yield, resist, discover;和不及物动词,即不能直接接宾语的词,如:go, begin, happen。有很多词既是及物动词又是不及物动词,如:drop, grow, fail X
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第一节 不定式 X,]E {
不定式是动词的非谓语形式,它的构成为:to+动词原形,to可视为不定式的标志词,两个动词常用to连接构成不定式。 YB`;<+sY
不定式可以有多种形式,如:主动式(to drink, to see)、被动式(to be continued, to be understood)、完成式(to have completed, to have been adopted)、进行式(to be leaving)等 F*}.0SQ
不定式在句中常作下列成分: 8 h.Dc&V
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考点一 不定式作宾语、主语或表语 !08\w@
1. 作宾语:不定式多接在谓语动词后作宾语 A-&'/IHR"B
如:He decided to put in a good word for me at the meeting. 6UK}?+r~
I didn't expect to hear from you so soon. Z\\'0yuY(
常用的可接不定式宾语的动词有:decide, expect, determine, offer, forget, remember, want, prefer, wish, hope, continue, begin, attempt, agree, etc. {o."T/?d'
例:Human beings are social animals who usually prefer not to live in physical or psychological isolation. @@1Sxv_
2. 作主语:不定式短语可作主语 ~S85+OJ;M
如:To see is to believe (百闻不如一见) !,(6uO%
To work hard should be your major concern. J7RO*.O&Iq
注意:由于英文不习惯句子主语过长,不定式主语常被形式主语it所代替(详见第十七章) Ft[)m#Dj`
例如上面第二句可以变为: It should be your major concern to work hard. Ag82tDL[u
又如: It is very nice of you to help me. G-DvM6T
It is hard for you to carry this heavy box. @V7HxW7RX
3. 作表语:当句子的主语是purpose, aim, duty, goal, hope, plan, suggestion, idea, intention, problem, mistake, reaction等表示“意图”、“目的”、“功能”等意思的词时,一般由不定式作表语 Edp%z"J;C
如:His only purpose in life is to seek truth. M>yt\qbkA
Our plan was to raise money for the new project. L'@@ewA
例题: 0ECQ>Ux:
(1) `J26Y"]P
Before the invention of the clock, people had to reliable on the celestial bodies to }#Q?\
A B C 8rNRQOXOa
tell time. p%]ZG,
D n a3st*3V_
答案:C Lc?q0x^s
应改为:rely. q=J8SvSRl
解释:此处to是构成不定式的标志词, 之后应接动词原形 ~\QN.a
(2) X%lk] &2
Chinese immigrants began ---- to the United States in large numbers in the middle of the nineteenth century. -Z<V?SFOK
(A) come qQ/<\6Sl
(B) to come AnD#k]
(C) to have come l.Yq4qW
(D) have come dJf#j?\[
答案:B @@QB,VS;{<
解释:空格处需要began的宾语,可以是动名词或不定式,A, D是动词原形,可先排除;C是不定式的完成式,不符合begin的用法;只有B正确 zir?13N7
(3) 4*Y`Pn@
The central purpose of management is for making every action or decision help UVlXDebl
A B KrzIL[;2o
achieve a carefully chosen goal. -SeHz.`N
C D ysDGF@wZC
答案:A ~ ~U,
应改为:to make
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解释:主语purpose决定应用不定式作表语,故改为to make %'3Y?d
F./$nwb
考点二 不定式作定语 0\DlzIO
不定式常接在名词之后作定语,如: .EXxNB]%Y&
something to read, nothing to do, anything to declare, $?M$^ -(e
a lot to complain of, the right person to talk to, etc. 7c>{og6
由上述例子不难看出不定式和被修饰词间有动宾关系,因此不及物动词之后必须加上相搭配的介词(例如上面的complain + of, talk +to) #_9Jam%M
不定式定语还可表示将来的含义,如:in the years to follow, the meeting to be held in June I;rh(FMV
针对TOEFL解题需注意下列情况: o7^u@*"F
1. 由序数词修饰的名词之后多用不定式作定语, v_L?n7c
如:the first one to arrive, the last to mention, the only thing to talk about 7a5G,C#QQ
例句:Not only was the Mariner spacecraft the first to fly beyond Mars, but it also survived in space well past its expected lifetime of twenty-one months. 9zac[tno
2. 改错题常出现名词之后直接接动词,且二者间不是主谓关系而是动宾关系,此处必定有错,应在动词前加to,变为不定式作定语 \ x>#bql+
如:Do you have anything declare (错) /`H{n$
Do you have anything to declare (对) (你有什么东西需要申报的吗?) d.:.f_|
3. 少量题中出现了类似定语从句的不定式作定语,其基本形式为:介词+关系代词+不定式,如:Here is a blue pen, with which to fill out the form. a&)4Dv0
例题 Y. 1dk
(1) sA1 XtO<&7
An innovator, ballerina Augusta Maywood was ---- a traveling company. geJO#;
(A) to form the first 2& ZoG%)
(B) the first to form NWt5)xl
(C) who formed the first 68YJ@(iS
(D) forming the first v3Xt<I=4y
答案:B 5nh:S0M6V
解释:空格前是句子的主谓语, 空格处需要was的表语, first不能和a连用, 故A、C、D肯定不对; B中the first作表语, 省略了后面的person, 不定式to form…作定语, the first to do是常见用法, 表示第一个做某事的人 qytH<UB
