首都师范大学2008年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷

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Section I Vocabulary Test(20%)
Directions：In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences. Below each sentence, there are 4 choices respectively marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There is only ONE right answer. Mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET l with a single line through the centre.
1. After the snow storm, the government plans to ______the run-down houses in the rural area as soon as possible.
A. revive B. replace C. renovate D. remove
2. The doctor assured her that the pain would _________in a few days.
A. die off B. wear off C. get off D. go off
3. The speeding woman’s _______________for some mercy could not change the policeman’s decision to give her a fine.
A. plea B. flattery
C. distress D. demonstration
4. Owing to lack of money, these experiments must now be _______before the objective has been achieved.
A. transferred B. transformed C. terminated D. testified
5. Quite unexpectedly, the young man __________ with success, the problem which had baffled his forerunner.
A. tickled B. tricked C. trickled D. tackled
6. The Space Age _____ in October l957when the first artificial satellite—was launched by the Soviet Union.
A. embarked B. initialed C. commenced D. originated
7. Indoor or roof space antennae do not ___________give satisfactory performance even in strong signal areas.
A. faithful B. invariably C. voluntarily D. habitually
8. These old houses are in good state of ________ except for the wooden floors.
A. preservation B. observation C. compensation D. conservation
9. She works bard at her task before she felt sure that the result would ______her long effort.
A. verify B. rectify C. testify D. justify
10. The country is now undergoing an economic _________in which business activity is greatly reduced and the unemployment rate is high.
A. sanction B. accession C. flourish D. recession
11. The river is already ____its banks because of excessive rainfall and the town is threatened with a likely flood.
A. level in B. flat on C. parallel to D. flush with
12. Because of his outstanding achievements, the university _____ an honorary degree upon Mr. Adams.
A. conferred B. dedicated C. awarded D. presented
13. It is one of the paradox of social intercourse that a ___________is much harder to respond to than an insult.
A. compliment B. condemnation C. complement D. complaint
14. The shop assistant was straight with his customers. If an article was of _______quality he’d tell them so.
A. miner B. inferior C. awkward D. humble
15. A terrible traffic accident happened;people were saddened when they watched the ______sight on TV.
A. periodic B. panic C. pathetic D. patriotic
16. Even you were not in the mood, you should have known better than to refuse a lady this way. You could have _______her instead.
A. denied B. declined C. denoted D. denounced
17. As the nation attaches excessive importance to football, the triumph or frustration of the national team is most likely to drive many of her nationals ______________.
A. overexcited B. turbulent C. overwhelmed D. hysterical
18. On Labor Day the workers will march in __________though the town.
A. process B. procedure C. procession D. progress
19. Although we had lord them not to keep US waiting, they made no _____to speed up deliveries.
A. trial B. action C. attempt D. progress
20. Mr.Moore is one of the most prosperous persons in the town, yet he does take _____at questioning the way he makes money.
A. offence B. rage C. hostility D. revenge
Section II Reading Comprehension(40%)
Directions：There are 5 passages ill this section. Each passage is followed by 4 questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Please choose the best one for each question and mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET l with a single line through the centre.
Passage 1
An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers Oil the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.
An education that aims at getting student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess now his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case. Before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age. It was widely accepted that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.
There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, pre-sumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many business-men, and so many accountants. . Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.
But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, all entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.
21. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is ________________.
A. far-reaching B self-contradictory
C. dubiously oriented D. radically reformatory
22. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ______________________.
A. originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries
B. is deeply rooted in the minds of computer education advocates
C. came into being along with the arrival of computers
D. is indicative of a pessimism in disguise
23. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author, s country the European model of professional training is __________________________.
A. dependent upon the starting age of candidates
B. worth trying in various social sections
C. attractive to every kind of professional
D. of little practical value
24. According to the author, basic computer skill should be ______________________.
A. highlighted I acquisition of professional qualification5
B. included as an auxiliary course in school
C. mastered through a lifelong course
D. equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwise
Passage 2
The prevention of illness through exercise and nutrition was a small step from movements like hydreopathy (which advocated the ‘‘natural" healing powers of water), to the idea that flesh air, healthy food, and exercise could be beneficial. The physical fitness movement in America followed the influx of a large number of German immigrants who fled their country due to the 1848 revolution. The movement began there with Fredrich Ludwig Jahn who unified exercise and sport with German history and tradition and saw a connection between mental and physical health. Charle Pollen, Jahn’s student, led the movement in America, organizing the Round Hill School at Harvard, which stressed rigorous mental and physical exercise. In the mid-west the Germans established their first gymnastic institution called the Turnverein in Cincinnati in l848. Later called the Turners, these groups developed nationally and organized outings of picnics, games, gymnastics, and celebrations of German culture.
Catherine Beecher promoted physical fitness for women, and felt that corsets (束腹) not only made such exercise impossible, but actually deformed women’s bodies, and could even be passed on to future generations and degrade the race. She was also in advocate of improving nutrition and an early opponent of gluttony (暴食), believing condiments on food stimulated the appetite towards excess. Others championed vegetarianism, or saw lack of sunshine as a cause of stomach discomfort. Regardless of their particular inclination, all of the food reformers had a common philosophy: bad eating habits led to social disorder. Like physical fitness proponents, they saw a connection between reshaping the body and reshaping American society to improve the individual and the country.
