考点二 过去分词 LDL#*g
1. 过去分词作定语 Ah_'.r1<P9
与现在分词类似,过去分词作定语常可和定语从句替换, 通常表示被动的含义. c FjC
如:a theory derived from rich experience 7oPBe1P,K+
= a theory that has been derived from rich experience '|e5 cW6z
a gas composed of four chemical elements ^P-!pK*
= a gas that is composed of four chemical elements p&F=<<C
单个分词可放在被修饰词之前,如:distinguished guests, unexpected trouble _4z>I/R>Z
改错题中常考现在分词和过去分词的混用,关键看被修饰词和分词代表的动作是主动还是被动关系。 GA6)O-^G
例如: boiling water (沸腾的水,表示正在沸腾); boiled water(开水, 表示已经烧开) x3L3K/qMg
2. 同源现在分词和过去分词做定语的区别 R
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有时一个动词词尾分别加上-ing和-ed就构成了一组同源现在分词和过去分词, 这样的例子在英语里很多, 如: interesting/interested, exciting/excited, disappointing/disappointed等, 这些由动词变化而来的分词已经被人们视为形容词了. 但是, 同源现在分词和过去分词做定语时有什么区别呢?
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现在分词通常表示某个事物的特性, 通常用来修饰某事或某物, 含有“使人(令人)感到…”的意思, 如: an interesting novel, a confusing question等; \Z^K=K(|
过去分词通常表示人的感受或状态, 意思是“…的…”, 如: a worried look (焦虑的神情) 5|:=#Ql*
试比较: an interesting boy (一个有趣的男孩 - 让人觉得很有趣) 5I{YsM
an interested boy (一个产生了兴趣的男孩 r]'AdJFt
同样, 当同源现在分词和过去分词做表语时, 在意思上也存在同样的区别, 如: xH\'gli/
The results are very disappointing. (结果很让人失望) K}O~tff
We are very disappointed at the results. (我们对这样的结果很失望) 6^['g-\2
例题: 7,|-%!p[
(1) nF}]W14x
The University of Georgia, ----in 1785, was the first state supported university in the United States. 94W9P't
(A) chartered W"|89\p}
(B) was chartered G:'-|h
(C) it was chartered G
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(D) to be chartered 1O9V Ej5
答案:A
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解释:本句主谓结构完整, 缺少的是主语的修饰成分, A构成过去分词短语作定语;B C 的动词结构与原句谓语冲突; D 不定式一般表示即将发生的动作, 与in 1785不符 ~9]tt\jN*Y
(2) &cDnZ3Q;
A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time. Q=~e|
A B C D L4SFu.J'
答案:C (a`z:dz}
应改为:fixed M&@9B)|=
解释:fix是动词,不能修饰名词period, 依句意改为分词fixed, “一段固定时间” WJe
(3) ZWmmFKFG.
Closed plane figures like the square or the equilateral triangle can be grouped into a class ----polygons. qVJV 9n
(A) called $9*Xfb/
(B) to call ykl./uY'
(C) is called u-j$4\'
(D) call as w{K_+}fAC
答案:A V'^s5
解释:此句主谓完整, 句中又无连词, 需填的只可能是非谓语成分, A 是过去分词短语作定语, 等效于which is called, 符合题意. C D 属谓语结构, 与原句谓语冲突; B 不定式表用途或目的, 意思不通 5`6@CRef
3. 过去分词作状语 b)$<aFl
过去分词也可放在句首、句中、句尾作句子的状语,常表示事件发生的背景或原因, &OGY?[n
如:Seen from far away, the islands look like a chain of pearls in the midst of the lake. X,x{!