eW.[M ?,
考点三 不定式作状语 wW1>#F
不定式作状语是相当普遍的语法现象,通常表示目的、结果或原因 a/s6|ri`0
如:I got an early morning to catch the first train to London. (表目的) 5l,Q=V^@l
She raised the lid only to find an empty bottle. (表结果) 6fcn(&Qk
He trembled to think of his shameful failure. (表原因) S1G=hgF_L
TOEFL种主要涉及第一种用法 kf>L
例题: g4=6\vg
(1) F]k$O $)0
Using their bills as needles, tailorbirds sew large leaves together with plant fiber <lFQ4<"m
A B C ~vv\A5O[|
to forming their nests. (14J~MDB
D N%" /mcO
答案:D zm`^=cV
应改为:to form x"xtILrI
解释:to是不定式的标志词,应接动词原形作目的状语 Tt*n.HA
(2) DX)T}V&mP
The dromedary camel is raised especially to racing. &]euL:C
A B C D -4!i(^w[m/
答案:D B}A7Usm
应改为:race dab[x@#r>
解释:此句中的to不是介词, 而是不定式的标志词, 之后应接动词原形作目的状语 {<}kqn83sT
UB&)U\hn
;.wWw" )
考点四 是否用不定式 +w'{I`QIL0
1.有部分动词的习惯用法要求采用不定式复合结构,其基本形式为:动词+宾语+不定式, i][af
如:enable him to dance, cause the little girl to cry, q9`!T4,
consider it to be a great honor, imagine herself to a soprano 5Zdxn>
常接不定式复合结构的词有:allow, enable, cause, ask, expect, invite, advise, permit, oblige, help, encourage, persuade, instruct, command, urge, consider, believe, declare, etc. 7<?~A6
注意:help既可以接不定式,也可以接动词原形(或称不带to的不定式), 3kl\W[`?
如:help him to clean the lab, help me do the housework ;}=[( eqA
例题: Ikbz3]F^V
(1) ?[K\X
The flexibility of film allows the artist ----unbridled imagination to the animation of cartoon characters. D
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(A) to bring 1]lm0bfs
(B) bringing ]/y&5X
(C) is brought DMY?'Nts!
(D) brings Uhz<B #tj
答案:A 7k>sE
解释:allow somebody to do sth.属于固定动词词组搭配, k 8Swra?j
若allow之后无宾语则用allow doing 的形式。 l'2a?1/q
例: Mum doesn't allow me to eat too much chocolate. @
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Sorry, sir, but we don't allow smoking here. 6k=ink-/
(2) *CH lg1
A dictionary allows quick access to the meaning of a word only if one knows how PB :Lj
A B C D =O)dHY}
spell the word. IaU
答案:D [ Yzh(a8
应改为:how to spell
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解释:how和spell不能连用,应变为不定式复合结构,加上to, 构成know的宾语 1o;+.
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2. 在一些表示“意图”、“目的”、“倾向”等意思的动词、形容词后面经常要跟不定式,而表示同样意思的名词后面经常需要用不定式做定语 TuBl9 p'6
例句: <E(#;F^y
Having lost the election, the presidential candidate intend to support the opposition despite the objections of his staff. Vc!;O9dP
Many modern photographers attempt to manipulate elements of photography other than light in their photographs. }D7q)_g=
这样的动词还有tend, plan, expect, endeavor, try, wish等 yB7=8 Pcx
He is anxious to go home. }wh)I]]U
I am inclinded to work in Shanghai. }/yhwijg
这样的形容词还有able, apt, eager, glad, ready, likely等 /hef3DV5I
A loan may be acknowledged by a bond , a promissory note, or a mere promise to repay. Q`qHzb~%
He has the inclination to grow fat. l!plw,PYC
这样的名词还有ablility , effort , attempt, anxiety,determination, inclination, plan 等 6BihZ|H04
例题: m"~^-mJ-
(1) @LS*WJ< w-
Billie Holiday's reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability ----emotional depth to her songs. lEBt<
(A) be giving oyBBW?m
(B) are given xq2{0q
(C) being given x?:[:Hf
(D) to give -bo5/`x
答案:D jmbwV,@Q2
解释:此句主谓俱全, 主语reputation, 谓语rests on, 缺少宾语ability的修饰成分. 根据谓语唯一原则可首先排除A B; C是被动式, 后面不能有宾语, 亦可排除; D为不定式作定语, the ability to do即做某事的能力 Tw
< N
#7IM#tc@
第二节 分词 [lpzUB}<Yp
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分词是动词的又一种非谓语形式,主要分为现在分词(ing为词尾)和过去分词(主要以ed结尾),他们在句中可作定语、状语或表语。 ca@0?q#
由于作表语的分词往往被视为形容词的用法,其用法比较简单,这里只着重介绍前两种用法如: }&)X4=
exciting news (激动人心的消息), charming girl(迷人的女孩), _uuxTNN0x*
promising work(有希望的作品), known criminal(臭名昭著的罪犯), {(@M0?