The physical fitness movement declined in the years preceding the Civil War, then revived, as Americans became city dwellers and took sedentary jobs. Advocates promoted "Muscular Christianity," a movement begun in England, which stressed that the best and most moral Christians were those with sound bodies. Indian clubs became a favorite exercise tool with entire books written for club exercises. Team sports became popular after l 865, reflecting America’s growing urbanization. The most popular was baseball, and in l 869 the Cincinnati Red Stockings became the country’s first professional team. By the l 900s, Luther Gulick transformed the Young Men’s Christian Association (VMCA) into the epitome of typical "Muscular Christianity.’’ It became the largest organization of urban gymnasiums and fitness centers in America.
25. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that as to the physical fitness movement in the 19th century _____________________.
A. hydropathy was popular
B. not all groups had a German focus、
C. Germans were fitter than Americans
D. Harvard became a leader in America
26. It can be inferred from the passage that the Tumverein was ________________.
A. successful in the mid-west
B. 1imited to Germans
C. 1ater named Turners because it was too difficult to pronounce
D not popular with many non=Germans because they celebrated German culture
27. Why did the physical fitness movement revive after the Civil War?
A. Because people returned to their usual occupations
B. Because ‘‘Muscular Christianity" became popular.
C. Because of urbanization.
D. Because of physical injuries caused by the war.
28. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The prevention of illness through exercise and nutrition.
B. The German and Christian influences on nutrition and physical fitness.
C. Development of the physical fitness movement.
D. The nutrition and physical fitness movements.
Passage 3
An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services, for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbours. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger.
It is this economic interdependency of the economic system that makes the power of trade unions such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries’ economic blood supply. This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labour force is highly organized. About 55 percent of British workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States. For historical reasons, Britain’s unions have tended to develop along trade and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy in industry and the improvement of procedures for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve.
There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes. Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feeling between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies, unions can fight for their members’ disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs.
Trade unions Nave problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union Some trade union officials have to be reelected regularly; others are elected, or even appointed for life: Trade union officials have to work with a system of "shop stewards" in many unions, "shop stewards" being workers’ elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or works level.
9. What is the main point of the first paragraph?
A. Great Britain is a highly centralized industrial country.
B. The public services of Britain have widely spread to remote areas of dependency.
C. As a highly-concentrated country, Britain depends heavily on some vital public services.
D. The economy of Britain is frequently confronted with crises.
30. Arguments among unions arise because ___________.
A. different unions fight to win more members
B. some unions are engaged in protecting their own members
C. the printing of newspapers has been suspended for several times
D. some unions pay little attention to the disputes
31. By comparing trade unions with companies, the author suggests _____________________.
A. both companies and trade unions have lots of redundancies
B. both of them are in conflict with workers
C. both of them fail to communicate with the outside
D. neither of them has succeeded in passing on information
32. The issue of trade union power is important in Britain because _________________________.
A. the economy of Britain is an interdependent system
B. there are many disagreements between unions
C. Some unions have difficulties in internal communication
D. The unions’ leader are elected and appointed for life
Passage 4
Many Americans harbour a grossly distorted and exaggerated view of most of the risks surrounding food. Fergus Clydesdale, head of the department of food science and nutrition at the University of Massachusetts—Amherst, says bluntly that if the dangers from bacterially contaminated chicken were as great as some people believe, "the streets would be littered with people lying here and there."
Though the public increasingly demands no-risk food, there is no such thing. Bruce Ames, chairman of the biochemistry department at the University of California, Berkeley, points out that up to 10%of a plant’s weight is made up of natural pesticides. He says: "since plants do not have jaws or teeth to protect themselves, they employ chemical warfare." And many naturally produced chemicals, though occurring in tiny amounts, prove in laboratory tests to be strong carcinogen—a substance which can cause cancer. Mushrooms might be banned if they were judged by the same standards that apply to food additive. Declares Christina Stark, a nutritionist at Cornell University: "We’ve got far worse natural chemicals in the food supply than anything man-made."
Yet the issues are not that simple. While Americans have no reason to be terrified to sit down at the dinner table, they have every reason to demand significant improvement in food and water safety. They unconsciously and unwillingly take in too much of too many dangerous chemicals. If food already contains natural carcinogens, it does not make much sense to add dozens of new man-made ones. Though most people will withstand the small amount of contaminants generally found in food and water, at least a few individuals will probably get cancer one day because of what they eat and drink.
To make good food and water supplies even better, the Government needs to tighten its regulatory standards, stiffen its inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies. The food industry modify some long-accepted practices turn to less hazardous alternatives. Perhaps most important, consumers will have to do a better job of learning how to handle and cook food properly. The problems that need to be tackled exist all along the food-supply chain, from fields to processing plants to kitchens.
