考博英语写作方法介绍

考博英语写作
03.3
（〇）文章开头
 描绘图表
0. According to the above table, we can see that…
0. As can be seen from the graph , …
0. The graph reflects …
0. From this survey of … we can see that …
0. In accordance with the statistics given by the chart, …
0. At a glimpse of the picture, it gives me an impression of … But when I look at the picture once more, I get to know more from the picture. It is shown that …
0. At first glance, … seems ….. However, a closer examination reveals …
 问句开头，激发兴趣
0. Why….? Many people pose the question like this.
0. “Should men and women be equal?” This is a question much talked about by people all over the world today..
 列出现象或背景
0. With the popularity of …, ….
0. Nowadays more and more people are showing their concern over…
0. With the advent of the new phase of knowledge economy, the terms “…” “…” and “…” have already begun to creep into the popular vocabulary.
 引用名人名言，警句
0. One of the great early writers said that…
0. An old Chinese saying goes well: “A stern teacher fosters able students.”
0. More haste, less speed.
0. It’s never too old to learn.
0. Where there is a will, there is a way.
0. “Knowledge is power”.
0. “No pains, no gains.”
0. “The early bird catches the worm.”
0. Different strokes for different folks.
0. All work and no play will make Jack a dull boy.

(二) 扩展段写法
（0）因果法
常用的连接语：because, since, now that, because of, as a result of, on account of, for this reason, owing to, due to, for, as, thanks to, therefore, so that, thus, hence, consequently, so, accordingly, in view of…

0. There are many reasons for this but the main three are as follows: First, …. Second, …. Last but not least, …
0. The reasons why …are as follows:
0. Many factors are responsible for the problem, but the main two are as follows: …
0. The apparent reason for this is …, and the reason under the surface is …表面原因是…, 而其深层原因是…
0. The reasons for …. Are many, but for the most part center on …, …, and ….

（0）比较与对比法

常用的连接语： while; on the one hand, … on the other hand; no more than“正如……不，……也不”; no less than , not so much… as " 与其说...不如说" ; not…any more than; like; similarly; likewise; in the same way

0. When the advantages and disadvantages are weighed/compared, the finding/conclusion is quite obvious.
0. Obviously, it has both negative effects and positive effects….
0. Many argue that …, while others maintain that …
0. However, like many other things, … has both advantages and disadvantages.
0. Of course, there is another side to the issue.
0. There is much controversy nowadays over …. Some people are of the opinion that …, but there are others who ….
0. There is a good side and a bad side to everything, ---- and that includes …
0. While there is a great deal of enthusiasm nowadays over the advantages of …, its drawbacks should not be neglected. For one thing, …. For another, …
0. There is certainly some truth on both sides. But neither … nor … holds the key to the problem. In my opinion, we should …
0. But, all in all, I would say that the pros overweight the cons.

(3) 类比法
常用的连接语：just like; just as much of ;nothing more than; as… as …

0. Science and technology also play an important role in our socialist construction. We may say that our socialist construction is just like a skyscraper, while science and technology are its base.
0. If society were a train, the etiquette would be the rails along which only the train could rumble forth.
0. Our life in nothing more than our time. To kill time is therefore a form of suicide.

(4) 列举法
常用的连接语: first, second, last but not list, first of all, to begin with, firstly, secondly, finally, what is more, next, then, after that, thus

0. The first thing we do is,,,,, next, and then, finally…..
0. First, second, third, …last but not least…
0. Firstly, secondly, thirdly…. Finally,…
0. There are many ways to categorize …, but here is a fairly simple one:
0. The following methods are particularly productive for … 1. ….2….3….
0. Another important consideration is ….
0. What is more, ..

（四）文章结尾
 结论
0. Therefore, we can come to a conclusion that…
0. In a word, it is important…
0. All in all….
0. As has been mentioned above, a conclusion can be drawn that …
0. In my opinion,
0. So far as I am concerned,
0. From this point of view,…

 号召性和意义
0. It is time that we urged/put an immediate end to…
0. It is necessary that some effective steps should be taken in no time.
0. Only by doing so, can we…

 展望, 后果
0. Any person who ignores/fails to learn the warning would….
0. We rest assured that …
0. I only hope that some day there can be a solution to this problem.
0. No doubt, … will continue to be a problem of … for some time to come. Its causes are rooted in the opportunities of our society, and in the rapid pace at which society changes.

