一、概说 FK,r<+h
连词是一种虚词,用于连接单词、短语、从句或句子,在句子中不单独用作句子成分。连词按其性质可分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子,如and, but, or, for等;从属连词主要引出名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等)和状语从句(时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句等),引出名词性从句的连词如that, whether等,引出状语从句的连词如when, because, since, if 等。 :ftyNaq'
二、并列连词的用法 oeqJ?1=!
1. 表示转折关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 but, yet 等。如: p`V9+CA
Someone borrowed my pen, but I don’t remember who. 有人借了我的钢笔,但我不记得是谁了。 '1T v1
He said he was our friend, yet he wouldn’t help us. 他说他是我们的朋友,但却不肯帮助我们。 fJN9+l
2. 表示因果关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 for, so 等。如: orN2(:Ct7
The child had a bad cough, so his mother took him to the doctor. 这孩子咳得很利害,所以他妈妈带他去看医生。 <8}9s9Nk
You are supposed to get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to serious errors. 你们一定要克服粗枝大叶,因为粗枝大叶常常引起严重的错误。 Y&:\s8C
注意:for表示结果通常不能放句首,也不能单独使用。 :.
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3. 表示并列关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 and , or , either…or , neither…nor , not only…but (also) , both…and , as well as 等。如: ynz5Dy.d;
He didn’t go and she didn’t go either. 他没去,她也没去。 i3\oy`GJ
The weather is mild today; it is neither hot nor cold. 今天天气很温暖,不冷也不热。 mgl'
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Both New York and London have traffic problems. 纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。 k/f_@8
It is important for you as well as for me. 这对你和对我都很重要。 J +Y|# U
People who are either under age or over age may not join the army. 年龄不到或者超龄的人都不得参军。 :zTj"P>"I
三、从属连词的用法 cyn]>1ZM
1. 引导时间状语从句的从属连词 < 2
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(1) 表示“当…时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的 when, while, as, whenever。如: $TUC?e9"h
Don’t talk while you’re eating. 吃饭时不要说话。 8XX
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Vegetables are best when they are fresh. 蔬菜新鲜时最好吃。 [+2^n7R
He came just as I was leaving. 我正要走时他来了。 fN/KXdAy&
(2) 表示“在…之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before, after。如: ':fbf7EL<
Try to finish your work before you leave. 离开前设法把工作做完。
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After we have finished tea, we will sit on the grass. 喝完茶之后我们将坐在草地上。 2+rao2
(3) 表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since, until, till。如: JQv
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She’s been playing tennis since she was eight. 她从八岁起就打网球了。 ?9M+fi
Hold on until I fetch help. 坚持一下,等我找人来帮忙。 yD'h5)yu
Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you. (谚)不要无事惹事。 0{@Ovc
(4) 表示“一…就”的时间连词。主要的有as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner…than, hardly…when等。如: ^hTJp{
I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her. 我一接她的信就通知你。
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The moment I have finished I’ll give you a call. 我一干完就给你打电话。 0md{e`'q:
I came immediately I heard the news. 我一听到这个消息,马上就来了。 .jU0Hu{F4
Once you begin you must continue. 你一旦开始, 便不可停下来。 AZP
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(5) 表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every time(每次),each time(每次),(the) next time(下次),any time(随时),(the) last time(上次),the first time(第一次)。如: zTzG&B-
I’ll tell him about it (the) next time I see him. 我下一次见到他时,我就把这个情况告诉他。 Q^;\!$:M
We lose a few skin cells every time we wash our hands. 每当我们洗手的时候,我们都要损失一些皮肤细胞。 '4S@:.D`
You can call me any time you want to. 你随时都可以给我打电话。 u8\QhUk'G
注意:every time, each time, any time前不用冠词,(the) next time, (the) last time中的冠词可以省略,而the first time中的冠词通常不能省略。 X'p%$HsMG
2. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词。这类连词主要有if, unless, as [so] long as, in case 等。如: T7X2$ '
Do you mind if I open the window?我开窗你不介意吧? 5q*~h4=r7