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feated in the final, the team gathered to analyze its technical disadvantages. u Dm=W36
特别注意:分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致. 选择题中, 经常要求考生在分词状语部分填入合适的过去分词或现在分词. 到底选择哪种分词, 考生可以采取这样的作题方法: 首先根据“分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致”的原则确定状语部分的主语, 再判断这个主语和分词是什么关系, 若是主动关系则应该用现在分词, 若是被动关系则要用过去分词. ?KI_>{
例题: F7#
(1) aQ]C`9k
---- in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States. sqJ?dIBH
(A) Founded Jan73AOX
(B) Founding : B$
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(C) To found '`\\O:@C`
(D) Having founded (tx6U.O
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答案:A hM/|k0YV
解释:分词部分的逻辑主语也应当是the Boston Latin School, 它和found之间是被动关系, 所以空格处应填入过去分词 7DKbuUK
(2) y&-j NOKLM
Almost destroy by fire in 1814, the White House was rebuilt and enlarged over z~L(kf4
A B C L!c7$M5xJ
the next three year. vkASp&a
D b)3dZ*cOJ
答案:A =d.Z:L9d
应改为:Almost destroyed 536H*HdN
解释:by是被动式的标志词, 动词destroy应用过去分词destroyed, 这样既表被动又构成句子的状语 t]2~aK<]
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考点三 独立主格结构 |.)oV;9
独立主格结构是介于分词和主谓句之间的非谓语形式,对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致,而独立主格则在很大程度上克服了这一局限性 JN$v=Ox{
1、主要特征
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(1) 独立主格是含有主语的分词结构,分词与主语间是主谓关系, \=XAl >}\
基本形式为:主语+现在分词或过去分词 +I;b,p
如:his heart bleeding xCEEv5(5
the baby crying M`9qo8zCi
the project completed r-9P&*1
The school being over, the street was full of the students. 4T{+R{_Y1
= When the school was over, the street was full of the students. !\z
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(2)切记独立主格不等同于主谓结构, _ohZTT%l
比较:my mind wandering (独立主格); (l TM5qC
My mind was wandering (主谓结构) .Xc, Gq{
(3)独立主格的主语和句子主语不一致 p'0jdb :S
如:(With) His mouth filled with water, he couldn't utter a word. (独立主格) T\{ on[O
对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致: I_6?Q^_uZ
Filling his mouth with water, he couldn't utter a word. Yo/U /dB
2. 在句子中的作用 D}>pl8ke~g
独立主格结构通常在句中表示时间、条件,原因、伴随状态等 `|XE B
如:The film being over, we had a stroll on the nearby street. (时间) E!8FZv8
Weather permitting, I will go fishing with my family. (条件) >8"oO[U5>
Time pressing, they had to work overtime. (原因) 'nz;|6uC
The leaves rustling in the breeze, I roamed on the country road. (伴随) osoreo;V^
例题: X* KQWs.
(1) .0:BgM
----modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors. O#7ONQfBO
(A) If :2pd2 S
(B) But GbFLu`
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(C) With 2?u>A3^R
(D)Once gPSUxE`O.
答案:C cv=nG
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解释:句中主干完整, 主语是designers, 谓语是are attempting, 之后是不定式构成的宾语. 空白后 becoming 采取分词形式, modern offices是becoming的逻辑主语, 因此可确定需填入的词会与原句构成独立主格结构, 而不是从句, A B D可一次性排除, 其实此句除去空白处, 已是完整的句子, 类似句子如: The man entered the room, his hair flying in the air. I= G%r/3
注意: 表示伴随状态的独立主格结构通常可以由with引导, 如本例题. MUhC6s\F
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第三节 动名词 9f+|m9~2
动名词是动词的特殊形式,拼写类似现在分词,用法类似名词,具有与二者均不同的特点:动名词可作动词或介词宾语(分词不行)之后可以再接宾语(名词不行),它兼备了动词和名词的功能,故称作动名词 >6*"g{/
考点一 动名词作宾语
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1. 许多动词不能接不定式作宾语,同时又需要动宾结构作宾语,此时动名词便可大显身手了,如:enjoy singing(喜欢唱歌), ZF"f.aV8)
avoid looking me in the eye G~1#kg
miss crashing into the tree g0v},n
Fancy meeting you here! (想不到在这里见到你了) x%23oPM
常接动名词doing做宾语的动词有: k_/hgO
enjoy, mind, delay, avoid, consider, deny, miss, escape, fancy, suggest, insist等 blNE$X+0|
另外, 在一些固定用法当中, 也需要用动名词做宾语, 如: SlB,?R2
can't help doing, it's no use doing, it's worth doing, be busy doing, feel like doing等. j/4N