33. What does the author think of the Americans’ view of their food?
A. They overstate the government’s interference with the food industry.
B. They are overoptimistic about the safety of their food.
C. They overlook the risks of the food they eat.
D. They overestimate the hazards of their food.
34. The author considers it impossible to obtain no-risk food because_________________.
A. no food id free from pollution in the environment
B. pesticides are widely used in agriculture
C. many vegetables contain dangerous natural chemicals
D. almost all foods have additives
35. By saying "they employ chemical warfare’’ underlined in paragraph 2, Bruce Ames means "______________".
A. plants produce certain chemicals to combat pests and diseases
B. plants absorb useful chemicals to promote their growth
C. farmers use man-made chemicals to dissolve the natural chemicals in plants
D. farmers use chemicals to protect plants against pests and diseases
36. The reduction of the possible hazards in food ultimately depends on ____________________.
A. the government B. the consumer
C. the processor D. the grower
Passage 5
A large part of effective leadership is dependent on something called "style". But style is difficult to teach, and what makes one leader great and another mediocre is not easily defined. Leadership always implies power, and a broad definition in this context is that leadership includes the power to influence thoughts and actions of others in such a way that they achieve higher satisfaction and/or performance. Over the past century, there have been three major approaches to understanding leadership.
Identifying leadership traits, or the physical and psychological characteristics of leaders, was the first formal approach, and had a lot of intuitive appeal. It owed its origins to the turn of the century (about 1904) when trait studies began. At this time most American leaders came from certain wealthy families, the vast majority were white males, and there were some social norms about what leaders looked like (tall, square jaw, well groomed etc.). The original assumption that "leaders are born not made" has been discredited, because there were too many exceptions to the trait to give them any credibility. Beginning after World War II, in sharp contrast to the trait approach the behavioral approach looked at what a leader does, what behaviors leaders use that set them apart from others. This approach assumed that leadership could be learned. Virtually all of the studies focused on classifying behaviors according to whether they fed into a process of ‘‘people approach’’ (satisfying individual needs), or a "task approach" (getting the job done). The basis for this classification was in the both these roles in the group for it to be effective. The earliest of these studies began in Ohio State University and the University of Michigan in the late 1940s. Many of the early trait and behavioral writers tries to make their ideas applicable to all leadership situations. The earliest situation approach to leadership was developed in l958. This approach strived to identify characteristics of the situation that allowed one leader to be effective where another was not. The trend later developed toward the third approach, understanding the unique characteristics of a situation and what kind of leadership style best matches with these.
37. The assumption that "leaders are born not made" has lost credibility because _____________.
A. better theories have since been developed
B. it was disproved after World War II
C. it was found not to be the most important factor
D. there are too many exceptions to the rule
38. What was the assumption of the behavioral approach?
A. Leaders are born not made.
B. Leadership could be learned.
C. Leadership could be classified into two functions.
D. Every effective group needs someone to fill each the two roles.
39. What is the foundation for the classification of behaviors in the behavioral approach?
A. An effective group needs both task and process roles fulfilled.
B. Getting the job done h a more important task than satisfying needs.
C. Both could be taught.
D. Both could be applied to all leadership situations.
40. Which of the three approaches tended to later gain most acceptance?
A. Behavioral. B. Trait.
C. Power. D. Situational.
Section Three Cloze Test(10%)
Directions：In the following passage, there are lo blanks representing words that are missing from the context。You are to pot back in each of the blanks the missing word. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Research has shown that 90% of people naturally use their right hands for most tasks. But hundreds of millions of people use their left hand. 4l why are some people left-handed? Scientists have 42 trying to answer that question for many years. A study 43 in 1992 found that men are more likely to be left-handed than women. 44 also found that Asian or Hispanic people are less likely to be left-handed than white people, black people or North American Indians. Some cultures accept people who do things mostly with their left hands. 45 do not.
Scientists want to know the reasons for left-handedness 46 it is closely linked to mental problems and language difficulties. One idea about the 47 of left—handedness is the genetic theory. It gays that people are right-or left-handed because of 48 passed to them by their parents. For example, it has been shown that the handedness of 49 children is more likely to follow that of their birth parents than their adopted parents. Other evidence of genetic involvement can be found in some families. One famous example is the left-handed 50 of the present British royal family. These include Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Charles and Prince William.
Section Four Translation(10%)
Directions：There are two short passages in this section. Passage A is for you to translate from English to Chinese and passage B is from Chinese to English. Please write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Passage A
Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life. These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we spoke or the belief we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.
Passage B
在中国, 病人常常抱怨在医院得不到令人满意的服务。但是医生和护士也有他们的难言之隐。在接受调查的4353名医务人员中有60%的人说他们亲眼看到他们同事在正常情况下受到病人及其家属的虐待。接受调查的一大半人表示面对这种待遇他们曾想到不干了, 且反对自己的孩子当医生。
Section Five Writing (20%)
Directions：According to some newspaper, starting from July l this year, all department stores are required not to provide consumers with free plastic bags. What do you think of it? You are asked to write a composition of no less than 200 words to state your idea。
Please write your composition on ANSWER SHEET 2.
My Opinion on the Banning of Plastic Bags

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