Don’t come unless I telephone. 除非我打电话,否则你别来。 D($UbT-v
As long as you’re happy,it doesn’t matter what you do. 只要你高兴,你做什么都没关系。 -igZU>0B_
In case it rains they will stay at home. 万一下雨,他们就呆在家里。 tG&B D\
注意:在条件状语从句中,通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义,而不能直接使用将来时态。不过,有时表示条件的 if之后可能用 will,但那不是将来时态, 而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词)。如: 3hjwwLKG$
If you will sit down for a few moments, I’ll tell the manager you’re here. 请稍坐, 我这就通知经理说您来了。 gpl!Iz~5
3. 引导目的状语从句的从属连词。主要的有 in order that, so that, in case, for fear等。如: )^xmy6k
He raised his voice so that everyone could hear. 他提高了嗓音,以便每个人都能听见。 !0_Y@>2
Take your umbrella (just) in case it rains. 带上雨伞,以防下雨。 "lAS
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She repeated the instructions slowly in order that he should understand. 她把那些指示慢慢重复了一遍好让他听明白。 kKO]q#9sO
4. 引导结果状语从句的从属连词。主要的有so that, so…that, such…that等。如: ?Cl"j
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I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat. 我去听演讲去得很早, 所以找个好座位。 `&DiM@Sm
I had so many falls that I was black and blue all over. 我摔了许多跤,以致于全身都是青一块紫一块的。 ~|]\.^B
He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关窗子用力很大, 结果玻璃震破了。 x=+H@YO\
5. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词。主要的有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that) 等。如: @1X1E 2:
He distrusted me because I was new. 他不信任我,因为我是新来的。 )8PL7P84
As you are sorry,I’ll forgive you. 既然你悔悟了,我就原谅你。 EPfVS
Since we’ve no money, we can’t buy it. 由于我们没钱,我们无法购买它。 yFv3>\
Seeing that he’s ill he’s unlikely to come. 因为他病了,他大概不会来了。 cViCWc2
Now that she has apologized, I am content. 既然她已经道了歉, 我也就满意了。 5T*7HC[
6. 引导让步状语从句的从属连词。主要的有although, though, even though, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等。如: yIP
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Although they are twins, they look entirely different. 他们虽是孪生, 但是相貌却完全不同。 /zAx`H
I like her even though she can be annoying. 尽管她有时很恼人, 但我还是喜欢她。 Ml
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You won’t move that stone, however strong you are. 不管你力气多大, 也休想搬动那块石头。 s)=7tHoqB)
Whatever we have achieved, we owe to your support. 我们取得的一切成就都归功于你们的支持。
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Whoever you are, you can’t pass this way. 不管你是谁,你都不能从这里通过。 rZ7 Ihof
Whenever I see him I speak to him. 每当我见到他,我都和他讲话。 ^h
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7. 引导方式状语从句的从属连词。主要的有as, as if, as though, the way等。如: C\K--
Why didn’t you catch the last bus as I told you to? 你怎么不听我的话赶乘末班公共汽车呢? H|?`n
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He bent the iron bar as if it had been made of rubber. 他将铁棍折弯,仿佛那是用橡皮做成的。 dDn:^)
Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 \v_(
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8. 引导地点状语从句的从属连词。主要的有where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere等。如: igCtq!.a
The church was built where there had once been a Roman temple. 这座教堂盖在一座罗马寺庙的旧址。 +/'jX?7x%
I’ll take you anywhere you like. 你想到哪儿我就带你到哪儿。 jHzb,&
Everywhere I go,I find the same thing. 不管我走到哪里,我都发现同样情况。 4kEFbzwx
9. 引导比较状语从句的从属连词。主要的有than和as…as。如: X88ZdM'
She was now happier than she had ever been. 现在她比过去任何时候都快活。 I
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I glanced at my watch. It was earlier than I thought. 我看了看表,时间比我想像的早。 ?*0kQo'
He doesn’t work as hard as she does. 他工作不像她那样努力。 *!kg@ _0K
10. 引起名词从句的从属连词。主要有that, whether, if 等,它们用于引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。其中that 不仅没不充当句子成分,而且没有词义,在句子中只起连接作用;而 if, whether 虽不充当句子成分,但有词义,即表示“是否”。如: ycN_<
He replied that he was going by train. 他回答说他将坐火车去。 i)ctrdP-
I wonder if it’s large enough. 我不知道它是否够大。 "-oC,;yq
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我为是否伤了她的感情而担心。 cE[lB08