第五部分考试常用句型

（1）表示现象句型：
0． This can be illustrated by…
0． An example of this involves…
0． There are many examples to show that…
0． A high premium comes to be placed on …
0． It is/was reported that …
0． No one can deny the fact that …
0． We must face the fact that …

（2）表示原因句型
0． There are many reasons for this but the main three are as follows. First, …Second, … Last but not least, …
0． The reasons why …are as follows:
0． Many factors are responsible for the problem. First, … Second, …, and last but not least, …

（3）表示对策一般从以下三方面考虑：..LMN (Laws, Measures, Consciousness)
表示对策句型：
0． We should lay down / formulate laws and regulations to protect / to ensure …
0． We must take effective measures to…, such as planting trees, building pretreatment works along the rivers,…
0． All of us should form the consciousness of environmental protection.
0． Funds should be raised nation-wide to set up/ to help …
0． The government should set aside adequate amount of money for…
0． Facing such a grave situation of …, people should have a stronger awareness of …

（4）阐明观点
0. It is a common view that…
0. Now people are becoming aware of the importance of …
0. There is a growing awareness of the importance of…
0. I take the view that …
0. There is no denying the fact that …
0. There is no reason for us to doubt that …

（5）界定范围
0. In terms of the student population the university ranks the second largest in this country.
0. In terms of information technology, there will be several impressive characters to mention.
0. With regard to/ With respect to the recent flood…
0. When it comes to …

（6）批评和反驳
0. It is wrong to think…
0. There is no reason to believe that…
0. It is one thing to believe…, while it is quite another to prove that …

（7）分析和推理
0. It is clear that…
0. No matter how…
0. … is still in its earliest stage. But the trend will intensify as …
0. Many positive trends appear to be associated with …
0. There are reasons to maintain a cautious optimism that … will continue…
0. In the minds of many people, economic success and affluence are equated with goodness or at least with rightness.
0. It is a mistake to equate wealth with happiness.
（8）表示强调
0. Only by doing this can we…
0. Most important, we have to…
0. It is only by practicing in this way that the officers can be sure that…
0. He is the only person who did that…
0. Even a child can understand such a book.
0. Working is more than earning for a living.( more than 不仅仅是 )
0. Numbers are no more than symbols used in mathematics …(no more than只不过是 )
（9）一些特殊句型
0. It takes a lot of time to do this.
0. They spend much time (in) doing homework.
0. They spend a lot of money on books.
0. It is generally recognized that …
0. The markets are flooded with fake commodities.

第五部分常用单词与表达

．社会热点

after-sale service
comprehensive force of the country
copy-right law
exterior environment
fake commodities
government at all levels
high-tech products
joint venture
laid-off workers
migrant workers
poverty-ridden provinces
problem of piracy
re-employment
shareholding enterprise
social security
state-owned enterprise
to do away with superstitions
to eliminate corruption
to go bankrupt
development of the west
the aid-the-poor program
Hope Project
Spring Buds Program
China’s elite
China’s new decision-makers

II 学习与考试

adapt oneself to society
dissertation
education for quality
education for test
after-class activities
major / major in
on campus
to enrich experience
to foster a good habit of learning
to get in touch with the world outside
to get the all-round moral, intellectual,
physical development
to give priority to study
to have a good command of English
to have a working knowledge of English
to keep abreast of the newest development
to receive further education
to take pains to learn
to take part-time jobs
to widen knowledge
to work as tutors
mentor
qualities that go to the making of a college student
To popularize the 9-year compulsory education
Academician
the reduction of schoolwork

III. 工作与生活

on-the-job
equal pay for equal work
mass media
on a diet
outdoor sports
personnel administration
phone booth
press conference
public opinion
spiritual and material life
summer resort
the root of all evil
to book tickets
to do sight-seeing
to get enjoyment, knowledge and relaxation from hobbies
to keep fit/healthy
to make life colorful
to make each day count
to observe traffic regulations
to play musical instrument
to put on/lose weight
traffic jam
week days & weekend

IV环境与资源

automobile exhaust
baby boom
birth control
cause the extinction of plants and animals
disturb the balance of nature
energy crisis
fire prevention
greenhouse effect
natural resources
to preserve the environment
to threaten man’s survival

V 科学与技术
computer games电子游戏
computer virus电脑病毒
cosmic space宇宙空间
internet互联网
Internet英特网
cyberspace网络空间
log on上网
to revitalize the country through science and education科教兴国

VI. 其它

a start-up fund
communications and information technology
optoelectronic information industrial base
optical valley
silicon valley
immeasurable business opportunities
oracle corp
Olympic bid
blue tooth
dotcom
B2B
B2C
intellectual property rights
a computer geek
a huge temptation
a major campaign against pornography
a panacea for all problems
a pillar industry
business incubator
Centenary Altar
double diplomas
economic management mode
environmentally-friendly product
genetically modified foods (GM foods)
Olympic economy
poverty-stricken areas
TV relay rights
twice-laid stuff
vocational school

第六部分范文
Writing 1
Title: Honesty in Talent Market
Word limit: at least 200 words
Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below.
1. the current situation in talent market
2. the hazards made by fake well-trained personnel
3. the counter-measures