2. 有的动词既可以用动名词作宾语,也可以用不定式,两者意思区别不大, 如: like, begin, start, love, learn等, }YW0?-G.$
如: She began playing piano when she was five. E1IRb':
She began to play piano when she was five. @'C f<wns
但是对于remember, forget, try等动词来说,接不定式和接动名词意义不同, 如: L]hXAShmb
How many people remember listening to the radio broadcast, "The War of the Worlds" .F:qJ6E
(还有多少人记得听过无线广播-- The War of the Worlds) (表示已经听过了) iDt^4=`
I remember to listen to the radio broadcast, "The War of the Worlds" DeE-M"
(我想起来要听广播-- The War of the Worlds) (表示还没有听过) _I8L#4\(=
We must try to work this problem out. (我们必须尽力把这道题做出来)(表示努力,设法) 5tT-[mQ*
We can try doing it. (我们可以试着做它) (表示尝试) 0L"CM?C
动名词作介词宾语的情况更加普遍,详见第四章介词-介宾短语 |-4C[5rM
例题: gvvl3`S{
(1) ;F9<Yv
A mortgage enables a person to buy property without paying for it outright; thus more #mlTN3
A B C M[ $(Pu
people are able to enjoy to own a house. !-b4@=f:
D mt3j- Mw
答案:D pW7vY)hj
应改为:owning UZ0fw@R M
解释:enjoy doing是固定用法,必须用动名词作enjoy的宾语 2|@@xF
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考点二 动名词作主语、定语或表语 qp 4.XL
和名词相仿,动名词可作句子的主语、表语或名词的定语 a]'sby
如:Meeting you is my pleasure. JW9^
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His job is driving a bus. ((^jyQ
The opening ceremony will begin in five minutes. *cxmQ
在简单句中, 只能有一个主语和一个谓语, 考试时经常会出现在一个简单句中主语部分不全或干脆没有主语部分, 需要考生将句子补全, 这时要注意的是主语部分只能是名词短语, 动名词短语或不定式短语, 而不能是动词短语或句子, 如: QW#]i
例题: kCfSF%W&
(1) ;ZXP*M9
---- by transferring the blame to others is often called scapegoating. ATCFdtNc
(A) Eliminate problems In^MZ)?
(B) The eliminated problems 2K<rK(
(C) Eliminating problems ]'V8{l
(D) Problems are eliminated dQ ?4@
答案:C 9C}Ie$\
解释:此句只是主语部分不完整,可排除A,D; B与句意不符,只有C动名词词组合适,与scapegoating相呼应。注意by后面的短语表示一种方式、手段,而不是被动式的施动者 (Z5=GJM?$
(2) u':-DgK
---- raw materials into useful products is called manufacturing.
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(A)Transform {9U<!
(B) Transforming CN8GeZ-G
(C) Being transformed v{`Z
(D) When transforming UgDai?b1
答案:B jUtrFl
解释:此句is之前是句子的主语,之后是谓语,空格处需要一个能接宾语raw materials的名词性结构,这正是动名词所具备的特点,因此答案非B莫属 9\i;zpN\
注意:有时需要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词,表示动名词的逻辑主语 KK4>8zGR
如: Would you mind my turning off the radio? Onb*nm
I'm rather disappointed at Helen's putting on airs at the party.
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She remembered Tom owing her ten dollars. loN!&YceW
此语法点题目中较少涉及,但有助于读懂题干 3lH#+@
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第四节 助动词 w,TyV%b[_
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助动词没有独立的语义,主要作用是协助谓语动词表示时态、语态或构成疑问式、否定式等 J7$1+|"
助动词和情态动词的共同特点是需要和其他动词搭配使用才有意义,而且句子的否定式和疑问式都可通过这两类词体现 5EDHJ
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一、have/has (现在完成时), had (过去完成时) GjZ@fnF
这组助动词主要用来构成完成时态,形式为:have /has /had + 过去分词 "wL~E Si
如:I haven't seen you for ages. 0CS^S1/[B`
She had mentioned this before. x&sT )=#
二、be MbLG8T:y
be本身可作谓语动词,但在进行时中它是助动词,与现在分词搭配使用,缺一不可 vLR)B@O,2
如:She's watching a football match. zk5sAHQ
He's looking for his favorite pet. zf$&+E-
此外,be和过去分词搭配构成被动语态 Pc{D,/EpR
如:The vicar was killed in a car accident. !jY/}M~F1
三、do/does (一般现在时), did (一般过去时) SFoF]U09
此组助动词用于构成疑问式或否定式 i0/gyK
如:He doesn't feel like smoking at the moment. %(;jx
Did you meet the manager this morning? W~p^AHco`
四、will, shall, would T[a1S ?_*T
此组助动词用于构成将来时 =YF\mhMQ:
如:He won't be able to see you until an hour later. RK(uC-l
Mary promised she would pay you a visit soon. T'i9_V{
例题: hor ok:{
(1) Noz+\O\
The colors of a rainbow ---- arranged in the same order. [?Y u3E\
(A) which are always p9R`hgx
(B) and they are always wJ!
(C) always a1ZGMQq!