broken bottle(破碎的瓶子) 1D03Nbh|5
H 3YFbR
考点一 现在分词 QAigbS
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现在分词和过去分词的主要区别在于:现在分词表主动意义;过去分词表被动意义。 N/QTf1$
现在分词较过去分词形式灵活,除部分能接宾语之外,可有被动形式(being done)和完成式(having done, having been done), 当然being done和having been done也可理解成过去分词变形为进行式 n*6Oa/JG7
1. 现在分词作定语 EELS-qA
现在分词常接在名词之后作定语,经常可与定语从句替换 5w)tsGX\
如:the man sitting behind me, 相当于:the man who is sitting behind me hA.?19<Z
the kids running about in the garden, 相当于: -y70-K3
the kids who are running about in the garden aA?Uf~ "t
单个的分词作定语可放在被修饰词之前,如:the sleeping baby, a running nose
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改错题中若出现名词之后直接接动词,且之间是主谓关系,但不是句子主谓语,此处必定有错,可改为现在分词作定语 .5*h']iFr1
例题: )mw#MTv<[
(1) -&JUg
o=
The boiled point of any liquid is determined by the pressure of the surrounding gases. S"ZH5O(
A B C D U}ei2q\
答案:A G.Z:00x
应改为:boiling. u}ULb F
解释:沸点的英文表达应该是boiling point. 类似的表达如: boiling water(沸水); boiled表示已完成的状态, 如boiled water意为白开水, 即已沸腾过的水 "c8
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(2) P(Bj XMd
The slide rule uses sliding scales with marks ---- numbers and their logarithms. 64Gd^.Z
(A) representing SJb+:
L>
(B) represented RKoM49W
(C) are represented J jRz<T;
(D) they are representing 2Wwzcvs@
答案:A fgrflW$
解释:空格前是句子的主谓成分,空格处需要marks的定语,C, D可先排除;B是被动式,无法接宾语numbers; 因此A正确,是现在分词作定语 K.s\xA5`_
2. 现在分词作状语 .)L%AN
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分词还可在句中作状语,可放在句首、句中或句尾。现在分词作状语时,通常都表示主语正在进行的动作/伴随动作或者表示原因。 Z<L|WRe
1.现在分词短语可以作时间状语,相当于when, while, as soon as等所引导的从句 ~d]X@(G&
如:Hearing the news, he couldn't help crying. h3-y}.VjG
= When he heard the news, he couldn't help crying. "M#A `b
2.现在分词短语也可以表示原因,代替由since, as等所引导的从句 86pujXjc'
如:Not knowing what to do about the situation, she turned to him for help. hKVj\88
=Since she didn't know what to do about the situation, she turned to him for help. {nvF>
Being so poor in those days, we couldn't afford to go to school. kr ,&aP<,
=As we were so poor in those days, we couldn't afford to go to school. qWz%sT?C3L
3.如果分词表示的动作发生在主句动作之前,那么此时分词就需要用完成形式 H_w&_h&
如:Having finished the work, she went to the park. g{|F<2rd[m
=After she had finished the work, she went to the park. \ZN> 7?Vs
特别注意:分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致 n~ w.\939@
如: Seeing from the moutain, the ocean is emrald green. Rq`B'G9|c
此句是一个错误的句子, 因为根据分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致的原则, seeing的逻辑主语也应该是the ocean, 而the ocean是不能自己seeing的, 应改为Seen from the mountain. in}d(%3h
例题: JZ=ahSi
(1) e_U1}{=t
Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the lower ground levels, thereby ---- from freezing. >3aB{[[N
(A) to save the seeds okwkMd-yW
(B) saving the seeds K
qK?w*Qw
(C) which saves the seeds t`F<lOKj
(D) the seeds saved i|N%dl+T=
答案:B !*I0}I
~
解释:thereby一词习惯上接现在分词作句子的结果状语,只有B符合要求