With the advent of a new phase of the knowledge-based economy, the terms of “crisis of credibility”, “honesty and moral integrity” and “talent market” have already begun to creep into our popular vocabulary. We have noticed the fact that the crises of credibility not only occur in the fields of fake commodities, cheating advertisements, etc., but also appear in the talent market, with which fake diplomas, counterfeit degrees, and false resumes are flooded.
There are many hazards caused by fake well-trained personnel, but I think the main three ones are as follows: First, the values can be confused. Some people will lose their judgments which is right or wrong. Second, the academic corruption will result in the collapse of social spirit. Last but not least, creative personnel cannot be fostered in such a situation flooded with fake diplomas and counterfeit degrees.
As has been mentioned above, a conclusion can be drawn that some counter-measures should be taken in no time. For example, a social service system of discriminating real things from false ones should be established. We need to effectively improve social credibility and gradually develop moral standards throughout society based on honesty and moral integrity. In addition, Legal education should be strengthened and the awareness of laws among all citizens should be raised. Only by taking these effective measures can honesty and moral integrity be rooted in our talent market and more and more well-trained personnel be sprung up. (240 words)

Writing 2
Directions: In this part, you are expected to write a composition entitled "Should Private Automobiles Be Encouraged in China?" of no less than 200 words. Your composition should be based on the following outlines for each paragraph.
0. Current situation
0. Advantages and disadvantages of having private automobiles in China
0. Your opinion
范文（1）
With the great improvement of the people’s living standard, more and more people have bought or are trying to buy their own cars. So now the issue of “encouraging or not encouraging private automobiles” has been much talked about.
However, there is much controversy over this question. Some people of the opinion that private cars should be encouraged argue that automobiles have become indispensable to the people’s daily life. They are convenient for people to travel, to go shopping, to go to work and so forth. But there are others who are opposed to private cars. They maintain that the drawbacks of having private cars should not be neglected. For one thing, automobiles take up so much space, especially in China where there is large population in cities. For another, automobiles have brought about the problem of air pollution.
So far as I am concerned, I take the view that private cars in China should be encouraged and advocated. I rest assured that with the rapid development of science and technology, a kind of automobile that gives rise to no air pollution will be invented and underground parking lots can be easily built. Therefore, the drawbacks of taking much space and causing air pollution can be solved. As a result, people can enjoy the comfort and convenience owing to their private automobiles. (222 words)

范文（2）
With the living standards rising rapidly, more and more Chinese people have cars of their own. Statistics show that in Beijing alone, there are 1620,000 cars, among which private cars add up to 560,000. The increase in the number of cars brings about a lot of problems, such as air pollution, noise and traffic congestion. Then a controversy arises: whether private cars should be encouraged in China? People differ in their ideas about it.
Many people are against owning cars. According to them, private cars have to be limited in China. The reasons for it are obvious. To begin with, cars contribute to air pollution. A lot of big cities in China are now plagued by serious air pollution. If people are to have cars of their own, the already contaminated atmosphere will get even dirtier. Secondly, private cars can be a dire threat to the already terrible traffic in China. If more cars are allowed onto busy streets, more traffic jams will happen, which is really a public hazard to all of us. Finally, cars consume a large amunt of fuel. Though China is rich in its oil resources, they are running out rapidly. All these facts allow of only one solution: to limit the evergrowing number of cars.
In my opinion, private cars should be discouraged in China. To leave clean air, wide and safe roads and abundant energy resources to our descendants, we have to say “No” to private cars. As far as the great demand for means of transport is concerned, we can develop mass transit to take the place of private cars. In short, China does not need private cars.

Writing 3
Writing 3
Directions: In this part, you are expected to write a composition entitled "Should Universities Enroll More and More College Students ?" of no less than 200 words. Your composition should be based on the following outlines for each paragraph.
0. Present situation
0. Different attitudes towards this issue
0. Your suggestion
• “Should Universities Enroll More and More College Students ?” This is a question much talked about by people all over China today. With the advent of knowledge-based economy, more and more parents come to know the importance of their children’s education. Therefore, education investment has become their first choice. They are eager to send their children to go to college.

• It seems that it is a good matter to let more children to go to college. However, different people towards this question differ. For parents, the more enrollment, the better. But for some elite universities, the more enrollment means the more difficult they will face. The tuition the students pay cannot make up for the expenses of facilities, salaries of the faculty, newly-bought equipment, and so on. So after several years of large-scale enrollment, some universities have begun to decrease their enrolling scale.