(D) are always OH5
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答案:D As@~
%0 S
解释:空格前是句子的主语,之后是过去分词短语,空格处需要补全句子的谓语,A使原句只有从句无主句;B并列句的前一个分句无谓语;arrange与color是被动关系,C是主动式,可排除;只有D助动词are恰好与arranged构成句子的谓语 @A!Ef=R
第五节 情态动词 %_M B-
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情态动词有表示能够、愿意、请求等多种意思,比助动词用法要相对复杂些,TOEFL考试中,首先要记住语法上的要点,即情态动词之后必须接动词原形 >IfJ.g"
常见情态动词有: l1jS2O(
must, may, might, can, could, need, shall, should, ought to, will, would, dare, dared r&}fn"H!
情态动词表示现在对过去发生的事的猜测、想法时应该用 (情态动词 + 完成时动词),表示“应当已经 / 一直……”,“想必已经 / 一直……”。使用不同的情态动词,存在着语气、意思上的区别。 IaE};8a8
must + 完成时动词:表示对过去事情的肯定性推测,意思为“一定”,“必定”。 aO
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It's ten o'clock now, they must have arrive in Beijing. |F<U;xV$p
(现在10点了,他们肯定已经到了北京。) .)|jBC8|}
He is quite tired, he must have been overworking last night. j='Ne5X1
(他太累了,准是昨晚加班了。) 'Twi
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may/might /can/could + 完成时动词 qTqvEa^X`
(1) 均表示不肯定的推测,注意与must 肯定语气的比较。 dcU|y%k%
He is so depressed, I'm afraid that he might have failed in the test. po=*%Zs*T
(他心情这么沮丧,恐怕考试没有过。) F
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(2) 另外表示责备“本来可以(而竟没有)之意。
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(3)注意cannot / couldn't + 完成时动词,表示对过去事情进行肯定性的否定推测,意思为“不可能干/做”,“肯定没有做……”。 Q
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He couldn't have finished the homework in such a short time. i+(`"8W
他不可能在如此短的时间内作完家庭作业。 z-7F,$
should / shouldn't / ought to / ought not to + 完成时动词: kGc)Un?'{U
用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,意思为“应该做而未做 / 不应该做却做了”(参考“虚拟语气”章节) qFUpvTe
I should have brought the wallet with me. 我该带上钱包的。 51x^gX|
He oughtn't to have been complaining about such a trivial matter. 他不应该为这件小事而抱怨不休。 DLS-WL
needn't + 完成时动词;表示做了不必要的事,意思是“原本不必”。注意与cannot / couldn't + 完成时动词 进行比较。 7azxqa5:
You needn't have told him the matter. 你其实不必告诉他这件事。 ]Wd{4(b
You couldn't have told him the matter. 你不可能把这件事告诉他了。 W\} VZY
区别于 would + 动词完成时,用于与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,表示对过去事情的假设。(参考“虚拟语气”章节) ,z%F="@b9
If I had enough money on me, I would have bought the book. 如果我带的钱够,我就把那本书买下来了。 ::TUSz2/2
例题: s
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(1) J\;~(:
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A fish must constantly to gulp water in order to keep a current flowing through .)cOu>
A B 2vWkAC;
its delicate gills. 2"__jp:(
C D JH)&Ca>S
答案:A _
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应改为:gulp. >
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解释:情态动词must之后用动词原形, 不能接不定式 <NJ7mR}
(2) Ce_Z
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Before the retina of the eye can be examined, the pupil must to be artificially dilated. ]
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A B C D
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答案:D ZgXh[UHQy
应改为:must be %mcuYR'D}
解释:must是情态动词, 直接接动词原形, 而不能接不定式 xE6y9"}!h
the end. O-y"]Wrv
第六章代词 1:>RQPXcWv
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代词顾名思义,用来替代前面出现过的成分,以使语言简练、避免重复。 L7jz^g^
代词种类繁多,包括人称代词(如:I, him)、物主代词(如:her, ours, their)、反身代词(如:yourself, themselves)、指示代词(如:that, these)、不定代词(如:every, any)、疑问代词、关系代词等。这里集中讲解人称代词和物主代词,其他类型的代词在其他章节中分别阐述 ol[{1KT{
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第一节 人称代词 *|=&MU*+
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人称代词分为两类:主格和宾格,人称代词的格变化是TOEFL中的一个常考考点 d3{Zhn@
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考点一 主格 d&ZwVF!