• In my opinion, the basic solution to the question is the reform of the education system, especially reform of the running college system. The government at all levels should encourage and support the newly-merged private colleges. These colleges can take advantage of the retired personnel to make up of the lack of money and teachers. Only by making all kinds of efforts can we let more an d more students to have their higher education. And only by having more and more educated people can our country become stronger and more prosperous.

Writing 4
Title: After September 11, 2001
Word limit: at least 200 words
Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below.
0. What happened on September 11, 2001?
0. Give the reasons why it happened in the US?
0. Your comment
After September 11, 2001
Everyone in the world will never forget the date September 11, 2001---the most horrible and heartbroken event happening in the first year of the 21st century. On that day two hijacked planes ran into the twin towers and one hijacked plane attacked the pentagon. In a few hours the twin towers collapsed and more than 3 thousand people died.

There are several reasons for this event in the US, but the main three are as follows: First, the US government has exerted a great pressure on some developing countries, which arouses the terrorists’ vengefulness. Second, the US government launched the gulf war and bombed heavily on some sovereign countries without getting any punishment. Last but not least, the United Nations cannot play an important role in controlling the world terrorism.

In my opinion, people experience things differently. Grief and love, rage and vengefulness , pride and defiance—a volatile set of emotions was let loose when the event happened. They can be dangerous, but they can also be constructive. I rest assured that through the efforts made by the people all over the world, a safer and saner world will turn up in the end.

Writing 5
Title: On Olympic Economy
Word limit: at least 200 words
Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below.
0. Definition of Olympic Economy
0. Prospect for Olympic economy in Beijing and in China
0. Your conclusion

On Olympic Economy

Olympic economy has been on the horizon since Beijing succeeded in winning the bid for hosting the Olympic Games in 2008. In terms of the Olympic economy, it refers to both direct and indirect profits made through hosting the games.

There are several prospects for Olympic economy in Beijing and in China to be mentioned. The first main prospect is that the world will know Beijing and even the other places of China much better. The second prosperous aspect is that the Olympic games will bring immeasurable commercial opportunities to Beijing and China. By that period, besides watching sports games, many visitors will stay in hotels, pay a visit to historical places, buy traditional Chinese handcraft. The last but not the least prospect is that apart from the influence on the economy, the Beijing Olympic Games will have effect on other aspects, including people’s aspiration for national property and their peaceful lives, as well as political stability

While there are a lot of prospects for the Olympic economy, its drawbacks should not be neglected. For one thing, many people concern whether the Government has the financial ability to give consideration to the large investment. For another, if the government can offer the large investment, there is still a problem many people are worrying: whether the huge investment can make corresponding economic returns. In a word, we are looking forward the coming of the Olympic Games, and we are pinning hopes on economic opportunities brought by the Olympic economy.

Topics for reference:
1. Directions: “Practice makes perfect.” is a famous saying often quoted. In this part, you are expected to write a composition based on the saying above and the following outline for each paragraph. You should write no less than 200 words.
Outline:
0. interpretation of the saying
0. comments on the saying
0. embodiment of the saying in scientific research or daily life

2. Why I want to be a doctoral candidate?
3. the requirement of the society
3. the reasons for being a doctoral candidate
3. my determination

3. High-skilled workers in China
3. the current situation
3. the reasons for lacking high-skilled workers
3. your suggestions

4. Influence of cyberculture on human beings
0. the popularity of Internet
0. the influence of cybaerculture on human beings
0. your opinion

5. Global awareness of water shortage
3. the current situation
3. the importance of water
3. measures

6. Reform of higher education
0. the problems existing in higher education
0. the reasons for having the problems
0. counter-measures

7. On War in Iraq
0. What happens in the world
0. Different people have different attitudes toward the war in Iraq
0. What is your comment on the war

8．On English Learning
1. The Problems I have in English Learning
2. The causes of these problems
3. The solutions to these problems

8. On cyberterrorism
0. the phenomena of cyberterrorism
0. hazards caused by cyberterrorism
0. counter-measures

WWW and the World Today
Nowadays more and more people have noticed the fact that lots of great achievements have been made in high-tech in the past decades, especially the computer and the Internet which have brought us an information revolution. In a word, with the help of WWW, our human being has made great progress in such a short period of time!

It is well known that WWW has greatly changed our social life. By means of digital technique we can stay at home to watch high-definition television, to send, receive or even talk face to face with our relatives and close friends far away. Now the popularity of Internet has made our life much more convenient and made the world even smaller. While there is a great deal of enthusiasm nowadays over the advantages of WWW, its drawbacks should not be neglected. For example, hackers can make use of WWW to engage in cyberterrorist actions to destroy the information systems which are vital to business, government and national defense.

As has been mentioned above, WWW has a great impact on the world today. In my opinion, we should lay down relative laws and regulations to ensure that we can get benefits from WWW and protect us from being attacked by cyberterrorists. (210 words)

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