主格代词分别是: {(tE pr
第一人称:I , we(复数) 7H[+iS0
第二人称:you(单复同) O]PfQ
第三人称:he, she, it, they(复数) }6S4yepl
主格代词在句中作主语,填空题缺少主语时,有时填主格代词 jOuv\$
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例题: 4p-$
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(1) X,q=JS
Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, ----communicate through facial expressions and by making noises. 7"[lWC!As5
(A) however |Ji?p>\~
(B) they .(hb8 rCM
(C) furthermore <r\)hx0ov
(D) who ,
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答案:B DQ9s57VxC!
解释:空白前分别是本句的从句和主句,主句中缺少主语, 只有B代词可独立作主语 ^y3\e
(2) (
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Every individual cell, whether its exists as an independent microorganism or is part of a Bdg*XfXXk
A B 2h:f6=)r/u
complex creature, has its own life cycle. ~XxD
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C D vV'^HD^v
答案:A :E^B~ OuL
应改为:it JZY=2q&
解释:物主代词its不能与动词exist连用,应改为人称代词作从句的主语 [@y=%\%R
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考点二 宾格 'LOqGpmVc
(1) 宾格代词分别是: 'wZy: c
第一人称:me, us(复数) Nb8<8O
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第二人称:you(单复同) dSL %%
第三人称:him, her, it, them(复数) ?dmMGm0T9
例如:No one can jump over the channel except Mary and him (这里用宾格,而不能用he) 0!VLPA:
(2) 宾格代词在句中作动词或介词的宾语,改错题中常误用主格代词作宾语,应改为宾格 4l1=l#\S
例如:I go out with her. (注意介词 with) =%u|8Ea*`
Most of us came from village. (注意介词of后面必须用宾格) g@y"
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例题: qN0#
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(1) 0B4(t6o
The texture of soil is determined by the size of the grains or particles that make up. "^=[*i
A B C D PVU"oz&T
答案:D (XwLKkw0n
应改为:make it up pjCWg4ya
解释:make up是及物动词词组, 需要宾语, 依句意加上宾格代词it, 指代soil YJ^ lM\/<
(2) -5cH$]1\
Quails typically have short rounded wings that enable ---- spring into full flight instantly when disturbed in their hiding places. qQcC[
50
(A) they }J
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(B) to their {^kG<v.vV
(C) its by
U\I5
(D) them to ,?`1ve_K<
答案:D $.N~AA~0
解释:空格处需要及物动词enable的宾语, A是主格代词, 不能作宾语; B、C中的物主代词不能接动词spring; D中的them是宾格代词作宾语, 同时to与spring构成不定式, 作复合宾语 :ky<`Jfr`
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第二节 物主代词 V0 F30rK
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物主代词用来表示所属关系,分为形容词性和名词性两类 N
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一、形容词性物主代词 6}T%m?/ }
形容词性物主代词分别是: ~8m>DSs)D
第一人称:my, our(复数) T{<@MK%],d
第二人称:your(单复同) B-~&6D,
第三人称:his, her, its, their(复数) !ix<|F5
形容词性物主代词不能单独使用,只能作名词的限定词,如:my watch, their coach l>UUaf|
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改错题经常误用其他类型的代词作名词定语,此时应改为形容词性物主代词 0Mu8ZVI{
例题: KF_Wu}q
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(1) v7(|K
Mammals lose body heat to them environment in cold weather more quickly than in :#[_Osmf(
A B C D vNt>ESPB
hot weather. HQ3`:l
答案: B R
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应改为: their iEviH>b5
解释: 人称代词them不能修饰名词, 与其对应的物主代词their恰好作名词environment的限定词 vif8
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二、名词性物主代词 p$nK@t}
名词性物主代词分别是: s!'A\nVV1$
第一人称:mine, ours(复数,我的东西,我们的东西) %Sn 6*\z
第二人称:yours(单复同, 你的东西) ~BvY8\@B
第三人称:his, hers, its, theirs(复数,它的东西,他们的东西) 9V;$v
名词性物主代词相当于名词可单独使用作句子的主语、表语或宾语。 A3$aMCwKd
例: These pencils are theirs. (这些铅笔是他们的) _ML~c&9jv
This book are yours. Mine is over there. (yours 做宾语,Mine做主语) >y
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例题 9*|3E"Vr
(1) Q*:h/Lhb&
For years, elephants were hunted for food and ivory, and as a result theirs numbers VS9]po>=
A B C rj,K`HD
have been greatly reduced. Wzqb>.
D {zz6XlKPj
答案:B z,bX.*.-
应改为:their. l+2cj?X
解释:theirs 是名词性物主代词, 后面不能接名词, 形容词性物主代词才可以 hDljY!P>p
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第三节 反身代词 R3
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